BIOLOGY  UiRARY 


THE   BOTANICAL  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF 

MR.  AND    MRS.  T.   S.   BRANDEGEE. 
1906 


|    UNWERSITY  ) 

IF- 


FLORA  CESTRICA: 


AN 


HEEBOEIZING  COMPANION 


FOE  THE 


YOUNG  BOTANISTS  OF  CHESTER  COUNTY, 

STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


BY  WILLIAM  DARLINGTON,  M.  D.  LL.  D.  &c. 


ORE  trahit  quodcunque  potest,  atque  addit  acerro.— HOEATIUS. 

From  giant  Oaks,  that  wave  their  branches  dark, 
To  the  dwarf  Moss  that  clings  upon  their  bark. 

^™* 

:  ••...- 

THIRD    EDITION:  . 

THE  previous  omissions,  as  far  as  known,  supplied ;  the  descriptive 

details  revised  and  condensed;    and  the  whole  arranged 

according  to  the  NATURAL  SYSTEM,  as  illustrated 

by  DE  CANDOLLE,  HOOKER,  and  GRAY. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

LINDSAY  &  BLAKISTON. 
1853. 


BIOLOGY  UBRARf 


[ENTERED  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred 
and  fifty  three,  by  EDWARD  C.DARLINGTON,  in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court 
of  the  United  States,  for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania.] 


X,  C.  DARUNGTOX,  PRINTER, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


wr 


TO  THE 

CULTIVATORS  OF  BOTANICAL  SCIENCE 

IN 

THE  COUNTY  OF  CHESTER, 

THIS  ATTEMPT 

TO    ENUMERATE    AND    DESCRIBE 

THE  PLANTS  OF  THE  COUNTY 

IS  RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED  BT 

THE  AUTHOR. 


^", 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


WHEN  this  revised  Edition  was  commenced,  it  was  contemplated — 
with  the  aid  of  kind  Friends — to  insert  a  brief  description  of  all 
the  indigenous  species  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom  which  had  been 
detected  in  our  County, — together  with  such  introduced  plants  as 
had  become  naturalized,  or  were  CULTIVATED  for  useful  purposes. 
It  soon  became  apparent,  however,  that  the  lower  Orders  (especially 
the  Fungi)  were  so  multitudinous,  as  well  as  obscure,  that  it  would 
require  more  time  to  accomplish  the  undertaking,  than  /,  at  least, 
had  any  right  to  reckon  upon.  It  was  found,  also,  that  to  include 
the  whole,  would  render  the  work  inconveniently  voluminous.  A 
descriptive  enumeration  of  the  Fungi,  alone,  would  make  a  respect- 
able volume.  It  was  therefore  concluded  to  omit  all  below  the 
Lichens, — and  leave  that  portion  of  our  Botany  to  the  future  enter- 
prise of  our  Chester  County  Naturalists. 

For  the  account  of  our  Mosses  and  Hepaticae,  I  am  indebted  to 
the  researches,  and  kind  attention,  of  THOMAS  P.  JAMES,  Esq.  an 
enthusiastic  Bryologist  of  Philadelphia.  The  Lichens  have  been 
collected  and  determined  by  Dr.  EZRA  MICHENER,  of  this  County, — 
a  Naturalist  from  whose  acumen,  diligence,  and  indomitable  per- 
severance, we  may  fairly  expect  as  thorough  an  exploration  of  every 
department  of  our  Cryptogamy,  as  the  active  duties  of  his  Profes- 
sion, and  the  life-time  of  an  Individual,  will  permit.  I  am  gratified, 
moreover,  in  knowing  that  a  few  zealous  and  faithful  Lovers  of 
Nature  are  engaged  with  him,  as  Collaborators,  in  the  laudable 
attempt  to  prepare  a  comprehensive  Natural  History  of  the  County 
of  Chester. — w.  D. 


PRELIMINARY    DISCOURSES. 

DISCOUBSB  I. 
Definition  of  Botany.     Inducements  to  the  Study. 


HAVING  prepared  a  new  Edition  of  the  Chester  County  Flora, — 
partly  for  the  purpose  of  including  those  plants  "which  have  been 
detected  in  the  County  since  the  preceding  one  was  published — but 
chiefly  for  the  sake  of  presenting  the  work  in  a  form  somewhat  less 
diffuse  in  its  details,  as  well  as  more  congenial  in  its  arrangement 
with  the  present  state  of  the  Science, — I  thought  it  might  be  accept- 
able to  the  youthful  Cultivators  of  Botany,  in  our  venerable  Baili- 
wick, to  premise  some  general  observations  touching  the  subject  to 
which  the  volume  is  devoted. 

This  I  propose  to  do,  in  a  few  brief  and  familiar  Discourses ; 
such,  in  substance,  as  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  employing, 
orally,  when  aiding  the  researches  of  the  Pupils  in  some  of  the 
West-Chester  Seminaries. 

As  in  all  attempts  to  impart  or  acquire  information,  it  is  most 
advantageous  and  satisfactory  to  begin  at  the  beginning, — we  may  as 
well  commence  by  a  definition  of  the  Science,  to  which  we  propose 
to  direct  our  attention.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  Greek  word 
Botdne — meaning  an  Herb, — and  may  be  briefly  defined  as  "the 
natural  history  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom ;"  or,  to  be  somewhat 
more  explicit,  it  is  that  Science  which  has  for  its  object  a  knowledge 
of  the  structure,  functions,  and  characters  of  Plants — together  with  a 
just  comprehension  of  those  general  affinities,  and  peculiar  features, 
by  which  they  may  be  grouped  into  kindred  families, — and  yet  be 
distinguishable,  among  themselves,  into  well-marked  Genera,  and 
Species. 

A  very  natural  preliminary  inquiry,  on  the  part  of  a  Pupil 
engaging  in  the  study  of  Botany — or,  indeed,  in  any  other  study — 
would  be  respecting  the  utility,  or  value,  of  such  an  attainment; 
and  therefore — in  order  to  encourage  the  young  Beginner — it  may 
be  well  to  hint  at  some  of  the  inducements  to  the  undertaking. 
These  may  be  considered  in  reference  to  mental  discipline,  intel- 
lectual gratification,  and  practical  usefulness.  It  is  impossible  for 

5 


Vi  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

any  one,  endowed  with  the  common  attributes  of  humanity,  to 
avoid  being  something  of  a  Naturalist.  One  of  the  earliest  indica- 
tions of  Intellect,  consists  in  the  perception,  and  discrimination,  of 
the  beings  and  objects  subjected  to  its  cognizance.  In  proportion 
as  the  mind  is  expanded,  and  its  faculties  disciplined,  so  are  its 
powers  of  discrimination  augmented.  Natural  Science — or  that 
knowledge  which  enables  us  to  ascertain,  to  distinguish,  and  to 
arrange,  or  classify  created  beings — is  emphatically  a  science  of 
observation;  and  no  study  has  a  happier  tendency  to  induce  habits 
of  attention,  and  accuracy  in  noticing  the  characteristic  features  of 
objects.  No  one  is  less  likely  to  be  misled  by  vulgar  prejudices,  or 
to  be  made  the  dupe  of  imposture,  than  the  careful  observer,  and 
intelligent  student,  of  Nature.  Habitual  scrutiny  renders  him 
acute  in  detecting  error,  and  discovering  truth, — while  it  makes 
him  cautious  in  receiving  marvellous  statements  unsupported  by 
credible  testimony. 

While  his  faculties  are  thus  improved  by  a  salutary  discipline, 
his  taste  is  no  less  gratified  by  the  pleasures  of  the  study : — and,  of 
all  the  inanimate  products  of  creation,  there  is  none  more  agreeable 
to  contemplate,  than  those  which  constitute  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 
Destined,  by  the  wisdom  of  a  bountiful  Providence,  for  the  susten- 
ance of  a  higher  order  of  creatures, — they  have,  at  the  same  time, 
teen  admirably  adapted  to  the  purpose  of  adorning  the  surface  of 
the  earth,  and  charging  with  fragrance  the  atmosphere  which 
surrounds  it.  Occupying  an  intermediate  position,  between  minerals 
and  animals,  they  afford  us  the  means  of  investigating  the  wonders 
of  organic  life,  without  the  infliction  of  torture,  or  the  necessity  of 
witnessing  the  sufferings  which  attend  such  researches  in  sensitive 
beings.  Hence,  the  study  of  the  vegetable  creation  has  ever  been 
a  favorite  pursuit  with  gentle  minds.  There  is  a  calm  delight  in  the 
contemplation  of  Plants  and  Flowers,  which  is  never  felt — and  can 
never  be  appreciated — by  those  who  find  their  chief  gratification  in 
the  turmoils  and  commotions  of  the  animal  world.  The  disposition 
of  man  derives  much  of  its  character  from  association,  and  external 
impressions;  and  it  is,  doubtless,  partly  owing  to  the  bland  in- 
fluences of  a  rural  life,  that  enlightened  agricultural  communities  are 
less  prone  to  those  cruel  excesses,  which  so  often  disturb  the  arti- 
ficial and  struggling  society  of  crowded  cities.  If  such  be  the 
tranquilizing  tendency  of  a  simple  residence  among  the  Vegetable 
tribes, — how  propitious  to  the  growth  of  the  gentler  virtues  must 
be  the  pursuits  of  the  Botanist,  who  may  be  said — almost  without  a 
figure— to  hold  daily  converse  with  some  of  the  loveliest  works  of 


PEELIMIHAEY  DISCOUESES.  VU 

the  Creator, — and  to  regard  with  something  like  the  pleasure  of  a 
friendly  recognition,  every  Plant  -which  he  has  successfully  in- 
vestigated!* 

We  know,  indeed,  that  those  groveling  mortals  who  consider 
nothing  as  valuable,  but  mere  tangible  wealth,  are  apt  to  regard  the 
researches  of  the  Naturalist  as  useless  and  frivolous,— just  as  gross, 
uncultivated  minds  suppose  all  pleasures  to  consist  in  sensual  grati- 
fications, and  have  no  conception  of  such  a  thing  as  intellectual 
enjoyment.  It  is  the  besetting  infirmity  of  sordid  natures,  to  mis- 
take the  instrument  for  the  object ;  to  limit  the  aim,  and  confine  the 
affections,  to  the  means  of  enhancing  our  character,  as  rational 
beings — instead  of  employing  those  means  for  the  attainment  of  a 
nobler  end.  But,  is  it  true,  that  the  studies  of  the  Naturalist  are 
useless  and  frivolous  ?  On  the  contrary,  the  most  bigoted  Utilitarian — 
on  a  moment's  reflection — will  be  forced  to  admit,  that  they  are 
fraught  with  results  of  daily,  and  high  practical  value,  in  many  of 
the  most  important  pursuits.  To  the  Agriculturist,  the  Gardener, 
the  Physician,  and  the  Artist,  a  correct — and  even  scientific — 
knowledge  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom  is,  to  a  certain  extent,  indis- 
pensable : — for,  a  scientific  knowledge  of  plants  merely  implies  an 
acquaintance  with  their  true  character  and  properties, — and  that, 
every  person  whose  business  is  with  plants,  is  bound  in  honesty 
and  good  faith — as  well  as  by  the  requirements  of  self-interest — to 
possess.  Such  knowledge  is,  of  course,  to  be  best  obtained  by 
means  of  the  most  skillful,  systematic,  and  facile  method  of  in- 
vestigation; or,  in  other  words,  by  the  help  of  a  truly  scientific 
arrangement. 

*  No  one  ever  heard  a  true  lover  of  Botany  complain  of  taedium  vitae,  or  of  a 
want  of  pleasant  employment  for  his  leisure  hours.  His  pursuits,  it  is  true,  do 
not  produce  that  vehement  excitement  which  attends  the  scrambling  rivalry  of 
political  aspirants,  and  is  so  seductive  to  the  eager  fancies  of  the  crafty  and  ambi- 
tious ;  but  the  gratifications  resulting  from  their  culture — being  founded  on  a 
consciousness  of  their  value  to  our  fellow  creatures,  as  well  as  to  ourselves — are 
of  the  most  precious  and  enduring  character,— and  are,  moreover,  wholly  inde- 
pendent of  vulgar  taste  or  caprice.  [See  Sir  H.  DAVY'S  Consolations  in  Travel.] 

The  attractions  of  Botanical  Science  are  truthfully  and  appropriately  alluded 
to,  in  the  following  extract  of  a  Letter  from  the  late  Sir  JAMES  EDWARD  SMITH  to 
the  Rev.  Dr.  MUHLENBERG,— dated  London,  March  6, 1793 :— "  You  cannot  be  more 
enthusiastically  fond  of  Botany  than  I  am;  and  your  letter  promises  me  a  fresh 
instance,  in  addition  to  many  already  experienced,  that  this  study— charming  in 
itself— is  still  more  valuable  as  a  key  to  the  intercourse  of  the  most  amiable 
minds.  To  Botany  I  owe  friendships  and  connexions  I  else  could  have  had  no 
chance  of  forming;  and  your  Letter,  overflowing  with  the  milk  of  human  kind- 
ness, and  with  the  amiable  modesty  of  real  merit,  promises  mo  one  which  it  will 
be  my  most  anxious  care  and  ambition  to  deserve." 


Viii  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

The  successful  culture  of  Vegetable  Products,  requires  a  know- 
ledge of  the  character  and  habits  of  the  Plants  which  yield  them ; 
and  that  knowledge — so  far  as  it  is  possessed  and  applied — is  neither 
more  nor  less  than  practical  Botany.  He  who  is  acquainted  with 
the  greatest  number,  and  best  understands  how  to  multiply  the 
most  valuable,  is  at  once  the  best  Botanist,  and  the  most  accom- 
plished Agriculturist  and  Gardener. 

Is  it  not  desirable,  then,  that  we  should  extend  our  knowledge  of 
the  useful  Plants, — and  learn  to  estimate  correctly,  their  true  and 
relative  values  ?  Is  it  not  necessary,  also,  that  we  should  have  a 
competent  knowledge  of  the  pernicious  and  worthless  Plants  ?  But, 
to  accomplish  this,  is  to  make  a  respectable  progress  in  the  Science 
of  Botany.  Hence  I  contend,  that  a  certain  portion  of  Botanical 
knowledge  is  indispensable  to  the  Farmer  who  aspires  to  excellence 
in  his  profession, — and  who  would  aid  in  elevating  that  profession 
to  the  rank  which  it  is  intitled  to  hold,  among  human  pursuits. — 
It  is  not  necessary  that  he  should  prosecute  the  study  in  all  its 
extent ;  for  that  would  be  the  business  of  a  life-time :  But  he  ought 
to  make  himself  acquainted  with  the  Vegetation  of  the  region,  or 
district,  in  which  he  resides,— and  he  should  understand  well  the 
character  of  all  those  plants  which  immediately  concern  him,  as  an 
Agriculturist.  This  is  a  duty  by  no  means  so  difficult  as  is  generally 
supposed:  And  with  the  aid  now  afforded  by  elementary  and 
systematic  writers  on  the  subject,  the  attainment  is  rendered  as 
agreeably  interesting,  to  an  intelligent  mind,  as  it  is  profitable  in 
its  practical  -results.  The  man  who  does  not  know  the  more  im- 
portant plants  by  which  he  is  surrounded — whose  eye  has  not  learnt 
to  discriminate  their  characters, — is  deficient  in  one  of  the  primary 
qualifications  of  an  enlightened  cultivator  of  the  •soil.  In  truth,  it 
is  mortifying  to  see  a  good  practical  Farmer,  or  Gardener,  ignorant 
of  some  of  the  very  plants  which  it  most  behoves  him  to  know, — 
wasting  his  time,  and  his  energies,  in  mis-directed  ^efforts  to  protect 
himself  from  the  vegetable  pests  which  invade  his  grounds.  Many 
of  our  farms  are  already  over-run  with  worthless  weeds,  which  are 
extremely  difficult  to  subdue;  -and  we  are  menaced  with  the  inroads 
of  others  still  more  annoying  and  pernicious :  Yet  there  are  but 
few  of  our  Agriculturists  who  fire  able  to  identify  these  invaders, 
when  they  make  their  appearance, — or  who  seem  to  be  aware  of  the 
importance  of  prompt  and  vigorous  measures  for  their  extirpation.* 

*  I  have  seen  an  excellent  old  Farmer  zealously  waging  war  upon  the  fetid 
Chamomile  (Maruta.  Cotula,  DC.),  under  the  mistaken  belief  that  he  was  contend- 
ing against  that  troublesome  nuisance,  the  Ox-eye  Daisy  (Leucanthemum,  vulgare, 
Lam).  Some  years  since,  a  distinguished  agricultural  gentleman  published  a 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES.  IX 

This  ought  not  to  be  the  case,  among  a  people  invested  with  the 
lofty  privileges  which  we  enjoy.  The  rising  generation,  at  least, 
should  be  taught  to  notice  what  they  see, — to  observe,  to  think,  and 
to  discriminate.  Our  young  Farmers  should  learn  to  cultivate  their 
minds,  as  carefully  as  they  do  their  acres;  and  not  be  permitted  to 
grow  up  in  the  neglect  of  their  noblest  faculties, — nor — as  a  modern 
writer  expresses  it — be  content  "to  wander  among  the  productions 
of  Nature,  with  little  more  perception,  or  enjoyment  of  her  charms, 
than  a  cow  on  a  common,  or  a  goose  on  a  green." 

It  is  not  unusual  to  hear  persons  say,  that  they  should  really  like 
very  much  to  cultivate  an  acquaintance  with  the  Natural  Sciences — 
and  especially  Botany, — if  they  only  had  time  for  such  pursuits. — 
I  beg  leave  to  suggest  to  these  worthy  people,  that  they  have  mis- 
apprehended the  true  nature  of  their  complaint, — and  that  they 
not  only  deceive,  but  really  flatter  themselves,  by  relying  upon  such 
an  excuse.  It  is  not  so  much  the  want  of  time,  which  afflicts  them, 
as  it  is  the  want  of  taste,  and  the  neglect  of  opportunities.  Most 
people  contrive  to  find  time  for  what  they  earnestly  desire  to  do ; 
and  if  driven  to  the  necessity,  are  apt  to  take  it,  at  any  rate,  for 
those  pursuits  which  they  are  resolved  upon.  But  the  fact  is,  we 
all  idle  away  countless  hours  of  our  existence — especially  in  the 
morning  of  life — which  might  be  successfully  devoted  to  the  attain- 
ment of  useful  knowledge* 

It  is  true,  indeed,  that  the  higher  intellectual  enjoyments,  afforded 
by  "the  amiable  Science,"  can  only  be  fully  understood  by  those 
who  are  blest  with  a  lively  sense  of  the  Beautiful,  in  Nature.  Its 
purest  delights  necessarily  inure  to  votaries  of  that  description ;  for, 
according  to  the  proverbial  philosophy  of  honest  SANCHO  PANZA — 
"  No  es  la  miel para  la  boca  del  asno:"  Yet  it  is  no  less  true,  that 
taste  is  a  faculty  which  can  be  cultivated ;  and  opportunities  to  be 
improved,  happen  to  all.  Some  of  the  most  enthusiastic  and  suc- 
cessful students  of  Nature  that  I  have  ever  known,  prosecuted  their 
inquiries  under  a  constant  pressure  of  the  every-day  cares  and 
duties  of  life ;  and  yet  were  remarkable  for  the  exemplary  perform- 
ance of  those  duties.  •{• 

series  of  essays,  for  the  purpose  of  rousing  the  farmers  to  a  simultaneous  attack 
•upon  what  he  supposed  to  be  the  Canada  Thistle,  It  was  soon  discovered,  how- 
ever, that  the  plant  which  he  had  in  view,  was  the  comparatively  harmless 
Dipsacus  sylvestris,  Mill,  or  Wild  Teasel :  and  yet  the  real  Canada  Thistle  (Cirrium 
arvense,  Scop.)  was  then  actually  introduced,  and  spreading  around  him,  tmre« 
cognized  and  unknown,  either  by  himself  or  his  neighbors  J 

f  "  Alas  for  us,  when  we  become  so  sunk  in  utilitarian  toil  as  to  be  blind  to  the 
beauty  with  which  even  common  cares  are  daily  wreathed ! "— Miaa  MABGARET 
FULLER.  «^» 


ak, 

ectin     u 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 


, 

In  reflecting  upon  the  interesting  character  of  Botanical  know- 
ledge, and  upon  the  many  inducements  to  acquire  it,  —  one  i3 
naturally  led  to  ask,  why  a  rational  acquaintance  with  the  Vegeta- 
ble Products  which  every  where  surround  us,  and  are  literally 
strewed  along  our  paths,  should  not  be  adequately  inculcated  in  all 
our  Seminaries,  —  and  especially  I  would  ask,  why  such  a  humaniz- 
ing and  elegant  Science  should  not  be  made  an  indispensable  branch 
of  Female  Education.  As  a  mere  accomplishment,  it  is  intitled  to 
rank  with  any  of  those  ornamental  acquirements  to  which  so  much 
time  is  devoted.  As  a  means  of  enlarging  the  views,  and  disciplin- 
ing the  mind  —  training  it  to  habits  of  correct  observation,  and 
profitable  reflection,  —  the  Study  of  Plants  is  far  superior  to  many 
of  the  fashionable  and  fugitive  attainments,  which  so  generally 
engross  the  attention  of  young  Ladies.  It  is  a  pursuit,  too,  which 
carries  with  it  its  own  reward.  The  knowledge  which  it  affords,  is 
at  once  pleasing  in  the  acquisition,  and  of  enduring  value.  It  is 
continually  called  for,  and  always  at  command,  —  ready  to  minister 
to  the  instruction  and  gratification  of  the  possessor  —  whether  in  the 
Garden,  the  Field,  or  the  Forest. 

These  Studies  —  said  the  Roman  Orator,  on  another  occasion  —  and 
the  averment  is  no  less  applicable  here,  —  these  Studies  are  the  intel- 
lectual nourishment  of  youth,  and  the  cheering  recreation  0jf  age  ;  they 
adorn  prosperity,  and  are  the  refuge  and  solace  of  adversity  ;  they  are 
pleasant  at  home,  and  are  no  incumbrance  abroad;  they  abide  with  us 
by  night  —  go  with  us  in  all  our  travels  —  and  lend  additional  charms  to 
the  attractions  of  our  rural  retreats.* 

Those  who  make  only  occasional  visits,  or  excursions,  in  the 
country,  will  find  their  pleasure  greatly  enhanced  by  an  acquaint- 
ance with  the  Plants  which  mainly  contribute  to  the  charms  of  the 
scenery:  But,  by  those  whose  constant  residence  is  in  the  midst  of 
the  vegetable  tribes,  a  reasonable  knowledge  of  Botany  should  be 
regarded  —  not  merely  as  an  accomplishment,  but  —  as  one  of  the 
indispensable  qualifications  for  the  duties  of  rural  life.f  I  have 

>  *  Ilaec  Studia  adolescentiam  alunt,  senectutem  oblectant,  secundas  res  ornant, 
adversis  perfugium  ac  solatium  praebent;  delectant  domi,  non  impediunt  foris  ; 
pernoctant  nobiscum,  peregrinantur,  rusticantur.  —  CICERO,  pro  ARCHIA  Poeta. 

f  "  Si  vous  avez  vraiment  1'amour  de  la  Botanique,  vous  ne  traversez  pas  une 
prairie,  YOUS  ne  suivez  pas  la  haie  d'un  chemin  sans  etre  en  communication  in- 
time,  je  dirai  presque  en  conversation  avec  les  plantes  qui  sont  autour  de  TOUS  ; 
vous  les  saluez  du  regard,  si  vous  les  connaissez,  —  sinon  vous  vous  arretez  aus- 
sitot  et  les  interrogez  avec  empressement  et  plaisir;  et  si  vous  voyagez,  quel 
interet  profond  et  toujours  nouveau  s'attache  a  vos  promenades  ;  comme  vous  vous 
trouvez  heureux  en  comparant  votre  ardeur  a  1'air  d'indifference  et  d'ennui  du 
promeueur  oisif  ou  du  touriste  blase!  "—  E.  GERMAIN,  DE  SAIXX  PIERRE. 


PBELIMINABY  DI8COFB8ES. 

already  intimated  the  opinion,  that  an  American  Farmer  should 
blush  to  be  ignorant  of  the  objects  of  his  peculiar  care ;  and  I  know 
not  why  a  Farmer's  Wife,  or  Daughter,  should  be  entirely  excused 
for  a  like  deficiency.  On  the  contrary,  I  am  of  opinion  that  it  is  to 
Wives  and  Daughters  we  must  look,  for  the  commencement  of  a 
salutary  reformation  in  intellectual  pursuits  and  discipline.  The 
work  must  begin  at  that  early  period  of  life,  when  the  character  is 
being  moulded  under  female  auspices  and  care.  The  knowledge 
here  advocated,  is  unquestionably  desirable  for  both  sexes ;  and  I 
sincerely  believe,  that  the  most  effectual  method  for  diffusing  it, 
will  be — first  properly  to  educate,  and  then — to  invoke  the  co-opera- 
tion  of  the  Ladies.  Their  potent  influence  has  been  felt,  and  owned, 
in  many  a  noble  cause ;  and  I  cannot  permit  myself  to  doubt  its 
controlling  eificacy  in  this. 


DISCOUESE  II. 
Definition  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom. 

IN  this  Discourse,  it  is  proposed  to  define  what  is  meant  by  the 
terms,  Vegetable  Kingdom, — and  to  notice  those  characters  by  which 
a  Plant  is  known,  and  distinguished  from  the  other  objects  in 
nature. 

The  material  world  has  been  arranged,  by  the  generality  of 
Naturalists,  in  three  great  divisions, — which  they  have  denominated 
the  Mineral,  the  Vegetable,  and  the  Animal  Kingdoms.  These  three 
Kingdoms  are,  for  the  most  part,  readily  distinguishable  by  the 
jnost  superficial  observer;  yet,  so  nearly  do  the  tribes,  on  the  con- 
fines of  the  divisions,  approach  each  other  in  structure  and  character, 
that  it  is  by  no  means  easy,  with  descriptive  phrases,  or  definitions, 
to  draw  a  satisfactory  and  unexceptionable  line  of  demarcation 
between  them.  We  have  no  difficulty,  indeed,  in  distinguishing  an 
Ox  from  an  Oak  tree — nor  a  cabbage  from  a  boulder  of  granite :  But, 
when  we  descend  to  those  humbler  existences,  called  Zoophytes,  and 
Corallines,  we  are  sometimes  puzzled  to  determine  which  is  Animal, 
and  which  is  Vegetable.  Some  of  the  lower  orders  of  Plants,  too, 
(such  as  a  portion  of  the  Fungi,  and  Lichens,)  are  often  so  simple  in 
their  structure,  that  they  seem  to  be  formed  by  a  process  somewhat 
analogous  to  that  of  crystallization, — and  therein  are  approximated 
to  the  Mineral  kingdom. 


xii 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 


Various  attempts  have  been  made,  by  Naturalists,  to  designate 
the  distinguishing  characters  of  the  three  great  divisions.  The 
celebrated  LINNAEUS,  with  his  characteristic  point,  and  brevity, 
defined  them  thus:  Stones  (said  he)  grow;  Vegetables  grow,  and 
live;  Animals  grow,  live,  and  feel.*  It  would  be  difficult,  if  not 
impracticable,  to  giv«  a  better  definition  in  the  same  number  of 
words :  But  the  description  furnished  by  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE,  will 
probably  be  considered  as  more  complete  and  satisfactory,  -j- 

The  bodies  existing  in  nature— says  the  distinguished  and  lament- 
ed Professor  of  Geneva — may  be  ranked  under  two  great  divisions : — 

I.  INORGANIC  BODIES, — or  those  which  are  rude,  homogeneous  in 
their  structure,  destitute  of  life,  and  growing  only  by  the  mere 
addition  of  similar  particles  to  their  exterior  surface. 

II.  ORGANIC  BODIES, — composed  of  heterogeneous  parts,  endowed 
with  life,  and  growing  by  the  introduction  of  dissimilar  particles 
within  the  intimate  tissue,  or  vessels  of  which  those  parts  are 
formed. 

Inorganic  bodies  may  be  considered  as  of  two  kinds :  Some  of  them 
of  immense  magnitude,  sphaeroidal  in  their  figure,  and  distributed 
through  space, — constituting  what  are  called  Stars,  or  heavenly 
bodies  ;  the  others,  comparatively  small,  situated  on  our  globe,  and 
all  tending  more  or  less  to  the  crystalline  form, — being  known  under 
the  general  name  of  Minerals. 

Organic  bodies  are  also  of  two  kinds:  the  one  destitute  of  sensation,  of 
voluntary  motion,  and  of  a  stomach, — namely,  Vegetables;  the 
other,  endowed  with  sensation,  capable  of  voluntary  motion,  and 
furnished  with  an  internal  sac,  called  a  stomach, — these  are 
Animals. 

The  foregoing  classification  may  be  recapitulated  thus : 

I.  INORGANIC  BODIES — dead,  homogeneous,  growing  by  juxta- 
position :  two  kinds, — 

1.  One  kind,  celestial  and  sphaeroidal — Stars. 

2.  The  other,  terrestrial  and  crystallizable — Minerals. 

*  The  following  are  the  words  used  by  him,  whom  PULTENEY  designates  as  the 
"high  priest"  of  the  Science -.—Lapides  crescunt;  Vtgetabilia,  crescunt,  etvivunt; 
Animalia  crescunt,  vivunt,  et  sentiunt. 

f  The  following,  from  AUGUSTS  DE  ST.  HILAIRE,  .presents,  neatly  and  briefly,  the 
distinction  between  inorganic  and  organic  bodies.  "  Parmi  les  corps  qui  nous 
environnent, les  uns, bruts  et  inertes,  sont  prives  de  mouvement  et  de  vie;  ils  ne 
naissent  point,  ils  se  formcnt;  ils  ne  se  nourrissent  pas,  Us  s'agglomerent :  ils  ne 
meurent  point,  ils  se  decomposent.  Les  autres,  au  contraires,  naissent  pourrus 
d'organes  destines  a  des  fonctions  diyerses ;  ils  vivent,se  nourrissent,  se  deyeloppent, 
et,  avant  de  se  decomposer,  ils  meurent.  Les  premiers  sont  les  corps  inorganiques» 
les  seconds  lea  corps  organises."— Morphologic  Vegetalc, 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES.  XiU 

II.  ORGANIC  BODIES — living,  heterogeneous,  growing  by  intus- 
susception ;  two  kinds, — 

1.  One  kind,  destitute  of  sensation,  of  voluntary!  yegetdbles 
motion,  and  of  a  stomach.  / 

2.  The  other,  endowed  with  sensation,  capable  of  \A-  ^ 
voluntary  motion,  and  provided  with  a  stomach.       / 

Certain  Naturalists  have  been  so  forcibly  impressed  by  the  con- 
templation of  the  gradual  and  near  approach  of  the  two  great 
divisions  of  organized  beings,  that  they  have  thought  we  should 
admit  of  but  a  single  class, — which  they  have  designated*  by  the 
name  of  the  organic  kingdom:.  Others,  again,  have  proposed  to 
establish  an  intermediate  kingdom,  between  animals  and  vegetables, 
to  consist  of  Zoophytes,  Sea-weeds,  and  Mushrooms.  Both  pro- 
positions, however,  have  been  rejected  by  the  generality  of  Natural- 
ists, with  great  unanimity. 

On  this  head,  and  in  further  illustration  of  the  subject,  the 
eminent  Author  here  cited  remarks — that  those  being&  which  seem 
to  us  to  be  intermediate  between  animals  and  plants,  ought  rather 
to  be  considered  as  evidences  of  our  ignorance,  than  as  proofs  of 
the  existence  of  a  peculiar  class-;  and  although  it  may  be  correct  to 
Bay,  that  the  two  organic  kingdoms  havfrsuch  striking  resemblances, 
and  approximate  so  nearly,  that  a  satisfactory  line  of  demarcation 
cannot  be  drawn,  they  nevertheless  present  differences  of  such  a 
character  that  it  is  useful  to  separate  them, — seeing  that  these  dif- 
ferences exert  an  influence  upon  the  progress  of  the  study,  in 
the  two  kingdoms,  and  consequently  upon  the  logic  of  the  two 
Sciences. 

Assuming  as  a  fact — or  as  an  extremely  probable  hypothesis — 
that  Animals  are  endowed  with  sensibility,  and  that  Vegetables  are 
destitute  of  it,  we  shall  see  resulting  from  that  supposition,  nearly 
all  the  differences  that  we  observe  between  animals  and  plants ;  be- 
tween Zoology  and  Botany. 

Since  Animals  have  a  consciousness  of  their  existence,  and  a 
sensation  of  pain  and  pleasure,  it  is  natural  to  suppose  that  they 
should  endeavor  to  avoid  the  former  sensation,  and  seek  the  latter, 
— that  is  to  say,  that  they  should  be  endowed  with  the  faculty  of 
voluntary  motion  ;  for,  if  we  supposed  them  destitute  of  this  faculty, 
we  should  have  no  means  of  ascertaining  their  sensibility.  Plants, 
on  the  contrary,  can  perform  no  other  motions  than  those  which  are 
produced  by  external  agents,  or  by  certain  mechanical  circum- 
stances of  their  structure.  These  motions  can  be  neither  voluntary, 
nor  truly  locomotive. 


XiV  PRELIMINABY  DISCOURSES. 

An  Animal,  endowed  with  sensibility  and  the  power  of  motion, 
can  select  the  food  necessary  for  his  subsistence, — and  go  in  quest 
of  it,  when  he  does  not  find  it  in  his  immediate  vicinity;  and  can 
seize  it,  in  order  to  appropriate  it  to  himself.  He  can,  consequently, 
nourish  himself  with  various  kinds  of  matter, — even  with  kinds 
which  are  but  partially  distributed  in  nature — being  such  as  are 
already  organized. 

A  Plant,  on  the  contrary,  being  unable  to  distinguish  what  is 
proper  for  its  sustenance,  or  to  seize  any  kind  of  prey,  must  neces- 
sarily nourish  itself  with  matters  which  are  so  generally  diffused 
over  the  globe  as  to  be  found  almost  every  where ;  which  are  suf- 
ficiently inert  to  oppose  no  resistance  to  the  feeble  means  of  absorp- 
tion with  which  it  is  provided, — and  sufficiently  soft  and  yielding 
to  require  no  mechanical  division.  Consequently,  there  are  none 
but  inorganic  substances — such  as  water,  air,  and  matters  which 
are  soluble  in  those  two  vehicles — adapted  to  that  purpose ;  and  these 
are,  in  fact,  the  substances  which  serve  for  the  nutrition  of  plants. 

Animals,  then,  can  select  for  their  nourishment,  a  great  variety 
of  matter, — and  consequently,  the  organs  of  their  nutrition  must 
present  a  corresponding  diversity :  Vegetables,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  nearly  all  subsisted  on  the  same  materials, — and  therefore, 
their  organs  of  nutrition  are  very  nearly  similar. 

Animals,  which  select  their  food,  often  experience  intervals  in 
which  they  are  unable  to  procure  such  as  is  suitable  for  them ;  and 
when  they  do  find  it,  they  lay  in  a  provision  to  last  them  for  a 
time.  It  is  necessary,  then,  that  they  should  be  furnished  with  a 
receptacle  in  which  to  deposit  their  store  of  nourishment:  thia 
receptacle  is  called  the  stomach.  Plants,  being  constantly  surrounded 
by  their  appropriate  aliment,  and  never  changing  their  position, 
have  no  necessity  to  lay  in  a  stock  of  provisions, — and  accordingly 
have  no  stomach  in  which  to  receive  it. 

The  nourishment  of  Animals  being  deposited  in  an  internal  cavity, 
all  the  vessels  of  the  animal  are  found  converging  toward  that 
centre :  But  in  Plants,  the  absorbing  vessels  are  directed  toward 
the  surface.  Animals,  says  BOERHAAVE,  are  nourished  by  internal 
roots, — and  Plants  by  external  roots :  Consequently,  the  structure 
of  vegetables  will  be  calculated  to  multiply  surfaces, — and  will  be 
perfect  in  proportion  as  it  is  fitted  to  accomplish  that  object.  The 
organic  structure  of  animals,  having  a  central  tendency,  will  be 
perfect  in  proportion  to  the  perfection  of  their  internal  organization. 

Inasmuch  as  the  essential  seat  of  nutrition,  in  Animals,  is  placed 
in  the  interior — and  as  the  vessels  are  all  directed  toward  and  about 
that  centre,— those  vessels  must  continue  to  perform  the  same 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES.  XV 

office,  during  the  existence  of  the  animal:  But  the  vessels  of  Plants 
being  directed  to  the  exterior,  there  will  be  a  constant  possibility, 
either  of  their  being  elongated,  or  of  new  ones  being  developed  on 
the  outer  surface.  There  will  then,  consequently,  be  a  certain  limit 
to  the  growth  of  Animals;  but  none  to  that  of  Vegetables.  There 
will  then,  in  Animals,  be  a  death  from  old  age ;  which  will  happen 
when  the  existing  vessels — not  being  capable  of  renovation — shall 
be  obstructed  by  the  influx  and  lodgment  of  the  minute  particles  of 
matter  which  are  conveyed  to  them.  This  cause  of  death  does  not 
occur  in  Vegetables — at  least,  not  in  perennial  vegetables, — since 
new  vessels  may  be  indefinitely  developed,  and  take  upon  them- 
selves the  office  of  the  old  ones.  Animals,  therefore,  die  of  old  age, 
or  of  accidents ;  perennial  Plants  of  accide'nts,  only. 

In  consequence  of  Animals  having  a  centre  of  nutrition,  and  of 
life,  it  follows  that  they  can  rarely,  if  ever,  be  divisible  into  several 
individuals ;  for  those  animals  called  Polypi — which  seem  to  be  an 
exception  to  this  rule — ought  rather  to  be  considered  as  aggrega- 
tions of  a  number  of  individuals :  Plants,  on  the  contrary,  having 
no  common  centre — and  being  endowed  with  the  faculty  of  pro- 
ducing new  vessels  to  an  indefinite  extent — may  be  divided  without 
loss  of  life,  and  can  be  indefinitely  multiplied  by  cuttings.* 

From  the  general  considerations  thus  presented,  the  following 
Principles  seem  to  result : — 

1.  That  the  differences  between  the  two  organized  kingdoms 
consist  essentially  in  this, — that  one  of  them  is  endowed  with  sensi- 
bility, and  the  power  of  voluntary  motion,  of  which  the  other  is 
destitute. 

2.  That  the  general  office,  or  business  of  Plants — in  the  great 
system  of  a  wise  and  beneficent  Providence — is  to  elaborate  and 
prepare  inorganic  matter,  so  that  it  may  become  fitted  for  the 
nourishment  of  Animals  :f  and 

*  This  is  more  particularly  true,  however,  in  those  plants  which  form  buds,  and 
live  more  than  a  single  season;  for  the  buds  of  trees,  and  shrubs,  may  be  regard- 
ed as  so  many  distinct  Individuals,  congregated  on  a  common  stock.  Even  those 
perennials  with  herbaceous  stems,  which  die  down  to  the  ground  every  winter, 
form  a  kind  of  buds  in  the  crown  of  the  root  (or  rhizomd),  from  which  proceed 
the  aerial  stems  of  the  ensuing  summer.  Those  plants  called  annuals  (which 
germinate  from  the  seed,  bloom  and  perfect  their  fruit,  and  die,  as  it  were  a  natural 
death,  within  the  year)  rarely  produce  anything  like  buds :  and  are  by  no 
means  so  susceptible  of  division,  or  multiplication  by  cuttings,  as  the  woody 
perennialt. 

t"It  is  one  of  the  laws  of  nature  that  Animals  shall  feed  on  organized  matter, 
and  Vegetables  on  unorganized.  For  the  support  of  animal  life,  therefore,  we 
require  vegetables  to  change  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  surrounding  media 
Into  suitable  nutriment."— Prof.  HA&VIY. 


XVl  PBELIMINABY  DISCOUBSES. 

3.  That  in  the  study  of  those  two  kingdoms,  we  should  never 
lose  sight  of  the  essential  characters  which  distinguish  them ;  and 
should  extend  the  application  of  the  principles,  which  are  peculiar 
to  each,  with  great  caution, — lest  we  be  misled  by  a  false  analogy. 


DISCOUKSE  III. 
External  organs  of  Plants, — and  their  successive  modifications. 


IN  the  preceding  Discourse,  we  endeavored  to  furnish  a  definition, 
or  distinct  idea,  of  the  three  great  kingdoms  in  Nature, — and, 
especially,  to  present  a  Sketch  of  the  general  resemblance,  and  dis- 
tinguishing characters,  of  the  two  organic  kingdoms,  from  the 
learned  Treatise  of  Professor  DE  CANDOLLE.  We  shall  now  proceed 
to  notice  some  of  the  more  remarkable  traits,  and  phenomena,  of 
the  vegetable  economy.  For  an  illustration  of  the  intimate  struc- 
ture, and  physiology  of  Plants,  the  Student  is  referred  to  the 
admirable  Text-Book  of  Prof.  A.  GRAY  :  Our  present  purpose  being 
merely  to  speak  of  the  external  organs, — or  those  obvious  appen- 
dages, and  features,  which  give  character  to  the  vegetable  tribes, 
and  form  the  basis  of  classification. 

It  is  a  circumstance  worthy  of  all  attention,  and  admiration,  that 
the  works  of  Nature — even  those  apparently  the  most  complicated 
and  elaborate — are  ever,  when  rightly  understood,  found  to  be  per- 
formed with  extremely  few  materials,  and  by  the  simplest  of  all 
possible  processes.  This  truth  is  exemplified  in  the  most  interesting 
manner,  in  the  structure  and  economy  of  Plants.  Infinite  as  are 
the  forms,  and  varied  as  is  the  texture,  of  the  external  organs  of 
plants, — it  has  been  satisfactorily  shown,  that  all  those  protean 
appendages  are,  in  fact,  nothing  more  than  a  series  of  successive 
modifications  (or  metamorphoses,  as  they  have  been  termed,)  of  that 
tissue  which,  in  the  germinating  seeds,  appears  in  the  condition  of 
crude  cotyledons, — and  which  in  subsequent  stages — as  the  plants  are 
developed  and  matured — is  put  forth  in  the  more  highly  organized 
State  of  stem  leaves,  floral  leaves  (or  bracts],  sepals,  petals,  stamens , 
and  pistils  (or  young  fruit}.  For  an  early,  ample,  and  most  interest- 
ing exposition  of  this  doctrine,  we  are  indebted  to  the  celebrated 


PEELIMINAEY  DISCOURSES.  STl 

German  Poet,  GOETHE, — whose  writings  show  him  to  have  been  no 
less  accomplished  in  Botany,  than  eminent  in  Belles-Lettres.  * 

In  accordance  with  the  view  here  presented,  a  Plant  may  proper- 
ly be  said  to  consist  of  root,  stem,  and  leaves ; — all  other  parts — 
under  whatever  name — being  modifications  of  these.  The  limits 
assigned  to  these  discourses  forbid  a  complete  illustration  of  the 
doctrine :  but  a  brief  sketch  may  be  attempted,  of  the  more  strik- 
ing modifications  which  the  external  organs  undergo,  during  the 
development  of  a  plant: — i.  e.  in  its  progress  from  the  germinat- 
ing seed,  up  to  the  perfection  of  its  fruit.  Those  who  read  French, 
may  find  the  doctrine  elaborately  set  forth  in  SAINT-HILAIRE'S  Mor- 
phologic Vegetate ;  and  in  our  own  language,  it  may  be  found  briefly 
but  well  explained,  in  the  elementary  works  of  GRAY,  and  LINDLEY. 
To  prevent  misapprehension,  however,  it  may  be  well  to  let  the 
student  understand  the  precise  and  proper  sense  in  which  the  term 
metamorphosis  is  used,  by  the  Botanists.  "When,  for  instance,  the 
floral  organs  are  called  modified  or  metamorphosed  leaves,  it  is  not  to 
be  supposed  that  a  petal  has  ever  actually  been  a  green  leaf, 
and  has  subsequently  assumed  a  more  delicate  texture  and  hue,  or 
that  stamens  and  pistils  have  previously  existed  in  the  state  of 
foliage;  but  only  that  what  is  fundamentally  one  and  the  same 
organ  developes,  in  the  progressive  evolution  of  the  plant,  under 
each  or  any  of  these  various  forms.  When  the  individual  organ 
has  once  fairly  begun  to  develope,  its  destiny  is  fixed." — GRAY'S 
Text-Book. 

It  has  been  aptly  remarked,  that  the  best  mode  of  explaining  things, 
is  to  show  how  they  come  to  pass.  That  is  the  mode  adopted  by 
GOETHE,  in  explaining  the  metamorphosis  now  under  consideration ; 
and  it  is  the  one  we  shall  endeavor  to  pursue. 

It  will  be  borne  in  mind,  that  a  sound  and  perfect  seed  (by  which 
is  meant,  one  that  is  capable  of  vegetating,)  is  neither  more  nor 
less  than  a  plant  in  miniature — rudimentary,  it  is  true,  but  an 
organized,  living  plant, — existing  in  a  dormant  state,  or  what  may 
be  called  suspended  vitality.  It  awaits  but  the  joint  application  of 
certain  vivifying  agents  (namely,  warmth,  moisture,  and  oxygen,) 
to  rouse  it  into  active  life ;  when  its  bursts  its  envelopes,  and  com- 
mences its  career  of  growth.  The  opinion,  so  generally  entertained, 

*  It  is  due,  however,  to  truth  and  justice,  to  say,  that  very  fev  important  doc- 
trines, or  views,  concerning  the  Vegetable  kingdom,  have  yet  been  promulgated,  of 
which  "  the  immortal  SWEDE  "  had  not  some  intelligent  perception.  The  idea  so 
happily  illustrated  by  GOETHE,  had  very  nearly  occurred  to  the  mind  of  LINNAEUS, 
about  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  It  was  first  distinctly  enunciated  by  C.  I'R. 
WOLFF,  in  17  64. 


PRELIMINARY   DISCOURSES. 

that  "seeds  must  die  before  they  can  come  up,"  is  a  vulgar  error. 
Seeds  that  die,  never  "come  up."  The  error  probably  originated 
from  observing  the  condition  of  the  albumen,  in  seeds  of  the  cerealia, 
or  edible  grains,  at  the  period  of  germination.  The  efficient  cause, 
or  intimate  nature,  of  growth,  we  do  not,  of  course,  pretend  to 
understand.  Such  knowledge  is  now — and  perhaps  will  remain — 
beyond  the  reach  of  finite  beings ;  but  the  physical  agents  concerned 
— their  operations  and  results — and  the  laws  which  regulate  them — 
the  curious  observer  can  both  perceive  and  comprehend,  to  a  very 
satisfactory  extent.  The  solid  portion  of  Plants  is  made  up,  mainly, 
of  an  infinity  of  slender  fibres,  and  delicate  membranes — forming 
tubes,  and  cells,  for  conveying  and  containing  fluids ;  and  the 
physical  process  of  growth  consists  in  the  extension  and  multiplica- 
tion of  those  tubes  and  cells.  When  the  fibrous  portion  (which 
results  from  elongated  cells,)  predominates,  the  plant  becomes  firm 
and  woody;  and  when  the  strictly  cellular  structure  prevails — 
whether  in  stem,  leaves,  or  fruit — the  product  is  fleshy,  tender  and 
succulent.  The  same  wise  Power  which  endowed  plants  with 
vitality,  and  the  capacity  for  growth,  or  development,  has  also 
established  laws  to  control  that  development, — whereby  each  plant 
assumes  a  determinate  form  and  character;  which,  although  liable 
to  variation  in  the  subordinate  features  (as  in  texture,  size,  color, 
or  other  trait  of  secondary  importance  in  the  vegetable  economy), 
are  nevertheless  essentially  perpetuated  in  the  species.  It  is  this 
fixedness  of  character  which  enables  the  Botanist  to  recognize,  and 
distinguish,  the  various  kinds, — and,  in  classifying  them,  to  ar- 
range each  with  its  kindred. 

But  our  present  business  is  with  the  changes  or  modifications, 
which  successively  take  place,  at  successive  stages  of  development,  in 
the  foliaceous  appendages  of  the  same  plant.  Naturalists  have 
observed,  that  in  the  stems  and  branches  of  plants,  there  are  small 
portions,  found  at  certain  intervals,  which  are  more  firm  and  dense 
than  the  other  parts.  These  firmer  portions  are  termed  knots,  or 
nodes, — and  the  intervening  spaces  are  called  internodes.  These 
nodes  exist,  under  some  form,  and  in  greater  or  less  abundance,  in 
all  stems:  sometimes  being  crowded  together,  and  condensed  at 
certain  points  of  the  stem,  so  as  to  form  complete,  and  often  solid" 
rings  (or  joints,  as  they  have  been  rather  incorrectly  termed) ;  at 
others,  they  are  much  divided,  and  appear  in  scattered  points  on 
the  circumference, — in  which  latter  case,  they  are  usually  disposed 
in  an  ascending  spiral  line.  They  seem  to  have  an  intimate  con- 
nection with  the  formation  of  all  leaves,  and  buds, — and  are,  at  least, 


PBELIMINARY   DISCOURSES.  XlX 

the  starting  points  from  which  those  organs  are  evolved,  during  the 
growth  of  the  plant.*  Even  the  stem  of  the  embryo  plant,  as  it  exists 
in  the  seed,  has  its  nodes, — with  the  first  of  which  the  cotyledons 
are  connected,  and  at  the  next  above,  we  find  those  minute  expan- 
sions known  by  the  name  of  primordial  leaves.  The  internode*,  or 
spaces  between  those  little  knots  in  the  stem,  may  be  long,  or 
short, — which  will,  of  course,  determine  the  distance  between  the 
leaves.  They  may  be  so  short  as  scarcely  to  be  perceptible, — in 
which  case  the  leaves  will  necessarily  be  brought  close  together,  in 
tufts  or  bunches ;  or  they  may  even  be  wholly  suppressed,  as  it  is 
termed, — so  as  to  reduce  the  leaves  to  the  same  plane ;  either  in 
opposite  pairs,  if  but  turn  are  developed, — or  in  vchorls  of  the  normal 
number  in  the  circuit  of  the  stem,  if  all  are  developed.  If  the  nodes 
are  scattered,  or  disposed  in  a  spiral  line,  the  leaves,  of  course,  will 
be  arranged  in  the  same  order,  on  the  stem  and  branches.  Thus  we 
are  furnished  with  a  key  to  the  whole  mystery  of  the  arrangement  of 
leaves  and  buds, — and  consequently,  of  the  branches,  which  arise 
from  the  buds.  We  shall  now  be  prepared  to  watch  the  development 
of  the  foliaceous  appendages  of  the  plant, — and  the  successive  changes 
of  their  form  and  character,  as  the  stem  ascends.  The  cotyledons  (in 
that  large  division  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  which  is  provided  with 
two  of  those  organs,)  are  always  opposite, — as  likewise  are,  for  the 
most  part,  the  next  pair  of  leaves — called  primordial :  but  the  suc- 
ceeding ones  are  variously  arranged,  in  different  families — either 
alternate,  opposite,  or  vtrticillate.  The  leaves  on  the  stem,  and 
branches,  usually  differ  in  form,  also,  from  those  early  rudimentai 
leaves  which  appear  at  germination.  If  the  plant  is  duly  nourished, 
the  leaves  are  apt  to  be  well  developed  until  it  has  reached  its 
destined  height — or  is  sufficiently  matured  far  flowering, — when  they 
usually  become  smaller.  In  several  natural  families,  there  are 
foliaceous  appendages,  or  accompaniments,  at  the  base  of  the  leaves, 
or  petioles,  which  seem  to  be  a  sort  of  exuberant  growth,  or  super- 
numerary products :  these  are  called  stipules. 

In  sterile,  or  ungenial  soils,  the  leafy  expansions  are  less  com- 
plete, and  are  liable  to  modifications  which  appear  to  be  the  acci- 
dental result  of  defective  nourishment, — though  they  often  become 
fixed,  and  permanently  characteristic.  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE  terms 

*  Sometimes  the  bud— instead  of  being  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf,  as  is  usual— is 
formed  and  situated  directly  under,  and  within,  the  base  of  (he  petiok ;  in  which 
case,  consequently,  the  hollow  base  of  the  petiole  covers  the  bud,  as  an  extin- 
guisher does  the  stump  of  a  candle.  This  feature  is  well  exhibited,  in  autumn, 
by  the  Buttonwood  Tree  (Platanus);  and  may  be  likewise  observed  in  the  common 
petioles  of  the  Bhus,  the  Rdbinia,  and  the  Cladrattis  (or  Virgilia). 


XX  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

the  process,  degentrescence — i.  e.  a  sort  of  degeneracy,  or  habitually 
stunted  growth,  Thus,  in  some  plants,  we  find  the  true  stem-leaves 
habitually  curtailed  of  their  fair  proportions, — compound  leaves 
being  reduced  to  simple  disks,  or  dilated  petioles,  called  phyllodia, 
— simple  leaves  starved  into  mere  needle-like  processes, — and  stipules 
shrunk  into  prickles ;  while  even  woody  branches,  under  a  similar 
privation,  often  appear  in  the  character  of  true  thorns.  By  taking 
this  view  of  the  vegetable  economy,  we  are  not  only  led  to  contem- 
plate the  various  modifications  with  great  interest — but  are  put 
completely  on  our  guard  against  any  illusion,  or  misapprehension  of 
the  real  nature  of  apparent  irregularities,  or  so-called  anomalies. — 
We  know  that  the  proper  place  to  find  a  leaf,  is  at  the  nodes:  "We 
shall  generally  find  one  there.  It  will  sometimes  be  very  small — 
sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  scale,  or  midrib — or  it  may  even  be 
entirely  wanting ;  but  that's  the  place  to  look  for  it, — and  if  we  find 
any  thing  occupying  the  normal  position  of  a  leaf,  or  stipule,  we  shall 
be  prepared  to  understand  its  true  character.  So  of  the  other  organs. 
Whatever  strange-looking  appendage  we  may  find  in  the  proper 
position  of  any  organ, — we  shall  at  once  comprehend,  that  it  is  some 
disguised  form,  or  modification,  of  that  particular  organ.* 


*  This  view  of  the  subject,  I  would  wish  to  impress  strongly,  and  distinctly,  on 
the  mind  of  the  Botanical  Student.  Every  organ  of  a  plant  being  liable  to  modi- 
fication, we  must  take  care  not  to  be  misled  by  appearances ;  but  be  constantly 
suspicious  of  all  disguises,  or  deviations  from  regular  structure,  and  symmetry. — 
The  clew  to  real  character — as  intimated  in  the  text — will  be  afforded  by  the  posi- 
tion of  an  organ.  In  the  grape-vine,  for  example,  those  anomalous  organs,  called 
tendrils,  will  be  found  occupying  the  normal  position  of  flowering  branches;  and 
observation  has  shown  that  they  are,  in  fact,  nothing  but  abortive  or  metamor  < 
phosed  racemes.  They  may  be  often  seen  in  the  transition  state, — some  of  the 
subdivisions  of  the  tendrils  actually  l>e&ringjlou>ers.  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE  even  con- 
sidered the  main  stems  of  twining  plants  as  partaking  of  the  character,  and  verg- 
ing towards  the  condition,  of  tendrils ;  and  his  opinion  is  rendered  plausible  by 
what  we  see  in  many  climbers.  In  some  species  of  Clematis,  and  in  Adltimia,  the 
petioles,  or  footstalks  of  the  leaves,  perform  the  office;  and  in  the  vetches,  or  Pea 
tribe,  the  common  petioles  usually  terminate  in  real  tendrils.  In  certain  leafless 
plants — such  as  the  Opuntia,  or  prickly  Pear,  and  some  species  of  Phyllanthus, — 
the  stem  assumes  the  flat,  dilated  figure — and,  to  some  extent,  actually  performs 
the  function — of  leaves :  But,  with  the  aid  of  our  Theory,  there  is  no  danger  of 
mistaking  the  real  character  of  any  of  these  "  counterfeit  presentments." 

The  change  of  calyx,  and  receptacle,  into  apparent  fruit — by  reason  of  the 
copious  development  of  cellular  tissue,  in  those  organs,  is  not  an  unusual  occur- 
rence. Their  position,  however,  in  relation  to  the  other  parts  of  the  flower,  ren- 
ders the  circumstance  perfectly  intelligible..  The  gradual  conversion  of  pistils, 
or  carpels,  into  the  countless  varieties  of  mature  fruit,  is  readily  explained  by 
this  development  of  tissues.  In  their  early,  rudimental  stage,  at  the  opening  of 
the  flowers,  the  texture  of  the  carpels  is  very  similar  in  all  plants;  but,  during 
their  growth,  and  progress  to  maturity,  a  great  change  is  effected  in  the  different 


PRELIMINARY   DISCOURSES.  Xxl 

When  a  plant  is  full-grown,  or  sufficiently  matured  to  bloom,  a 
striking  change  takes  place.  Slender  branches  are  often  thrown  out, 
— or  the  internodes  near  the  summit  of  the  stem  become  suddenly 
elongated ;  there  is  usually,  also,  a  great  diminution  observable  in 
the  size — and  frequently  an  entire  change  in  the  outline,  or  figure — 
of  the  foliage,  on  the  flowering  branches.  Next  we  find,  in  many 
instances,  a  sort  of  transition  leaves,  called  bracts,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  flowers.  These  bracts  are  sometimes  scarcely  changed, 
in  appearance,  from  the  other  leaves  on  the  stem  and  branches ;  but 
we  find  them,  occasionally,  assuming  the  hue,  and  almost  the  tex- 
ture, of  petals.  Having  thus  ascertained  that  bracts  are  nothing 
more  than  modified  leaves, — we  now  approach  the  flower,  itself, — 
which  is  always  the  termination,  or  concluding  development,  of  a 
stem,  or  branch;*  and  here  we  find,  in  many  plants,  a  whorl  of 
green  leaflets  (or  sepals — composing  what  is  called  the  calyx,}  at  the 
base  of  the  flower,  so  little  altered  from  the  small  leaves  immediate- 
ly below,  that  we  have  no  hesitation  in  considering  them  as  of 
precisely  the  same  nature; — the  only  difference  being,  that,  by  the 
suppression  of  internodes,  they  are  arranged  in  a  ring  (called  a 
verticil,  or  whorl,)  at  the  summit  of  the  peduncle,  or  ultimate  branch 
of  the  flower-stalk.  This  is  the  regular  mode  of  arrangement,  of  all 
the  parts  of  a  flower.  The  sepals,  petals,  stamens — and  even  the 
pistils,  in  symmetrical  flowers  (i.  e.  when  all  the  parts,  which  normally 
belong  to  them,  are  present) — are  all  disposed  in  a  succession  of 
verticils.  In  the  flowers  of  the  DICOTYLEDONS,  or  Exogenous  Plants, 
each  floral  verticil,  when  complete,  is  composed  of  five  modified 
leaves — or  some  multiple  of  that  number.  It  may — and  often  does — 
vary  from  this,  by  reason  of  a  suppression  of  some  of  the  parts ;  but 
five  is  the  normal,  or  what  may  be  termed  the  constitutional  number, 
in  the  floral  verticils  of  that  great  division  of  the  vegetable  king- 
kinds — according  as  the  rascular  and  fibrous,  or  the  cellular,  tissue  predominate?. 
In  the  one  case,  we  have  dry,  skinny,  woody,  or  even  bony,  seedvessels;  and  in 
the  other,  we  find  the  product  to  be  Qeshy,  pulpy  and  succulent  fruits.  Even  in 
the  same  pericarp,  we  often  see  one  portion  tender  and  juicy, — while  another 
portion  is  parchment-like,  or  bony;  as  in  pomes,  and  drupes — or  apples  and 
cherries.  It  is  only  necessary  to  extend  and  apply  this  doctrine  to  all  the  modified 
organs  of  plants — and  to  keep  the  idea  constantly  in  mind — in  order  to  compre- 
hend the  whole  mystery  of  metamorphosis. 

*  Although,  for  convenience  in  descriptive  phraseology,  we  often  say  that  flowers 
are  lateral,  axillary,  sessile,  Ac.,  it  should,  nevertheless,  be  constantly  borne  in 
mind,  that  a  flower  is  always  the  terminal  and  crowning  development — as  the 
fruit  is  the  final  product— -of  a  stem,  or  branch;  that  the  pedicels  of  aggregated 
florets  are  the  ultimate  ramifications  of  the  main  flowering  stalk, — and  that  wheu 
a  flower  appears  to  be  sessile,  it  is  merely  by  the  suppression — more  or  less  com* 
pletc — of  the  internode  which  normally  constitutes  its  proper  peduncle. 


SX11  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

clom.  Often,  indeed,  one  or  more  entire  verticils  are  suppressed, — 
presenting  flowers  destitute  of  calyx,  or  corolla — or  sometimes  with 
one  of  these,  and  either  the  stamens,  or  pistils,  also  wanting.*  In 
the  MONOCOTYLEDONS,  or  Endogenous  Plants, — such  as  the  Liliaceous 
and  Orchideous  tribes,  Grasses,  Sedges,  &c., — three,  and  its  multiples, 
constitute  the  regular,  symmetrical  number,  of  the  members  of  each 
floral  verticil ;  but  they  are  often  incomplete,  or  wholly  suppressed. 
In  the  Liliaceae,  we  frequently  find  some  of  them  doubled, — while 
in  the  Grasses,  and  Cyperaceae,  all  but  the  ataminate  verticil  are 
usually  deficient. 

The  leaflets,  or  component  parts  of  the  several  verticils,  are  in 
many  instances  all  free — i.  e.  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other ; 
and  this  is  regarded  as  their  normal  or  regular  condition :  But  we 
often  find  them  united,  or  cohering  together,  to-  a  greater  or  less 
extent — either  by  their  margins,  or  surfaces,  or  both ;  and  this 
union  is  apt  greatly  to  disguise  their  primitive  character.  Such 
cohesions,  or  solderings,  as  they  are  termed,  are  analogous  to  the 
process  of  ingrafting,  or  rather  inarching, — and  may  be  readily  sup- 
posed to  take  place  while  the  tender  organs  are  closely  packed 
together,  in  their  forming  stage.  Sometimes  the  sepals  are  united 
by  their  margins,  so  as  to  form  a  cup,  at  the  base  of  the  flower, — and 
this  suggested  the  name  of  calyx.  When  the  union  is  nearly  com- 
plete, a  careless  obserrer  might  be  puzzled  to  know  whether  the 
calyx  were  really  compound,  or  simple,  in  its  structure ;  but  our 
theory  leadsus  to  lo-ok  for  evidences  of  a  compound  structure, — and  we 
accordingly  find  them  in  the  free  points  of  the  sepals,  which  are 
usually  obviows  enough,  under  the  name  of  segments,  or  teeth, — 
and  also  in  the  seams,  or  sutures,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
margins.  The  union  of  the  petals  is  often  quite  as  remarkable  as 
that  of  the  sepals,  and  sometimes  greatly  obscures  the  normal  struc- 
ture,— as  we  see  in  what  are  called  personate,  and  labiate  flowers. 
Similar  cohesions  take  place,  likewise,  among  the  stamens,  and 
pistils.  The  modified  leaflets,  or  parts  of  the  same  floral  verticil, 
are  not  only  liable  to  cohere  with  each  other, — but  the  different 
verticils  are  also  frequently  soldered  together,  at  base — so  as  to  form 


*  Flowers  are  termed  symmetrical,  when  all  the  parts  of  each  verticil  are  devel- 
oped; regular,  where  the  parts,  present  in  a  verticil,  are  all  of  the  same  form  and 
size;  complete,  when  both  calyx  and  corolla  are  present;  and  perfect,  when  each 
flower  is  furnished  with  both  stamens  and  pistils.  When  stamens,  or  pistils,  are 
defective,  or  wanting  in  &  portion  of  the  flowers,  while  they  are  perfectly  developed 
in  others,  the  flowers  are  said  to  be  polygamous ;  and  they  are  termed  monoicous, 
or  dioicous,  when  simply  staminate,  or  pistillate, — according  to  their  distribution  OB 
the  same,  or  on  different,  plants. 


PRELIMINARY   DISCOURSES.  XX111 

one  concrete  mass ;  in  which  case  the  ovary  (or  young  fruit)  appears 
to  be  below  the  flower,  and  is  said  to  be  inferior,  though  it  is  really 
above, — being  within  the  tube,  formed  by  the  cohering  sepals,  &c., 
and  consolidated  therewith. 

The  next  regular  verticil,  above  the  calyx,  is  called  the  corolla. 
The  leaflets  of  this,  are  usually  much  more  changed  than  those  of 
the  calyx;  but  even  here,  we  find  such  various  intermediate  forms  as 
clearly  show  that  the  petals,  also,  are  nothing  but  modified  foliage. 
In  further  corroboration  of  this  view,  we  observe  in  many  plants 
what  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  supernumerary  verticil, — sometimes  situ- 
ated between  the  calyx  and  corolla,  and  sometimes  between  the 
corolla  and  the  stamens ;  which  supernumeraries  are  apt  to  be  very 
curiously  modified, — and  are  obviously  in  a  state  of  transition,  either 
from  sepals  to  petals,  or  from  petals  to  stamens.  These  are  com- 
monly called  nectaries.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  the  two  remain- 
ing regular  verticils  of  the  flower,  known  as  stamens,  and  pistils. 

Singular  as  it  may  seem,  to  the  uninitiated,  even  those  organs 
are  now  regarded  as  leaflets,  which  have  reached  the  final  stage  of 
metamorphosis ;  for  both  have  been  detected  in  such  form  and  condi- 
tion as  clearly  betrayed  their  foliaceous  origin.  The  reciprocal  con- 
vertibility of  petals  and  stamens,  is  a  fact  familiar  to  every  Tyro  in 
Botany.  All  double  flowers — so  common  under  high  garden  culture 
— are  familiar  examples  of  staminate  verticils  being  expanded  into 
petals,  instead  of  conforming  to  the  regular  law  of  their  nature  ; 
and  hence,  those  exuberant  developments — so  much  admired  by 
Florists — are  considered  by  Naturalists  as  accidents,  or  monstros- 
ities. 

The  pistils,  too — which  comprise  the  young  fruit—  although  less 
frequently,  are  subject  to  a  similar  imperfection ;  and  the  very  ovules, 
or  rudiments  of  seeds,  have  been  found  retrograding, — so  as  to 
exhibit  their  tender  cotyledons  in  the  form  of  leafy  expansions.* 
Thus,  it  appears  that  the  whole  of  the  external  organs  of  a  Plant 
may  be  fairly  regarded  as  so  many  leaves,  in  various  successive 

*Each  simple  pistil  may  be  regarded  as  &  folded  leaflet,  in  the  last  stage  of  modi- 
fication, preparatory  to  the  formation  of  ovules, — and  is  often  termed  a  carpel,  or 
little  fruit.  The  ovules  are  usually  produced  on  the  margins  of  the  metamorphos- 
ed leaf, — and  arc  arranged  on  the  placenta  (supposed  to  be  formed  by  the  union  or 
decurrence  of  their  pedicels),  along  the  seam,  formed  by  the  junction  of  those 
margins.  When  there  are  several  pistils,  or  carpels,  in  one  flower — and  those 
soldered  together, — we  have,  of  course,  a  compound  fruit,  with  several  cells;  i.  e. 
a  cell  for  each  carpel.  But  some  of  the  ovules — and  even  entire  cells,  or  carpels — 
may  be,  and  often  are,  wholly  suppressed,  or  abortive;  thereby  impairing  the 
symmetry  of  the  structure — but  leaving  the  phenomenon  perfectly  intelligible. 


XX1Y  PRELIMINARY   DISCOURSES. 

stages  of  metamorphosis,  from  their  origin  to  their  end — from  seed 
to  seed  again. 


DISCOURSE  IV. 
Classification  of  Plants.     Artificial  and  Natural  Methods. 

HAVING  seen  that  the  external  organs  of  Plants  consist,  funda- 
mentally, of  those  appendages  called  leaves, — which  are  regularly 
modified,  and  prepared  for  their  several  functions,  at  the  successive 
stages  of  the  vegetable  career, — we  shall  now  proceed  to  notice 
some  of  the  Methods,  by  which  Naturalists  have  proposed  to  facilitate 
a  more  extended  and  particular  acquaintance  with  the  different 
kinds: — i.  e.  with  the  Genera,  and  Species,  of  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. Although  the  organs  of  the  various  tribes  assume  an  almost 
endless  variety  of  forms,  and  aspects — and  even  in  the  same  species, 
are  subject  to  considerable  modification,  by  the  influence  of  culture, 
soil,  climate,  and  other  circumstances, — it  has  been  observed,  never- 
theless, that  the  peculiar  structure,  and  essential  character,  of  each 
particular  family,  are  remarkably  constant,  and  well  defined.  Even 
the  monstrosities  produced  by  long  culture,  disease,  or  other  accident, 
usually  retain  enough  of  their  primitive  features  to  enable  us  to 
recognize  them,  under  all  their  disguises.  It  is  this  constancy,  or 
permanence  of  character,  which  affords  the  basis  of  all  classification ; 
and  classification,  or  the  grouping  together  of  kindred  individuals,  is 
the  apparatus  by  which  our  conceptions  of  objects  are  so  arranged, 
and  fixed,  as  to  secure  a  comprehensive  general  view, — while  it 
facilitates  all  subordinate  and  detailed  investigations.* 

The  most  important,  or  conspicuous  organs  of  plants — their  most 
constant  and  characteristic  features — whether  consisting  in  the  struc- 
ture, the  presence,  or  even  the  absence,  of  particular  parts,  have 


*It  would  be  impracticable,  without  the  machinery  of  classification,  to  make  any 
important  advances  in  Natural  knowledge, — or  to  leave  any  durable  traces  of 
our  progress,  in  such  knowledge,  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  come  after  us.  To 
use  a  nautical  term,  we  must  bday  all  the  information  we  acquire,  if  we  wish  to 
render  it  permanently  available  to  others  :  and  the  best  belaying  fixtures,  to  pre- 
vent entanglement  and  confusion  in  Natural  History,  will  be  found  in  the  most 
lucid  and  practical  systematic  arrangement.  "  Omnia  " — says  LINNAEUS — "  quae  a 
nobis  vere  dignosci possunt,  dependent  a  CLARA  METHODO,  qua  distinguimus  similia  a 
dissimitibus." 


PRELIMINARY   DISCOURSES.  XXV 

accordingly  been  employed  by  the  early  Botanists,  in  constructing 
systems  of  classification.* 

Some  have  based  the  arrangement  on  the  texture  and  size  of 
plants — classing  them  in  divisions  of  Herbs,  Shrubt,  and  Trees;  others, 
again,  on  the  structure  and  form  of  the  Calyx,  the  Corolla,  the  Fruit, 
&c.  or  on  the  presence,  or  absence,  of  some  important  organ:  And, 
in  our  own  times,  the  favorite  object — following  JUSSIEU  and  DE 
CANDOLLE — is  to  arrange  plants  strictly  according  to  their  affinities, — 
to  group  together,  in  Orders  and  Tribes,  those  which  are  most 
nearly  related  in  all  the  features,  and  properties,  which  constitute 
character.  These  various  Systems  may  be  all  regarded  as  forming 
only  two  kinds, — namely,  the  Artificial,  and  Natural  Methods; — 
though,  in  point  of  fact,  the  artificial  methods  are  more  or  less 
founded  in  Nature, — and  in  the  most  perfect  natural  arrangements, 
yet  devised,  artificial  sections,  or  groupings,  are  still  resorted  to,  as 
useful  helps  and  expedients.  "What  we  call  a  natural  method" — 
says  the  excellent  Prof.  GRAY — "is  so  termed  merely  because  it  ex- 
presses the  natural  relationship  of  plants  as  far  as  practicable ;  for 
every  form  yet  contrived,  or  likely  to  be  devised,  is  to  a  considerable 
extent,  artificial." 

The  great  and  obvious  defect  of  the  methods  called  artificial,  con- 
sists in  their  being  founded  on  the  fewest  possible  characters, — 
whereby  plants  are  arbitrarily  brought  together  without  reference 
to  their  intimate  structure,  or  general  relationship  with  each  other ; 
and  hence  it  often  happens,  in  such  methods,  that  plants  which  are 
essentially  dissimilar,  are  arranged  side  by  side ;  while  kindred  species 
are  widely  separated.  This  defect  is  inherent  in  all  artificial  systems ; 
and  therefore,  the  most  of  them  are  only  tolerable  on  account  of 
the  facilities  which  they  afford  in  determining  unknown  genera  and 
species — or  ascertaining  the  names  of  particular  plants.  The  system, 
however,  which  was  devised  by  the  celebrated  LINNAEUS,  has  the 
merit  of  combining  some  of  the  advantages  of  both  the  artificial  and 
natural  methods ;  and  will  probably  long  continue  to  be  employed, 
as  a  convenient  and  useful  help  to  the  investigations  of  young 
Beginners.  It  is,  indeed,  very  remarkable,  how  many  natural 
families  of  plants  are  kept  nearly  entire,  under  the  Sexual  System. 
The  Linnaean  classification,  of  the  flowering  plants,  is  founded  on 
the  characters  of  two  of  their  most  important  organs, — namely,  the 

*  The  late  Professor  B.  S.  BARTON,  in  his  Elements  of  Botany,  has  given  a  Syn- 
opsis of  seventeen  different  methods  of  artificial  arrangement,— from  that  ofCAESAL- 
PISUS,  "the  Father  of  Systematic  Botany"— which  was  published  in  1583— down  to 
the  Linnaean  method,  as  modified  by  THUXBERG,  near  the  close  of  the  last  century. 
As  a  matter  of  curiosity,  they  are  worth  consulting. 


XXVI  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

ttamens,  and  the  pistils.  The  primary  divisions,  or  Classes,  are 
established  mainly  on  the  number,  situation,  proportion,  and  connec- 
tion, of  the  stamens ;  while  a  large  portion  of  the  secondary  divisions, 
or  Orders,  is  based  simply  on  the  number  of  the  pistils.  Some 
exceptions  occur  in  the  foundation  of  the  Orders  :  but  they  are  all 
very  intelligible,  and  readily  understood  by  the  student.  It  is 
obvious,  therefore,  that  nothing  can  be  easier  to  acquire,  than  a 
knowledge  of  the  Linnean  Classes  and  Orders.  The  practiced  eye 
— even  in  a  flower  that  it  has  never  before  seen — determines  them 
at  a  glance. 

The  genus,  and  species — which  are  the  remaining  subdivisions — are 
to  be  ascertained  as  in  all  other  systems;  the  former,  from  the 
structure  of  the  flower  and  fruit, — the  latter,  from  the  peculiar 
and  permanent  characters  of  the  residue  of  the  plant. 

It  has  been  often  objected  to  the  Linnaean  method,  that  there 
are  too  many  exceptions  to  the  rules  of  classification, — that  a  num- 
ber of  genera  comprise  species  which,  according  to  the  system, 
belong  to  a  different  Class,  or  Order, — and  thus  mislead  and  puzzle 
the  student.  This  objection  is  undoubtedly  founded  on  fact ;  but 
the  inconvenience  has  been  somewhat  exaggerated, — and  may  be 
greatly  remedied,  and  almost  obviated,  by  simply  putting  a  list  of 
those  anomalies  at  the  foot  of  the  respective  orders,  where  the  sys- 
tem would  lead  us  to  look  for  them.  Where  this  is  carefully  done, 
it  even  seems  to  facilitate  the  determination  of  such  irregular 
species, — directly  pointing  them  out  by  name,  and  designating  the 
genera  to  which  they  severally  belong.  It  may  be  questioned, 
moreover,  whether  the  exceptions  in  the  definitions  of  many  natural 
Orders,  are  not  even  more  numerous  than  those  complained  of  in 
the  Linnaean  method.  Instructive,  and  delightfully  interesting,  as 
is  the  contemplation  of  the  truly  natural  families, — it  seems  to  be 
necessary  to  make  the  definitions  of  some  of  them  very  loose,  and 
comprehensive,  in  order  to  embrace  all  the  individuals  admitted  to 
belong  to  them :  *  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  unless  the  student  has 


*  Take,  for  instance,  the  very  first  family,  in  Prof.  DE  CANDOILE'S  method  of 
arrangement — viz.  the  order  RANUNCCLACEAE  ;  where  we  find  the  following  diver- 
sified— not  to  say  incongruous — characters,  enumerated  in  the  definition  of  the 
order:— Her bs,  or  woody  vines,  with  leaves  variously  dissected,  or  entire— polypetal- 
ous,  or  apetalous — flowers  regular,  or  irregular — sepals  5,  3,  or  15 — petals  3  to  15, 
or  wanting — stamens  indefinite,  rarely  few— pistils  many,  or  few,  rarely  single — 
fruits  either  dry  pods,  or  akenes,  or  berries,  1,  or  several-seeded !  This  is,  unques- 
tionably, a  correct  outline  of  the  features  of  a  natural  family — sketched,  too,  by 
the  hand  of  a  master;  yet,  a  Beginner  in  Botany  would  probably  be  apt  to  think 
that  as  a  definition,  it  is  rather  indefinite,— and  he  would,  no  doubt,  be  thankful 
for  any  artificial  helps  that  might  tend  to  facilitate  his  researches. 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES.  XXTll 

already  acquired  a  considerable  knowledge  of  the  vegetable  tribes, 
he  often  finds  himself  puzzled,  and  discouraged,  in  his  attempts  to 
ascertain  the  names,  and  true  position  among  them,  of  specimens 
which  are  new  and  strange  to  him.  In  order  to  abate  this  incon- 
venience, it  has  been  found  expedient,  from  time  to  time,  to  remove 
the  most  discordant  members  of  the  old  families,  and  make  them 
the  types  of  new  orders ;  and  in  this  way,  the  number  of  the  orders 
has  been  exceedingly  multiplied.  In  fact,  their  name  is  legion ; 
and  the  danger  is,  that  it  will  soon  be  more  difficult  for  the  young 
Botanist  to  ascertain  the  natural  Order  of  a  strange  plant,  than  it 
was  to  determine  the  genus  and  species,  by  the  Linnaean  method. 
The  learned  and  sagacious  JUSSIEU — who  first  elaborated  and 
published  a  Natural  System,  in  1789, — arranged  the  vegetable 
kingdom  in  15  Classes,  and  100  natural  Orders,  or  Families:  but 
the  great  work  of  ENDLICHER,  in  1840,  gives  us  no  less  than  61 
Classes,  and  277  Orders, — with  Tribes,  and  Sub-tribes,  almost  in- 
numerable. These  Orders  are  continually  multiplying ;  for,  when- 
ever the  acute  investigations  of  our  modern  Botanists  detect  incom- 
patibilities in  any  member  of  an  existing  family,  a  new  Order  is 
forthwith  created,  for  its  reception  and  accommodation.  The  ex- 
pedient is  very  convenient — and  no  doubt  very  proper :  though  it 
obviously  threatens  to  result  in  an  appalling  multitude  of  Orders, — 
which  may  require  some  artificial  devices,  to  furnish  a  practical 
clew  to  the  position  of  unknown  plants,  in  the  great  labyrinth  of 
Flora. 

But,  after  all — however  convenient  and  agreeable  may  be  the 
aids  afforded  to  the  Beginner,  by  artificial  methods, — and  however 
intractable  some  genera  may  be,  in  associating  with  any  known 
natural  Orders,— it  must  be  confessed,  that  the  method  which  teaches 
us  to  investigate  the  essential  characters  and  true  relations  of 
plants,  and  which  enables  us  to  arrange  them  in  kindred  groups, 
according  to  their  respective  affinities,  is  the  only  true  philosophical 
Botany;— the  only  method,  in  short,  which  entitles  the  pursuit  to 
the  appellation  of  a  Science.  Although— as  we  have  just  intimated 
— the  relationship  between  the  members  of  some  natural  orders,  as 
at  present  constituted,  is  not  very  striking, — yet  there  are  numerous 
and  vast  groups,  composed  of  plants  so  obviously  related  to  each 
other,  that  all  the  world — both  learned  and  unlearned — have  con- 
curred in  referring  them  to  the  same  family.  Of  these,  it  is  suf- 
ficient to  mention,  here,  the  great  natural  Orders  of  Grasses,  Um- 
belliferous, and  Leguminous  Plants— and  those  bearing  what  are 
called  Syngenesious,  or  Compound  Flowers.  We  may  add,  moreover, 


XXVlll  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

that  those  anomalous  structures,  which  seem  to  have  no  immediate 
connections — and  are,  at  present,  excluded  from  every  known  Order, 
— may  yet  find  near  relatives  in  the  unexplored  regions  of  the 
vegetable  creation;  and  that  future  discoveries  may  possibly  sup- 
ply all  the  links,  which  now  appear  to  be  wanting,  in  the  great 
chain  of  organic  existences. 

In  the  mean  time, — to  those  who  are  commencing  the  study  of 
Botany — and  especially  to  such  as  have  no  other  aid  than  books, — 
I  would  say — Avail  yourselves  of  the  Linnaean  Method,  as  the 
easiest  stepping-stone  to  the  vestibule  of  the  temple,  and  the 
readiest  means  of  acquiring  the  names,  and  learning  some  of  the 
characteristics,  of  the  more  common  plants  around  you.  In  this 
way,  an  immediate  interest  in  the  pursuit  will  be  excited, — which  is 
indispensable,  and  can  only  be  effected  by  successful  research ;  for,  if 
the  student  is  met  by  repulsive  difficulties  at  the  threshold,  he  is 
apt  to  be  discouraged,  and  to  abandon  the  undertaking.*  But, 
while  I  concede  this  much,  in  order  to  enlist  you  in  the  delightful 
enterprise,  I  would  add,  and  earnestly  enjoin  upon  you — as  soon  as 
you  have  effected  these  preliminaries — to  make-it  an  invariable  rule 
to  refer  every  plant  to  its  appropriate  place  in  the  Natural  System  ; 
to  study  its  characteristic  features,  and  examine  with  a  scrutinizing 
eye,  all  its  relations  to  kindred  objects.  I  would  furthermore 
recommend,  to  all  who  are  bent  upon  mastering  the  Science,  to 
commence  a  Herbarium,  from  the  start,  •f  Establish  a  correspondence, 

*  While  I  admit  that  a  mere  acquaintance  with  the  names  of  objects,  is  the  most 
superficial  kind  of  natural  knowledge, — observation  has  satisfied  me,  that  even 
such  knowledge  is  useful  to  Beginners  in  the  Science,  by  the  early  encourage- 
ment, and  hopeful  stimulus,  which  it  imparts  to  their  researches.  I  think  there  is 
force,  and  good  sense,  in  the  following  passage  from  a  writer  in  the  last  century  : — 

"  Let  it  be  considered  that  the  first  degree  of  wisdom  is  to  know  things  when 
we  see  them — i.  e.  to  know  them  by  their  names;  and  without  this  knowledge 
scarce  any  progress  can  be  made.  To  know  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  to  join 
them  into  syllables,  to  understand  words,  is  not  solid  erudition;  yet  it  is  absolutely 
necessary  for  him  who  would  become  learned.  Thus  the  characters  and  names  of 
things  must  be  thoroughly  learned  in  order  to  obtain  any  use  from  Natural 
History.  We  find  in  the  journals  of  travellers,  many  things  mentioned,  partly 
curious,  partly  useful,  concerning  animals,  plants,  and  stones;  but  those  obser- 
vations can  be  of  no  use  to  us,  till  we  are  able  to  refer  each  to  its  genus;  that  we 
may  make  them  a  part  of  the  system,  and  know  that  this  curiosity,  or  use,  belongs 
to  this  or  that  object,  when  it  happens  to  come  in  our  way." — GEDNER,  in  STILLING- 
FLEET'S  Tracts. 

fThe  young  Botanist  should  make  it  a  rule  to  collect  and  preserve  good  speci- 
mens (one  or  two  for  himself,  and  some  for  his  friends,)  of  every  species,  and 
remarkable  variety,  that  occurs  to  him  in  his  walks ;  labeling  them  carefully — 
•with  the  name,  when  known, — but,  whether  known  or  not,  at  once,  and  invari- 
ably, noting  the  place  of  growth,  and  the  time  when  obtained, — together  with  any 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES.  XXIX 

and  a  system  of  exchanges,  where  practicable,  with  competent  and 
zealous  Botanists,  in  other  districts.  Be  very  inquisitive,  whenever 
you  have  a  chance  to  confer  with  such, — for  they  are  always  happy 
to  aid  the  researches  of  the  hopeful  student ;  furnish  them  with 
specimens,  and  ply  them  with  questions.  Questions,  when  rightly 
directed,  and  intelligently  put,  are  a  most  effective  apparatus  for 
eliciting  information,  and  bringing  truth  from  her  hiding  place. 
A  witty  rhymer,  of  the  age  just  elapsed,  thus  quaintly,  yet  aptly, 
illustrates  the  character  and  importance  of  Interrogatories : 

"The  Sages  say,  Dame  Truth  delights  to  dwell— 
Strange  mansion !  in  the  bottom  of  a  well : 
Questions  are  then  the  windlass  and  the  rope, 
That  pull  the  grave  old  Gentlewoman  up." 

The  acquisition  of  the  Language  of  Botany — or  those  technical 
terms  which  are  necessarily  employed  in  the  Science, — is  generally 
considered,  by  Beginners,  as  a  most  formidable  part  of  the  under- 
taking: But  this  will  be  found,  in  a  great  degree,  to  be  an  im- 
aginary difficulty.  I  admit  that  it  would  be  a  task,  as  irksome  as 
it  would  be  unprofitable,  to  attempt  ty  learn  the  meaning  of  a  parcel 
of  uncouth  terms,  without  knowing  their  origin,  or  comprehending 
the  objects  to  which  they  are  applied.  Such  is  not  the  mode  in 
which  I  would  study,  or  try  to  teach,  the  natural  sciences.  Rather 
let  us  look  at  the  objects,  and  examine  their  structure.  We  shall 


characteristics  which  are  liable  to  be  obliterated  in  pressing  and  drying.f  These 
notes  will  serve  him  as  valuable  Mnemonics,  in  any  future  references  to  his 
Herbarium.  On  all  suitable  occasions,  he  should  diligently  explore  the  vegetable 
products  of  the  region,  or  district,  where  he  resides :— not  neglecting  such  other 
localities  as  he  may  happen  to  visit.  In  that  way,  he  will  soon  be  surprised  at  the 
extent  and  value  of  his  collections;  and  will  find  a  pleasure,  and  an  interest,  in 
Lis  herborizing  excursions,  which  the  uninitiated  can  neither  appreciate  nor  com- 
prehend. In  those  excursions,  a  friend  who  can  sympathize  with  his  predilections, 
and  cordially  participate  in  his  researches,  will  always  prove  an  agreeable  and  useful 
companion:  But  I  .fully  concur  in  the  shrewd  advice  of  my  old  Correspondent, 
Dr.  E.  GERMAIN,  DE  SAINT-PIERRE,  in  his  Guide  du  Sotaniste:— 

"Jamais,  n'herborisez  avec  les  personnes  etrangeres  a  vos  etudes;  vous  les 
fatigueriez  bien  vite  par  vos  allures  irreguliercs,  vos  terns  d'arret  ou  votre  marche 
precipitee ;  tandis  quo,  d'autre  part,  1'air  contrarie  de  votre  compagnon,  prive 
d'un  auditeur  et  s'etonnant  que  vous  regardicz  une  plante  commune  ou  vous 
demandant  si  vous  ne  1'avez  pas  dejk  recoltee,  vous  serait  a  vous  memo  une  in- 
supportable gene.  Gardez-vous  surtout  d'entreprendre,  dans  de  telles  conditions, 
un  long  voyage :  son  but  serait  absolument  manque." 

fin  collecting  plants  for  &  Herbarium,  and  future  examination,  it  is  always 
desirable,  when  practicable,  to  have  specimens  of  the  fruit, — as  well  as  of  the 
flowers,  leaves,  &c.  " Every  botanical  specimen,"  says  Prof.  HARVEY,  "should  bo 
an  epitome  of  the  essential  marks  of  a  species."  The  Student  should  distinctly 
understand,  that  the  full  grown  fruit  is  indispensable  in  determining  many  of  the 
Carices,— and  also  of  the  Cruciferae,  and  Umbelliferae.  He  should,  therefore,  be 
careful  to  make  hia  collections  accordingly. 


XXX  PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

then  perceive  organs,  or  features,  which  serve  as  convenient  marks 
of  distinction  between  different  objects.  Those  organs  must  neces- 
sarily be  designated  by  some  name,  or  term — in  order  that  they 
may  be  intelligibly  spoken  of,  or  recognized  when  referred  to : 
and  I  venture  to  say,  that  every  one  who  makes  an  acquaintance 
with  such  objects, — so  far  from  finding  the  names  to  be  burthen- 
some — will  feel  the  absolute  necessity  of  them;  and  will  take  a 
lively  interest  in  their  acquisition.  We  should  undoubtedly  find  it 
a  dull  and  insipid  employment,  to  take  up  a  City  Directory,  and 
commit  to  memory  the  names  of  the  Inhabitants :  But,  if  we  were 
to  go  among  them,  and  form  some  interesting  acquaintances,  we 
should  find  no  difficulty — nor  should  think  it  any  trouble — to  learn 
the  names  of  our  new  friends.  Now,  the  process  should  be  precisely 
similar,  in  the  study  of  Nature.  We  ought  never  to  waste  our  precious 
time  in  learning  mere  names,  apart  from  objects, — nor  in  attempting 
to  load  the  memory  with  such  useless  lumber.  I  say  attempting ; 
for  it  is  not  possible  to  fix  permanently  in  the  memory,  any  names 
which  are  not  associated  with  something  like  distinct  conceptions  of 
the  things  to  which  they  are  applied.  Such  abstractions  amount 
to  nothing  more  than  an  unmeaning  jargon  ;  and  therefore  speedily 
vanish  from  the  mind.  I  repeat  it,  then,  that  in  the  NaturaJ 
Sciences,  the  study  of  names,  and  things,  should  always  go  together. 


DISCOURSE  V. 
Linnaean  Classification.     Natural  System. 

THE  Linnaean  method  of  Classification — as  has  been  already 
stated — is  based  chiefly  on  the  stamens  and  pistils ;  and  is,  con- 
sequently, attended  with  this  inconvenience, — that  the  class  of  an 
unknown  plant  can  only  be  determined,  with  certainty,  while  it  is 
in  flower.  The  flowering  season,  to  be  sure,  is  the  most  agreeable 
time  to  botanize ;  but  we  cannot  always  procure  our  specimens  in 
that  interesting  state, — and  hence  we  soon  discover  the  advantage 
of  such  a  general  knowledge  of  vegetable  structure,  as  is  afforded 
by  the  study  of  the  natural  system. 

LINNAEUS  arranged  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  in  24  CLASSES, 
— 23  of  which  are  appropriated  to  flowering  plants,  and  are  founded 
on  some  circumstance  of  the  stamens, — the  24th  being  established 


PRELIMINARY    DISCOURSES.  XXXI 

on  tlie  absence  of  visible  flowers.  The  first  13  classes  are  disposed 
numerically, — according  to  the  number  of  distinct  stamens,  of  about 
equal  length,  inserted  on  the  receptacle  of  each  flower, — with  the 
exception  of  the  12th  (Icosandria],  in  which  the  stamens  (occasion- 
ally few,  and  sometimes  very  numerous — though  usually  about 
twenty,  as  the  name  indicates,)  are  inserted  on  the  calyx;  and  it  is 
this  insertion  which  constitutes  the  essential  character  of  the  12th 
Class.  From  Class  1  to  10,  inclusive,  the  number  of  stamens  is  the 
same  as  the  number  of  the  Class.  The  llth  Linnaean  Class  (called 
Dodecandria — meaning  12  stamens)  was  made  to  comprise  all  plants 
with  more  than  10  and  less  than  20  stamens;  but  such  plants — 
being  few  in  number — have  been  referred  (very  judiciously,  as  I 
think),  by  some  modern  Botanists,  to  the  Class  Polyandria, — which, 
consequently,  contains  all  plants  with  more  than  10,  distinct,  or 
separable  stamens,  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  The  Class  next  after 
Polyandria  (called  Didynamia — 14th  of  LINNAEUS),  contains  plants 
having  4  distinct  stamens  in  unequal  pairs — one  pair  being  regularly 
longer  than  the  other;  and  the  succeeding  Class  (Tetr  adynamia,) 
has  6  distinct,  unequal  stamens, — 4  of  them  being  longer,  and  2 
opposite  ones  short.  The  next  three  Classes  are  founded  on  the 
union  of  the  stamens, — or  rather  of  their  filaments — the  anthers  being 
free:  the  Class  Monadelphia  usually  having  numerous  stamens, 
with  the  filaments  all  united  together  in  a  tube,  or  single  set ;  the 
Class  Diadelphia  having  mostly  10  stamens,  with  the  filaments 
united  in  two  sets  (usually  9  and  1),  and  the  corolla  generally  in  the 
form  called  papilionaceous,  or  butterfly-shaped  ;  and  the  Class  Polya- 
delphia  having  numerous  stamens,  united  in  three  or  more  sets, — 
but,  as  the  union  is  often  slight,  and  the  filaments — especially  in 
dried  specimens — incline  to  separate,  the  plants  of  this  Class  have 
been  referred  to  Polyandria.  The  Class  next  following  those 
with  united  filaments,  is  a  very  large  one,  with  united  anthers 
(named  Syngenesia],  and  what  are  called  compound  flowers — i.  e.  the 
floral  developments  (which  are  often  large  and  showy,)  are  really 
composed  of  many  little  flowers,  densely  crowded  in  heads,  on  a 
common  receptacle, — the  heads  being  embraced,  or  supported,  by 
numerous  bract-like  leaflets,  which  constitute  what  is  termed  the 
involucre.  The  succeeding  Class  (Gynandria,]  has  the  stamens 
inserted  on  the  pistils — or  those  organs  so  united,  and  often  so 
intimately  blended,  as  to  render  them  rather  obscure,  to  the  inex- 
perienced observer. 

In  the  preceding  Classes,  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  mostly  in  the 
tame  flower;    but  in   the   three    following — which    conclude  the 


XXxii  PRELIMINAKY   DISCOUKSES. 

flowering  plants — those  organs  are  generally  in  separate  flowers, — 
and  are  thus  classified: — In  the  21st  Linnaean  Class,  named Monoe- 
cia,  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flowers,  on  the  same 
plant:  In  the  next  Class,  called  Dioecia,  they  not  only  occupy 
separate  flowers,  but  those  flowers  are  on  different  plants. 

There  are,  however,  a  number  of  plants,  in  which  the  stamens 
and  pistils  are  separate  in  some  flowers,  and  associated  in  others — 
either  on  the  same,  or  on  two,  or  even  three,  different  plants.  These 
anomalies,  LINNAEUS  placed  in  a  Class  which  he  named  Polygamia  ; 
but  they  have  been,  by  later  Botanists,  distributed  among  the  other 
Classes. 

The  24th,  or  last,  of  the  Linnaean  Classes  (now  more  commonly 
numbered  as  the  21st),  is  named  Cryptogamia.  It  comprises  those 
multitudinous  vegetable  forms  which  seem  to  be  destitute  of  flowers, 
— or,  at  most,  have  only  the  analogues,  or  equivalents,  of  stamens 
and  pistils.  The  subdivisions  of  this  Class  are,  of  necessity,  in 
accordance  with  the  natural  system ;  and  the  genera  are  therefore 
grouped  in  appropriate  Orders — as  Ferns,  Mosses,  Lichens,  Fungi, 
and  Algae. 

The  ORDERS,  or  secondary  divisions,  of  all  the  Linnaean  Classes 
— from  Monandria  to  Polyandria,  inclusive — are  founded  on  the 
number  of  distinct  styles,  or  stigmas, — and  are  numerically  arranged. 
The  Class  Didynamia  is  divided  into  two  Orders : — one,  called  Gym- 
nospermia,  because  it  produces  a  thin-coated,  and  usually  4-lobed, 
fruit,  resembling  naked  seeds,  or  nutlets :  the  other,  bearing  mani- 
fest seedvessels,  and  therefore  named  Angiospermia.  The  Class 
Tetradynamia  is  likewise  divided  into  two  Orders — founded  on  the 
size,  or  rather  length,  of  the  fruit,  one,  called  Siliculosa,  having  a 
Silicle  or  short  pod, — and  the  other,  Siliquosa,  with  a  Silique  or  long 
pod.  In  the  remaining  Classes  of  the  flowering  plants — with  the 
exception  of  Syngenesia — the  Orders  are  established  on  the  number, 
or  connection  of  the  stamens. 

The  Orders  of  the  Class  Syngenesia  are  founded  on  the  florets,  in 
the  compound  heads, — and  are  as  follows : — 

1.  Polygamia  aequalis,  where  the  florets  are  all  perfect. 

2.  P superflua,  where  the  central,  or  disk  florets  are  perfect, 

and  the  ray  florets  are  merely  pistillate. 

3.  P fruslranea,  where  the  disk  florets  are  perfect,  and  the  ray 

florets  neutral  (or  vacant). 

4.  P necessaria,  where  the  disk  florets  are  staminatc,  and  the 

r ay  florets  pistillate. 


PEELIMINAEY  DISCOURSES; 

5.  P segregata,  where  each  floret  in  th&-  head1  has  a  kind  of 

involucre  of  its  own — separating  it  from  the  others. 

The  Orders  of  the  Cryptogamia,  or  24th  Linnaaan  Class,  have 
been  already  noticed,  as  being  necessarily  natural..  By  distributing 
the  Genera,  which  LINNAEUS  placed  in  Dodecandria,  Polyadelphia,. 
and  Polygamia,  among  the  other  Classes,  the  number  of  those  pri- 
mary divisions  may  be  reduced  to  21,  withoujt  any  detriment  to  the 
System.  The  simplicity  and  elegance  of  this  method — the  facility 
with  which  it  is  learnt,  and  applied— are  considerations  which  have 
made  it  extensively  popular, — especially  with  young  Botanists: 
and  although  it  is  avowedly  artificial',,  the  fact  of  its  bringing  so 
many  genera  into  natural  groups,  is  strong  evidence  that  it  is  based 
on  the  most  important  organs  in  the  vegetable  economy.* 

I  shall  now  conclude  these  desultory  Discourses,  by  an  attempt 
briefly  to  indicate  the  mode  in  which  Plants  are  classified,  and 
viewed,  under  the  Natural  System.  The  object  proposed  by  that 
System,  is  "to  bring  together  into  groups  those  plants  which  most 
nearly  resemble  each  other,  not  in  a  single  and  perhaps  unimportant 
point  (as  in  an  artificial  classification),  but  in  all  essential  particu- 
lars ;  f  and  to  combine  the  subordinate  groups  into  larger  natural 
assemblages,  and  these  into  still  more  comprehensive  divisions,  so 
as  to  embrace  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  in  a  methodical  arrange- 
ment. All  the  characters  which  plants  present,  that  is,  all  the 
points  of  agreement  or  difference,  are  employed  in  their  classifica- 
tion ;  those  which  are  common  to  the  greatest  number  of  plants 
being  used  for  the  primary  grand  divisions;,  those  less  comprehen- 
eive  for  subordinate  groups,  &c. ;  so  that  the  character,  or  descrip- 
tion of  each  group,  when  fully  given,  actually  expresses  all  the 
known  particulars  in  which  the  plants  it  embraces  agree  among 
themselves,  and  differ  from  other  groups  of  the  same  rank.  This 

*  The  most  superficial  observer  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  with  the  fact,  that  the 
Sexual  System  groups  together — with  comparatively  few  exceptions — the  genera 
belonging  to  the  following  eminently  natural — and  some  of  them  eminently 
large — families  of  flowering  plants :  namely.  Cruciferae,  Malvaceae,  Leguminosae, 
Hosaceae,  UmbeHiferae,  Compos  itae,  Labiatae,Boraginaceae,  Orchidaceae,  Cyperaceae, 
and  Gramineae, — not  to  mention  a  number  of  others,  wh  ich  will  occur  to  the 
experienced  Botanist,  as  more  or  less  approximating  a  natural  association. 

•{•The  Njtiurallt'—s&ys  Prof.  DE  CxyooLLE— arranges  or  groups  together  all  those 
beings  which  have  the  greatest  number  of  organs  in  common,  or  of  similar  struc- 
ture,— and  separates  those  which  possess  but  a  small  number  of  them  in  common : 
whence  it  results  that,  while  the  perfection  of  an  Artificial  System  consists  in 
connecting  with  the  character  of  the  Classes  the  smallest  possible  number  of 
ideas, — a  Natural  Method,  on  the  contrary,  is  so  much  the  more  perfect,  as  thu 
characters  of  the  Classes  are  expressive  of  a  greater  number  of  ideas, 


UNIVERSITY 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

complete  analysis  being  carried  through  the  system,  from  the 
primary  divisions  down  to  the  species,  it  is  evident  that  the  study 
of  a  single  plant  of  each  group  will  give  a  correct  general  idea 
of  the  structure,  habits,  and  even  the  sensible  properties,  of  the 
whole." — GRAY'S  Text-book. 

The  vegetable  kingdom,  viewed  in  reference  to  the  natural 
system,  is  divided  primarily  into  two  great  SERIES, — a  higher  one, 
called  phaenogamous  or  flowering  plants  producing  proper  flowers 
(with  stamens  and  pistils),  and  seeds  containing  a  ready-formed 
embryo  or  young  plantlet — and  a  lower  one,  called  cryptogamous 
orflowerless  plants,  which  are  reproduced  by  little  cellular  analogues 
or  equivalents  of  seeds,  termed  spores,  without  the  agency  of  proper 
flowers. 

The  higher  SERIES  (or  flowering  plants) — which  embraces  the  larger 
and  more  important  portion  of  the  vegetable  kingdom — is  divided 
into  two  Classes,  named  Exogens,  and  Endogens.  The  difference 
between  these  two  Classes  pervades  their  whole  port  and  aspect, 
and  is  manifest  from  their  earliest  stage  of  existence.  The  embryo 
of  Exogens  is  provided  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons  (rarely  with 
more  than  two — as  in  some  of  the  Coniferae,  or  Pine  family), — that 
of  Endogens,  with  only  one,-  whence  the  former  have  been  also 
termed  Dicotyledonous,  and  the  latter,  Monocotyledonous  plants. — 
There  is  a  remarkable  difference,  likewise,  in  their  foliage;  the 
leaves  of  the  Exogens  generally  having  reticulated  or  netted  veins, 
and  falling  off  by  an  articulation,  or  separable  joint, — while  the 
Endogens  have  nearly  parallel-veined  leaves,  which  are  not  articu- 
lated, but  wither  on  the  stem. 

The  class  of  Exogens  is  divided  into  two  Sub-  Classes ;  the  one, 
much  larger,  bearing  their  seeds  in  a  proper  Pericarp,  or  closed 
Seedvessel,  and  hence  called  Angiosperms ;  the  other  (containing  a 
couple  of  Orders),  having  the  seeds  naked, — i.  e.  borne  on  an  open 
scale,  or  seated  in  a  fleshy  disk, — andtherefore  called  Gymnosperms. 

The  Subclass  of  Angiosperms  contains  so  many  Orders,  that  it 
has  been  found  convenient  to  adopt  some  rather  artificial  divisions, 
based  on  the  character,  or  absence,  of  the  Corolla.  The  first 
division  comprises  those  exogenous  plants,  in  which  the  petals  of  the 
flower  are  all  nearly  or  quite  distinct,  or  separate  from  each  other, — 
and  are  termed  polypelalous,  or  more  accurately,  dialypetalous 
Exogens.  The  second  division  is  composed  of  those  in  which  the 
petals  are  more  or  less  completely  united  by  their  margins  into  one 
piece — forming  a  sort  of  tubular  corolla, — and  the  plants  of  this 
division  have  been  called  monopetalous,  but  more  properly  gamo- 
petalous  Exogens. 


PRELIMINARY   DISCOURSES.  XXXV 

The  third  division  includes  those  in  which  the  Corolla  (and 
occasionally  the  Calyx,  also,)  is  wanting ; — and  the  plants  of  this 
division  are  therefore  called  apetalous  Exogens.  A  few  exceptions, 
however,  occur  in  each  of  these  divisions  (as  in  every  other  arrange- 
ment, yet  devised — whether  natural,  or  artificial) ;  which  will  be 
noticed  in  the  proper  places. 

The  Subclass  of  Gymnosperms — as  already  mentioned — consists 
of  a  couple  of  Orders ;  viz.  the  Coniferae,  or  Pine  Family, — and  the 
Cycadaceae — a  small  tropical  Order, — in  which  the  pistil  is  repre- 
sented by  an  open  scale,  or  by  a  more  evident  leaf, — or  sometimes 
entirely  wanting  ;  and  the  ovules  and  seeds  consequently  naked — i.  e. 
not  included  in  a  pericarp. 

The  above  are  the  principal  divisions  of  the  great  Class  of 
Exogenous  Plants:  But  these  (as  in  the  other  Classes,)  are  again 
sub-divided  into  Groups,  Orders,  Suborders,  Tribes,  Subtribes,  Genera, 
Subgenera,  Species,  and  Varieties.  The  Groups  comprise  kindred 
Orders, — while  the  Orders  and  Tribes  consist  of  kindred  Genera,  and 
usually  derive  their  names  from  some  well-defined  typical  Genus 
(as  Malvaceae,  or  Rosaceae),- — or  some  characteristic  family  feature 
(as  Umbelliferae,  or  Leguminbsae).* 

The  Class  of  Endogens — partially  defined  above — does  not  admit 
of  so  many  principal  divisions,  as  the  preceding ;  but  contains  a 
number  of  well-characterized  Orders  and  Tribes, — as  will  be  seen  in 
the  following  pages. 

The  second  or  lower  SERIES  of  plants — called  cryptogamous,  or 
fiowerless — has  been  divided  into  three  Classes  ;  in  two  of  which,  the 
plants  have  a  distinct  axis,  or  definite  stem  and  foliage, — and  in  the 
third,  there  is  no  distinction  of  stem  and  foliage,  but  a  mere  veget- 
able expansion — or  thallus,  so  called.  The  plants  of  the  first  of 
these  cryptogamous  Classes,  consist  of  woody  and  vascular  tissue, 
and  grow  only  at  the  summit, — and  are,  for  that  reason,  termed 
Acrogens,  or  Apex-growers, — embracing  the  Ferns,  and  Fern-like 
plants.  Those  of  the  second  Class  consist  of  cellular  tissue  only  ;  but, 
having  a  distinct  foliage,  and  acrogenous  growth,  with  somewhat  of 

*  Some  of  the  Orders  are  so  remarkably  natural — i.  e.  the  structure  and  more 
obvious  features  of  the  plants  comprised  by  them,  are  so  similar, — that  it  is  often 
difficult  to  indicate  good  and  striking  characteristics,  by  which  to  distinguish  the 
{/ewera  belonging  to  them.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  Families  named  Oruci- 
J'erae,  Umbelliferae,  and  Labiatae:  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  each  of  those  Orders 
might  be  regarded  as  a  comprehensive,  and  yet  tolerably  well-defined,  Genus. — 
This  fact  will  enable  the  Student  to  understand  why  it  has  been  found  necessary, 
in  such  families,  to  seize  upon  any  constant  characters — however  minute,  or 
obscure— that  may  eenre  to  discriminate  between  closely  allied  Tribes  and 
Genera. 


PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES. 

the  aspect  of  the  superior  plants,  they  have  on  that  account  been 
denominated  Anophytes, — comprising  the  Mosses  and  Hepaticae. 

The  plants  of  the  third  and  lowest  cryptogamous  Class  com- 
posed of  parenchyma  alone,  or  mere  cellular  masses,  or  expansions, 
without  any  marked  distinction  of  root,  stem,  or  foliage, — are  called 
Thallophytes.  This  Class  consists  mainly  of  Lichens,  Fungi,  and 
Algae,  or  Sea-weeds, — some  of  which  present  the  simplest  forms  of 
vegetable  existence. 

"In  an  exposition  of  the  natural  system,  some  authors  (such  as 
JUSSIEU  and  ENDLICHER)  commence  with  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  series,  and  end  with  the  higher;  while  others  (as  DE  CANDOLLE) 
pursue  the  opposite  course,  beginning  with  the  most  perfect  flower- 
ing plants,  and  concluding  with  the  lowest  grade  of  flowerless 
plants.  The  first  mode  possesses  the  advantage  of  ascending  by 
successive  steps  from  the  simplest  to  the  most  complex  structure  ; 
the  second,  that  of  passing  from  the  most  complete  and  best  under- 
stood to  the  most  reduced  and  least  known  forms;  or,  in  other 
words,  from  the  easiest  to  the  most  difficult ;  and  is  therefore  the 
best  plan  for  the  student."* 

These  very  imperfect  preliminary  Discourses  are  submitted  to 
the  youthful  reader  in  the  hope,  and  for  the  simple  purpose,  of 
Commending  to  his  favor  the  study  of  the  interesting  objects  here- 
inafter described ;  and  in  the  firm  belief,  moreover,  that  such  study 
•will  prove  an  unfailing  source  of  both  pleasure  and  profit,  to  all 
Who  prosecute  it  with  success. 

And  now — having  reached  the  allotted  limit  of  three  score  and 
ten — the  Author  would  take  an  affectionate  leave  of  his  young 

*  The  opinion  cited  in  the  text,  is  that  of  Prof.  A.  GRAY.  It  is  sustained  by 
AUGUSTS  DE  SAINT-HILAIRE,  in  the  following  passage,  referring  to  the  same  sub- 
ject:— "  Devons-nous,  &  1'exemple  de  JUSSIEU,  commencer  cette  s6rie  par  les 
plantes  les  plus  imparfaites,  ou  faut-il,  comme  M.  DE  CANDOLLE,  la  commencer  par 
celles  qui  sont  le  plus  elevens  dans  1'ordre  des  developpmeuts  ?  II  est  incontest- 
able que  nous  ne  saurions  nous  former  une  idee  juste  d'un  corps  qui  a  6prouv6 
quelques  suppressions,  si  sous  ne  1'avonn  vu  dans  son  integrite,  ou,  du  moins,  si 
nous  n'avons  vu  sans  aucune  suppression  quelque  corps  analogue.  Les  botanistea 
d'un  pays  oft.  il  n'existerait  que  des  Graminees  ou  des  Polygala  pourraient,  sans 
doute,  decrire  les  caracteres  de  leurs  fleurs,  mais  ils  ne  sauraient  s'expliquer 
la  veritable  structure  de  cea  mgmes  fleurs,  ils  n'en  comprendraient  point  la 
symetrie.  Nous  mettrons  done  less  plantes  les  plus  completes  &  la  tete  de  la 
serie  puisque  celles  la  seules  peuvent  nous  expliquer  les  autres ;  ce  sera  proceder 
du  counu  i  1'inconnu,  marche  que  1'on  suit  dans  toutes  les  sciences.  Le  patre, 
qui  connait  seulement  sa  cabane,  ne  verra,  dans  de  nobles  mines,  que  d'informes 
amas  de  pierres ;  mais  un  architecte  habile,  qui  aura  soigneusement  observ6  une 
foule  de  constructions  diverges,  aura  a  peine  jete  les  yeux  sur  ces  restes  dedaignes 
de  1'ignorant,  qu'il  se  representera  1'edifice  auquel  ils  ont  appartenu,  qu'il  pourra 
toeme  nous  tracer  le  plan  de  cet  edifice." 


PRELIMINAET  DISCOURSES. 

friends, — under  the  impression  that  the  present  will  most  likely  be 
his  last  attempt,  in  this  way,  to  promote  among  them  an  acquaint- 
ance with  the  Vegetation  of  his  native  County.  He  has  devoted 
the  leisure  hours  of  a  number  of  years  to  the  favorite  employment 
of  endeavoring  to  excite  a  taste  for  the  study  of  Plants,  and  to  aid 
the  researches  of  his  juvenile  contemporaries,  in  that  charming 
department  of  Natural  Science.  His  efforts  have  been  amply  repaid, 
by  the  gratification  attending  the  communion  of  kindred  spirits; 
and  such  is  his  delight  in  the  pursuit,  that  sometimes,  in  his  dreamy 
reveries,  he  indulges  the  nattering  idea — that  if,  peradventure,  his 
work  should  survive  him,  he  may  continue  to  be  an  humble  auxiliary 
of  our  youthful  Botanists — and,  in  some  sort,  a  companion  of  their 
studies — even  when  the  flowers  of  Chester  shall  be  blooming  on  his 
grave. 

WEST-CHESTER,  PENNSYLVANIA. 
April  2Sth,  1853. 


GLOSSARY 


OP   THB 

PRINCIPAL  BOTANICAL  TERMS  USED  IN  THIS  WORK. 


reader  will  bear  in  mind,  that  where  compound  descriptive  terms  are 
employed  in  this  work,  the  last  member  of  the  compound  word  is  intended  to 
express  the  predominant  character  of  the  object, — and  that  the  word,  or  syllable 
prefixed,  merely  indicates  a  modification  of  that  character:  as,  for  example, — 
"ovate-lanceolate"  signifies  lanceolate,  but  inclining  somewhat  to  ovate;  while 
"lance-ovate"  means  ovate,  with  something  of  the  lanceolate  form,  &c.  So  of  colors: 
"yellowish-green,"  "bluish -green,"  Ac.  signify  that  green  is  the  prevailing  hue ; 
but  that  it  is  tinged  with  a  shade  of  yellow,  blue,  Ac. 

Terms  indicative  of  the  size  of  any  organ,  or  portion  of  a  plant,  without  giving 
the  exact  dimensions, — such  as  "large,"  "small,"  or  "middle-sized," — are,  of 
course,  relative ;  and  have  reference  to  the  usual  or  average  size  of  such  parts,  or 
organs,  in  other  species  of  the  same  genus,  or  family. 

N.  B.  To  enable  the  <reader  to  distinguish,  at  a  glance,  our  native  plants  from 
the  foreign, — the  names  of  those  which  are  indigenous  to  the  County  are 
printed  in  full  face  type;  while  those  of  the  naturalized,  are  in  italics, — and 

Of  the  CULTIVATED,  in  SMALL  CAPITALS. 


different  from  the  regular  or  Acumination 


A ;  privative,  in  composition  ;  as  apetal- 

ous,  destitute  of  petals,  &c. 
Abnormal;  differe 

usual  structure 
Abortion ;  an  imperfect  development,  or 

product. 

Abortive ;  not  arriving  at  perfection ;  pro- 
ducing no  fruit. 
Abrupt ;  not  gradual ;  sudden. 
Abruptly  acuminate ;  suddenly  narrowed 

to  a  tapering  point. 
Abruptly  pinnate ;  see  Even-pinnate. 
Acaulescent ;  apparently  stemless. 
Accessory ;  additional,  or  supernumerary 
Accumbent  cotyledons;  having  their  edges 

applied  to  the  radicle  (expressed  by  this 

sign,  o=), — as  in  some  of  the  Oruci- 

ferae. 

Acerose;  needle-shaped. 
Achenium;  see  Alcent. 
Acicular;  needle-like,  or  bristle-like. 
Acotyledonous ;  destitute  of  cotyledons. 
Acrocarpi;  bearing  the  fruit  at  apex  (a 
division  of  the  Mosses). 
Acrogenous;  growing  only  at  the  apex, 

or  summit  of  the  stem. 
Acrogens;  apex-growers,  or  acrogenous 

plants. 
Aculeate;  prickly;  armed  with  prickles. 


Acuminate;  ending  in  a  produced  or  ex 

tended  tapering  point. 

umination;  an  extended  tapering  point. 
Acute;  sharp;  not  rounded;  ending  in  an, 

angle,  or  point,  without  much  tapering. 
Adherent ;  attached  or  growing  to  another 

different  organ, — as  the  calyx-tube  to 

the  ovary,  &c.    See  Coherent. 
Adnate ;   adhering   laterally  ;    fixed  or 

growing  to. 
Adventitious;  happening  irregularly;  not 

produced  usually. 
Aerial;  in  the  air;  situated,  or  growing 

above  ground. 
Aestivation;  the  mode  in  which  sepals 

and  petals  are  arranged  in  the  bud, 

before  they  expand. 
Aggregated ;  crowded  together. 
Akene  (or  Achenium);  a  1-seeded  fruit, 

with  a  dry  indehiscent  pericarp, — often 

bony,  or  nut-like. 
Alate ;  winged;  having  a  membranous 

border. 
Albumen ;  a  deposit  of  nutritive  matter, 

distinct  from  the  embryo,  found  in 

many  seeds,  and  sometimes  (as  in  the 

Grasses)  constituting  their  chief  bulk. 
Albuminous  seeds ;   furnished  with,    or 

containing  albumen. 


XL 


GLOSSARY. 


Alternate;  not  opposite  each  other;  ar- 
ranged one  after  or  above  another  on 
the  axis,  or  receptacle. 

Alveolate;  having  pits,  or  cells,  some- 
thing like  a  honey  comb. 

Ament;  a  slender  spike  of  naked  and 
usually  diclinous  flowers,  with  imbri 
cated  scales  or  bracts. 

Amentaceous;  bearing,  or  resembling, 
aments. 

Amorphous;  without  definite  form. 

Amphigastria ;  the  rudimentary  leaves 
(stipules?)  on  the  under  side  of  the 
stem,  in  some  Hepaticae. 

Amphitropous    ovule;    when  it  is 
inverted,  and  stands  across  the  apex  of 
the  stalk,  or  funiculus.  ' 

Amplexicaul;  clasping  the  stem. 

Analogue ;  a  body,  or  organ,  resembling, 
substituted  for,  or  equivalent  to,  an 
other  body  or  organ. 

Anastomosing;  branching  and  uniting 
again,  like  net-work. 

Anatropous  ovule ;  inverted  on  the  stalk 
go  that  the  apex  points  toward 
placenta. 

Ancipital ;  two-edged ;  somewhat  flatted 
with  opposite  edges. 

Androecium;  a  term  employed  todesig 
nate  the  Staminate  portion  of  a  flower : 
the  stamens,  or  fertilizing  organs,  in 
the  aggregate. 

Androgynous;  having  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  inflores- 
cence. 

Angiocarpi;  fruit-covered;  Lichens  in 
which  the  apothecia  are  closed. 

Angiospermous ;  having  the  seeds  cover 
ed  or  included  in  a  seedvessel. 

Angulate ;  having  angles,  or  corners. 

Annotinous  ;  renewed  every  year. 

Annual ;  living  but  one  year. 

Annular  ;  in  the  form  of  a  ring. 

Annulus  (in  Mosses) ;  an  elastic  ring,  be- 
tween the  rim  of  the  capsule  and  the  lid 

Anomalous;  not  according  to  the  rule,  or 
system ;  forming  an  exception  to  usua 
appearances. 

Anophytes  ;  superior  plants, — i.  e.  cdlulai 
plants  (as  Mosses)  which  emulate  the 
forms  of  Vascular  plants. 

Anterior;  in  front,  or  below, — as  tha 
part  of  a  flower  next  to  the  bract,  or 
farthest  from  the  axis  of  inflorescence 

Anther;  the  capsular  portion  of  the  stam 
en,  which  contains  the  pollen, — usual 
ly  supported  on  a  filament. 

Antheridia ;  the  analogues  or  equivalents 
of  anthers. 

Antitropous  embryo;  when  its  direction 
is  contrary  to  that  of  the  seed. 

Antheriferous ;  bearing  anthers. 

Antrorse,  orantrorsely;  pointing  forward 
or  upward.  See  retrorse. 

Apetalous;  destitute  of  petals. 

Apex:  the  summit,  upper  or  outer  end. 

Aphyllous  ;  destitute  of  leaves. 

Apiculate;  tipt  with  an  abrupt  minut 
point. 

Apophysis;  a  prominence  made  by  the 


enlargement  of  a  body,— as  of  the  pedi- 
cel at  the  base  of  the  capsule,  in  Mosses. 

Apothecia;  the  cups,  or  shield-like  recep- 
taclesof  the  fructification  of  ibe  Lichens. 

Appendiculate ;  having  some  appendage 
annexed. 

Appressed;  pressed  to,  or  lying  close 
against. 

Approximated;  situated  near  each  other. 

Aquatic  ;  growing  naturally  in  water. 

Arachnoid,  or  araneous;  resembling  cob- 
web. 

Arborescent;  tree-like,  in  size. 

Arcuate  ;  curved,  or  bent  like  a  bow. 
half  Areolae ;  little  areas ;  circular  spots,  or 
cavities ;  the  spaces  between  the  cracks, 
in  Lichens. 

Areolate;  having  areolae,  circumscribed 
spaces,  or  cavities. 

Arid;  dry,  as  if  destitute  of  sap.    • 

Arillate  ;  having  an  aril! us. 

Arillus ;  an  expansion  of  the  seed-stalk, 
forming  a  loose  (and  often  fleshy)  coat- 
ing of  the  seed. 

the  Aristate ;  awned;  having  awns  or  bristle- 
like  processes. 

Armed ;  having  thorns  or  prickles. 

Aromatic  ;  having  a  spicy  flavor,  or  frag- 
rance. 

Articulated ;  jointed ;  connected  by  joiuts. 
or  places  of  separation. 

Articulations ;  joints ;  the  places  at  which 
articulated  members  are  separable. 

Ascending;  rising  obliquely. 

Asci;  the  cells  which  contain  the  sporidia, 
in  Lichens. 

Ascigerous ;  bearing  asci,  or  cells  contain- 
ing sporidia. 

Assurgent ;  rising  with  a  curve  from  a 
declined  base. 

Attenuated*,;  thin ;  or  tapering  gradually 
until  it  becomes  slender. 

Auricled,  or  auriculate  ;  having  rounded 
appendages  at  base,  like  ears. 

Awn;  a  slender  bristle-like  process,— 
common  on  the  chaff  of  Grasses. 

Awned ;  furnished  with  awns. 

Awnless;  destitute  of  awns. 

Axil ;  the  angle  between  a  leaf  and  stem, 
on  the  upper  side. 

Axillary ;  situated  in  an  axil. 

Axis ;  the  stem,  or  centre,  round  which 
parts  are  arranged. 

Baccate;  succulent,  or  fleshy,  like  a  berry. 

Bald  akenes;  naked  at  summit;  destitute 
of  pappus. 

Banner ;  the  broad  upper  petal  of  a  pa- 
pilionaceous flower, — called,  also,  the 
Vexillum. 

Barb;  a  straight  slender  process  having 
retrorse  teeth. 

Barbellate;  armed  with  little  barbs,  or 
rigid  retrorse  points. 

Basilar ;  situated  at  the  base. 

Beak;  a  terminal  tapering  process,  like 
the  bill  of  a  bird. 

Beaked ;  terminating  in  a  beak. 

Bearded ;  crested,  or  beset  with  parallel 
bristly  hairs;  also  applied  to  awned 
wheat,  &c. 


GLOSSARY. 


XLi 


Bulbiferous  ;  bearing  or  producing  bulbs . 

B ulblets;  little  aerial  bud  like  bulbs,  with 
fleshy  scales,  borne  in  the  axils  of 
leaves,  or  on  terminal  peduncles. 

Bulbous ;  formed  of,  or  like,  a  bulb. 

Bullate;  haying  bubble-like  convexities, 

resembling  blisters. 
JBicuspidatc ;  ending  in  2  cusps,  or  sharp  Caducous;    falling  off  immediately,    or 


Berry;  a  pulpy  vatveless  fruit  in  which 

the  seeds  are  imbedded. 
Bi — in  composition,  meaning   two,   or 

twice;  as 

Bibractcate  ;  having  two  bracts. 
Bibracteolate ;  having  2  bractlets. 
Bicarinate ;  having  2  keels. 


points. 

Bidentate;  furnished  with  2  teeth. 
Biennial;  living  or  enduring  2  years. 
Bifarious ;  in  2  ranks,  or  pointing  in  2 

directions. 

Bifid;  two-cleft:  split  into  2  segments. 
Bifoliate ;  having  or  bearing  2  leaves. 


Bifurcate;  forked;   ending  in  2  equal  Cclyculate. ;  having  an  additional  (usually 


branches. 


Bigibbous;  having  2  hunches,  or  rounded  Calypira;  the  hood  of  Mosses. 


protuberances. 

Biglandular ;  having  2  glands. 
Bilabiate  ;  having  2  lips. 
Bilamellate ;  having  2  thin  plates. 
BOocular;  having  2  cells. 
Bipartiblc, ;  separating,  or  separable,  into 

2  parts. 

Bipartite,;  2-parted. 
Bipinnatc  leaf;  twice  pinnate;  the  com- 


mon petiole  having  opposite  branches,  Canesccnt ;    hoary,   with   greyish- white 


and  those  branches  bearing  opposite 
leaflets. 
Bipinnatifid  leaf;  the  common  petiole 


bearing  opposite  pinnatifid  segments.  Capitate ;   head  shaped ;    in  a  globular 


Birostrate ;  having  2  beaks. 

Biserial ;  in  2  rows,  or  sets. 

Bisetosc ;  having  2  bristles. 

Bisulcate ;  having  2  grooves,  or  farrows. 

Biternate  leaf;  the  common  petiole  3- 
parted,  and  each  division  or  branch 
bearing  3  leaflets. 

Bivalved ;  having  2  valves. 

Biventricose ;  having  2  bellied  or  distend- 
ed portions. 

Bloom;  a  fine  greyish  powdery  coating 
on  certain  fruits,  &c.  as  Plums. 


Brachiate;  having  pairs  of  opposite  spread- 
ing branches,  alternately  crossing  at 
right  angles. 

Bract ;  a  floral  leaf;  a  leaf,  more  or  less 
modified,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
a  flower. 

Bracteate  flowers ;  furnished  with  bracts, 
or  floral  leaves. 

Bracteoles,  or  bractlets;  small  bracts  among 
clustered  florets. 

Bracttess  ;  destitute  of  bracts. 

Brancfdets ;  small  branches,  or  subdivis- 
ions of  branches. 

Bristles ;  stiflRsh  elastic  hairs. 

Bud;  a  growing  point,  or  undeveloped 


leaves  (i.  e.  bud-scales). 


extremely  abbreviated  stem,  clothed 
with  the  bases  of  leaves,  and  radicating 
beneath. 

D 


earlier  than  usual  with  similar  organs. 

Calcarate ;  spurred ;  having  a  spur. 

Callous  ;  firm  and  gristle-like. 

Callus;  a  gristle-like  tubercle,  or  sub- 
stance. 

Calyciform  ;  shaped  like  a  calyx. 

Calycinc ;  belonging  to  a  calyx. 


small)  outer  calyx,  or  calyculus. 


Calyx;   the   flower-cup,  or  outer  (and 

sometimes    the    only)   covering  of  a 

flower. 

Campanulate  ;  in  the  form  of  a  bell. 
Campytolropous  ovule;  where  it  is  curved 

upon  itself,  bringing  the  apex  near  to 

the  base. 

Canaliculate  ;  channelled,  or  furrowed. 
Candicant;  whitish. 


hairs. 

ipillaceous,  or  capillary,  hair-like;  long 

and  slender  like  a  hair. 


•luster. 

Capitellatc  ;  in  little  heads. 

Capsular;  resembling,  or  being,  a  capsule. 

Capsule  ;  a  dry  seedvessel,  formed  of  sev- 
eral carpels,  usually  opening  by  regular 
valves,  and  definite  seams. 

Carina  ;  a  keel.    Carinate  ;  keeled. 

Carnose  ;  fleshy ;  more  firm  than  pulp. 

Carpel;  a  little  fruit;  a  partial  pistil, 
or  constituent  portion  of  a  compound 
ovary. 

Carpettary ;  belonging  to  the  carpel. 


Border;  the  summit,  or  upper  spreading  Carpophore,;  the  fruit- stalk  of  the  carpels 
part,  of  a  calyx,  or  corolla.  See  limb.  (usually  of  the  Umbelliferae). 

Bowl-shaped;  hemispherical  and  concave,  Cartilaginous;  firm  yet  flexible,  like 
like  a  common  bowl.  gristle. 


Caruncli;  an  excrescence,  or  appendage, 
at  the  bilum  of  a  seed . 

Caryopsis ;  a  grain,  or  fruit  of  the  Grasses, 
Cyperaceae,  &c.  in  which  the  pericarp 
is  thin,  indehiscent,  and  closely  ad- 
herent to  the  seed. 

Catkin ;  a  name  for  that  mode  of  inflor- 
escence otherwise  called  an  Ament. 

Cauda;  a  tail.  Caudate;  having  a  tail- 
like  appendage. 

Caudidc ;  the  little  tail,  or  stalk  of  the 
pollen-mass,  in  the  Orchids. 

Caulescent;  having  more  or  less  of  an 
evident  stem. 

Cauline  ;  belonging  to  the  stem. 


axis,  covered  with  the  rudiments  of  Cellular ;  made  up  of  little  cells,  or  cavi- 


ties, formed  of  membranaceous  sacs. 


Bulb;  a  thickened  subterranean  bud,  or  Cettular  plants;  the  lower  orders  of  plants 


(including  Mosses,  and  those  below 
them)  composed  exclusively  of  cellular 
tissue. 


xni 


GLOSSARY. 


Ckntrifugal  inflorescence ;  where  the  cent- 
ral flowers  of  a  cyme  precede  the  others, 
— i.  e.  the  flowering  commences  at  the 
centre,  and  extends  successively  to  the 
circumference. 

Centripetal  i  nflorescence ;  wh  ere  the  outer 
flowers  of  a  corymb,  or  umbel,  precede 
the  inner  ones, — expanding  in  succes- 
sion from  the  circumference  to  the 
centre. 

Cephaloid;  head- shaped;  in  the  rounded 
form  of  a  head. 

Cephalodia;  the  knobs,  or  head-shaped 
fructification  of  some  Lichens. 

Cereal;  pertaining  to  Ceres;  belonging 
to  the  farinaceous  grains,  over  which 
Ceres  presided. 

Cernuous;  nodding;  drooping  at  apex. 

Cespitose, ;  having  numerous  stems  from 
the  same  root,  forming  a  tuft,  or  tus 
sock. 

Chaff;  the  small  dry  husks,  or  seed -covers 
of  theG'-asses(being  the  stunted  sheaths 
of  abortive  leaves);  also,  the  bracts  on 
the  receptacle  of  many  compound  anc 
other  aggregated  Bowers. 

Chaffy  ;  bearing,  or  resembling,  chaff. 

Channels;  longitudinal  grooves;  the  in- 
terstices between  the  ribs  on  the  fruit 
ofUmbeliiferae. 

Character;  a  phrase,  or  sketch,  giving 
the  essen  tial  features  of  the  objects,  or 
classes  of  objects,  by  which  they  are 
known,  and  distinguished. 

Charlaceous;  with  the  texture  of  writing 
paper. 

Cicatrice;  a  scar, — such  as  that  left  a 
the  place  of  articulation,  after  the  fal 
of  a  leaf,  &c. 

Cilia;  hairs  arranged  like  eye-lashes. 

Cilialie ;  fringed  with  parallel  hairs  on 
the  margin,  like  eye-lashes. 

Ciliate-serrate ;  having  serratures  so  fine 
as  to  resemble  short  eye-lashes. 

Ciliolae;  diminutive  of  cilia;  hairs  lik 
miniature  eye-lashes. 

Cinereous  ;  of  the  color  of  wood-ash  es. 

Circinate;  with  the  apex  rolled  back  on 
itself,  like  the  young  fronds  of  a  fern. 

Circumscissed ;  cut  round  transversely 
or  opening  horizontally,  like  a  snuff 
box. 

Cirrhose;  bearing,  or  resembling,  tendrils 

Class  ;  one  of  the  higher  or  primary  di 
visons,  in  a  systematic  arrangement. 

Clavate;  club-shaped;  thicker  toward  th 
summit,  or  outer  end. 

Clavellate ;  in  the  form  of  a  little  club. 

Claw  of  a  petal;  the  slender  taperinj 
portion,  at  base. 

Cleft;  split,  or  divided,  less  than  hal 
way  to  the  base. 

Clypeate ;  in  the  form  of  an  ancient  shield 
or  buckler. 

Coacervate ;  heaped,  or  aggregated. 

Coaetaneous  flowers;  appearing  at  th 
same  time  with  the  leaves. 

Coarctate;  contracted,  or  crowded  into 
narrow  compass. 


Coccus  (plural  Cocci);  a  kind  of  semi- 
baccate,  separable,  and  sometimes  in- 
dehiscent,  carpel. 

^ochleale;  coiled  like  a  snail-shell. 

Coherent;  united  with  an  organ  of  the 
same  kind, — as  stamens  coherent  with 
each  other,  &c.  See  adherent. 

Collateral;  placed  side  by  side ;  or  on  the 
same  side  of  another  organ. 

Colored;  of  any  other  color  than  green. 

'Mumella ;  a  little  column ;  the  solid  axis 
of  a  pod. 

folumn;  the  combined  stamens  in  Mal- 
vaceous, — or  stamens  and  pistils  in 
Orchidaceous  plants. 

loma  ;  a  tuft  of  hair,  bracts,  &c. 

Commissure;  the  face  by  which  two  carpels 
cohere, — as  in  Umbelliferae. 

Common  (petiole,  peduncle,  &c.) ;  belong- 
ing to,  or  sustaining,  several  similar 
subordinate  parts. 

Jomose ;  having  a  tuft,  or  topknot  of 
hairs,  bracts,  or  leaves,  at  summit,  or 
atone  end  (in  case  of  seeds). 

Complete  flower ;  having  both  calyx  and 
corolla. 

Compound;  not  simple, — but  made  up 
of  similar,  simple  parts. 

Compound  flower  ;  an  aggregated  cluster, 
or  head  of  syngenesious  florets,  seated 
on  a  common  receptacle,  and  embraced 
by  an  involucre,  or  many-leaved  com- 
mon calyx. 

Compound  leaf;  con  si  sting  of  several  leaf- 
lets, each  articulated  with  the  common 
petiole  (or  its  branches),  and  ultimately 
falling  from  it. 

Compound  pistil ;  consisting  of  2  or  more 
carpels  or  simple  ovaries,  cohering  to- 
gether. 

Compound  umbel ;  in  which  each  primary 
ray  bears  a  small  umbel  (or  umbellet) 
at  summit. 
mipressed;  flatted,as  if  laterally  squeezed 

Compressed  akene ;  in  compound  flowers ; 
flatted,  with  one  edge  to  the  front,  or 
periphery.  See  obcompressed. 

Concave ;  presenting  a  hollow  or  depress- 
ed surface. 

Concentric  layers,  or  circles;  circles  of 
different  sizes,  or  diameters,  with  a 
common  centre. 

Concrete;  grown  together,  or  united. 

Conduplicate  ;  doubled  lengthwise,  so  that 
the  sides  are  applied  face  to  face, — like 
a  folded  sheet  of  paper. 

Cone;  the  woody  ament  of  the  Pines: 
also  the  fruit  of  the  Hop. 
mftuent;  blended,  or  running  together ; 
forming  a  junction. 

Congener;  one  belonging  to  the  same 
genus;  nearly  related. 

Conglomerate ;  clustered  into  a  mass. 

Conjugate  ;  in  pairs ;  coupled. 

Connate;  united,  or  cohering  together, 
from  the  first. 

Connate-perfoliate   leaves;     their  bases 

united  round  the  stem. 
Connective;  that  portion  of  the  filament 


GLOSSARY. 


•which  connects  the  two  cells  of  an 
anther. 

Connivent ;  the  summits  meeting  or  con- 
verging together. 

Constant;  invariable;  also  never  failing. 


nor  wanting. 

Contiguous ;   so  near 
touch. 

Continuous;   without    interruption,  or 
articulation. 

Contorted;  twisted;  or  obliquely  over- 
lapping. 


form  of  a  cowl. 

apparently  to  Culm;  the  stem  of  the  grasses  and  cyper- 
aceous  plants. 


Contracted;  narrowed;  or  reduced  into  Cusp;  a  stiffish  tapering  sharp  point. 


a  smaller  compass. 
Contrary  dissepiment ;  not  parallel,  hut 


,  . 

at  right  angles,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  Cyaikifonn;   top-sbaped,   and  hollowed 


calves  of  the  pericarp. 


Convex;  presenting  an  elevated  rounded  Cylindric;  long,  round,  and  of  unifo 


surface. 


largin  into  a  terete  form. 
Coraloid ;  having  the  appearance  of  coral. 
Cordate;  heart-shaped;  ovate  with  a  sin 
us  or  notch  at  base. 


base. 

Coriaceous;  of  a  leathery  texture. 

Corm,  or  Cormus  ;  a  fleshy  subterranean 
stem,  of  a  round  or  oval  figure,  and  an 
uniform  compact  texture, — as  in  Arum, 


petals  arranged  in  form  of  a  cross. 
Crustaceous  ;  having  a  dry  brittle  shell. 
Cryplogamous  plants;    those  which  are 

destitute  of  visible  genuine  flowers. 
CucuJlate  or  cuculliform ;  hooded ;  in  the 


Cuneate,  or  cuneiform;   wedge-shaped; 

tapering,  with  straight  edges,  to  the 

base. 
Oupule  ;  the  cup  of  an  acorn. 


Cuspidate;  terminating  in  a  cusp. 
Cuticle;  the  outer  skin. 


at  summit  like  a  cup. 


diameter. 


Convolute;  rolled  up  from  one  edge  or  Cyme;  a  kind  of  panicle,  depressed  near- 


ly to  the  form  of  an  umbel,— with  the 
principal  peduncles  rising  from  the 
same  centre,  but  the  subdivisions  ir- 
regular. 


Cordate-oblong;  oblong,  with  a  cordate  Cymose ;  with  the  flowers  in  cymes,  or 


or  Indian  Turnep. 

Corneous;  having  the  texture  of  horn. 
Corniculate ;  bearing  a  small  horn. 
Cornute ;  having  a  horn-like  appendage. 
Corolla ;  the  delicate  (mostly  colored)  " 

ner  covering  of  the  flower,  between  thej 

calyx  and  the  stamens. 
Coroniform ;  in  the  shape  of  a  crown. 
Corrugated ;  contracted  into  wrinkles. 
Cortical ;  belonging  to  the  bark. 
Corticate ;  clothed  with  a  bark. 


approaching  that  arrangement. 
Cy  mules ;  the  reduced  cymes,  or  cymose 

clusters,  of  the  Labiatae, — sometimes 

called  Verticillasters. 

Decandrous ;  having  (en  distinct  stamens. 
Deciduous ;  falling  off,  at  the  usual  time. 

See  Caducous. 
Decimate ;    or  declined ;  bent  off  nearly 

horizontally ;  or  curved  downward. 
Dicholomal  flower;  situated  in  the  fork 

of  a  dichotomous  stem  or  branch. 


Dichotomous ;  2-forked ;  regularly  divid- 
ed in  2  equal  branches. 

Diclinous ;  having  the  stamens  and  pistils 
in  distinct  flowers, — whether  on  the 
same  or  different  plants. 


Corymb ;  a  mode  of  flowering ;  a  kind  of  Dicotyledonous  plants ;  where  the  embryo 


raceme,  with  the  lower  pedicels  elon- 
gated so  as  to  form  a  level  top. 

Corymbose ;  in  the  manner  of  a  corymb. 

Corymbulose ;  having  the  flowers  in  little 
corymbs. 

Costate ;  ribbed ;  having  ribs. 


Cotyledons ;  seed-lobes ;    the  first  crude  Digitate  ;  arranged  like  fingers. 


leaves  of  a  plant, — formed  in  the  seed 
Craterifarm ;  in  the  form  of  a  bowl,  or 

hemispherical  cup. 
Creeping;  running  along  the  ground 

and  putting  forth  roots  at  the  nodes. 


the  crest  of  an  helmet. 
Crisp ;  curled,  or  wavy  at  the  edges. 
Cristate ;  crested ;  having  a  crest. 
Crown ;  a  circular  series  of  Ipetaloid  ap 

pendages  at  the  throat  of  a  corolla 

also,  of  chaffy  scales  at  the  summit  of 

an  akene. 
Crowned ;  having  appendages  resembling 

a  crown. 
Cruciate,  or  cruciform  corolla;  having  4 


has  2  cotyledons,  or  seed-lobes. 
Didymous ;  double,  or  twin. 
Didj/namous  ;  having  4  stamens,  in  pairs, 

— 1  pair  being  regularly  longer  than 

the  other. 
Diffuse ;  spreading  widely  and  loosely. 


Digynous ;  having  2  pistils,  or  2  distinct 

styles  and  stigmas. 
Dimerous ;  when  the  component  parts  of 

a  flower  are  in  twos, — as  2  sepals,  petals, 

&c. 


Crenate;  notched  on  the  edge,  with  the  Dimidiate;  halved;  as  if  one  side,  or  half 

segments  rounded,  and  not  inclining 

to  either  extremity. 
Crenulate ;  very  finely  crenate. 
Crested ;  bearing  an  elevated  ridge,  like  Dioicous;  having  staminate  and  pistillate 


had  been  cut  off. 
Dingy ;  of  a  dull,  smoky,  or  leaden-brown, 
color. 


flowers  on  different  plants. 
Dioicously  polygamous;   having  perfect 

and    imperfect    flowers    on    different 

plants. 
Decompound;  twice  compound ;  composed 

of  compound  parts;  much  divided. 
Decumbent;   reclining   on    the  ground, 

with  base  and  apex  ascending. 
Occurrence;   a   running   or   extending 

down,  or  backward. 


XL1V 


GLOSSARY. 


Decurrent  leaf;  when  the  two  edges 
are  continued  down  the  stem,  like 
wings. 

Decussate;  arranged  in  opposite  pairs, 
and  alternately  crossing  each  other. 

Definite ;  clearly  defined,  or  limited ;  also, 


of  a  constant  or  determinate  (and  not  E,  or  Ex,  in  composition;  destitute  of; 


large)  numher. 
Deflected ;  bent  off,  or  downward. 
Dehiscencc ;  the  opening  of  seedvessels. 
Dehiscent;  gaping,  or  opening  naturally 

by  seams,  at  maturity. 


Deltoid;  triangular  in  the  outline  like  EMnaie ;  hedge-hog-like;  covered  with 


the  Greek  letter  Delta. 

Detnersed ;  growing  or  being  under  water. 

Dense ;  closely  arranged  ;  compact. 

Dentate;  toothed;  edged  with  teeth-like 
projections. 

Denticulate ;  having  minute  teeth. 

Depauperated  ;  having  a  starved  or  stunt- 
ed inflorescence ;  few-flowered. 

Depressed ;  flatted  vertically,  or  pressed 
down  at  summit. 

Depressed-globosf. ;  globular,  with  the  base  Elongated ;  "exceeding  the'nsual  or  aver- 


and  summit  flatted. 
Di;  in  composition,  two. 


Diadelphous;  having  the  filaments  in  2  Eitiarginate ;  notched  at  apex. 


parcels,— usually  9  i  1,  wilh  a  papilion- 
aceous corolla. 


Drupe;  a  fleshy,  succulent,  or  spongy 
pericarp,  without  valves,  containing  a 
nut,  or  stone, — or  sometimes  several 
nutleis. 

Drupel ;  a  little  drupe,— as  in  the  com- 
pound fruit  of  Rubus. 


not  furnished  with. 

Ebracteate  ;  destitute  of  bracts. 

Ebracteolate ;  without  bractlets. 

Ecaudate  ;  destitute  of  tail-like  append- 
age. 


rigid  pvkkles. 

Effigurat?,;  carved,or  marked  with  figures. 

Elaters ;  minute  clubshaped  filaments, 
which  are  coiled  round  the  spores  of 
certain  cryptogamous  plants. 

Eleutheropetalous ;  having  the  laminae 
free,  but  the  claws  united  at  base. 

Elliptic,  or  elliptical;  somewhat  oval,  or 
longer  than  wide,  with  the  two  ends 
narrowing  equally  to  a  point. 


age  length. 

tings  becoming  finally  elongated. 


Einbryo ;  the  young  plant,  as  it  exists  in 
the  seed. 


Dialypetalous ;  having  the  petals  entirely  E.mrsed ;  raised  out  of  the  water. 

free,  and  distinct  from  each  other.  Endocarp ;  the  inner  portion  of  a  peri- 

Diandrous;  having  2  distinct  stamens.        carp, — which  lines  the  cavity,  or  forms 
Diaphanous ;   permitting    light  to  pass     the  cell,  for  the  seed, — such  as  the  stone 

through.  or  hard  shell,  in  a  drupe. 

Dipetalous;  having  2  petals.  I  Endogenous  plants;  which  have  a  single 

Diphyllous ;  having  2  leaves.  cotyledon,  no  distinct  bark,  and  grow 

Discoid  flowers:    a  head  of  compound     by  'internal  deposits  of  new  matter,  dis- 


flowers  without  ray-florets. 
Discrete;  separate;  distinct. 
Disepalous ;  having  2  sepals. 
Disk;  a  flat  circular  body;  the  surface 


of  a  leaf;  also,  the  face  or  central  part  Enneandrous ;  having  9  stamens 


of  a  head  of  compound  flowers. 
Disk-form ;  flat  and  circular. 
Dissected ;  divided  into  segments,  or  lobes. 


tending  the  older  deposits. 
Endogens  ;  inside  growers ;  plants  which 
increase  by  internal  deposits  of  new- 
matter.    See  Erogens. 


Ensiform  ;  sword-shaped  ;  2-edged,  and 
tapering  from  base  to  apex. 

Entire;  having  a  continuous  even  mar- 
gin; without  incision,  notch,  or  tooth. 


Dissepiment;  the  partition  between  the 

cells  of  seedvessels.  \Erivelope;  an  integument,  or  covering 

Distichous;   SJ-ranked;    bearing   le&ves.\ Ephemeral ;  lasting  but  one  day. 

flowers,  Ac.  in  2  opposite  rows.  '\Epicarp ;  ihe  outer  coat,  or  layer,  of  a 

Distinct;  separate;  unconnected.  pericarp. 

Divaricate;  widely  diverging;   forming' Epidermis ;  the  outer  skin,  or  cuticle. 

rather  more  than  a  right  angle  \viib\Epigaean;   situated,    or   ri&ing,    above 

the  stem  above.  ground. 

Divergent;  spreading;  making  nearly  &\Epigynous ;    adherent  to  the  ovary  so 


right  angle  with  the  stem. 
Divided ;  cleft  or  separated  to  the  base, — 

or  to  the  midrib,  if  a  leaf. 
Dorsal;  belonging  to,  or  inserted,  on  the 

back. 
Dorsal  suture;  the  seam  on  the  back  of 


that  the  upper  portion  is  apparently 
inserted  on  its  summit,— as  in  the 
Umbettiferae,  An. 

Epipetalous ;  growing  on  the  petals. 

EpiphyUous;  apparently  inserted,or  grow- 
ing, on  leaves. 


— which  see. 

Dorsatty  compressed;  flatted  on  the  back. 
Dotted;   covered  with  dots,    specks,  or 

minute  slightly  elevated  points. 
Downy ;  clothed  with  fine  soft  hairs. 
Drupaceous;  drupe-like;  resembling  what 

is  called  st&ne-fruit. 


a  carpel,— being  at  the  place  of  the  Equal ;  of  the  same  dimensions;  similar 
midrib ;  the  opposite  of  ventral  suture,     parts  equal  among  themselves. 

Epiphytes;  air  plants  having  no  immedi- 
ate connection  with  the  earth,but  grow- 
ing on  the  stems  of  branches  of  other 
plants. 
Equitantle&ves ;  when  they  are  distich- 


ously  alternate,   infolded  lengthwide 
and  toward  each  other,  the  outer  ones 


GLOSSAEY. 


XLV 


partially  inclosing  or  embracing  the  F&rous;  composed  of  fibres  or  thread 


inner, — as  in  Iris,  &c. 


Erect  ovules ;  when  they  arise  from  the  Fide :  on  the  faith,  or  authority, 
bottom  of  the  ovary,  or  base  of  the  Filament :  a  slender  thread :  that  part 


cell,  and  point  upward. 
Eroded,  or  erase  •  irregularly  notched,  as 


if  gnawed. 

Esculent;  eatable;  fit,  or  safe,  to  be  eaten 

Etiolated ;  blanched ;  rendered  white  by  Fimbriae : 
excluding  light. 

Eu,  in  composition  ;  meaning  clearly, 
certainly,  par  excellence. 

Evanescent ;  speedily  disappearing. 

Eoen-pinnate  leaf;  with  the  leaflets  all 
in  pairs,  or  without  a  terminal  odd 
one;  often  termed  abruptly  pinnate. 

Evergreen;  continuing  green,  and  per 
eisting  all  the  year. 

Exalbuminous ;  destitute  of  albumen. 

Excenlric ;  deviating  from  the  axis,  or 
centre. 

Exciple ;  the  receptacle  of  the  fructifica- 
tion, in  Lichens. 

Excurrent;  projecting,  or  running  out 
beyond,  like  a  cusp. 

Exfoliate;  to  throw  off  layers,  or  plates, 
as  bark,  &c. 

Exocarp  ;  see  Sa  rcocarp. 

Exogenous  plants ;  which  have  2  (or  more) 
cotyledons, — and  grow  by  external  de- 
posits of  new  matter,  between  the  old 
deposits  and  the  bark. 

Exogens;  outside  growers ;  plants  which 
increase  by  additions  to  the  outer  sur- 
face. See  Endogens. 

Explanalt ;  made  plain,  or  open,  flat  and 
smooth. 

Exserted ;  protruding  beyond  the  orifice. 

Exstipulaie:  destitute  of  stipules. 

Extrorse  anthers ;  having  the  cells  turned 
outward,  and  the  connective  extending 
•up  the  inner  side. 

Falcate :  flat,  and  curved  like  a  scythe, 


or  sickle. 
Family  of  plants; 


othe 
definite  group  of1  Frond 


kindred  plants  (called  also  an  Order), 
comprising  one  or  more  genera. 

Fan-shaped :  broadly  cuneate,  or  spread- 
ing like  a  lady's  fan. 

farinaceous:  mealy;  reducible  to  a  meal- 
like  powder. 

Fascicle:  a  little  bundle,  or  bunch,  of 
flowers,  leaves,  &c.  originating  from 


nearly  the  same  point. 
Fascicled,  or  fasciculate:   arranged 


in 


little  bundles,  or  bunches  ;  in  fascicles 


Fastigiate :  level-topped— the  summits  of  Fulvous :  tawny  ;  fox-  or  tan-colored. 


the  branches  all  rising  to  the  same 
height  (Oddly   enough  changed  from 


pointed,  or  tapering  summit) . 

Feather -veined  leaf;  where  the  lateral 
veins  (or  nerves)  diverge  regularly 
from  each  side  of  the  midrib,  like  the 
plumage  of  a  quill. 

Ferruginous:  of  the  color  of  rust  of  iron; 
reddish-brown. 

Fertile:  having  perfect  pistils,  and  pro- 
ducing fruit 


like  processes. 


of  a  stamen  (usually  thread-like)  which 
supports  the  anther. 


Filifurm :  very  slender  and  terete,  like 
a  thread. 

fringes,  or  fringe-like  pro- 


Fimbriate:  fringed  on  the  margin. 

FimbrilMe:  clothed  •viihfunbrillae  (i.  e. 
membranaceous  linear  or  subulate  fila- 
ments,)— as  the  receptacle  of  thistles. 

Fissure :  a  slit,  crack,  or  narrow  opening. 

Fistular,  or  ftstulmis :  hollow  and  terete, 
like  a  pipe ;  tubular. 

FlabeUifm-m:  fan-shaped,— which  see. 

Flaccid:  so  limber  as  to  bend  by  its  own 
weight. 

FlugeUiform :  long,  slender  and  pliable, 
like  a  whip-lash. 

Flexuose :  bent  right  and  left  alternately. 

Fl'Occose,  orflocculent ;  covered  with  loose 
cottony  tufts. 

Floral:  belonging  to,  or  situated  near,  a 
flower. 

Floral  envelope*:  coverings  of  flowers,— 
usually  known  as  calyx  and  corolla,— 
sometimes  as  chaff. 

Floret:  a  little  flower;  usually  one  of 
the  number  which  constitute  compound 
or  aggregated  flowers. 

Flon'ferouf:  flower-bearing. 

Foliaceous :  of  a  leaflike  form  and  tex- 
ture; resembling  a  leaf. 

Foliole :  a  leaflet,  in  a  compound  leaf. 

Follicle:  a  capsular  fruit,  opening  at  ma- 
turity along  the  ventral  suture. 

FnUicular:  resembling,  or  being,  a  follicle. 

Foramen  :  a  roundish  hole,  or  opening. 

Foveolat*:  pitted. 

Free:   distinct;    not   adherent    to  any 


organ. 

the  leaf-like  expansion  of  cryp- 


togamous  plants. 

Frondose:  leafy,  or  with  leaf-like  appen- 
dages. 

F.-uctiftcation :  the  flower  and  fruit,  with 
their  parts. 

Fruit :  the  mature  ovary,  or  seedvestel, 
with  its  contents. 

Frutescent:  becoming  shrubby. 

Fruticose :  shrub-like ;  hard  and  woody. 

Fruiiculose :  like  a  little  shrub. 

Fugacious:  fleeting;  of  short  duration. 


Fungous :  of  rapid  growth  and  soft  tex- 
ture, like  the  Fungi. 


the   original  sense., — which   meant   »Funiculus:  the  little  cord  by  which  seeds 


are  attached  to  the  placenta. 

Funnel-form  :  shaped  like  a  funnel;  tub- 
ular below,  and  expanding  above. 

Furcate:  forked. 

Furfuraceous:  bran-like;  scaly,  or  scurfy, 
like  bran,  or  dandruff. 

Fuscous :  greyish-brown,  or  deep  brown 
with  a  tinge  of  green. 

Fusiform:  spindle-shaped;  terete,  and 


XLTi 


GLOSSAKT. 


tapering  both  ways. 

Galea;  a  helmet;  the  arched  upper  li 
of  a  ringent  corolla. 

Galeate;  helmeted;  having  a  galea. 

Gamopetalous  ;  having  all  the  petals  mon 
or  less  completely  united  by  their  mar 
gins ;  forming  what  has  been  (rather  in 
correctly)  called  a  monopetalous  corolla 

Gamosepalous  ;  having  the  sepals  all  more 
or  less  united  by  their  margins. 

Geminate ;  in  pairs ;  twin. 

Generic;  pertaining  or  relating  to  a  genus 

GenicuUtte;  forming  an  angle  at  the  joints 
like  a  bent  knee. 

Genus  (plural,  Genera);  a  group  of  species 
which  agree  in  what  is  called  the  gene 
ric  character, — i.  e.  in  the  structure  o: 
the  flower  and  fruit  (species  sometimes 
solitary). 

Germ;  the  growing  point  of  a  bud. 

Germen;  the  old  name  for  the  ovary. 

Germination ;  the  sprouting  or  incipien 
growth  of  a  seed. 

Gibbous  ;  hunched,  or  swelled  out,  on  om 
or  both  sides. 

Gills;  the  fruit-bearing  membranes  of 
theAgarics,  or  mushrooms.  See  Hymen 
ium. 

Glabrous;  very  smooth;  without  any 
roughness  or  pubescence. 

Gland;  a  small  roundish  organ,  or  ap 
pendage,  which  often  secretes  a  fluid. 

Glandular;  gland-bearing;  or  gland-like 

Glandular-hispid,  or  glandular-pubescent, 
hairy,  or  pubescent,  and  the  hairs  tipi 
with  glands. 

Glaucescent ;  inclining  to  glaucous,  or  be 
coming  glaucous. 

Glaucous;  of  a  silvery  hue;  pale-bluish, 
or  greenish-white;  or  covered  with  a 
greenish-white  mealiness,  called  bloom. 

Globose,  or  globular;  round  on  all  sides. 

Glomerate;  densely  clustered  in  small 
heaps,  or  irregular  heads. 

Glomerules;  small  dense  roundish  clusters 

Glumaceous  ;  chaffy ;  or  chaff-like. 

Glumes  ;  the  outer  chaff  (bracts,  or  stun- 
ted modified  leaf-sheaths  (embracing 
the  spikelets  of  the  Grasses.)  See  Palea. 

Glumose  ;  having  glumes  (sometimes  ex- 
pressive of  conspicuous  glumes). 

Glutinous;  viscid;  covered  with  an  ad- 
hesive fluid. 

Gonidia;  the  cells  of  the  green  layer, 
Lichens. 

Ganimous  layer;  the  green  layer  of  Lichens. 

Grain;  the  fruit  of  the  true  Grasses, — 
sometimes  called  a  Caryopsis. 

Gramineous;  grass- like; 
grasses. 

Graniferous;  bearing  grain,  or  grain-like 
substances. 

Granular ;  formed  of  „ 
ing  of  small  particles. 

Gymnocarpi;  naked  fruit;  Lichens  in 
which  the  apothecia  are  open. 

Gymnospermous  ;  having  the  seeds  naked, 
— i.  e.  not  inclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

Gynandraus;  having  the  stamens  grow- 


resembling  the  Hymenium 


ing  on,  or  adhering  to,  the  pistil. 

Gynoecium ;  a  term  designating  the  Pis- 
tillate portion  of  a  flower ;  or  the  seed- 
bearing  organs,  collectively. 

Gynostegium;  the  pistil  cover,  or  tube 
formed  by  the  connate  filaments,  of  the 
Asclepiadeae. 

Habit  of  plants ;  their  general  external 
appearance  and  mode  of  growth,  by 
which  they  are  usually  recognized  at 
sight. 

Habitat,  or  habitatio  ;  the  place,  or  situa- 
tion, in  which  a  plant  naturally  grows. 

Halved;  one-sided, — as  if  one  half  had 
been  cut  away. 

Hastate;  shaped  like  a  halbert;  lance- 
olate, with  a  divergent  lobe  on  each 
side  of  the  base. 

Head  ;  a  dense  roundish  cluster  of  sessile 
flowers. 

Heptandrous  ;  having  7  stamens. 

Herbaceous;  green,  or  not  scarious ;  also 
not  woody;  of  a  tender  consistence, 
and  generally  destructible  by  frost. 

Herbarium;  a  collection  (systematically 
arranged)  of  dried  specimens  of  plants. 

Herbs;  plants  which  are  not  woody, — of 
a  more  tender  structure  than  trees  and 
shrubs. 

Heterogamous ;  having  dissimilar  florets 
(perfect  and  imperfect)  in  the  same 
head. 

Heterophyllous;  having  leaves  of  different 
forms. 

Hexamerous  ;  consisting  of  6  parts. 

Hexandrous ;  having  6  stamens  all  of 
equal  length. 

Hilum  ;  the  scar  on  a  seed,  at  the  point 
of  attachment  to  the  funiculus,  or  seed 
stalk. 

Hirsute;  rough-haired;  clothed  with  stif. 
fish  hairs. 

Hispid;  bristly;  beset  with  bristle-like 
hairs. 

Hoary  ;  covered  with  a  white,  or  greyish- 
white,  pubescence. 

Homogamous;  all  the  florets  of  a  head 
being  alike. 

lomotropous  embryo ;  when  its  direction 
is  the  same  as  that  of  the  seed. 

Horizontal  ovules;  when  they  project 
from  the  side  of  the  cell,  pointing 
neither  to  base  nor  apex. 

/  the  mould,  or  soil,  formed  by 
ecom  position  of  organized  matter. 

lyaline;  transparent,  like  glass. 

fybrid  ;  a  mule ;  a  cross  between  allied 
species. 

ymenium ;  the  membrane  containing 
the  spores  of  certain  Fungi,  &  Lichens  ; 
the  plates,  or  gills,  on  the  under  side 
of  ihepileus  of  the  Agarics. 
ypogaean;  situated,  growing,  or  re- 
maining, under  ground. 

Jypogynous  ;  inserted  beneath  the  ovary, 
— i.  e.  on  the  receptacle,  and  free  from 
the  surrounding  organs. 

'fypothallus;  the  elementary  state  of  Lich- 
ens, in  which  the  layers,  are  confused ; 


in  Humus, 


GLOSSARY. 


XLV11 


also  the  fibrous  base,  or  under  surface 
of  foliaceous  Lichens. 
Icosandrous ;  having  about  20  stamen 
which  are  perigynous, — i.  e.  growing 
to,  and  apparently  inserted  on  the  rim 
of,  the  calyx. 

Imbricated;  the  edges  lying  over  th 
next  series,— like  shingles  on  a  rool 
or  scales  on  a  fish. 

Immarginate ;  not  margined;  destitut 
of  border,  or  margin. 

Immersed;  under  water;  also  closely 
nestling  in  the  bosom  of  leaves, — a 
the  capsule  of  some  Mosses. 

Imperfect  flower;  when  either  stamen 
or  pistils  are  deficient. 

Incised;  cut,  or  gashed;  separated  by 
incisions. 

Inclinate,  or  inclined ;  bent  over  towarc 
the  ground,  or  some  other  object. 

Included;  wholly  contained  within  a  tube 
or  cavity ;  not  exserted. 

Incomplete  flower ;  when  either  calyx  o: 
corolla  is  wanting. 

Incubous  leaves  (in  Hepaticae) ;  thei: 
bases  covered  severally  by  the  apex  o 
the  preceding. 

Incumbent;  lying  upon,  against,  or  across 

Incumbent  anther;  attached  at  or  nea: 
its  middle,  and  lying  horizontally 
across  the  summit  of  the  filament. 

Incumbent  cotyledons ;  having  the  radicle 
bent  over  and  applied  to  the  back  o 
one  of  the  cotyledons  (represented  by 
this  signoj|). 

Indefinite;  not  distinctly  limited,  or  de 
fined ;  numerous,  and  of  no  constam 
or  determinate  number, 

Indehiscent ;  not  opening  at  maturity. 

Indigenous;  growing  naturally,  or  or- 
iginally, in  a  country. 

Induplicate  ;  folded  inward. 

Indurated  ;  become  hard. 

Indusium ;  the  membrane  which  covers 
the  young  sorus  (or  cluster  of  fruit) . 
on  the  Ferns. 

Inferior  calyx :  having  the  ovary  above, 
and  free  within  it. 

Inferior  ovary ;  situated  apparently  be- 
low the  calyx,  or  rather  its  lobes,— i.  e. 
adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  and 
consequently  bearing  the  lobes  at  its 
summit. 

Inflated;  swelled  like  a  blown  bladder. 

Inflected,  or  inflexed  ;  bent  suddenly  in- 
ward. 

Inflorescence ; 

and  their  footstalks  on  a  plant;  the 
the  mode  of  flowering, — such  as  Umbel, 
Raceme,  Panicle,  &c. 

Innate  anther;  erect,— having  its  base 
resting  directly  on  the  apex  of  the  fila- 
ment. 

Innovations  ;  new  shoots  from  the  apex, 
or  near  the  summit,— as  in  the  Mosses. 

Inserted  ;  fixed  upon,  or  growing  out  of. 

Internodes ;  that  portion  of  a  culm,  oi 
stem,  between  the  nodes. 

Interpetiolar  stipules;  situated  or 


the  arrangement  of  flowers  Lance-linear 


ing  between  the  petioles  of  opposite 
leaves. 

Interrupted]  having  intervals ;  the  con- 
tinuity broken. 

Interruptedly  pinnate;  having  smaller 
pinnae,  or  leaflets,  between  each  pair 
of  larger  ones. 

Introrse  anthers ;  having  the  cells  turned 
inward,  and  the  connective  extending 
up  the  outer  side. 
Inversely;  in  a  contrary  position;  end 

for  end,  or  upside  down. 
Involucel ;  the  verticil  of  leaflets  at  the 

base  of  an  umbellet. 
Involucellate  ;  haying  inyolucels. 
fnvolucrate  ;  having  an  involucre. 
Involucre;    an  assemblage  of   modified 
leaves  accompanying  certain  forms  of 
inflorescence. — usually    verticillate  at 
the  base  of  an  Umbel, — or  in  imbricated 
series  beneath  or  around  heads  of  com- 
pound flowers. 

Involute  ;  rolled  inward  from  both  mar- 
gins. 
Irregular  ;  the  component  parts  differing 

in  size  and  shape. 
Isidia ;  minute  coral-like  particles,   or 

crystals,  in  certain  Lichens. 
Isidioid  ;  resembling  a  kind  of  coral. 
Keel ;  a  central  ridge  on  the  back  of  a 
leaf,  sepal,  &c.,  resembling  the  keel  of 
a  boat ;  also,  the  lower  pair  of  (coher- 
ing) petals  in  a  papilionaceous  flower. 
Keeled  ;  having  a  keel. 
Labiale  flowers;  where  the  border  is  some- 
hat  in  the  form  of  2  lips. 
Lacerate;    divided   into  irregular   seg- 
ments, as  if  torn. 

Laciniate  ;  jagged ;  the  margin  irregular- 
ly and  deeply  cut  into  segments. 
Lactescent ;  milky ;  containing  a  milky 

or  whitish  juice. 
Lacunose;   pitted,  furrowed,  or  having 

little  cavities. 
Lamellae;    the  plates,  or  gills,  of  the 

Agarics. 
Lamellate  ;  divided,  or  dilated,  into  thin 

plates. 

Lamina;  a  thin  layer,  or  plate;  the  ex- 
panded on  flat  portion  of  a  leaf,  or 
petal,  as  distinguished  from  the  petiole, 
or  claw. 

rM.nate  ;  woolly ;  clothed  with  wool. 
Lanceolate ;  tapering  from  near  the  base 
to  the  apex, — like  the  head  of  an  an- 
cient Lance, 

:r,  lance-ovate,  &c.,  linear, 
ovate,  &c.,  with  something  of  the  lance- 
olate form. 

Lance-ovoid;  egg-shaped,  with  a  taper- 
ing lengthened  apex. 
'Mnuginous  ;  clothed  with  a  loose  wool. 
lateral;  at  the  side. 

Laterally  compressed ;  flatted  on  the  sides 
(not  on  the  back). 

loose,  or  limber ;  not  compact. 
ets  ;  partial  leaves ;  the  constituent 
leaves  of  a  compound  leaf. 

'     (foliaccus);  having  a  texture, 


or  Leaflets , 


original-  Leaf-like 


XLviii 


GLOSSARY. 


partaking  of  both  Monod 


the  Monogyi 
some  Monoicous , 


and  expansion,  resembling  a  leaf. 

Leafy  (foliosus) ;  furnished  with,  or 
abounding  in,  leaves. 

Legume  ;  a  bean,  or  pulse ;  a  fruit  formed 
of  a  single  elongated  carpel  of  2  valves, 
with  the  seeds  affixed  along 
suture  only. 

Leguminous;  having  the  D^I 
Legume ;  bearing  Legumes. 

Lenticular  ;  having  the  form  of  a  double 
convex  lens. 

Ligneous  ;  of  a  firm  woody  texture. 

Ligulate;  strap- shaped ;  flat  and  linear, 

Ligide;  the  usually  membranous  ap- 
pendage at  the  base  of  the  leaf,  or 
summit  of  the  sheath,  in  the  grasses. 

Limb;  the  border,  summit,  or  upper 
spreading  part,  of  a  calyx,  or  corolla. 

Line;  the  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

Linear  ;  of  an  uniform  width ;  long  and 
narrow,  with  parallel  sides. 

Linear-lanceolate,  &c.,  partaki 
forms,  but  more  of  the  latter. 

Ungulate;  tongue-shaped;  linear  and 
somewhat  fleshy ;  nearly  the  same  as 
ligulate. 

Lip ;  the  upper  or  under  division  of  a 
labiate  flower ;  also,  the  lower  or  an 
terior  lobe  of  an  Orchidaceous  flower. 

LireUae;  little  ridges,  or  furrows; 
linear    elongated    apothecia  of 
Lichens, — as  in  Opegraplia. 

Lobe ;  a  segment,  or  division,  of  a  leaf, 
or  flower ;  the  free  portion  of  a  gam- 
osepalous  calyx,  or  of  a  gamopetalous 
corolla. 

Lobate,  or  lobed ;  cut  or  divided  into 
lobes. 

Loculicidal;  when  a  pericarp  opens  na- 
turally on  the  back  of  a  cell  (i.  e.  at 
the  dorsal  sutu 
into  the  cavity. 

Loment;  an  indehiscent  2-  or  several- 
seeded  legume,  contracted  between  the 
seeds,  and  finally  separating  at  the 
joint-like  contractions. 

Lomentaceous ;  construct* 

Longitudinal;  lengthwise;  in  a  direc- 
tion from  base  to  apex. 

Lunate,  or  lunulate;  having 
of  a  new  moon. 

Lutescent;  yellowish. 

Lyrate  ;  lyre-shaped ;  pinnatifid  with  the 
the  terminal  lobe  largest  and  mostly 
rounded. 

Mammittate ;  conical,  with  a  rounded 
apex;  nipple-shaped. 

Marcescent;  withering 
the  stem. 

Margin  ;  the  edge  or  circumference 
leaf,  or  other  expansion ;  also,  the  thin 
wing-like  border  of  certain  seeds,  &c. 

Marginal,-  belonging  to,  or  situated  at, 
the  margin. 

Marginate,  or  margined  ;  having  a  border 
or  edging  of  a  texture,  or  color,  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  disk;  also, 
surrounded  by  a  wing-like  expansion, 
or  narrow  membrane. 


the  upper  Membranaceous, 


structure  of  a  Micropyle 


iture  of  a  carpel)  directly  Monosepalous 


MeduUary  rays ;  thin  vertical  plates  of 
cellular  tissue,  which  pass  from  the 
pith  to  the  bark,  in  woody  stems. 

Melliferous;  producing  or  containing 
honey. 

or  membranous;    thin, 
flexible,  and  often  slightly  translucent, 
the  small  foramen  in  the  pro- 
per coats  of  a  seed,  to  which  the  radicle 
always  points. 

Midrib  ;  the  central  nerve  of  a  leaf, — ap- 
parently a  continuation  of  the  petiole. 

Mitriforiii ;  mi  tre-shaped ;  conical  with 
a  bell-shaped  summit, — like  a  calyptra. 

Monaddphous ;  having  the  filaments  all 
united  in  one  set, — usually  forming  a 
tube. 

Monandrous;  having  a  single  stamen. 

Moniliform  ;  arranged  like,  or  resembling 
the  beads  of  a  necklace. 

Mono,  in  composition ;  one,  or  single. 

Vinous;  having  the  stamens  and 
pistils  in  one  and  the  same  flower. 

Monocotyledonous  plants;  in  which  the 
embryo  has  but  one  lobe,  or  cotyledon. 

Monograph ;  a  description  (usually  am- 
ple and  elaborate)  of  a  single  object,  or 
class  of  objects, — as  of  a  Genus,  Tribe, 
or  Family. 

nous  ;  having  but  one  pistil. 

;  having  staminate  and  pistil- 
late flowers  distinct,  but  situated  on 
the  same  plant. 

Monoicously  polygamous  ;  having  perfect 
and  imperfect  flowers  on  the  same 
plant. 

Monopetalous;  having  one  petal;  or  rather, 
the  petals  united  in  one.  Seegamo- 
petalous. 

Monophyllous  ;  having  but  one  leaf. 


constructed  like  a  loment.  Mwronulate 


the  figure  Multiple 


withering  and  persistent  on  Multiseptate 


of  a  Muricate , 


iv»M/3c.7y«,wM.a'  /  consisting  of  one  sepal,— 
or  rather,  the  sepals  united.  See  Gam,- 


'e;  terminating  in  a  mucro,  or 
dagger-like   point. — usually  the  pro- 
longation of  the  midrib,  in  leaves. 
'ucronulate;  having  a  small  mucro,  or 
terminal  point. 

Multijid  ;  many-cleft. 

"  'ultiple ;  a  number  containing  another 
number  several  times  without  a  frac- 
tion, or  remainder, — as  9  is  a  multiple 
of  3.' 

Multiple  fruits;  where  there  is  a  com- 
bination of  several  flowers  and  fruits 
into  one  aggregate  mass, — as  in  the 
Pine  Apple,  Mulberry,  Ac. 
'ultiseptate  ;  having  many  septa,  or  par- 
titions. 

;  beset  with  projecting  points, 
like  a  Murex. 

Mutic,  or  muticous;  awnless.  or  pointless; 
the  opposite  of  inucronate. 

Naked ;  destitute  of  the  usual  covering, 
or  appendage ;  as  a  stem  without  leaves ; 
seeds  without  a  pericarp,— umbel  with- 
out an  involucre,  Ac. 

Napiform  ;  turnep-shaped. 

Nectariferous  i  producing  honey. 


GLOSSARY. 


XL1X 


Nectary;   that  organ,  or  portion  of  a 

flower,  which  secretes  honey    (a  term 

formerly  applied  to  all  disguised  forms 

of  petals  and  stamens). 
Nerves;    rib-like  fibres  (in  leaves,  Ac.) 

which  usually  extend  from  the  base  to, 

or  toward,  the  apex. 
Neuter,  or  neutral  flower;  having  neither 

stamen  nor  pistil. 
Nodding ;  turning  downward. 
Nodes ;  solid  points,  in  stems  &  branches, 

at  which  leaves  and  buds  originate. 
Nodose;  having  nodes. 
Normal;    according  to    rule;    agreeing 

with  the  pattern  or  type. 
Nucamentaceous;  nut-like. 
Nuciform;  nut-like. 


Ordinal  names ;  the  names  of  the  Natural 
Orders,  or  Families  of  Plants. 

Orthotropous  ovule;  straight;  not  curved, 
nor  turned  from  its  original  or  natural 
direction. 

Osliole;  a  little  door;  a  small  opening, 
passage,  or  entrance. 
*val ;  longer  than  broad,  with  the  two 
ends  of  equal  breadth  and  curvature, 
and  the  sides  curving  from  end  to  end. 

Ovary;  the  young  seedvessel,  or  fruit; 
the  hollow  portion  at  the  base  of  the 
pistil  containing  the  ovules,  or  bodies 
destined  to  become  seeds. 

Ovate ;  flat,  with  the  outline  of  a  longi- 
tudinal section  of  an  egg;  somewhat 
oval,  but  broader  near  the  base. 


Nucleus;  a  central  body;  the  seed  or  Ovate-lanceolate ;   lanceolate,  but  some- 


kernel  of  a  nut. 

Nuctites;  little  nuts,  or  nutlike  fruit. 
Nut;  a  hard  1 -celled  indehiscent  fruit, 

usually  containing  a  single  seed 
Ob,  in  composition;  inverts  the  usual 

meaning  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  pre 

fixed. 
Obcompressed ;   flatted  back  and  front, 

instead  of  at  the  sides. 
Obconic;    inversely   conical, — i.  e.  with 

the  apex  downward. 
Obcordate  ;  inversely  heart  shaped. 
Oblanceolate;  with  the  widest  pert  abovi 

the  middle,  and  tapering  lance-like  to 

the  base. 


Oblique;  unequal-sided;  also,  a  position  Paleaceous ;  of  a  chaffy  texture,— or  fur 


between  erect  and  horizontal. 


parallel,  or  nearly  so, 
Obovate ;  inversely  ovate. 
Obovoid;  inversely  ovoid. 
Obsolete ;  indistinct,  as  if  worn  out,  or  off 
Obtuse ;  blunt,  or  rounded. 
Obversely  ;  turned  contrary  to  the  usua' 

position. 
Ochrea  ;  a  membranous  stipular  sheath 

embracing  the  stem  like  a  boot-leg, — 

as  in  Polygonum. 
Ochroleucous ;  yellowish-white,  or  cream 

colored. 

Octandrous  ;  having  8  stamens. 
Odd-pinnate  leaf;  having  the  leaflets  in 

opposite  pairs,  with  a  terminal  odd  one 

— often  termed  impart  pinnate. 
Officinal;  used   in,   or  belonging  to,   a 

shop,  or  medical  office. 
Oleraceous ;  of  the  nature  or  quality  of 

pot-herbs. 

Opaque ;  not  transparent. 
Opercular;  opening  like  an  Operculum 

or  lid. 
Opposite ;  situated  directly  against,  or  ai 

the  same  height  on  contrary  sides. 
Orbicular;  circular  and  flat,  like  a  coin 

Sec  Terete. 
Orchidaceous,  or  Orchide&us;  belonging 

to,  or  resembling,  the  Orchis  family. 
Order;    a  family,  or    group,  of    allied 

natural  objects;   a  sub-division  of  a 

Class,  embracing  kindred  Genera. 
Ordinal ;  belong  to  the  Orders,  or  to  an 

Order. 


what  ovate  at  base. 

Ovate-oblong ;  oblong,  with  an  ovate  dila- 
tation at  base. 

Ovoid;  egg-shaped;  terete,  and  swelling 
near  the  base,— i.  e.  having  the  out- 
line of  an  entire  egg. 

Ovoid-oblong ;  the  ovoid  form  lengthened 
out. 

Ovules;  the  rudiments  of  future  seeds, 
contained  in  the  ovary. 

Palate ;  the  prominence  in  the  lower  lip 
of  a  personate  corolla. 

Pateae  (singular,  patea) ;  chaff;  the  in- 
ner bracts,  or  immediate  floral  cover- 
ing of  the  Grasses.  See  Glumes. 


nished  with  chaff-like  scales. 


Obhng ;  longer  than  wide,    with  sides  Palmate;  hand  shaped;  with  lobes  spread- 


ing like  fingers  on  the  open  hand. 

Palmately  veined  ;  having  the  veins  di- 
vergent, like  the  spreading  fingers  of 
of  an  open  hand. 

Panduraeform ;  fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle;  a  loose  irregular  compound 
raceme,— in  which  the  peduncles  are 
unequally  elongated,  and  irregularly 
sub-divided. 

Panided,  or  paniculate  ;  disposed  in  the 
form  of  a  panicle. 

Pannose ;  spongy  and  thickish,  or  dense, 
like  the  texture  of  woollen  cloth. 

Papilionaceous  corolla;  butterfly-shaped ; 
when  complete,  consisting  of  5  petals, 
the  broad  upper  one  called  the  vexil- 
lum,  or  banner — the  2  lateral  ones 
termed  the  alae,  or  wings — the  2  lower 
ones  more  or  less  cohering,  and,  from 
their  form,  denominated  the  farina, 
or  keel. 

Papillate,  or  papillose;  covered  with  fleshy 
dots,  or  soft  points. 

Pappus;  the  crown  of  the  fruit  (being 
the  segments,  or  free  portion  of  an  ad- 
herent calyx,  in  the  Compositae) — 
usually  hair-like,  or  plumose, — some- 
times in  the  form  of  minute  chaffy 
scales,  and  awns. 

Papulose  ;  covered  with  papulae,  or  pim- 
ple-like protuberances. 

Paraphyses;  cellular,  jointed  filaments, 
which  accompany  the  reproductive  or- 

|'    gans  of  Mosses  and  Lichens. 


GLOSSARY. 


Parasite;  a  plant  growing  on,  or  deriv 

ing  sustenance  from,  another  plant. 
Parasitic ;  being,  or  relating  to,  a  para 

site. 

Parenchyma ;  vegetable  pulp. 
Paries  (plural,  parities)  ;  the  wall,  or  in 

closing  shell,  which  circumscribes  the 

cavity  of  a  pericarp. 
Parietal ;  fixed  to,  or  belonging  to,  th< 

paries,  or  inclosing  wall  of  the  seed 

cell. 
Parietal  placentae ;  placentae  borne  upon 

the  inclosing  shell,  or  wall  of  the  ovary 

or  pericarp,  instead  of  the  axis. 
Parted;  divided  deeply,   almost  to  the 

base. 


Partial;  a  term  applied  to  portions  of  a  Perigonial  leaves  (in  Mosses);  those  sur 


compound  whole. 
Patellaefm-m  ;  in  the  form  of  little  plates, 

or  dishes. 
Patellulae ;  small  orbicular  receptacles  of 

the  Lichens;  resembling  little  dishes, — 

also  termed  spangles. 
Pectinate;  finely,  regularly  and  deeply 

cleft,  so  as  to  resemble  the  teeth  of 

comb.  « 

Pedate  leaf;  divided  nearly  to  the  petiole. 


in  narrow  segments,  with  the  lateral  Peri 


ones  diverging;   resembling  a  bird's 

foot. 
Pedicel ;  a  partial  peduncle ;  the  ultimate 

branch  in  a  compound  inflorescence. 
Pedicellate;  having,  or  being  supported 

on,  a  pedicel. 
Peduncle  ;  a  simple  flower-  or  fruit-stalk ; 

also,  the  common  footstalk  of  a  com- 
pound inflorescence. 
Pedunculate;  having  a    peduncle;   not 

sessile. 

Pellucid ;  transparent ;  pervious  to  light. 
Pellucid-punctate  ;     having     punctures 

which  permit  light  to  pass  through. 
Peltae ;  little  flat  receptacles  on  Lichens, 

resembling  targets,  or  shields. 
Peltate;  like  a  shield;  having  the  foot- 
stalk affixed  to  the  under  surface,  and 

not  to  the  margin. 
Pencil-form,  or  pencil-tufted ;  resembling 

a  painter's  pencil,  or  little  brush. 
Pendulous ;  hanging  down. 
Penninerved ;  having  the  lateral  nerves 

pinnately  arranged.  See  Feather-veined. 
Pentagonal ;  have  5  angles,  or  corners. 
Puntagynous ;  having  5  pistils. 
Pentamerous  ;  composed  of  5  parts. 
Pentandrous ;  having  5  stamens. 
Pentapetalous ;  having  5  petals. 
Penultimate;  next  to  the  last;  the  one 

next  to  the  terminal  one. 
Pepo;  an  indehiscent,  fleshy  or  internally 


pistil  (1  or  more  of  each) . 
Perfoliate ;  having  the  stem  apparently 

pierced  through  the  leaf. 
Perianth ;  a  term  for  the  envelopes  of  a 

flower,  where  the  calyx  and  corolla 

are  not  clearly  distinguishable. 
Pericarp;  the  seed  vessel,  or  fruit;   the 

ovary  in  a  mature  state. 
Perichaeth,  or  perichaetium ;  the  verticil, 

or  cluster  of  bract-like  leaves,  round 

the  base  of  the  seta,  or  footstalk  of  the 

capsule,  in  Mosses,— often  called  peri- 

chaetial  leaves. 
Peridium ;  a  term  applied  to  the  outer 

sac;  or  envelope  of  the  sporanges,  in 

some  of  the  Fungi. 


rounding  the  antheridia. 

Perigynium  (plural,  Perigynia)  ;  the  sac 
which  incloses  the  fruit  of  theCarices; 
also,  the  hypogynous  scales,  bristles,  or 
hairs,  investing  the  ovary,  in  many  of 
the  Cyperaceae. 

Perigynous  stamens  and  petals ;  inserted 
on  the  calyx, — or  rather  adhering  to 
the  inner  surface  of  the  calyx-tube,  and 
thus  surrounding  the  pistils. 


fixed  or  coiled  round  the 


carpels  invested  by  the  adherent  calyx 
tube,  and  with  a  firm  rind,  —  as  the 
Melon,  &c. 
Percurrent;  extending,  or  running  the 
whole  way  through. 


Perennial;  living  more  than  2 years,  and  Pileus ;  the  cap- or  hat-like  receptacle 


for  an  indefinite  period. 
Perfect  flower ;  having  both  stamen  and 


circumference. 
Perixperm  ;    a  synonym  of  albumen,— 

which  see. 
Peristome ;  the  circle  of  teeth,  or  bristle 

like   processes,   which    surround   the 

orifice  of  the  theca,  or  capsule  of  the 

Mosses. 
Perithecium  ;  the  proper  envelope  of  the 

fruit  (in  Lichens),  when  it  is  not  in- 
closed in  the  thallus. 
Persistent;    not  falling  off;    remaining 

beyond  the  time  when  similar  organs 

usually  fall  off. 
Personate  corolla,;    masked;  having  the 

throat  closed  by  a  prominent  palate, 

and    resembling    the    mouth    of   an 

animal. 
Pertuse;  perforated;  pierced  with  holes, 

as  if  punched,  or  bored  through. 
Petaloid;  petal-like;  delicate  and  colored, 

or  expanded,  like  a  petal. 
Petals ;   the  (usually)  delicate,  colored 

leaves,  which  compose  the  corolla. 
Petiolar;  seated  on,  or  belonging  to,  a 

petiole. 
Petiolate;   supported  on,  or   having,  a 

petiole;  not  sessile. 
Petiole;  the  stem  or  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 
Petiolulate;  having  a  partial,    or  sub- 
divided petiole. 
PetMule;  a  little  or  partial  petiole;  the 

footstalk  of  a  leaflet. 


pulpy  fruit,  usually  composed   of    3  Phaenogamous  plants;    having    visible 


genuine  flowers;  often  written  phaner- 
ogamous. 

Phyllodium;  a  leaf  like  expansion:  sup- 
posed, sometimes,  to  be  the  dilated 
petiole  of  an  abortive  compound  leaf. 


borne  on  the  stipe  of  a  mushroom,— 
as  in  the  Agarics . 


GLOSSAET. 


leaflets  Pome 


Pilose ;  clothed  with  straight  soft  hairs 

Pinnae ;  the  paired  or  opposite  " 
of  a  pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnate  leaf;  having  distinct  articulated 
leaflets  in  pairs,  on  opposite  sides  of  a 
simple  petiole. 

Pinnatifid  leaf,  or  frond;  cleft  in  a  pin- 
nate manner,  but  the  segments  united 
or  confluent  at  base. 

Pinnatijidly ;  in  a  pinnatifid  manner. 

Pinnules;  the  leaflets,  or  sub-divisions 
of  a  bi-  tri-  or  multi-pinnate  leaf,  or 
frond. 

Pistil;  the  central  organ  of  a  fertile 
flower, — consisting  usually  of  ovary, 
style,  and  stigma ;  sometimes  the  style 
is  wanting, — or,  in  other  words,  the 
stigma  is  sessile. 

Pistillate  flowers ;  those  which  have  1  or 
more  pistils,  but  no  stamens. 

Pistillidia;  small  bottle-shaped  bodies, 
the  analogues  of  pistils,  in  the  Mosses. 

Pistilliferous ;  bearing  pistils. 

Pitted;  having  small  shallow  depressions. 

Placenta  (plural,  placentae) ;  that  part 
of  *  pericarp  to  which  the  seeds  are 
attached  (usually  by  a  funiculus,  or 
little  cord.) 

Placental ;  pertaining  to  the  placenta. 

Placentiferous  ;  bearing  the  placenta. 

Plane;  flat;  with  an  even  surface. 

Plano-convex ;  flat  on  one  side,  and  con- 
vex on  the  other. 

Plturocarpi ;  bearing  the  fruit  on  one 
eide^  or  the  pedicel  lateral  (a  divisi 
Mosses). 

Plicate-,  plaited;  folded,  or  crimped,  like 
a  fan,  or  ruffle. 

Plumose;  feather- like;  a  pappus  is  plu- 
mose, when  each  hair  has  short  hairs 
arranged  on  opposite  sides. 

I*od;   a  dry  seedvessel, — usually  elon- 
gated, and  opening,  at  maturity 
valves. 

Podetia  ;  the  pedicels  which  support  the 
knobs  (Cephalodia)  of  the  Lichens. 

Pollen  ;  the  fertilizing  powder  contained 
in  the  anthers. 

Pollen-masses,  or  pollinia;  the  waxy 
masses  of  pollen,  in  the  ^isclepias  and 
Orchis  families. 

Poly,  in  composition ;  many. 

Polyadelphous ;  having  the  filaments 
united  in  3  or  more  parcels. 

Polyandrous ;  having  more  than  10  dis- 
tinct hypogynous  stamens. 

Polycotyledonous ;  having  3  or  more  coty- 
ledons. 

Polygamo-dioicous;  having  perfect  and 
imperfect  flowers  on  distinct  plants. 

Polygamous ;  where  some  flowers  are  per- 
fect, and  others  either  staminate,  pis- 
tillate, or  neuter. 

Polygynous ;  when  the  pistils  are  num 
efous,  or  indefinite. 

Polymorphous;  assuming,  or  apt  to  as- 
sume, several  different  forms. 

Polypetalom ;  having  several  distinct 
petals.  See  Dialypetalous. 


Polysepalous ;  having  distinct  sepals. 

an  apple-fruit;  a  fleshy  fruit, 
formed  of  several  cartilaginous,  or 
bony  carpels,  imbeded  in  pulp,  and 
the  whole  invested  by  the  adherent 
tube  of  the  calyx. 

Pores ;  small  holes,  or  tubular  openings. 

Porous ;  full  of  holes,  cells,  or  tubular 
openings. 

Posterior;  behind,  or  above, — as  that 
part  of  a  flower  which  is  next  to  the 
axis  of  inflorescence. 

Praemorse ;  end  bitten ;  ending  blunt, 
as  if  bitten  off. 

Precocious  flowers ;  appearing  before  the 
leaves. 

Prickles;  sharp  processes  arising  from 
the  bark  only,  and  not  from  the  wood. 

Primary ;  first  in  a  series,  either  in  order 
of  time,  position,  or  importance, — op- 
posed to  secondary. 

Primordial ;  first  in  order ;  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  first  genuine  leaves,— or 
those  next  above  the  cotyledons. 

Prismatic;  like  a  prism;  having  several 
angles,  and  intermediate  flat  faces. 

Process  ;  a  projection  from  the  surface. 

Procumbent;  lying  along  the  ground. 

Produced ;  extended,  or  lengthened  out. 

Proliferous;  producing  its  like  in  an 
unusual  way;  as  putting  forth  a  second 
growth  from  the  centre  of  a  flower, 
umbel,  or  other  terminal  and  usually 
final  development. 

Prostrate;  lying  flat  or  close  on  the 
ground. 

Pruinose;  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
like  a  Plum. 

Pseudo-pinnate;  falsely  or  imperfectly 
pinnate, — the  leaflets  (or  segments) 
not  articulated  at  base  to  the  common 
petiole. 

by  2  Puberulent ;  covered  with  a  minute  short 
pubescence. 

Pubescence ;  hairiness  in  general. 

Pubescent;  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 

Pulp;  a  soft,  cellular,  juicy  mass. 

Pulverulent ;  powdery,  or  dust-like. 

Punctate ;  covered  with  indented  points : 
dotted. 

Puncticulate ;  having  minute  punctures, 
or  indented  points. 

Pungent ;  sharp-pointed  and  rigid ;  also 
acrid. 

Pyramidal ;  shaped  like  a  pyramid ; 
angular  and  tapering  upward ;  usually 
applied  to  4  sided  solids  which  diminish 
from  base  to  apex. 

Pyriform  ;  pear-shaped;  round  and  en- 
larging from  base  to  apex. 

Quadrangular;  four-angled. 

Quadrifarious ;  in  4  rows,  or  pointing  in 
4  directions. 

Quadrifid ;  4-cleft. 

Quadripartible ;  separating,  or  separable, 
into  4  parts. 

Quaternate ;  growing  in  fours. 

Quinate;  5  together,  or  arranged  in 
fives. 


Lii 


GLOSSARY. 


.  and  directed  Rudiment 


Race  of  plants ;  a  peculiar  form,  or  modi- 
fication, become  permanent. 
Raceme;  a  mode  of  flowering,  in  which 
the  common  peduncle,  or  axis,  is  elon- 
gated, with  the  flowers  on  short  lateral 
pedicels. 

Racemose;  haying  the  flowers  in  racemes. 
Rachis ;  the  common  peduncle,  axis,  or 
elongated  receptacle,  on  which  florets 
are  collected  in  a  spike;  also, the  mid- 
rib of  a  pinnatifid  frond,  in  the  Ferns. 
Radiate;  diverging  from  a  common  cen- 
tre; haying  rays,  (i.  e.  ligulate  florets) 
at  the  circumference. 
Radiatiform;  in  compound  flowers,  where 
all  the  florets  are  ligulate,  i 
toward  the  circumference. 
Radical;  belonging  to,  or  growing  im 

mediately  from,  the  root. 
Radicating  ;  sending  out  roots,  or  strik- 
ing root  at  the  nodes. 
Radicle  ;  a  little  root;  the  slender  fibrous 

branch  of  a  root. 

Rameal ;  belonging  to  the  branches. 
Ramose;  branching. 
Rank ;  a  row,  or  arrangement  in  a  line 
Raphe;  the  ridge  on  one  side  of  an  in- 
verted ovule,  or  seed,  formed  by  the 
adhesion  of  the  funiculus,  or  seed- 
stalk. 

Rays ;  the  ligulate  florets  round  the  disk 
of  a  compound  flower;  also,  the  foot- 
stalks, and  enlarged  marginal  flowers, 
of  an  umbel. 

Receptacle;   the  apex  of  the  peduncle 
(much  dilated  in  the  Compositae)  on 
which  the  parts  of  a  flower  (or  entire 
florets)  are  inserted;  also,  the  seat  of 
the  fruit.— as  in  the  Strawberry,  &c. 
Recurved ;  curved  backward. 
Refiexed ;  bent  strongly  backward. 
Refracted;  doubled  backward;  or  beni 

abruptly  back. 
Regular ;  having  the  parts  uniform  am 

equal  among  themselves. 
Remote;  seated  or  growing  at  an  un 

usual  distance. 
Reniform;  kidney-shaped. 
Replicate ;  flolded  back  on  itself. 
Resupinate ;  turned  upside  down. 
Reticulate;  netted;  like  net- work. 
Retrorse,  or  retrorsely ;   pointing  back 

ward,  or  downward. 
Retuse;  having  a  shallow  sinus  at  thi 

end. 

Revolute ;  rolled  backward,  or  outward. 
Rhizoma;  a  root-stock;  a  root-like  under 

ground  stem. 
Rhombic ;  4-sided,  with  unequal  angles 

shaped  like  a  lozenge. 
Rhomboid ;  oval,  but  somewhat  angular 

at  the  sides. 

Ribbed ;  having  parallel  ridges. 
Rigescent ;  stifflsh ;  becoming  stiff. 
Rigid;  stiff;  not  pliable. 
Rimose;  having  cracks,  or  chinks. 
Ringent;   gaping;   the  lips   and  throa 

open. 
Root-stock;  a  kind  of  underground  stem 


— usually  elongating  and  creeping, — 
sometimes  tuberous,  with  buds,  or 
eyes. 

Rosaceous;  with  5  regular  spreading 
petals,  like  a  rose. 

Rostrate;  beaked;  having  a  process  re- 
sembling a  bird's  beak. 

Rosulate;  in  a  rosette;  arranged  in  cir 
cular  series  and  spreading,  like  the 
petals  of  a  double  rose. 

Rotate  corolla;  wheel-shaped;  gamope- 
talous  and  spreading  almost  flat,  with 
a  very  short  tube. 

Round;  circular,  or  globular;    not  an- 
gular. See  globose,  orbicular,  and  terete. 
;  an  imperfectly  developed  or- 


Rufous  ;  reddish -brown,  or  rust-colored. 

Rugose;  wrinkled:  rugulose ;  finely 
wrinkled. 

Ruminated  albumen;  folded  and  varie- 
gated. 

Runcinate  ;  somewhat  lyrate,  with  sharp 
lobes  pointing  backward, — resembling 
the  teeth  of  a  mill-saw. 

Runner;  a  slender  procumbent  shoot, 
producing  roots  and  leaves  at  the  end, 
only, — as  in  the  Strawberry. 

Sac ;  a  membranous  bag,  or  boundary 
of  a  cavity. 

Saccate;  having,  or  being  in  the  form  of, 
a  sac  or  pouch. 

Sagittate;  arrow-shaped;  notched  at  base, 
with  the  lobes  acute. 

Salver-form;  tubular,  with  the  border 
horizontally  spreading. 

Samara ;  an  akene-like  fruit,  with  a 
winged  apex,  or  margin, — as  in  the 
Ash,  Elm,  Maple,  &c. 

Samaroid;  margined  like  a  samara. 

Sarcocarp ;  the  fleshy  portion  of  a  peri- 
carp (as  in  a  drupe),  between  the 
epicarp  and  the  endocarp. 

Sarmentose;  having,  sending  forth,  or 
being  in  the  form  of,  runners. 

Scabrous;  rough  with  little  points,  or 
short  rigid  hairs. 

Scales  ;  small  thin  plates,  or  leaf  like  pro- 
cesses; also,  the  leaflets  of  the  involu- 
cre, in  the  Compositae, — the  bracts  of 
the  Cyperaceae,  &c. 

Scandent;  climbing. 

Scape;  a  peduncle  proceeding  directly 
from  the  root. 

Scarious ;  dry,  skinny  and  transparent. 

Scattered ;  distributed  thinly,  and  with- 
out regular  order. 

Scorpioid  inflorescence;  rolled  back  from 
the  apex  (circinate),  before  develop- 
ment. 

Scrobiculate;  marked  by  little  pits,  or  de- 
pressions. 

Scutellae;  little  shield-Hke  orbicular  ses- 
sile receptacles  of  some  of  the  Lic'iens. 

Scutellate ;  resembling  a  target,  or  shield. 

Scyphiferous ;  bearing  a  scyphv  s,  ( r  vase, 
—as  the  podetia  of  some  Lichens. 

Scyphus ;  a  cup,  in  the  form  of  an  in- 
verted cone. 


GLOSSARY. 


Liii 


Secund;  onesided;  all  seated  on,  or  turned  Sinus;  an  open  notch;  a  rounded  incis- 
ion, or  scallop. 

Soboliferous ;  producing  young  plants 
from  the  roots. 

Solitary  ;  standing  alone ;  one  only  in  a 
place. 

Soredia;  minute  sorus-like  masses,  or 
reproductive  particles,  on  Lichens. 

Sorediate ;  covered  with  soredia,  or  irreg- 
ular powdery  masses. 

Sorediiferous  ;  bearing  soredia. 


to,  one  side. 

Seed ;  the  matured  ovule,  with  the  em 
bryo,  or  young  plant,  formed  within  it. 

Segment ;  the  division,  or  separated  por- 
tion, of  a  cleft  calyx,  leaf,  Ac. 

Semi,  in  composition ;  half, — as  semi-bi 
valved,  half  2-valved,  semi-terete,  half 
round,  Ac. 

Seminal ;  belonging  to  the  seed. 

Sempervirent ;  evergreen. 


Sepal;  the  leaflet,  or  distinct  portion  of  a  Sort  (plural  of  sorus);  fruit-dots;  small 


calyx. 

Sepaloidt  resembling  a  sepal ;  green  and 
not  petal-like. 

Septicidal  dehiscence ;  where  a  compound 
pericarp  opens  by  splitting  the  dissepi- 
ments,— i.  e.  the  carpels  separate  from 
each  other,  and  usually  open  to  the 
seeds  by  the  ventral  suture. 

Septiferous;  bearing  a  septum. 

Septifragal  dehiscence ;  where  the  dis- 
sepiments remain  attached  to  the  axis, 
while  the  valves  break  away  from  them 

Septum;  the  partition  which  divides  the 
cells  of  fruit. 

Sericeous ;  silky ;  clothed  with  soft  glossy 
appressed  hairs. 

Series ;  a  continued  succession  of  things 
in  the  same  order;  also,  a  comprehen- 
sive group  of  objects,  in  Natural  His- 
tory. 

Serrate;  pawed;  having  sharp  teeth  on 
the  margin  pointing  toward  the  apex. 

Serratures ;  the  teeth  of  a  serrated  mar- 
gin. 

Serrulate;  finely  serrate. 

Sessile ;  sitting  closely ;  having  no  foot- 
stalk, or  pedicel. 

Seta,  (plural,  Setae);  a  bristle,  or  stiffish 
elastic  hair. 

Setaceous ;  bristle-like. 

Setose  ;  beset  with  bristles. 


Sheath;  a  membranous  expansion  which  Spindle-shaped;  see  Fusiform. 
is  tubular,  or  convolute,  and  inclosing  Spine  ;  a  thorn ;  a  sharp  process  originat- 
or embracing  a  stem.  ing  in  the  wood, — i.  e.  a  pointed,  abor- 

Sheathed;  inclosed  by  a  sheath.  tive  branch. 


Sheathing;  embracing  the  stem  like  a 
sheath. 

Sliining ;  smooth,  glossy  and  bright. 

Shrub;  a  small  woody  plant  not  exceed- 
ing 3  times  the  height  of  a  man. 

Shrubby  ;  hard  and  woody,  like  a  shrub ; 
of  the  texture  and  size  of  a  shrub. 

Silicle  ;  a  little,  or  short  silique,— nearly 
as  wide  as  long. 

Silique;  a  long,  slender,  membranous 
pericarp,  of  2  valves,  having  the  seeds 
fixed  alternately  along  both  sutures. 

Siliquose ;  having  siliques,  or  resembling 
a  silique. 

Simple;  undivided;  not  compound. 

Simple  umbel ;  where  each  ray  termin- 
ates in  a  single  flower. 

Sinuate ;  having  sinuses,  or  scallops, 
which  are  open  and  rounded  at  bottom. 

Sinuate-dentate,  and  sinuate  serrate ;  hav- 
ing teeth,  or  serratures,  with  the  clefts 
or  openings  rounded  at  bottom. 


clusters  of  sporanges,  on  the  back  of 
the  fronds,  in  Ferns. 

Spadix ;  a  dense-flowered,  fleshy,  club- 
like  spike, — usually  accompanied  by  a 
sheathing  involucre,  called  a  spathe. 

Span  ;  a  measure  of  9  inches. 

Spathaceous  ;  having,  or  resembling,  a 
spathe. 

Spathe ;  a  sheathing  kind  of  bract,  or  in- 
volucre, open  on  one  side, — containing, 
or  accompanying,  a  spadix. 

Spatulate  ;  like  a  spatula ;  obovate-ob- 
long.  or  larger  and  rounded  at  apex, 
and  tapering  to  the  base. 

Species;  the  lowest  permanent  division 
of  natural  objects,  in  a  systematic  ar- 
rangement ;  a  group  comprising  all 
similar  individuals. 

Specific;  belonging  to,  or  distinguishing, 
the  species. 

Sphacelate;  dark-colored;  as  if  gangren- 
ous, or  dead. 

Sphagnous;  full  of  bog-moss,  or  Sphag- 
num. 

Spicate ;  in  the  form,  or  after  the  man- 
ner, of  a  spike. 

Spike ;  a  kind  of  inflorescence  in  which 
the  flowers  are  sessile  on  the  sides  of  a 
common  peduncle,  or  rachis. 

Spikelet;  a  little  spike,— or  subdivision, 
of  a  compound  spike. 


Spintttose ;  armed  with  minute  spines. 
Spinescent ;  becoming  thorny,  or  inclin- 
ing to  be  thorny, 

Spinose ;  thorny  ;  arnred  with  thorne. 
Spinulose ;  covered  with  small  spines. 
Sporange ;  a  spore  case,  a  vessel  or  cell 

containing  spores ;  the  pericarp  of  cryp- 

togamous  plants. 
Spores^,  sporidia,  or  sporules  ;  the  seminal 

equivalents,  or  analogues  of  seeds,  in 

cryptugamous  plants. 
Sporocarp;  a  synonym  (nearly)  of  spor- 

ange. 
Spur;  a  tapering  hollow  extension   of 

some  part  of  a  flower, — usually  of  the 

petals. 
Spurred;  having  a  spur,  or   spur-like 

elongations. 

Squamate  ;  furnished  with  scales. 
Squamose;  scaly;  resembling  scales. 
Squarrose ;  jagged ;  having  spreading  tips, 

or  divaricate  points,  all  round. 


L1V 


GLOSSARY. 


Stamen;   the  organ  of  a  flower  which; Subulate;  shaped  like  an  awl-blade. 


prepares  the  pollen, — usually  consist 
ing  of  &  filament  and  anther,  and  situa- 
ted between  the  corolla  and  pistil. 
Staminate  flower ;  having  stamens  only. 
Staminiferous  ;  bearing  the  stamens. 
Staminodia  ;  imperfect  organs,  occupying 
the  position  of,  &  resembling  stamen?. 
Stellate;  star- shaped;  the  parts  spread- 
ing from  a  common  centre,  like  rays  of 
a  star. 

Stellular;  radiating  like  a  star. 
Stellular  pubescence;  compound  or  fas 

ciculate    hairs,    with     the    branches 

spreading  like  rays. 

Stem;  the  main  axis,  or  body,  of  a  plant 
Stemless  ;  having  no  visible  or  aerial  stem 
Sterile  •  barren ;  producing  no  fruit. 
Stigma;  the  summit  of  the  style, — or 
that  portion  of  the  pistil  through  which 

the  pollen  acts. 
Stigmatic,  or  stigmatose ;  relating  to  the 

stigma. 
Stigmatic  lines;  slightly  prominent  glan 

dular  lines  (being  the  proper  stigmas) . 

on  the  style-branches  of  the  Compositae. 
Stipe ;  a  foot- stalk  of  a  frond,  or  of  a 

pileus ;  also,  the  pedicel  of  a  pod,  &c. 
StipeUate;  furnished  with  stipelles,— i.  e. 

the  stipules  of  leaflets,  in  compound 

leaves. 

Stipelles;  the  stipular  appendages  of  leaf- 
lets, in  compound  leaves. 
Stipilate  ;  having  a  stipe  /  supported  on 

a  little  pedicel. 

Stipitiform  ;  resembling  a  stipe. 
Stipular ;  belonging,  or  relating  to  sti 

pules. 

Stipulate;  furnished  with  stipules. 
Stipules  ;  leaflets,  or  leaflike  appendages 

at  the  base  of  a  petiole,  or  leaf. 
Stoles   (i.  e.  stolones) ;  shoots,  or  offsets 

from  the  base  of  the  stem,  or  roots, — 

usually  applied  to  young  winter  wheat 
Stoloniferous ;  producing  offsetts,  or  run 

ning  shoots  (stolones) . 
Striate  ;  marked  with  longitudinal  lines 

or  streaks. 

Strict ;  very  straight  and  erect. 
Strigose;  armed  with  flattish  tapering 

bristly  hairs. 
Strobile  ;  the  cone,  or  collective  fruit,  o: 

the  Pines,  Firs,  Ac. 
Strumose  capsule  (in  some  mosses) ;  hav 

ing  a  cushion-like  swelling,  or  protub 

erance,  at  base. 
Style:  the  columnar   (usually  slender 

portion  of  the  pistil,  between  the  ovary 

and  stigma. 
Styliferous;  bearing  or  producing  a  sty  I 

or  styles, 
Stylopodium  ;  the  thickened  base  of  som 

styles, — as  in  Umbelliferae. 
Sub,  in  composition ;  a  qualifying  prefix 

equivalent  to  somewhat,  or  nearly, — 

as  swfccordate,  somewhat  cordate, — sub 

sessile,  nearly  sessile,  &c. 
fhiberose ;  of  a  texture  like  cork. 
Submersed  ;  entirely  under  water. 


"uccubous  leaves  (in  Hcpaticae)  ;  their 
bases  severally  covering  the  apex  of 
the  preceding. 
icculi'nt  ;  juicy ;  full  of  juice. 

Sucker;  a  young  shoot,  or  offset,  from 
the  root,  or  base  of  the  stem. 

Suffrutescent ;  almost  shrubby. 

luffruticose ;  somewhat  shrubby. 

falcate;  furrowed,  or  grooved. 

"Super,  or  supra,  in  composition;  mean- 
ing, above,  or  upon, — beyond,  or  more 
than. 

-Super •  axillary  ;  above  an  axil. 

Supra-decompound ;  more  than  decom- 
pound ;  many  times  divided,  or  com- 
pounded. 

Superior;  above;  a  term  applied  to  the 
ovary,  when  it  is  free  in  the  calyx, — 
and  to  the  calyx,  when  the  tube  is  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  and  the  segments 
borne  on  its  summit. 

Suppression ;  the  non -production,  or  fail- 
ure in  the  development,  of  an  organ. 

Suspended  ovules,  or  seeds ;  when  they 
are  attached  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary, 
or  pericarp,  and  hang  perpendicularly 
in  the  cavity. 

Suture  ;  the  line,  or  seam,  formed  by  the 
junction  of  two  margins. 

Symmetrical  flower;  when  the  number 
of  the  parts  in  each  series,  or  verticil, 
is  equal, — or  some  multiple  of  the  pri- 
mary number. 

Syngenesious:  having  the  anthers  unit- 
ed,— as  in  the  Compositae. 

lynonyms :  different  names  for  the  game 
things. 

Tenacious;  sticky,  or  adhesive;  also, 
holding  on  by  hooked  points. 

Tendril;  a  filiform  twining  branch,  by 
which  some  climbing  plants  are  sus 
tained:  in  the  Grape-vine,  it  is  an 
abortive  raceme ;  in  the  Vetches,  an 
appendage  to  the  leaves. 

Terete  ;  round,  like  a  column, — and  eith- 
er cylindric  or  tapering.  See  Orbicu- 
lar. 

Terminal;  situated  at,  or  proceeding  from, 
the  apex. 

Ternary  ;  arranged  in  threes ;  consisting 
of  3  parts,  or  elements. 

Ternate;  three-fold;  three  together,— 
as  the  leaflets  of  clover,  Ac. 

Tessellated:  resembling  mosaic  work; 
checquered. 

Testa;  the  proper  or  outer  coat  of  a  seed. 

Tetradynamous :  having  6  stamens,  of 
which  4  are  regularly  longer. 

Tetragonous  ;  4  covered. 

Tetramerous ;  consisting  of  4  part?. 

Tetrandrous  ;  having  4  stamens  of  equal 
length. 

Thalamium :  the  fructification  of  Lichens 
which  is  situated  in  the  substance  of 
the  thallus. 

Thallogenous  plants;  destitute  of  stem, 
or  axis,— consisting  of  Thalli,  or  mere 
cellular  expansions. 


GLOSSARY. 


LV 


Thallophytes:  flowerless  plants,  consist-!   divided  ternately,and  each  final  branch 
ing  wholly  of  Thallus,  or  cellular  leaf-)    bears  3  leaflets, 
like  expansion  :  sometimes  branched  Truncate;  as  if  cut  off  transversely. 


and  fruticulose. 
Thallus :  a  name  for  the  stemless  frond- 
like  expansion,  of  which   many  cryp- 


togamous  plants  are  entirely  compos 
ed :  in  the  Lichens  it  is  often  terete, 
branched  and  shrub-like. 
Theca  (plural,  thecae);  a  name  for  the 
spore-case  of  the  Mosses. 


Tube ;  the  united  portion  of  a  calyx,  or 

corolla;  a  hollow  cylinder. 
Tuber;  a  thickened   fleshy  rhizoma,  or 


knob-like  termination  of  a  subterra- 
nean branch. 
Tubercle  ;  a  small  excrescence,  knob,  or 

rough  point,  on  a  surface. 
Tuberculate;  covered  with  tubercles. 
Thorn;  a  sharp  process  from  the  wood! Tuberiferous ;  bearing  or  producing  tu- 

of  a  plant, — being  an  abortive  branch,      bers. 

Throat;  the  orifice  or  passage  into  the  Tuberous;  consisting  of,  or  fleshy  and  solid 
tube  of  a  gamopetalous  corolla. 


Thyrsoid;  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  thyrsus 
Thyrsus ;  a  kind  of  contracted  or  dense 

ovoid  panicle. 
Tissue  ;  web,  or  fabric  ;  the  intimate  or 

ganic  structure  of  bodies. 


matted,  short  pubescence. 

Tomentum  ;  a  matted,  or  curled,  wool- 
like  short  pubescence. 

Torose,  or  torulose  ;  swelled  out  in  obtuse 
ridges. 

Tortuous :  bent  in  different  directions. 


like  tubers. 
Tubular ;  having  a  tube,  or  formed  like 

a  tube. 
Tuft ;  a  bunch  or  fascicle,  growing  from 

the  same  root,  or  originating  nearly  at 

the  same  point. 


Tomentose;    covered    with  a  curled,  or  Tumid ;  swelled,  or  enlarged  like  a  swel- 


Torus ;  the  seat,  or  receptacle,  of  the 
component  parts  of  a  flower  /  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  pedicel. 

Translucent ;  clear,  or  transmitting  lighl 
faintly. 

Transverse,  or  transversely;  cross-wise; 
at  right  angles  with  lengthwise. 

Tree, ;  a  woody  plant  taller  than  a  shrub, 

Triadelphous :  having  the  filaments  unit- 
ed in  3  parcels. 

Triandrous ;  having  3  stamens. 

Tribes;  groups  of  kindred  plants,  inter- 
mediate between  Orders  and  Genera. 

Tribracteate :  having  3  bracts. 

Trichotomous ;  3-forked;  dividing  by  3 
equal  branches. 

Tricoccous  ;  composed  of  3  separable  in 
dehiscent  carpels  (cocci). 

Tricuspidate ;  having,  or  terminating  in, 
3  rigid  sharp  points. 

Trifarious ;  facing  or  pointing  in  3  di 
rections. 

Trifid;  3-cleft. 

Trifoliate  ;  3  leaves  together. 

Trifoliolate  ;  3  leaflets  together. 

Trigonous:  3-cornered. 

Trigynous ;  having  3  pistils. 

Trilobate;   3-lobed. 

Trimerous;  consisting  of  3  parts. 

Tripartite;  3  parted. 

Tripetalous  ;  having  3  petals. 

Tripinnate  ;  thrice  pinnate ;  the  common 
petiole  3  times  divided,  or  with  bipin- 


ling. 
Tunicated ;   coated;    having   concentric 

coats,  or  layers. 

Turbinate;  top-shaped;  resembling  an, 
I     inverted  cone. 
Turf;  the  green  sward,  or  grassy  eod. 


ate  divisions  on  each  side. 
Tripinnatiftd ;  pinnately  dissected, 


rith 


the  primary  divisions  twice  pinnatifid 
THplinerved  ;  having  3  principal  nerves 

from  the  base. 
Triquetrous;  having  3  sharp  angles,  and 

3  flat  or  concave  sides. 
Trisepalous ;  having  3  sepals. 
TriUrnate  leaf ;  when  the  petiole  ia  twice 


Turgid ;  swelled,  but  not  inflated. 

Tunon:  &  thick  tender  young  radical 
shoot  of  a  plant. — as  of  Asparagus,  Ac. 

Tussock;  a  dense  tuft,  formed  at  the 
root, — as  in  some  species  of  Carex,  Ac. 

Twin  ;  two  of  the  same  kind  connected, 
or  growing  together. 

Twining ;  winding  round  and  ascending 
spirally. 

Type;  a  model, or  form;  a  pattern  in- 
dividual which  unites  in  itself  most 
completely  the  characters  of  a  group. 

Umbel ;  a  kind  of  inflorescence,  in  which 
the  flowerstalks  proceed  from  a  com- 
mon centre,  like  the  rays  or  braces  of 
an  umbrella. 

Umbellate  ;  in  the  form  or  manner  of  an 
umbel. 

UinbeUet ;  a  partial  umbel ;  one  of  the 
subdivisions  of  a  compound  umbel. 

Umbelliferous ;  bearing  the  flowers  in 
umbels. 

Umbilicate ;  navel-like ;  having  a  central 
pit,  or  depression. 

Umbonate ;  protuberant;  having  a  boss, 
or  elevated  point,  in  the  centre. 

Unarmed;  without  thorns,  or  prickles. 

Uncinate  ;  hooked  at  the  end. 

Undulate;  wavy;  curved,  or  rising  and 
depressed,  like  waves. 

Unequal ;  not  alike  in  length,  size,  nor 
duration. 

Unguiculaie;  clawed;  having  a  slender 
base,  like  a  claw. 

Uniform,  or  uniformly ;  in  one  form ; 
equally  and  alike. 

Unilateral;  one-sided;  growing  or  situ- 
ated all  on  one  side  of  a  stem,  or  rachip. 

Unisexual ;  staminate,  or  pistillate,  only. 

TJrceolate ;  pitcher- shaped,  or  urnshaped ; 
swelling  below,  and  contracted  to  a 
neck,  above. 


IT! 


GLOSSARY. 


Utricle;  a  little  sac,  or  thin  pericarp, 
which  incloses,  but  does  not  adhere  to, 
the  seed. 

Valvate ;  shutting  or  fitted  together  by 
the  edges,  without  overlapping. 

Valves  ;  the  parts  of  a  regularly  dehis- 
cent capsule;  also,  the  scales  which 
close  the  tube,  in  some  corrollas ;  and 
the  chaffy  pieces  which  cover  the  flow- 
ers of  the  Grasses. 

Variety ;  a  modification  of  a  plant,  pro 
duced  by  accidental  causes, — such  as 
soil,  climate,  culture,  crossing,  &c.  but 
not  permanently— at  least,  not  speci- 
fically—distinct. 

Vascular  plants ;  the  higher  orders  (in 
eluding  all  above  the  Mosses),— com- 
posed more  or  less  of  woody  fibres,  and 
elongated  or  tubular  vessels. 

Vaulted ;  arched,  like  the  roof  of  the 
mouth. 

Veil  (of  the  Fungi) ;  a  delicate  membrane 
in  certain  Agarics,  which,  in  an  early 
stage,  connects  the  margin  of  the  pil- 
eus  with  the  stipe.  See  Volva. 

Veined;  having  the  vessels  variously 
branching  over  the  surface. 

Veins  ;  the  elongated  vessels  of  leaves, — 
often  synonymous  with  nerves. 

Venation  ot  a  leaf ;  the  distribution  or 
arrangement  of  the  veins,  or  frame 
work  in  the  lamina  or  blade. 

Ventral  ;  belonging  to  the  belly. 

Ventral  suture ;  the  seam  of  a  carpel  (or 
folded  leaf),  formed  by  the  union  of 
its  margins  :  the  opposite  of  dorsal, 

Ventricose ;  bellied ;  swelling  out  in  the 
middle,  or  below  it. 

Vernation;  the  mode  in  which  young 
leaves  are  folded  and  packed  in  the 
bud. 

Verrucose;  warty;  covered  with  warts. 

Versatile  anther;  fixed  by  the  middle  on 
the  point  of  the  filaments,  and  mova 
ble  round. 

Vertical,  in  a  perpendicular  direction 
from  the  zenith  downward. 

Vertical  leaves;    standing  edge  up,  in 


stead  of  the  flat  surface. 

rerticil;  a  whorl;  a  horizontal  ring  of 
leaves,  &c.  round  a  stem,  or  at  its  sum- 
mit. 

Verticittate;  arranged  in  a  verticil,  or 
whorl. 

Vesicles  ;  little  bladder-like  vessels. 

Vesicular ;  made  of,  or  resembling,  little 
bladders. 

Vespertine  flowers;  expanding  in  the 
evening. 

Vexillum;  the  banner,  standard,  or  broad 
upper  petal,  of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 

Villous ;  velvety ;  densely  clothed  with 
soft  hairs. 

Virescent ;  inclining  to,  or  becoming, 
green. 

Virgate;  wand-like;  long,  slender,  and 
straight. 

Viridescent ;  greenish. 

Viscid;  clammy;  covered  with  a  sticky 
moisture. 

Viscid -pubescent ;  clothed  with  a  clammy 
pubescence. 

Vittae;  fillets;  linear  receptacles  of  oily 
matter  on  the  carpels  of  umbelliferous 
plants. 

Viviparous  ;  producing  young  plants  by 
bulbs,  instead  of  seeds;  also,  applied 
to  plants  in  which  the  seeds  germinate 
while  in  the  pericarp,  on  the  parent 
stem. 

Volubile;  ascending  spirally  round  an- 
other object. 

Volva  ;  the  veil,  or  wrapper,  of  a  young 
Agaric, — which  bursts  by  the  rapid 
development  of  the  plant,  leaving  its 
remains  adherent  to  the  base  of  the 
stipe. 

Whorl;  see  verticil. 

Winged ;  having  a  thin  extended  mar- 
gin. 

Wings;  the  side  petals  of  a  papiliona- 
ceous flower;  also,  the  membranous 
expansion  of  certain  pericarps;  margins 
of  petioles,  &c. 

Woolly;  clothed  with  a  long  curled  or 
matted  pubescence. 


LTU 


ABBREVIATIONS 
USED   IN  THIS   WORK. 


o=,  sign  of  Cotyledons  decumbent. 
oj|,  "  Cotyledons  incumbent. 
1  "  doubt,  or  uncertainty. 
!  •'  authentication,  or  certainty 

sometimes,  also,  of  a  peculiar,  or  strik 

ing  circumstance. 

Ach.  Eric  Acharius;  Swedish  Botanist. 
Adans.  Michel  Adanson ;  French. 
Agardh.  Car.  Ad.  Agardh ;  Swedish. 

A.  Gr.  Asa  Gray  ;  American. 
Ait.  William  Aiton ;  English. 
AU.  Car.  Allioni;  Italian. 

Alph.  DC.  Alphonse  De  Candolle ;  French 
Andr.  Henry  Andrews ;  English. 
Auct.  (auctorum) ;  Of  authors. 

B.  <&  S.  Bruch  and  Schimper ;  German. 
Bart.  B.  S.  &  W. P.  C.  Barton;  American 
Bartr.  John  Bartram;  American. 
Beauv.  Palisot  de  Beauvois;  French. 
Beck.  L.  C.  Beck ;  American. 

Benth.  George  Bentham  ;  English. 
Berk.  <€•  Mont.  M.  J.  Berkeley,  and  C 

Montagne;  English  and  French. 
Bieb.  M.  Bieberstein ;  German. 
Bigd.  Jacob  Bigelow ;  American. 
Boerh.  H.  Boerhaave ;  Dutch. 
Boott.  Francis  Boott ;  American. 
Borkh.  M.  B.  Borkhausen  ;  German. 
Braun.  Alexander  Braun;  German. 
Brid.  Sam.Elias  Baro  de  Bridel-Brideri : 

German. 

Brongn.  Adolph  Brongniart ;  French. 
Bronn.  H.  G.  Bronn ;  German. 
Carey.  John  Carey  ;  Anglo-American. 
Cass.  A.  II.  G.  deCassini;  Italian. 
Cav.  A.  J.  Cavanilles ;  Spanish. 
Chaix.  Chaix;  French. 
Cham.  Adelb.  de  Chamisso ;  German. 
Chav.  M.  Chavannes;  French. 
Chois.  J.  D.  Choisy;  Swiss. 
Carda.  A.  C.  J.  Corda;  German. 
Crantz.  II.  J.  N.  Crantz;  German. 
Darlingt.  Wm.  Darlington ;  American. 
DC.  Aug.  Pyr.  De  CandoUe;  French. 
Dene.  J.  De  Caisne ;  French. 
Desf.  R.  L.  Desfontaines ;  French. 
Dicks.  James  Dickson ;  English. 
Dillen.  J.  J.  Dillenius ;  German. 
Duby.  J.  E.  Duby ;  French. 
Duham.  H.  L.  Dubamel;  French. 
Dum.  B.  C.  Dumortier;  French. 
Dunal.  M.  F.  Dunal;  French. 
Ehrh.  Friedr.  Ehrhart;  German. 
JEtt.  Stephen  Elliott;  American. 
Endl.  Stephen  Endlicher;   Hungarian. 
Exd.  Syn.  Excluding  the  Synonyms. 


Ex.  gr.  tor  the  sake  of  example. 

Fl.  Flowers  expanded. 

Fl.  Cestr.  Flora  Cestrica. 

Floerk.  H.  G.  Floerke;  German. 

Fr.  Fries.  Elias  Fries;  Swedish. 

Fr.  Fruit  mature. 

Gaertn.  J.Gaertner;  German. 

Gaud.  J.  Gaudin ;  French. 

Ging.  Friedr.  de  Gingins ;  German. 

Glox.  B.  P.  Gloxin;   German. 

Gmel.  J.  F.  Gmelin ;  German. 

Gooden.  Saml.  Goodenough ;  English. 

Grev.  R.  K.  Greville ;   English. 

Griseb.  A.  H.  R.  Grisebach ;  German. 

Gronov.  J.  F.Gronovius  ;  Dutch. 

H.  B.  K.  Humboldt,  Bonpland,  and 
Kunth. 

Hall.  Albert  von  Haller;  Swiss. 

Hedw.  John  Hedwig  ;  German. 

Hoffm.  G.  F.  Hoffmann ;  German. 

Hook.  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker;  English. 

Hook.  &  WOs.  Hooker  and  Wilson;  Eng- 
lish. 

Houst.  Wm.  Houston;  'English. 

Huds.  Wm.  Hudson;   English. 

Humb.  Alex.  Von  Humboldt ;  German. 

Jacq.  N.  J.  Jacquin;  Dutch. 

Juss.  A.  L.  de  Jussieu ;  French. 

Kalm.  Peter  Kalm ;  Swedish. 

Ker.  J.  Bellenden  Ker ;   English. 

Koch.  W.  D.J.Koch;  German. 

Kunth.  C.  S.  Kunth  ;  German. 

L.  C.Linnaeus;  Swedish. 

Lag.  Mar.  Lagasca ;  Spanish. 

Lam.  J.  B.  M.  de  la  Mark ;  French. 

.  c.  In  the  place  already  cited. 

Lehm.  J.  G.  C.  Lehmann ;  German. 

VHerit.  C.  L.  L'Heritier ;   French. 

Lib.  Anna  Maria  Libert ;  French? 

Lindenb.  J.  B.  W.  Lindenberg ;  German. 

Lindl.  John  Lindley  ;  English. 

Link.  H.  F.  Link;  German. 

Marsh.  Humphry  Marshall ;  American. 

Mart.  C.  F.  P.  Von  Martius ;  German. 

Medik.  F.  C.Medikus;  German. 

Mey.  C.  A.  Meyer ;  German. 

Mich.  P.  A.  Micheli;  Italian. 

Mitt.  Philip  Miller;  English. 

Moench.  Conrad  Moench ;  German. 

Mont.  C.  Montagne;  French. 

Muhl.  H.  Muhlenberg;  American. 

Mutis.  J.  C.  Mutis;  Spanish. 

MX.  Andre  Michaux ;  French. 

Neck.  N.  J.  de  Necker ;  German. 

Nees.  C.  G.  Nees  von  Esenbeck;  German . 

VM«.  Thomas  Nuttall ;  Anglo-American . 


Lriii 


ABBREVIATIONS   USED   IN    THIS    WORK. 


Obs.  Observation,  or  remarks. 
P.  Br.  Patrick  Browne;  English. 
Pers.  C.  II.  Persoon;   Dutch. 
Ph.  Fredk.  Pursh;  Siberian. 
Plum.  Charles  Plumier;  French. 
Pair.  J.  L.  M.  Poiret;  French. 
Pollich.  John  Adam  Poll ich;  German. 
JRadd.  Giusep.  Raddi;  Italian. 
Rafin.  C.  Rafinesque;   Sicilian. 
P.  Br.  Robert  Brown ;  English. 
Rich.  L.  C.  Richard;  French. 
Richards.  J.Richardson;  English. 
7?.  <£  S.  Roemer  &  Shultes;  German. 
If.  d-  P.  Ruiz  &  Pavon  ;  Spanish. 
Rostk.  F.  W.  Rostkow ;  German  ? 
Roth.  Alb.  W.  Roth  ;   German. 
Rudge.  Edward  Rudge ;  English. 
Salisb.  R.  A.  Salisbury  ;  English. 
•Sam.  C.  Savi ;  Italian. 
Schk.  Christ.  Schkuhr ;  German. 
Scfdeid.  M.  J.  Schleiden ;  German. 
Schrad.  C.  F.  Schrader ;  German. 
Schreb.  J.  C.  D.  von  Schreber;  German. 
Schultes.  F.  A.  Schultes ;  German. 
Schw.  L.  D.  von  Schweinitz ;  American. 
Sciiwaegr.  Christ.  Friedr.  Schwaegrichen 

German. 
Scop.  J.  A.  Scopoli;  Italian. 


Ser.  N.  C.  Seringe ;  French. 
Sm.  James  Edward  Smith ;  English. 
Soland.  D.  C.  Solander;   Swedish. 
Spach.  Edward  Spach  ;  German. 
Spreng.  Kurt  Sprengel;  German. 
Spring.  Prof.  Spring;  Flemish. 
SidKv.  W.  8.  Sullivant;  American. 
Sw.  Olaus  Swartz ;  Swedish. 
Torr.  John  Torrey ;  American. 
Torr.  <£  Gr.  Torrey  &  Gray ;  American. 
Tournef.  J.  P.  de  Tournefort ;  French. 
Trin.  C.  B.  Trinius ;  German. 
Tuckerm.  Edw.  Tuckerman ;  American. 
Turn.  Dawson  Turner ;  English. 
Vdhl.  Martin  Vahl ;  Danish. 
ram.  S.  Vaillant;   French. 
Vent.  E.  P.  Yentenat ;  French. 
Vill.  D.  Yillars;  French. 
Wahl.  P.  F.  Wahlenberg ;  Swedish. 
Wallr.  F.  \V.  Wallroth ;  German. 
Walt.  Thos.  Walter;   Anglo-American. 
Wangenh.  F.  A.  Y.  Wangenheim ;  Ger- 
man. 

Web.  &  M.  Weber  &  Mohr;  German. 
Weih.  Aug.  Weihe  ;  German. 
Wffld.  C.  L.  Willdenow;  German. 
With.  Wm.  Withering;  English. 


LiX 


LINNAEAN  ARRANGEMENT 

OF    THE 

GENERA   TREATED  OF  IN  THIS  WORK. 


4®>  WITH  a  view  to  aid  Beginners,  or  those  accustomed  to  the  Linnaean  System, 
in  determining  the  Genera,  the  following  Synopsis  is  inserted,— with  references  to 
the  Natural  Orders  to  which  they  severally  belong. 


"  Nunc,  quo  quamque  modo  possis  cognoscere,  dicam." 

CL.ASS  I.  MOff ANDRIA. 
^. ,  Order  1,  Monogynia. 

[Cyperus  inflexus.  Fimbristylis  laxa,  Eriophorum  Virginicum.  and  Rhynchospora 
alba.    ORD.  CXVII .  CYPERACEAE.  p.  336—343.] 

Order  2,  IMgynia. 

[Callitriche.    ORD.  LXXXVIII.  CALLITRICHACEAE.  p.  257.] 

[Cinna.  Andropogon  Tirginicus,  and  macrourus.    ORD.  CXVIII.  GRAMIKEAE.  p 

358—388.] 

1  L  ASS  II.  01  t  \IHll  4. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

§1.  FLOWERS  COMPLETE.    A.  Ovary  superior. 
Corolla  gamopetalous :  f  regular.    *  Fruit  a  Berry. 

LIGUSTRUM.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Corolla  4-lobed;  lobes 
ovate,  spreading.  Berry  2-celled;  cells  2-seeded.  ORD.  LXXIV. 
OLEACEAE.  p.  237. 

*  *  Fruit  a  Drupe. 

CHIONANTHUS.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  deeply  4-parted:  lobes 
long  and  linear.  Drupe  1-seeded;  nut  striate.  ORD.  LXXIV. 
OLEACEAE.  ^.238. 

t  f  Corolla  irregular:  fruit  a  Capsule. 

VERONICA.  Calyx  4-  or  5-parted.  Corolla  tubular,  or  sub-rotate, 
unequally  4-lobed,  the  lower  lobe  usually  narrower.  Capsule  ovoid, 
or  obcordate,  2-celled.  ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  188. 

DIANTHERA.  Calyx  5-parted,  bracteate  at  base.  Corolla  deeply 
bilabiate ;  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  lower  lip  3-parted.  Capsule 
tapering  and  stipitate  at  base,  2-celled,  4-seeded.  ORD.  LXIL 

ACANTHACEAE.  p.  183. 

UTRICULARIA.  Calyx  2-parted.  Corolla  2-lipped,  spurred  at  base. 
Capsule  globose,  1-celled.  ORD.  LIX.  LENTIBULACEAE.  p.  180. 


LX  LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

B.  Ovary  inferior. 

CIRCAEA.  Calyx  2-parted.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Capsule  obovate, 
uncinately  hirsute,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  ORD.  XXXVIII.  OXA- 

ORACEAE.  p.    90. 

§2.  FLOWERS  OFTEN  INCOMPLETE. 

FRAXINUS.     Dioicously  polygamous :     Calyx  none,  or  3-  or  4-parted. 

Corolla  none,  or  4-petalled.  Capsule  (or  Samara)  2-celled,  com- 
pressed, with  a  wing-like  extension  at  apex.  ORD.  LXXIV.  OLEA- 

CEAE.  p.  238. 

LEMNA.  Sub-monoicous :  Calyx  a  membranaceous  urceolate  spathe, 
seated  in  the  edge  of  the  frond.  Corolla  none.  Fruit  a  1-seeded 
utricle.  ORD.  C.  LEMNACEAE.  p.  300. 

[Lepidium  Virginicum.    ORD.  X.  CRUCIFERAE.  p.  23.] 
[Anycliia  dichotoma.     ORD.  XVI.  CAHYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 

[Lycopus,  Gunila,  Hedeoma.  Collinsonia,  Salvia,  Monarda,  and  Blephilia.— 
ORO.  LXV.  LABIATAE.  p.  198—205.] 

[Catalpa,  and  Martynia.    ORD.  LX1.  BIQNONIACEAE.  p.  182  ] 
[Gratiola,  and  Ilysanthes.    ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  187—8.] 

[Cyperus  diandrus,  and  Fimbristylis  autumnalis.    ORD.  CXVII.  CTPERACEAK. 
p.  336—342.] 

Order  2.  Digynla. 

PODOSTEMUM.  Sub-monoicous :  Flowers  in  a  sac-like  spathe.  Calyx 
none.  Corolla  none.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD.  LXXXIX. 

PODOSTEMACEAE.  p.  258. 

[Anychia  dichotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 

[Leersia  Virginica,  Brachyelytrum,  and  Anthoxanthum.   ORD.CXVIII.  GRAM- 
INEAE.P.  356-378.] 

II, ASS  III.  TRIANDRIA. 

Order  1.  Monog^ynia. 

§  1.  FLOWERS  COMPLETE,    a.  Ovary  inferior. 

FEDIA.  Calyx-teeth  3  to  5,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5- 
lobed.  Capsule  3-celled,  by  abortion  1-seeded.  ORD.  XLIX.  VA- 

LERIANACEAE.  p.  120. 

b.  Ovary  superior. 

COMMELYNA.  Flowers  in  a  folded  cordate  spathe-like  bract:  Sepals 
3,  unequal.  Petals  3,  mostly  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  3  perfect, 
and  3  (sometimes  4)  abortive.  Capsule  3-celled.  ORD.  CXV. 

COMMELYNACEAE.  p.  333. 

XYRIS.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  imbri- 
cated in  an  ovoid  head:  Sepals  3, — the  2  lateral  ones  boat-shaped, 
the  anterior  one  larger.  Petals  3,  with  long  narrow  claws.  Capsule 
1-celled.  ORD.  CXVI.  XYRIDACEAE.  p.  335. 

§2.  FLOWERS  INCOMPLETE  :  spathaceous. 
a.  Ovary  inferior. 


DIANDRIA   MONOGYNIA.  LXl 

SISYRINCHIUM.  Spathe  2  leaved,  bract-like.  Perianth  corolla-like, 
deeply  6-parted.  Filaments  mostly  united  below.  Capsule  mem- 
branaceous,  pedicellate ;  seeds  subglobose.  ORD.  C VIII.  IRIDACEAE. 
p.  318. 

IRIS.  Spathe  membranaceous.  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted, — 
the  3  outer  segments  reflexed.  Filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  3, 
dilated  and  petal-like,  arched  over  the  stamens.  Capsule  coria- 
ceous; seeds  flat,  margined.  ORD.  CVIII.  IRIDACEAE.  p.  317. 

b.  Ovary  superior. 

SCHOLLERA.  Spathe  1-flowered.  Perianth  corolla-like,  with  a  long 
slender  tube ;  limb  6-parted.  Capsule  1-celled.  ORD.  CXIV. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.  p.  333. 

HETERANTHERA.  Spathe  inclosing  several  flowers.  Perianth  corolla- 
like,  tubular ;  limb  6-parted.  Anthers  of  2  forms.  Capsule  incom- 
pletely 3-celled.  ORD.  CXIV.  PONTEDERIACEAE.  p.  332. 

§  3.  FLOWERS  GLUMACEOUS  :  imbricated  in  spikelets,  or  heads. 

-83=-The  plants  of  this  Section  belong  to  ORDER  CXVII.  CYPERACEAE-P.  335. 

[Anychia  dichotoraa.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.^.  34.] 

[Acer  dasycarpum.    ORD.  XXVIil.  ACERACEAE.  p.  46.1 

[Galium  trifidum.    ORD.  XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  117.] 

[Juncus  eflfusus,  paradoxus,  acuminatus.  and  marginatus.    ORD.  CXIII.  JUNCA- 
CEAE.  p.  330—1.] 

Order  2.  Oigyiiia. 

J^-The  Genera  belonging  here,  are  the  TRUE  GRASSES.— and  will  be  found  in 
ORDER  CXVIII.  GRAMINEAE.  p.  354. 

[Anychia  dichotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 
[Podostemum.    ORD.   LXXXIX.   PODOSTEMACEAE.  p.  258] 

Order  3.  Trigynia. 

MOLLUGO.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-parted,  colored  inside.  Corolla 
none.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLA- 
CEAE. p.  34. 

LECHEA.  Sepals  3,  with  2  small  bracts,  persistent.  Petals  3,  in- 
conspicuous. Stamens  3  to  12  (some  multiple  of  3).  Capsule  3- 
celled;  cells  1-seeded.  ORD.  XIII.  CISTACEAE.  p.  27. 

[Stellar ia  media.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  32.] 
[Amaranthus  albus.    ORD.  LXXVIIL  AMARANTHACEAE.  p.  245.] 

CLASS  IV.  TETRAtfDRIA. 
Order  1,  Monogynia. 

A.  OVARY  INFERIOR,    a.  Corolla  monopetalam,  or  none. 
CEPHALANTHUS.     Flowers  in  naked  globose  heads:     Calyx  angular, 
4-toothed.    Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.    Style  much  exserted.    Capsule 
inversely  pyramidal,  2-celled,  2-seeded.     Receptacle  hairy.     OBD. 
XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  118. 


IX  LIXNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

B.  Ovary  inferior. 

CIRCAEA.  Calyx  2-parted.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Capsule  obovate, 
uncinately  hirsute,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  ORD.  XXXVIII.  OXA- 
ORACEAE.  p.  90. 

g2.  FLOWERS  OFTEN  INCOMPLETE. 

FRAXINUS.  Dioicously  polygamous :  Calyx  none,  or  3-  or  4-parted. 
Corolla  none,  or  4-petalled.  Capsule  (or  Samara)  2-celled,  com- 
pressed, with  a  wing-like  extension  at  apex.  ORD.  LXXIV.  OLEA- 
CEAE.  p.  238. 

LEMNA.  Sub-monoicous :  Calyx  a  membranaceous  urceolate  spathe, 
seated  in  the  edge  of  the  frond.  Corolla  none.  Fruit  a  1-seeded 
utricle.  ORD.  C.  LEMNACEAE.  p.  300. 

[Lepidium  Virginicum.    ORD.  X.  CRUCIFERAE.  p.  23.] 
[Anyehia  dichotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CAHYOPHTLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 

[Lycopus,  Cunila.  Iledeoma,  Collinsonia,  Salvia,   Monarda,  and  Blephilia. — 
ORD.  LXV.  LABIATAE.  p.  198-205.] 

[Catalpa,  and  Martynia.    ORD.  LX1.  BIGNONIACEAE.  p.  182  ] 
[Gratiola,  and  Ilysanthes.    ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  187—8.] 

[Cyperus  diandrus,  and  Fimbristylis  autumnalis.    ORD.  CXVII.  CTPERACEAK. 
p.  336-342.] 

Order  2.  Digynia. 

PODOSTEMUM.  Sub-monoicous :  Flowers  in  a  sac-like  spathe.  Calyx 
none.  Corolla  none.  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD.  LXXXIX. 

PODOSTEMACEAE.  p.  258. 

[Anyehia  dicbotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CARVOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 

[Leersia  Virginica,  Brachyelytrum,  and  Anthoxantbum.    ORD. CXVIII.  GRAM- 
INEAE.P.  356-378.] 

II, ASS  III.  Tit  1  t  MHH  i. 
Order  1.  Monogynla. 

§1.  FLOWERS  COMPLETE,    a.  Ovary  inferior. 

FEDIA.  Calyx-teeth  3  to  5,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5- 
lobed.  Capsule  3-celled,  by  abortion  1-seeded.  ORD.  XLIX.  VA- 

LERIANACEAE.  p.  120. 

b.  Ovary  superior. 

COMMELYNA.  Flowers  in  a  folded  cordate  spathe-like  bract:  Sepals 
3,  unequal.  Petals  3,  mostly  unequal.  Stamens  mostly  3  perfect, 
and  3  (sometimes  4)  abortive.  Capsule  3-celled.  ORD.  CXV. 

COMMELYNACEAE.  p.  333. 

XYRIS.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  scale-like  bracts,  which  are  imbri- 
cated in  an  ovoid  head :  Sepals  3, — the  2  lateral  ones  boat-shaped, 
the  anterior  one  larger.  Petals  3,  with  long  narrow  claws.  Capsule 
1-celled.  ORD.  CXVI.  XYRIDACEAE.  p.  335. 

§  2.  FLOWERS  INCOMPLETE  :  spathaceous. 
a.  Orary  inferior. 


DIANDRIA   MONOGYNIA.  LXl 

SISYRINCHIUM.  Spathe  2  leaved,  bract-like.  Perianth  corolla-like, 
deeply  6-parted.  Filaments  mostly  united  below.  Capsule  mem- 
branaceous,  pedicellate ;  seeds  subglobose.  ORD.  C VIII.  IRIDACEAE. 
p.  318. 

IRIS.  Spathe  membranaceous.  Perianth  corolla-like,  6-parted, — 
the  3  outer  segments  reflexed.  Filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  3, 
dilated  and  petal-like,  arched  over  the  stamens.  Capsule  coria- 
ceous; seeds  flat,  margined.  ORD.  CVIII.  IRIDACEAE.  p.  317. 

b.  Ovary  superior. 

SCHOLLERA.  Spathe  1-flowered.  Perianth  corolla-like,  with  a  long 
slender  tube ;  limb  6-parted.  Capsule  1-celled.  ORD.  CXIV. 

PONTEDERIACEAE.  p.  333. 

HETERANTHERA.  Spathe  inclosing  several  flowers.  Perianth  corolla- 
like,  tubular ;  limb  6-parted.  Anthers  of  2  forms.  Capsule  incom- 
pletely 3-celled.  ORD.  CXIV.  PONTEDERIACEAE.  p.  332. 

§  3.  FLOWERS  GLUMACEOUS  :  imbricated  in  spikelets,  or  heads. 

4®~  The  plants  of  this  Section  belong  to  ORDER  CXVII.  CYPERACEAE.J>.  335. 

[Anychia  dichotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. ,p.  34.] 

[Acer  dasycarpum.    ORD.  XXVIil.  ACERACEAE.  p.  46.] 

[Galium  trifidum.    ORD.  XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  117.1 

[Juncus  effusus,  paradoxus.  acuminatus.  and  marginatus.    ORD.  CXIII.  JVXCA- 
CEAE.  p.  330 — 1.] 

Order  2.  IMgynia. 

>0cg""The  Genera  belonging  here,  are  the  TRUE  GRASSES.— and  will  be  found  in 
ORDER  CXVIII.  GRAMIWEAE.  p.  354. 

[Anychia  dichotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 
[Podostemum.    ORD.   LXXXIX.   PODOSTEMACEAE.  p.  258] 

Order  3.  Trigynia. 

MOLLUGO.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-parted,  colored  inside.  Corolla 
none.  Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLA- 
CEAE. p.  34. 

LECHEA.  Sepals  3,  with  2  small  bracts,  persistent.  Petals  3,  in- 
conspicuous. Stamens  3  to  12  (some  multiple  of  3).  Capsule  3- 
cclled;  cells  1-seeded.  ORD.  XIII.  CISTACEAE.  p.  27. 

[Stellaria  media.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  32.] 
[Amaranthus  albus.    ORD.  LXXV1II.  AMARANTH ACEAE.  p.  245.] 

CL.ASS  IV.  TETRA1VDRIA. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

A.  OVARY  INFERIOR,    a.  Corolla  monopetalous,  or  none. 

CEPHALANTHUS.  Flowers  in  naked  globose  heads :  Calyx  angular, 
4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.  Style  much  exserted.  Capsule 
inversely  pyramidal,  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Receptacle  hairy.  OED. 
XLVIII.  KUBIACEAE.  p.  118. 


LXli  LINNAEAN    ARRANGEMENT. 

DIPSACUS.  Flowers  in  involucrate  ovoid  heads:  Florets  involucel- 
late.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  entire.  Corolla  tubular,  with  4  erect 
lobes.  Fruit  akene-like,  1-seeded.  Receptacle  chaffy.  ORD.  L. 
DIPSACEAE.  p.  120. 

GALIUM.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Corolla  rotate,  4-(rarely  3-)  parted. 
Styles  short,  bifid.  Fruit  didymous,  roundish,  dry  or  fleshy,  smooth 
or  hispid,  2-seeded.  ORD.  XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  116. 

DIODIA.  Calyx  2-  or  4-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form ;  limb  4-lobed. 
Fruit  quadrangular-obovoid,  splitting  into  2,  dry,  1-seeded  carpels. 
ORD.  XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  118. 

HEDYOTIS.  Calyx  4-lobed.  Corolla  .tubular ;  limb  4-parted.  CapsuU 
half  superior,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  at  apex  across  the 
dissepiment.  ORD.  XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  119. 

MITCHELLA.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Corolla  funnel-form  ;  limb  4-parted, 
villous  on  the  inner  side.  Berry  didymous,  4-seeded.  ORD.  XLVIII. 
RUBIACEAE.  p.  119. 

SANGUISORBA.  Calyx  corolla-like,  4-lobed,  3-bracted;  tube4-angled. 
Corolla  none.  Fruit  an  akene  (rarely  2),  included  in  the  winged 
calyx-tube.  ORD.  XXXV.  ROSACEAE.  p.  76. 

b.  Corolla  tetrapetalous,  or  none. 

CORNUS.  Calyx  minutely  4-toothed.  Petals  oblong,  spreading. 
Drupes  berry-like,  distinct;  nut  2  or  3-celled.  ORD.  XLVI. 

CORNACEAE.  p.  110. 

LUDWIGIA.  Calyx-lobes  4,  persistent.  Petals  sometimes  want- 
ing. Capsule  quadrangular-obovoid,  4-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD. 
XXXVIII.  ONAGRACEAE.  p.  89. 

B.  OVARY  SUPERIOR,    a.  Flowers  complete. 

PLANTAGO.  Calyx  of  4  persistent  sepals,  slightly  connected  at  base. 
Corolla  tubular,  with  4  reflexed  lobes,  marcescent.  Capsule  ovoid, 
2-celled,  circumscissed.  ORD.  LVII.  PLANTAGINACEAE.  p.  176. 

BARTONIA.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  4-parted.  Stigma  2-lobed, 
decurrent  on  the  style.  Capsule  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved.  ORD. 
LXXI.  GENTIANACEAE.  p.  230. 

OBOLARIA.  Calyx  of  2  spatulate  leaf -like  sepals.  Corolla  tubular, 
4-lobed,  marcescent.  Stamens  in  the  clefts  of  the  corolla.  Capsule 
ovoid,  1-  (or  imperfectly  2-)  celled,  2-valved.  ORD.  LXXI.  GEN- 
TIANACEAE. p.  232. 

AMMANNIA.  Calyx  4-angled,  4-lobed,  with  a  tooth  at  each  cleft. 
Petals  4,  or  wanting.  Capsule  globular,  4-  (or  finally  1-)  celled, 
many-seeded.  ORD.  XXXVII.  LYTHRACEAE.  p.  87. 

b.  Flowers  incomplete. 

SYMPLOCARPUS.  Spathe  conch-shaped,  acuminate.  Spadix  roundish- 
oval,  covered  with  florets.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted,  persistent.  Ovary 
immersed  in  the  receptacle.  Seed  solitary.  ORD.  XCIX.  ARACEAE. 
p.  298. 


TETRANDRIA  MONOGYNIA. 

PARIETARIA.     Monoicously  polygamous:     Flowers  in  axillary  in- 

volucrate  clusters.   Calyx  4-parted,  persistent.  Stigma  pencil-tufted. 

Fruit  a  polished  akene,  or  nut.     ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAE.  p.  289. 

[Euonymus  atropurpureus.    ORD.  XXX.  CELASTRACEAE.  p.  48.] 

[Orontiitm  aquaticum.    ORD.  XCIX.  ARACEAE.  p.  299.] 

[Smilacina  bifolia.    ORD.  CXI,  LILIACEAE.  p.  323.] 

Order  2.  Digynia. 

HAMAMELIS.  Flowers  clustered  in  threes,  in  small  scale-like  3- 
leaved  involucres.  Calyx  4-parted,  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  base. 
Petals  4,  long  and  linear.  Capsule  woody,  2-celled,  2-seeded,  open- 
ing at  summit.  ORD.  XLIII.  HAMAMELACEAE.  p.  98. 

[Galium.    ORD.  XLVIII.  RUBIACEAE.  p.  116.] 

[Cuscuta  epilinum.    ORD.  LXIX.  CONVOLVULACEAE.  p.  223.] 

[Gentiana  crinita.    ORD.  LXXI.  GENTIANACEAE.  p.  231.] 

Order  4.  Tetragynia. 

ILEX.  Dioicously  polygamous :  Calyx  4-  or  5-toothed,  persistent. 
Corolla  subrotate,  of  4  or  5  nearly  distinct  petals.  Stamens  alternat- 
ing with  the  petals.  Berry  4-  or  5-seeded.  ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLI- 
ACEAE.  p.  175. 

POTAMOGETON.  Flowers  on  a  spadix-like  spike :  Sepals  4.  Corolla 
none.  Ovaries  4,  becoming  fleshy,  or  coriaceous  drupelets.  ORD. 
CII.  NAIADACEAE.  p.  303. 

CLASS  V.  PENTAtfDRIA. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

A.  FLOWERS  COMPLETE.    §  1.  Ovary  superior. 
a.  Corolla  monopdalous.    f  Nutlets  4,  apparently  naked. 

*  Nutlets  fixed  to  tlie  bottom  of  the  calyb. 

MERTENSIA.  Corolla  trumpet-form,  much  longer  than  the  5-parted 
calyx.  Nutlets  roundish-ovoid,  smooth,  rather  fleshy.  ORD.  LXVI. 

BORAGINACEAE.  p.  216. 

LITHOSPERMUM.  Corolla  funnel-form,  or  salver-form,  with  rounded 
lobes;  throat  open.  Style  included.  Nutlets  ovoid,  rugose  or  smooth, 
bony.  ORD.  LXVI.  BORAGINACEAE.  p.  215. 

ONOSMODIUM.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  with  5  acute,  erect 
lobes ;  throat  open.  Stamens  included.  Style  much  exserted.  Nutlets 
ovoid,  smooth  and  shining.  ORD.  LXVI.  BORAGINACEAE.  p.  215. 

ECHIUM.  Corolla  irregular,  subcampanulate,  obliquely  5-lobed; 
throat  open.  Stamens  mostly  exserted.  Nutlets  tuberculate  or 
wrinkled.  ORD.  LXVI.  BORAGINACEAE.  p.  214. 

MYOSOTIS.  Corolla  salver-form ;  throat  closed  by  5  short  arching 
scales.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  smooth.  ORD.  LXVI.  BORA- 
GINACEAE. p.  216. 

SYMPHYTUM.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate;  throat  ventricose,  closed 
by  5  converging  subulate-lanceolate  scales.  Nutlets  gibbous,  angular, 
smooth.  ORD.  LXVI.  BORAGINACEAE.  p.  214. 


LX1V  LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

**  Nutlets  fixed  to  the  style,  or  central  column. 

CYNOGLOSSUM.  Corolla  funnel-form ;  throat  closed  by  5  obtuse  scales. 
Nutlets  depressed  or  convex,  covered  with  rigid,  barbed,  or  hooked 
bristles.  ORD.  LXVI.  BORAGINACEAE.  p.  217. 

f  t  Seeds  in  an  evident  Seedvessel. 
J  Fruit  a  Capsule.     *  Capsule  l-celled. 

ANAGALLIS.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-parted.  Filaments  hirsute. 
Capsule  circumscissed.  ORD.  LVIII.  PRIMULACEAE.  p.  179. 

LTSIMACHIA.  Corolla  subrotate,  5-parted.  Filaments  often  united 
in  a  ring,  at  base.  Capsule  5-  to  10-valved,  few-  or  many-seeded. 
ORD.  LVIII.  PRIMULACEAE.  p.  178. 

SAMOLUS.  Calyx  half  superior,  persistent.  Corolla  subcampanulate, 
5-cleft,  with  5  sterile  filaments  in  the  clefts.  Capsule  half  inferior, 
5-valved  at  summit,  many-seeded.  ORD.  LVIII.  PRIMULACEAE. 
p.  179. 

SABBATIA.  Calyx  5-  to  12-parted.  Corolla  subrotate,  5-  to  12- 
parted.  Anthers  finally  revolute.  Stigmas  2,  spirally  twisted. 
Capsule  2-valved.  ORD.  LXXI.  GENTIANACEAE.  p.  229. 

ERYTHRAEA.  Calyx  appressed,  angular.  Corolla  funnel-form  ; 
limb  5-lobed,  marcescent  and  twisting.  Anthers,  after  flowering, 
spirally  twisted.  Capsule  sublinear,  2-valved.  ORD.  LXXI.  GEN- 
TIANACEAE. p.  230. 

HYDROPHYLLUM.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5  longi- 
tudinal grooves  on  the  inside.  Stamens  exserted  ;  filaments  hairy 
Capsule  2-valved,  1-  to  4-seeded.  ORD.  LXVII.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 
p.  218. 

"Capsule  2-  to  5-celled. 

AZALEA.  Calyx  5-parted,  minute  and  hairy.  Corolla  funnel-form, 
irregularly  5-lobed.  Stamens  exserted, — the  filaments  and  style 
declined,  or  curved.  Capsule  oblong,  5-celled,  5-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  minute  and  scale-like.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  170. 

POLEMONIUM.  Calyx  loosely  campanulate.  Corolla  campanulate- 
rotate ;  tube  closed  by  the  dilated  valve-like  bases  of  the  filaments. 
Capsule  3-celled;  cells  many-seeded.  ORD.  LXVIII.  POLEMONI- 
ACEAE.  p.  218. 

PHLOX.  Calyx  sub-prismatic.  Corolla  salver-form  ;  tube  slender, 
more  or  less  curved.  Stamens  included,  unequally  inserted  in  the 
corolla-tube.  Capsule  3-celled;  cells  1-seeded.  ORD.  LXVIII. 

POLEMONIACEAE.  p.  219. 

CONVOLVULUS.  Calyx  naked.  Corolla  sub-campanulate ;  limb  nearly 
entire.  Stigmas  mostly  2,  lobed  or  capitate.  Capsule  2-  or  3-celled. 
ORD.  LXIX.  CONVOLVULACEAE.  p.  221, 

CALYSTEGIA.  Calyx  inclosed  in  2  large,  opposite,  subcordate  bracts.. 
Corolla  campanulate-funnel-form.  Stigmas  oblong.  Capsule  1 -celled. 
LXIX.  CONVOLVULACEAE.  p.  220. 


PENTANDRIA   MONOGYNIA.  LXV 

DATURA.  Calyx  tubular,  5-angled,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-form. 
Capsule  ovoid,  mostly  muricate,  2-  to  4-celled,  4-valved.  ORD.  LXX. 

SOLANACEAE.  p.  225. 

NICOTIANA.  Calyx  sub-urceolate,  persistent.  Corolla  funnel-form, 
plicately  5-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  smooth,  bisulcate,  2-celled,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  minute.  ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE.  p.  224. 

VERBASCUM.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate;  limb  unequally  5- 
lobed.  Stamens  declined ;  filaments  (or  some  of  them)  hairy. — 
Capsule  subglobose,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD.  LXIII.  SCRO- 

PHULARIACEAE.  p.  184. 

Jt  Fruit  a  Berry. 

LTCIUM.  Calyx  2-  to  5-cleft.  Corolla  tubular,  mostly  5-lobed; 
throat  closed  by  the  beard  of  the  filaments.  Stamens  exserted.  Berry 
2-celled.  ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE.  p.  224. 

SOLANUM.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  spreading,  persistent.  Corolla 
rotate,  usually  5-lobed.  Anthers  often  slightly  cohering,  opening 
by  pores  at  apex.  Berry  mostly  2-celled.  ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE. 
p.  227. 

LYCOPERSICUM.  Calyx  5-  to  10-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-  to  10- 
lobed.  Anthers  cohering  by  a  membrane  at  summit,  opening  on  the 
inner  side.  Berry  2-  or  3-celled.  ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE.  p.  227. 

NICANDRA.  Calyx  5-angled,  5-parted, — the  segments  sagittate, 
enlarged  in  fruit.  Corolla  spreading-campanulate.  Berry  3-  to  5- 
celled,  rather  dry.  ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE.  p.  226. 

PHYSALIS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  enlarging  and  finally  much  inflated,  in- 
closing the  fruit.  Corolla  campanulate-rotate,  spotted  at  base. — 
Berry  2-celled,  viscid  and  fleshy.  ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE.  p.  226. 

CAPSICUM.  Calyx  5-  or  6-cleft.  Corolla  sub-rotate,  5-  or  6-lobed. 
Berry  inflated,  subcoriaceous,  imperfectly  2-  or  3-celled,  polymor- 
phous. ORD.  LXX.  SOLANACEAE.  p.  226. 

b.  Corolla  mostly  pentapetalous.    f  Fruit  a  Capsule. 

CLAYTONIA.  Sepals  2,  persistent.  Petals  obovate-oblong,  bearing 
the  stamens  on  their  claws.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  2-  to  6- 
seeded.  ORD.  XVII.  PORTULACACEAE.  p.  35. 

IMPATIENS.  Sepals  5  (apparently  4, — 2  being  united),  irregular, 
deciduous.  Petals  4, — by  union,  forming  a  2-lobed  petal  on  each 
side.  Ovary  5-celled.  Capsule  opening  by  5  elastic  valves.  ORD. 
XXIII.  BALSAMINACEAE.  p.  41. 

VIOLA.  Sepals  produced,  or  eared,  at  base.  Petals  rather  unequal, 
— the  larger  one  spurred  at  base.  Two  lower  anthers  extended  into 
the  spur  of  the  corolla.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.  ORD.  XII. 
VIOLACEAE.  p.  24. 

SOLEA.  Sepals  not  eared  at  base.  Petals  very  unequal, — the  larger 
one  merely  gibbous  at  base,  the  others  linear-oblong.  Style  hooked 
at  summit.  ORD.  XII.  VIOLACEAE.  p.  24. 


LXvi  LINNAEAN    ARRANGEMENT. 

CEANOTHUS.  Calyx  5-cleft,  circumscissed  after  flowering, — the  base 
turbinate,  persistent.  Petals  cucullate,  on  slender  claws.  Style 
trifid.  Capsule  obtusely  trigonous,  or  3-lobed,  3-celled;  cells,  or 
carpels,  1-seeded.  ORD.  XXXI.  RHAMNACEAE.  p.  49. 

CELASTRUS.  Dioicously  polygamous :  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base. 
Petals  small.  Stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  disk.  Capsule  globose,  3- 
valved.  Seeds  arillate.  ORD.  XXX.  CELASTRACEAE.  p.  48. 

EUONYMUS.  Sepals  4,  or  5,  united  at  base.  Petals  4,  or  5.  Stamens 
4,  or  5,  inserted  on  a  disk,  which  covers  the  ovary.  Capsule  3-  to 
6-lobed,  3-  to  5-valved.  Seeds  arillate.  ORD.  XXX.  CELASTRACEAE. 
p.  48. 

ft  Fruit  a  Berry. 

VITIS.  Dioicously  polygamous :  Calyx  obsoletely  5-toothed.  Petals 
cohering  at  apex,  caducous.  ORD.  XXXII.  VITACEAE.  p.  49. 

AMPELOPSIS.  Calyx  slightly  5-toothed.  Petals  opening  at  apex, 
spreading  and  reflexed.  ORD.  XXXII.  VITACEAE.  p.  51. 

§  2.  Ovary  inferior,    a.  Corolla  monopetalous. 
f  Fruit  a  capsule. 

LOBELIA.  Calyx  5-cleft ;  tube  short,  tumid.  Corolla  tubular,  sub- 
bilabiate,  slit  on  the  upper  side.  Stamens  more  or  less  united, — the 
anthers  coalesced  into  a  tube,  and  bearded  at  summit.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  opening  at  top.  ORD.  LII.  LOBELIACEAE.  p.  163. 

CAMPANULA.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
distinct ;  filaments  dilated,  connivent  and  valve-like,  at  base.  Capsule 
3-celled,  opening  by  3  lateral  valves.  ORD.  LIU.  CAHPANULACEAE. 
p.  164. 

SPECULARIA.  Calyx  mostly  5-lobed.  Corolla  sub-rotate.  Filaments 
dilated  and  connivent  at  base,  hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers. — 
Capsule  prismatic,  3-celled,  opening  by  lateral  valves.  ORD.  LIU. 
CAMPANULACEAE.  p.  165. 

DIERVILLA.  Calyx  bibracteate  at  base,  tubular,  oblong,  tapering 
above ;  segments  subulate.  Corolla  funnel-form,  5-lobed.  Capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  pointed,  2-celled,  2-valved.  ORD.  XLVII.  CAPRIFOLI- 
ACEAE.  p.  113. 

f  f  Fruit  a  Berry. 

LONICERA.  Calyx-teeth  very  short.  Corolla  tubular,  often  gibbous 
at  base,  irregularly  5-lobed,  or  sub-bilabiate.  Berry  3-celled,  cells 
few-seeded.  ORD.  XLVII.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  p.  112. 

TRIOSTEUM.  Cafo/z-tube  ovoid ;  segments  lance-linear.  Corolla  tub- 
ular, gibbous  at  base,  sub-equally  5-lobed.  Berry  rather  dry, 
3-celled,  containing  3  bony  nutlets.  ORD.  XLVII.  CAPRIFOLI- 
ACEAE. p.  113. 

b.  Corolla  pentapetalous :  fruit  a  Berry. 

KIBES.  Calyx  tubular,  or  campanulate,  5-lobed.  Petals  small,  in- 
serted alternately  with  the  stamens,  on  the  calyx.  Berry  crowned 
with  the  shrivelled  calyx.  ORD.  XXXIX.  GROSSULACEAE.  p.  91. 


PENTANDRIA   MONOQYNIA.  LXYii 

B.  FLOWERS  INCOMPLETE,   a.  Ovary  superior. 

ANTCHIA.  Sepals  5,  connivent,  subcucullate  and  callous  at  apex. 
Corolla  none.  Utricle  minutely  verrucose.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYO- 

PHYLLACEAE.  p.  34. 

b.  Ovary  inferior. 

COMANDRA.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  lined  with  a  5-lobed  disk. 
Stamens  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk ;  anthers  connected 
with  the  calyx-segments  by  a  tuft  of  threads !  Fruit  dry  and  nut- 
like,  1-seeded.  ORD.  LXXXIII.  SANTALACEAE.  p.  253. 

NYSSA.  Dioicously  polygamous:  STAM.  FL.  Calyx  5-parted. — 
Stamens  5,  to  10,  or  12,  inserted  round  a  peltate  disk.  PISTIL.  FL.  Calyx 
5-cleft.  Stamens  5,  or  wanting.  Style  mostly  revolute.  Drupe 
oblong-oval.  ORD.  LXXXII.  NYSSACEAE.  p.  253. 

[Acer  rubrum,  and  dasycarpum.    Negundo.    ORD.  XXVIII.  ACERACEAE.  p.  46.] 

[Cassia  nictitans.    ORD.  XXXIV.  LEGUMINOSAE.  p.  69.] 
[Prinos  verticillatus.    ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE. p.  175.] 

Order  2.  Uigynia. 

A.  OVARY  SUPERIOR.    §  1.  Flowers  complete. 
a.  Corolla  monopetalous.    f  Fruit  a  Capsule. 

GENTIANA.  Calyx  4-  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  4-  or  5-lobed,  usually 
with  intermediate  plaited  folds  which  bear  appendages  at  the  sin- 
uses. Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  ORD. 
LXXl.  GENTIANACEAE.  p.  230. 

CUSCUTA.  Calyx  4-  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  globose-urceolate.  Stamens 
with  a  scale-like,  often  fringed,  appendage  at  their  base.  Capsule 
globular,  circumscissed  or  indehiscent,  2-celled,  4-seeded.  ORD. 
LXIX.  CONVOLVULACEAE.  p.  223. 

ft  Fruit  a  Follide:  Of  ten  in  pairs. 

APOCYNUM.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-lobed,  with 
5  triangular  appendages  in  the  throat,  opposite  the  lobes.  Anthers 
slightly  adherent  to  the  stigmas.  Follicles  in  pairs,  rigid  and  slender. 
Seeds  imbricated,  comose.  ORD.  LXXII.  APOCYNACEAE.  p.  232. 

ASCLEPIAS.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  5-parted,  reflexed. 
Crown  of  5  hooded  lobes,  each  containing  a  horn-like  incurved 
process.  Anthers  adherent  to  the  angular  stigma, — the  cells  opening 
perpendicularly,  with  rigid  wing-like  margins ;  each  cell  contain- 
ing a  flattened  pearshaped  waxy  pollen-mass — the  two  contiguous 
pollen-masses  of  adjacent  anthers  forming  pairs,  which  hang  by 
their  slender  summits  from  5  small  cloven  tubercles,  or  glands,  at 
the  angles  of  the  stigma.  Ovaries  in  pairs,  one  of  them  usually 
abortive.  Follicle  somewhat  ventricose,  acuminate,  soft.  Seeds 
imbricated,  comose.  ORD.  LXXIII.  ASCLEPIADACEAE.  p.  233. 

ACERATES.  Characters  nearly  those  of  Asclepias,  but  the  pollen- 
masses  more  slender,  and  the  hooded  lobes  of  the  crown  destitute  of 
the  horn-like  process.  ORD.  LXXIII.  ASCLEPIADACEAE.  p.  236. 


LXViii  LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

GONOLOBUS.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-parted. 
Crown  a  small  wavy-lobed  ring  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers 
partly  hidden  under  the  flattened  stigma,  opening  transversely. 
Pollen-masses  5  pairs,  horizontal.  Follicle  turgid,  somewhat  ribbed, 
and  softly  muricate.  Seeds  comose.  ORD.  LXXIII.  ASCLEPIA- 
DACEAE.  p.  237. 

b.  Corolla  pentapetalous. 

HEUCIIERA.     Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.     Petals  small,  inserted  at 
the  clefts  of  the  calyx.     Capsule  2-beaked,   opening  between  the 
beaks,  1-celled.     ORD.  XLII.  SAXIFRAGACEAE.  p.  96. 
§  2.  Flowers  incomplete. 

CHENOPODIUM.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  often  keeled, — embrac- 
ing the  fruit,  but  not  adhering  to  it.  Utricle  thin,  membranaceous. 
Seed  1,  horizontal,  lenticular,  embryo  forming  a  ring  round  the 
albumen.  ORD.  LXXVII.  CHENOPODIACEAE.  p.  242. 

AMBRINA.  Characters  nearly  as  in  Chenopodium, — but  the  calyx- 
segments  usually  not  keeled.  Seed  sometimes  vertical;  embryo  not 
forming  a  complete  ring.  ORD.  LXXVII.  CHENOPODIACEAE.  p.  242. 

BETA.  Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft, — the  base  slightly  adherent  to  the 
fruit,  finally  indurated.  Ovary  depressed.  Utricle  immersed  in 
the  base  of  the  calyx,  and  covered  by  the  segments.  ORD.  LXXVII. 
CHENOPODIACEAE.  p.  243. 

ULMUS.  Calyx  5-  to  8-cleft.  Ovary  compressed,  ovate,  2-celled. 
Samara  1-celled,  1-seeded;  margin  broad.  ORD.  LXXXV.  ULMA- 
CEAE.  p.  255. 

CELTIS.  Monoicously  polygamous :  Calyx  deeply  5-  or  6-parted. 
Ovary  ovoid,  1-celled.  Drupe  globular.  ORD.  LXXXV.  ULMA- 
CEAE.  p.  256. 

B.  OVARY  INFERIOR  :  Corolla  pentapetalous.    PLOTTERS  ix  UMBELS. 
a.  Umbels  simple,    f  Fruit  more  or  less  baccate. 

PANAX.  Dioicously  polygamous :  CaZ?/x-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  drupe- 
like,  or  subcoriaceous,  2-  or  3-lobed,  2-  or  3-celled.  ORD.  XLV. 
ARALIACEAE.  p.  109. 

f  f  Fruit  dry — twin  carpels.    TRUE  UMBELLIFERAE. 

HYDROCOTYLE.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  orbicular;  carpels  5- 
ribbed,  the  lateral  ones  enlarged ;  vittae  none.  ORD.  XLIV. 
UMBELLIFERAE.  p.  99. 

b.  Flowers  in  compound  Umbels. 
4®=>  The  Genera  of  this  division  all  belong  to  ORD.  XLIV.  UMBELLIFERAE.  jx  98. 

[Anychia  dichotoma.    ORD.  XVI.  CARTOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  34.] 
[Polygonum  amphibium,  &  Virginianum.  ORD.  LXXIX.  POLYGONACEAE.  p.  246 — 7.] 

Order  3.  Trigynia. 

a.  Ovary  inferior :  Corolla  monopetalous. 

VIBURNUM.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  5-lobed. 
Fruit  a  drupe,  with  scanty  pulp,  and  a  crustaceous  flattened  nut. 
ORD.  XLVII.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  p.  115. 


PENTANDRIA   TBIGYNIA.  LX1X 

SAMBUCUS.  Calyx-segments  5,  minute.  Corolla  subrotate,  5-lobed. 
Fruit  a  globular  juicy  drupe,  containing  3  to  5  seed-like  nutlets. 
OBD.  XLVII.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  p.  114. 

b.  Ovary  superior :  Corolla  pentapetalous. 

RHUS.  Potygamo-dioicous :  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.  Petals 
lance-ovate,  spreading.  Stamens  inserted  in  or  under  the  edge  of  a 
flatted  disk.  Fruit  small,  indehiscent,  a  sort  of  dry  drupe.  ORD. 
XXVII.  ANACARDIACEAE.  p.  43. 

STAPHYLEA.  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.  Petals  spatulate-obovate. 
Ovary  2-  or  3-lobed,  enlarging  into  a  membranaceous,  inflated,  2- 
or  3-lobed  capsule.  Seeds  obovoid,  bony,  smooth,  1  to  3  in  each 
cell.  ORD.  XXX.  CELASTRACEAE.  p.  48. 

[Hypericum  Sarothra.    ORD.  XV.  HYPERICACEAE.  p.  29.] 

[Stellaria  media.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  32.] 

[Ceanothus  Ainericanus.    ORD.  XXXI.  RHAMNACEAE.  p.  49.] 

[Panax  trifolium.    ORD.  XLV.  ARALIACEAE.  p.  110.] 
[Polygonum  aviculare.    ORD.  LXXIX.  POLTGONACEAE.^.  248.] 

Order  5.  Pentagynia. 

ARALIA.  Calyx  mostly  5-toothed.  Petals  5.  Ovary  inferior. — 
Berry  5-celled,  5-seeded,  often  torulose.  ORD.  XLV.  ARALIACEAE. 
p.  108. 

LINUM.  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Ovary 
superior.  Capsule  globose,  imperfectly  10-seeded.  ORD.  XX. 
LINACEAE.  p.  38. 

DROSERA.     Calyx  5-parted.     Petals  5,  marcescent.  Ovary  superior. 
Capsule  oblong,  1-  to  3-celled.     ORD.  XIV.  DROSERACEAE.  p.  27. 
[Cerastium  viscosum.    ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  33.] 
[Ilex  opaca.    ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE.^.  175.] 

CLASS  VI.  IIEXA1VDRIA. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

A.  FLOWERS  COMPLETE. 

FLOERKEA.     Calyx  3-parted.     Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Ovary  2-  or  3-lobed.  Fruit  consisting  of  2  or  3  connate,  fleshy, 
utricular  akenes.  ORD.  XXV.  LIMNANTHACEAE.  p.  42. 

TRADESCANTIA.  Sepals  3.  Petals  3,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Fila- 
ments bearded  with  moniliform  hairs.  Capsule  2-  or  3-celled ;  cells 
1-  or  2-seeded.  ORD.  CXV.  COMMELYNACEAE.  p.  334. 

CAULOPHYLLUM.  Sepals'  6,  with  caducous  Iractlets  at  base.  Petals 
6,  subreniform  and  gland-like,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals. 
Pistil  gibbous ;  ovary  bursting  early,  and  disappearing, — the  naked 
globular  seeds  resembling  drupes,  elevated  on  the  thick  erect  seed- 
stalks.  ORD.  V.  BERBERIDACEAE.  p.  10. 

PRINOS.  Dioicously  polygamous :  Calyx  mostly  6-cleft.  Corolla 
monopetalous,  subrotate,  mostly  6-parted.  Berry  drupe-like,  with 
6  smooth  nutlets.  ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE.  p.  175. 


LXX         .  LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

B.  FLOWERS  INCOMPLETE. 
a.  Perianth  Corolla-like,    f  Flowers  with  a  Spathe. 

PONTEDERIA.  Perianth  tubular,  recurved,  bilabiate, — under  side 
of  the  tube  with  3  slits ;  the  persistent  base  inclosing  the  fruit. — 
Utricle  1-seeded.  ORD.  CXIV.  PONTEDERIACEAE.  p.  332. 

ALLIUM.  Perianth  of  6  sepals,  distinct  or  slightly  connected  at  base, 
becoming  dry.  Filaments  subulate, — the  inner  ones  often  toothed 
on  each  side.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  few-seeded.  ORD.  CXI. 
LILIACEAE.  p.  324. 

ff  Flowers  without  a  Spathe. 
*  Ovary  superior.    •*-  Fruit  a  Berry. 

POLYGONATUM.  Perianth  tubular,  cylindric,  6-cleft.  Stamens  in- 
serted above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  included.  Berry  3-celled; 
cells  1-  or  2-seeded.  ORD.  CXI.  LILIACEAE.  p.  321. 

SMILACINA.  Perianth  6-  or  4-parted,  spreading.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  perianth-  segments,  attached  to  their  base.  Berry  2-  or  3- 
celled.  ORD.  CXI.  LILIACEAE.  p.  322. 

ASPARAGUS.  Perianth  6-parted;  segments  linear-oblong,  rather 
erect.  Anthers  peltate.  Berry  3-celled.  ORD.  CXI.  LILIACEAE. 
p.  321. 

H-  -i-  Fruit  a  Capsule. 

ORNITHOGALUM.  Perianth  of  6  partly  colored  sepals,  slightly  con- 
nected at  base.  Filaments  dilated  below.  Capsule  roundish-angular, 
3-celled.  ORD.  CXI.  LILIACEAE.  p.  323. 

HEMEROCALLIS.  Perianth  funnel-form, — the  short  cylindric  tube  in- 
closing the  ovary;  the  limb  6-parted,  spreading  and  lily-like, 
marcescent.  Capsule  rather  fleshy.  Seeds  globular.  ORD.  CXI. 
LILIACEAE.  p.  323. 

LILIUM.  Perianth  mostly  campanulate, — the  6  slightly  connected 
sepals  sessile  or  clawed,  often  recurved  or  revolute,  with  a  central 
groove  above  the  base,  deciduous.  Capsule  oblong,  3-valved, — the 
yalves  connected  by  latticed  hairs.  Seeds  flat,  densely  packed  in 
double  rows.  ORD.  CXI.  LILIACEAE.  p.  326. 

ERYTHRONIUM.  Perianth  of  6  slightly  connected  lanceolate  spread- 
ing sepals, — the  3  inner  ones  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each 
side,  near  the  base,  and  a  groove  in  the  middle.  Capsule  trigonous- 
obovoid,  3-celled.  Seeds  ovoid,  acuminate.  ORD.  CXI.  LILIACEAE. 
p.  327. 

UVULARIA.  Perianth  of  6  slightly  connected  spatulate-lanceolate 
sepals.  Anthers  long,  linear,  adnate ;  filaments  short.  Capsule  3- 
valved  from  the  top,  loculicidal.  Seeds  obovoid,  with  a  fungous 
raphe.  ORD.  CXII.  MELANTHACEAE.  p.  327. 

ALETRIS.  Perianth  tubular,  ovoid-oblong,  rugose-scurfy,  adhering 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  limb  6-cleft.  Style  subulate,  finally  3- 

parted.     Capsule  3-celled,  inclosed  in  the  roughened  perianth 

ORD.  CYII.  HAEMODORACEAE.  p.  317. 


HEXANDRIA   MOXOGTNIA.  LXXl 

**  Ovary  inferior. 

HYPOXIS.     Perianth  6-parted,   persistent, — the  3  outer  segments 

green  externally.     Capsule  oblong,  3-celled,  not  opening  by  valves. 

Seeds  globular,  crustaceous.  ORD.  CVI.  AMABYLLIDACEAE.  p.  316. 

b.  Perianth  Calyx-like,    f  Flowers  on  a  Spadix. 

ORONTIUM.  Spadix  terminal  on  a  terete  clavate  scape.  Perianth  of 
4  or  6  truncate  concave  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and 
opposite  them ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fruit  a  green  globose  utricle. — 
ORD.  XCIX.  AEACEAE.  p.  299. 

ACORUS.  Spadix  lateral,  sessile,  emerging  from  the  edge  of  a  flat 
scape,  which  resembles  the  leaves.  Sepals  6,  concave.  Anthers 
reniform,  1 -celled.  Capsule  somewhat  baccate,  indehiscent,  few- 
seeded.  ORD.  XCIX.  ARACEAE.  p.  299. 

f  f  Flowers  more  or  less  panicled. 

JUNCUS.  Perianth  of  6  dry  glumaceous  persistent  sepals,  slightly 
connected  at  base.  Stamens  often  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  numerous.  ORD.  CXIII.  JUNCACEAE.  p.  330. 

LUZULA.  Perianth  as  in  Juncus,  but  bibracteate  at  base.  Capsule  1- 
celled.  Seeds  3.  ORD.  CXIII.  JUNCACEAE.  p.  330. 

[Acer  dasycarpum.    ORD.  XXVIII.  ACERACEAE.  p.  46.] 

[Sabbatia  angularis.    ORD.  LXXI.  GENTIANACEAE.  p.  229.] 

[Sassafras  officinale.    ORD.  LXXX.  LAURACEAE.  p.  251.] 

[Commelyna.    ORD.  CXVI.  COMMELYNACEAE.  p.  333.] 

Order  2.  Digynia. 

(Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum,  Persicaria,  and  arifolium.    ORD.  LXXIX.  POLTGON- 

ACEAE.J).  246— 8.J 

[Celtis.    ORD.  LXXXV.  ULMACEAE.  p.  256.] 
[Zizanla.    ORD.  CXVIII.  GRAMINEAE.  p.  356.] 

Order  3.  Trisryiiia. 

4SJ"  Floral  envelope  a  6-parted  Perianth,    f  Fruit  Capsular. 

MELANTHIUM.  Monoicously polygamous:  Perianth  corolla-like,  rotate, 
— the  segments  roundish,  clawed,  finally  ovate-oblong  and  subhastate, 
with  2  glands  at  base.  Capsule  formed  of  3  separable  carpels, 
Seeds  flat.  ORD.  CXII.  MELANTHACEAE.  p.  328. 

VERATRUM.  Monoicously  polygamous :  Perianth  calyx-like,  spread- 
ing,— the  segments  lance-oblong,  sessile,  without  glands  at  base. — 
Capsule  and  Seeds  nearly  as  in  Melanthium.  ORD.  CXII.  MELANTH- 
ACEAE. p.  328. 

CHAMAELIRIUM.  Polygamo-dioicous :  Perianth  corolla-like, — seg- 
ments spreading,  spatulate-linear.  Anthers  yellow.  Styles  clavate. 
Capsule  obovoid-oblong,  loculicidal,  3-valved  from  the  apex.  Seeds 
linear-oblong,  winged  at  each  end.  ORD.  CXII.  MELANTHACEAE. 
p.  329. 

AMIANTHIUM.  Perianth  corolla-like, — segments  oblong,  obtuse. — 
Anthers  white.  Styles  filiform.  Capsule  of  3  connate  carpels.  Seeds 
ovoid-oblong,  not  winged.  ORD.  CXII.  MELANTHACEAE.  p.  329. 


LXXii  LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

tf  Fruit  a  Berry. 

MEDEOLA.  Perianth  corolla-like, — segments  lance-oblong,  revolute, 
deciduous.  Anthers  incumbent.  Styles  long,  recurved.  Berry 
globose,  3-celled,  few-seeded.  ORD.  CX.  SMILACEAE.  p.  320. 

TRILLIUM.  Perianth  with  the  3  outer  segments  calyx-like,  the  3 
inner  ones  corolla-like.  Anthers  adnate.  Styles  subulate,  recurved. 
Berry  fleshy,  trigonous-ovoid,  3-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  horizontal, 
obovoid.  ORD.  CX.  SMILACEAE.  p.  320. 

f  t  f  Fruit  an  Akene. 

RUMEX.  Sometimes  dioicous:  Perianth  calyx-like, — the  3  inner 
segments  larger,  valvately  connivent,  often  with  a  grain-like  tuber- 
cle on  the  back.  Stigmas  pencil-tufted.  Akene  triquetrous.  ORD. 

LXXIX.    POLYGONACEAE.  p.  250. 

[Lechea.    ORD.  XIII.  CISTACEAE.  p.  27.] 

[Sambucus  Canadensis.    ORD.  XIATI.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  p.  114.] 
[Aletris  farinosa.    ORD.  CVII.  HAEMODORACEAE.  p.  317.] 

Order  4.  Tetragynia. 

SAURTJRUS.  Flowers  naked,  pedicellate,  in  the  axils  of  colored 
bracts,  crowded  in  a  slender  subterminal  raceme.  Ovaries  connate ; 
styles  recurved.  Fruit  follicular, — the  carpels  somewhat  fleshy, 
united  at  base.  Seeds  usually  solitary.  ORD.  LXXXVI.  SAURTJR- 
ACEAE.  p.  256. 

Order  5.  Polygynia. 

ALISMA.  Perianth  deeply  6-parted, — the  outer  segments  calyx-like, 
the  inner  ones  petal-like,  deciduous.  Ovaries  numerous,  verticillate 
on  a  flatted  receptacle  ;  in  fruit  forming  angular  coriaceous  akenes. 
ORD.  CIII.  ALISMACEAE.  J9/304. 

CL.ASS  VII.  HEPTAtfDRIA. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

AESCULUS.  Calyx  tubular,  somewhat  ventricose,  5-lobed.  Petals 
4  or  5,  unequal.  Capsule  mostly  1 -seeded,  by  abortion.  Seed  large. 
ORD.  XXIX.  SAPINDACEAE.  p.  47. 

TRIENTALIS.     Calyx  mostly  7-parted.     Corolla  mostly  7-parted. — 
Filaments  united  in  a  ring,  at  base  ; .  anthers  revolute  after  flowering. 
Capsule  few-seeded.     ORD.  LVIII.  PRIMTJLACEAE.  p.  178. 
[Prinos  verticillatus.    ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE..P.  175.] 

Order  2.  Digynia. 

[Polygonum  orientale,  and  Hydropiper.    ORD.  LXXIX.  POLYGONACEAE.  p.  246—7.] 
[Tllmus  fulva.    ORD.  LXXXV.  ULMACEAE.  p.  265.] 

Order  3.  Tetragynia. 

[SAXTRURUS.    ORD.  LXXXVI.  SAURURACEAE.  p.  256.] 

CL.ASS  VIII.  OCTANDRIA. 

Order  1.  Monogynia. 

a.  Ovary  inferior. 


OCTANDBIA  MONOGYNIA. 

EPILOBIUM.  Calyx-tube  not  longer  than  the  ovary ;  limb  4-parted, 
caducous.  Anthers  sub-ovate,  erect;  pollen  not  viscid.  Capsule 
long,  linear,  4-sided.  Seeds  comose.  OBD.  XXXVIII.  ONAGBACEAE. 
p.  87. 

OENOTHEBA.  Calyx-tube  longer  than  the  ovary ;  limb  reflexed, — 
the  segments  partially  cohering.  Anthers  linear,  incumbent ;  pollen 
viscid.  Capsule  oblong,  or  clavate.  Seeds  not  comose.  OBD. 
XXXVIII.  ONAGBACEAE.  p.  88. 

GAUBA.     Calyx-tube  much  longer  than  the  ovary.     Petals  some- 
what on  one  side,  clawed.     Capsule  ovoid,  ribbed,  bony  or  nut-like, 
indehiscent,  1-  or  few-seeded.  OBD.  XXXVIII.  ONAGBACEAE.^.  89. 
[Vaccinium  macrocarpon.    ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  167.] 

b.  Ovary  superior,    f  Flowers  perfect. 

RHEXIA.  Calyx-tube  urceolate ;  limb  4-cleft.  Petals  4.  Anthers 
long,  curved,  declinate.  Capsule  4-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  cochleate. 
OBD.  XXXVI.  MELASTOMACEAE.  p.  86. 

TBOPAEOLTJM.  Calyx  colored,  5-parted ;  the  upper  segment  spurred 
at  base.  Petals  5,  unequal, — the  upper  2  sessile,  the  others  clawed. 
Fruit  3  connate  carpels,  fleshy,  or  finally  subcoriaceous,  each  1- 
seeded.  OBD.  XXIV.  TBOPAEOLACEAE.  p.  41. 

DIBCA.  Calyx  colored,  tubular,  truncate, — the  limb  obscurely 
toothed.  Corolla  none.  Fruit  a  drupe-like  Berry,  1-seeded.  OBD. 
LXXXI.  THYMELEACEAE.  p.  252. 

ft  Flowers  mostly  polygamous. 

DIOSPYBOS.  Dioicously  polygamous:  Calyx  mostly  4-parted. — 
Corolla  urceolate,  usually  4-lobed.  Stamens  (in  the  sterile  flowers) 
16.  Berry  globular,  large,  subtended  by  the  persistent  calyx,  4- 
to  8-seeded.  OBD.  LVI.  EBENACEAE.  p.  176. 

ACEB.  Monoicously,  or  dioicously  polygamous:  Calyx  5-parted. — 
Petals  5,  or  none.  Stamens  5,  to  8  or  9.  Samaras  in  pairs,  diverg- 
ing and  separable,  each  1-seeded.  OBD.  XXVIII.  ACEBACEAE.  p.  44. 

NEGUNDO.  Dioicous :  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly 
6.  Fruit  as  in  Acer.  OBD.  XXVIII.  ACEBACEAE.  p.  46. 

[Polanisia.    ORD.  XI.  CAPPARIDACEAE.  p.  24.] 
[Hypopitjs  lanuginosa.    Ord.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  174.] 
[Trientalis  Americana.    ORD.  LVIII.  PRIMULACEAE.  p.  178.] 

Order  2.  Digynia. 

[Chrysosplenium,  and  Hydrangea.    ORD.  XLII.  SAXIFRAGACEAE.  p.  97.] 
[Ulmus  Americana.    ORD.  LXXXV.  ULMACEAE.  p.  255.] 

Order  3*  Trigynia. 

POLYGONUM.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  often  colored,  persistent, 
embracing  the  fruit.  Corolla  none.  Akene  lenticular,  or  triquet- 
rous, according  as  the  styles  are  2,  or  3.  OBD.  LXXIX.  POLYGON- 
ACEAE.  p.  245. 


1XX1Y  LINNAEAN    ARRANGEMENT. 

FAGOPYRUM.  Calyx  equally  5-parted,  colored,  marcescent.  Stamens 
alternating  with  hypogynous  glands.  Stigmas  capitate.  Akene 
triquetrous.  ORD.  LXXIX.  POLYGONACEAE.  p.  249. 

CLASS  ix.  m\ i: A\ irui A. 
Order  1,  Monogynia. 

SASSAFRAS.  Dioicous:  Calyx  6-parted,  colored.  Corolla  none. 
STAM.  FL.  Stamens  in  3  series, — the  innermost  each  with  a  pair  of 
stipitate  glands  at  base ;  anthers  4-celled.  PISTILL.  FL.  with  6 
rudiments  of  stamens.  Drupe  ovoid,  on  a  clavate  fleshy  peduncle. 
ORD.  LXXX.  LAURACEAE.  p.  251. 

BENZOIN.  Polygamo-dioicous :  Calyx  6-parted,  colored.  Corolla 
none.  STAM.  FL.  Stamens  in  3  series, — the  innermost  lobed  at 
summit,  and  gland-bearing  at  base  ;  anthers  2-celled.  PISTILL.  FL. 
with  15  to  18  alternating  filiform  and  spatulate  rudiments  of 
stamens.  Drupe  oval.  Peduncle  not  clavate.  ORD.  LXXX.  LAURA- 
CEAE. p.  252. 

Order  2.  Trigynia. 

RHEUM.  Calyx  6-parted,  colored,  persistent.  Stamens  in  pairs 
opposite  the  outer  calyx-segments,  single  opposite  the  inner  ones. 
Stigmas  multifid.  Akene  triquetrous,  winged  at  the  angles.  ORD. 
LXXIX.  POLYGONACEAE.  p.  251. 

[Elodea  Virginica.    ORD.  XV.  HYPERICACEAE.#.  129.] 

CLASS  X.  DEC  A1VDRI  A. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

A.  OVARY  INFERIOR  :    Corolla  monopetalous. 

GAYLUSSACIA.  Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  ovoid  or  campanulate, 
6-cleft.  Anthers  awnless,  opening  by  a  pore  or  chink  at  summit. 
Fruit  a  drupaceous  Berry,  containing  10  seed-like  nutlets.  ORD. 
LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  165. 

VACCINIUM.  Calyx  4-  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  campanulate,  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  4-  or  5-cleft, — the  lobes  spreading  or  revolute.  Stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  lobes ;  anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on  the 
back.  Berry  4-  or  5-celled;  cells  several-seeded.  ORD.  LIV. 
ERICACEAE,  p.  166. 

B.  OVARY  SUPERIOR:    f  Corolla  monopetalous. 

GATJLTHERIA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  bibracteolate  at  base.  Corolla  ovoid- 
oblong,  5-toothed,  Anther-cells  each  2-awned  at  summit,  opening 
by  a  terminal  pore.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  6-celled,  many- 
seeded,  inclosed  in  the  red,  berry-like  calyx.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICA- 
CEAE, p.  168. 

EPIGAEA.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  tribracteolate  at  base.  Corolla, 
salver-form.  Anthers  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.  Capsule  de- 
pressed-globose, 5-angled,  5-celled,  many-seeded.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICA- 
CEAE, p.  168. 


DECANDRIA  MONOGYNIA.  LXXV 

ANDROMEDA.  Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  bracteolate  at  base. — 
Corolla  ovoid,  or  subcylindric,  mostly  5-toothed.  Anthers  awnless, 
or  awned,  opening  by  terminal  pores,  or  slits.  Capsule  6-celled, 
many-seeded.  OBD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  169. 

KALMIA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  between  rotate  and  campanulate, 
5-lobed,  with  10  depressions,  in  which  the  10  anthers  are  at  first 
held.  Capsule  depressed-globose.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  172. 

RHODODENDRON.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  subcampanulate, 
somewhat  irregularly  5-lobed.  Stamens  declinate ;  anthers  opening 
by  terminal  pores.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE. 
p.  171. 

f  f  Corolla  pdypetalous. 

CLETHRA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  obovate-oblong.  Anthers 
inversely  sagittate,  reflexed  in  the  bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores 
or  chinks.  Capsule  3-celled, '  3-valved.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE. 
p.  170. 

PYROLA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  concave,  more  or  less  con- 
verging. Anthers  partly  4-celled,  scarcely  horned  at  apex.  Style 
long,  mostly  declinate;  stigma  5-lobed,  with  a  ring  beneath. — 
Capsule  depressed-globose,  5-valved  from  the  base  upward.  ORD, 
LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  172.  V,.^ 

CHIMAPHILA.  Calyx  5-eleft.  Petals  5,  concave,  spreading.  Anthers 
2-celled,  somewhat  2-horned  at  apex.  Style  very  short;  stigma 
broad,  orbicular,  the  margin  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed,  orbicular, 
5-valved  from  the  apex  downward.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  173. 

MONOTROPA.  Calyx  none,  or  2  to  4  scale-like  bracts,  below  the 
corolla.  Petals  5,  fleshy,  erect,  narrowed  below,  with  a,  pit  at  base. 
Anthers  opening  by  transverse  chinks.  Stigma  orbicular,  the  margin, 
not  bearded.  Capsule  ovoid,  5-celled.  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE. 
p.  174. 

HYPOPITYS.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  bract-like  sepals.  Petals  4  or  5,  fleshy, 
erect,  with  a  pit  at  base.  Stamens  sometimes  8 ;  anthers  reniform, 
becoming  1-celled,  opening  by  2  very  unequal  valves.  Stigma  disk- 
like,  with  a  bearded  margin.  Capsule  roundish-ovoid,  4-  or  5-celled. 
ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE,  p.  174. 

[Portulaca  oleracea.    ORD.  XVII.  PORTULACACEAE.  p.  35.] 
[Baptisia.    Cercis.    Cassia.    ORD.  XXXIV.  LEGUMINOSAE.  j?.  67 — 8.] 

Order  2.  Digyiiia. 

a.  Ovary  entirely  or  partly  inferior,  or  adnate  to  the  calyx. 

HYDRANGEA.  Calyx-tnbe  hemispherical,  8-  to  10-ribbed,  entirely 
adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  4-  or  5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  valvate 
in  the  bud.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
ORD.  XLII.  SAXIFRAGACEAE.  p.  97.- 

SAXIFRAGA.  Calyx  5-parted,  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the 
ovary.  Petals  5,  entire,  with  short  claws,  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Capsule  2-celled, — or  rather  2  connate  follicles.  ORD.  XLII. 
SAXIFRAGACEAE.  p.  96. 


LINNAEAN  ARRANGEMENT. 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  4-  or 
5.  cleft,  segments  obtuse.  Petals  none.  Stamens  often  8,  inserted 
on  a  fleshy  disk.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-lobed,  2-valved  at  apex.  ORD. 

XLII.    SAXIFRAaACEAE.  p.   97. 

MITELLA.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  partly  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  5,  pinnatifid.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved  at  apex.  Seeds  erect. 
ORD.  XLII.  SAXIFRAQACEAE.  p.  96. 

b.  Ovary  superior. 

SAPONARIA.  Calyx  tubular,  cylindric,  5-toothed,  naked  at  base. 
Petals  5,  clawed,  sometimes  crowned  at  throat  with  a  petal-like  ap- 
pendage. Capsule  partly  2-celled,  opening  with  4  teeth  at  apex. 
ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  30. 

Order  3.  Trigynia, 

SILENE.  Calyx  tubular — inflated  or  cylindric — 5-toothed,  naked  at 
base.  Petals  5,  clawed,  mostly  crowned  at  throat.  Capsule  partly 
3-celled,  opening  with  6  teeth.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 
p.  30. 

STELLA.RIA.  Sepals  5,  slightly  connected  at  base.  Petals  5,  deeply 
2-cleft.  Stamens  varying  from  3  to  8.  Styles  3  or  4.  Capsule  1- 
celled,  o-  6-  or  8-valved.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  32. 

ARENARIA.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-  or  6- 
valved  at  apex.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  31. 

Order  4,  Peiitagynia. 

CERASTIUM.  Sepals  5.  Petals  6,  bifid  or  emarginate.  Capsule 
elongated,  mostly  cylindrical,  1-celled,  opening  with  10  teeth,  at 
apex.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  32. 

LYCHNIS.     Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  naked  at  base.  Petals  5,  with 

slender  claws,  often  crowned  at  throat.     Capsule  half-  5-celled, 

opening  with  5-  or  10-teeth,  at  apex.  ORD.  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLA- 
CEAE. p.  81. 

PENTHORUM.  Sepals  5,  slightly  connected  at  base.  Petals  5,  or 
often  wanting.  Carpels  5,  connate  at  base,  forming  a  5-beaked,  5- 
celled  capsule  ;  cells  opening  transversely,  on  the  inner  side.  ORD. 
XLI.  CRASSULACEAE.  p.  95. 

SEDUM.  Sepals  mostly  5,  often  fleshy  and  leaf-like.  Petals  mostly 
5.  Carpels  5,  distinct,  each  with  a  little  scale  at  base.  ORD.  XLI. 
CRASSULACEAE.  p.  95. 

[Geranium.    ORD.  XXI.  GERANIACEAE.  p.  39.] 
[Oxalis.    ORD.  XXII.  OXALIDACEAE.  p.  40.] 

Order  5.  Decagynia, 

PHYTOLACCA.  Sepals  5,  slightly  connected  at  base,  roundish-ovate, 
colored,  persistent.  Petals  none.  Ovary  depressed,  orbicular. — 
Berry  10-celled,  10-seeded.  ORD.  LXXVI.  PHYTOLACCACEAE.  p. 
241. 


POLYANDRIA'   M050GYNIA.  LXXVli 

CL.ASS  XI.  ICOSAWDRIA. 

4$-  For  the  Genera  properly  of  this  Class.  See  ORD.  XXXV.  ROSACEAE.  p.  70. 
[Cuphea  viscosissima.    OED.  XXXVII.  LYTHRACEAE.  p.  87.] 

CLASS  XII.  l»0 1,  Y  t  \  IHll  A. 
Order  1.  Monogynia. 

TILIA.  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.  Petals  5,  spatulate-oblong. 
Filaments  cohering  in  5  parcels, — sometimes  &  petal-like  scale  within, 
and  opposite  the  real  petals.  Fruit  a  woody,  or  coriaceous,  globose 
nut,  1-celled,  1-or  2-seeded.  ORD.  XIX.  TILIACEAE.  p.  38. 

HELIANTHEMUM.  Sepals  3,  with  2  smaller  bract-like  ones  below. 
Petals  5  (sometimes  wanting),  crumpled  in  the  bud,  caducous. 
Capsule  trigonous,  3-valved.  ORD.  XIII.  CISTACEAE.  jp.  26. 

PORTULACA.  Sepals  2,  united  below,  and  adhering  to  the  base  of 
the  ovary.  Petals  mostly  5.  Capsule  1-celled,  circumscissed,  many- 
seeded.  ORD.  XVII.  PORTULACACEAE.  p.  34. 

TALINUM.  Sepals  2,  free  and  deciduous.  Petals  5.  Capsule  3- 
valved,  many-seeded.  ORD.  XIII.  PORTULACACEAE.  p.  35. 

POLANISIA.  Sepals  4,  unequal.  Petals  4,  unequal,  clawed.  Capsule 
elongated,  subcompressed,  siliquose,  1-celled,  2-valved.  ORD.  XI. 
CAPPARIDACEAE.  p.  24. 

CHELIDONIUM.  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  elon- 
gated, subterete,  smooth,  resembling  a  silique;  valves  2,  opening 
from  the  base.  ORD.  VIII.  PAPAVERACEAE.  p.  13. 

ARGEMONE.  Sepals  mostly  3,  concave,  mucronate,  aculeate.  Petals 
4  to  6.  Stigma  radiately  3-  to  6-lobed.  Capsule  obovoid -oblong, 
prickly ;  valves  3  to  6,  opening  at  apex.  ORD.  VIII.  PAPAVERA- 
CEAE. p.  13. 

PAPAVER.  Sepals  mostly  2,  concave,  hairy,  or  sometimes  smooth. 
Petals  4.  Stigmas  sessile,  united  in  a  flat  radiate  crown.  Capsule 
obovoid,  imperfectly  many- celled,  opening  by  chinks  under  the 
edge  of  the  crown.  ORD.  VIII.  PAPAVERACEAE.  p.  12. 

SANGUINARIA.  Sepals  2,  smooth.  Petals  8  to  12,  spatulate-oblong. 
Stigma  2-grooved.  Capsule  oblong,  turgid,  tapering  at  each  end ; 
valves  2.  ORD.  VIII.  PAPAVERACEAE.  p.  13. 

PODOPHYLLUM.  Sepals  6,  thin  and  caducous,  not  expanding, — sub- 
tended by  3  caducous  bracts.  Petals  6  to  9.  Stigma  subsessile, 
undulate-crested.  Fruit  a  large,  oval,  fleshy  or  pulpy  Berry.  ORD. 
V.  BERBERIDACEAE.  p.  11. 

NUPHAR.  Sepals  5  or  6,  orbicular.  Petals  numerous,  narrow  and 
stamen-like, — and,  with  the  stamens,  inserted  on  a  disk,  at  the  base 
of  the  ovary.  Stigma  compound,  sessile,  radiated.  Fruit  an  ovoid 
subcoriaceous  many-celled  Capsule.  ORD.  VII.  NYMPHAEACEAE. 
,.12. 

ACTAEA.  Sepals  4  or  5,  colored.  Petals  4  to  10,  small,  spatulate. 
Stigma  2-lobed,  depressed.  Fruit  an  oval  many-seeded  Berry. 
ORD.  I.  RANUJICULACEAE.  p.  7. 


LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

CIMICIFUGA.  Sepals  mostly  4.  Petals  (or  Staminodia]  3  to  5  or  8, 
sometimes  wanting.  Carpels  1  to  8,  follicular,  many-seeded.  ORD. 

I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  8. 

[Diospyros.     ORD.  LVI.  EBENACEAE.  p.  176.] 
[Asarum.     ORD.  LXXV.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.JD.  240.] 

Order  2.  Di-Pentagynia. 

AQUILEGIA.  Sepals  5,  regular,  colored.  Petals  5,  each  with  a  short 
spreading  lip,  and  produced  backward  into  a  long  tubular  spur. 
Follicles  5,  connivent,. acuminate,  many-seeded.  ORD.  I.  RANUNCULA- 
CEAE. p.  6. 

DELPHINIUM.  Calyx  of  5  irregular  petaloid  deciduous  sepals, — the 
upper  one  spurred  at  base.  Petals  4,  irregular, — the  2  upper  ones 
spurred,  and  introduced  into  the  spur  of  the  calyx.  Carpels  I  to 
6,  follicular,  many-seeded.  ORD.  I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  7. 

ASCYRUM.  Sepals  4, — the  2  outer  ones  large  and  leaf-like,  the  inner 
much  smaller.  Petals  4.  Stamens  somewhat  polyadelphous.  Capsule 
1-celled,  2-  or  3-valved.  ORD.  XV.  HYPERICACEAE.  p.  28. 

HYPERICUM.  Sepals  5,  nearly  equal.  Petals  5,  oblique.  Stamens 
united  in  3  to  5  parcels,  without  interposed  glands.  Capsule  1-  to 
3-  or  5-celled.  ORD.  XV.  HYPERICACEAE.  p.  28. 

ELODEA.  Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal-sided.  Stamens  mostly 
9,  triadelphous,  with  an  ovoid  gland  between  each  parcel.  Capsule 
3-celled.  ORD.  XV.  HYPERICACEAE.  p.  29. 

Order  3.  Polygynia. 

A.  FLOWERS  COMPLETE.    f  Carpels /esAy,  orpidpy. 

ASIMINA.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  spreading, — the  3  inner  ones  smaller. 
Stamens  in  a  globular  cluster.  Carpels  3  (by  abortion  often  1,  or  2), 
oblong  or  ovoid,  pulpy,  several-seeded.  ORD.  III.  ANONACEAE.  p.  9. 

f  f  Carpels  subcoriaceous,  dehiscent ;  with  fleshy-coated  seeds. 

MAGNOLIA.  Sepals  3.  Petals  6  to  12.  Anthers  introrse,  or  lateral. 
Carpels  forming  a  strobile-like  fruit,  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  suture. 
Seeds  baccate,  and  pendulous  from  the  carpels,  at  maturity.  ORD. 

II.  MAGNOLIACEAE.  p.  8. 

tft  Carpels  dry,  indehiscent. 

LIRIODENDRON.  Sepals  3,  reflexed.  Petals  mostly  6,  in  2  rows. — 
Anthers  extrorse.  Carpels  samara-like,  densely  imbricated  in  a  cone, 
1-  or  2-  seeded.  ORD.  II.  MAGNOLIACEAE.  p.  9. 

BRASENIA.  Sepals  3  or  4,  persistent,  purple  inside.  Petals  3  or  4, 
linear,  persistent.  Anthers  innate.  Carpels  oblong,  or  clavate, 
coriaceous,  1-  or  2-seeded.  ORD.  VI.  CABOMBACEAE.  p.  11. 

RANUNCULUS.  Petals  usually  5, — each  with  a  little  scale,  or  pore, 
at  base  inside.  Carpels  akene-like,  numerous  in  a  head,  compressed, 
pointed.  ORD.  I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  4. 


POLYANDKIA   POLYGYNIA. 

B.  FLOWERS  INCOMPLETE  :    Calyx  coroUaJikc. 
a.  Carpels  dry. 

HEPATICA.  Involucre  of  3  entire  leaflets,  close  to  the  flower  and  re- 
sembling a  calyx.  Sepals  6  to  9,  in  2  or  3  series.  OKD.  I.  RAN- 

TTNCULACEAE.  p.  3. 

ANEMONE.  Involucre  of  3  dissected  leaves,  distant  from  the  flower. 
Sepals  5  to  15.  ORD.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  2. 

THALICTRUM.  Often  dioicous,  or  polygamous :  Involucre  none.  Sepals 
4  or  5.  Carpels  4  to  15,  ribbed  or  grooved,  without  tails.  ORD.  I. 
RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  3. 

CLEMATIS.  Sometimes  dioicous:  Sepals  4, — the  valvate  margins 
more  or  less  bent  inwards.  Carpels  akene-like,  tailed  with  the  per- 
sistent and  mostly  plumose  styles.  ORD.  I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  3. 

CALTHA.  Sepals  5  to  9.  Carpels  without  tails,  follicular,  spreading, 
many-seeded.  ORD.  I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  6. 

b.  Carpels  baccate. 

HYDRASTIS.  Sepals  3,  caducous.  Pistils  in  a  dense  roundish  head ; 
stigmas  subsessile,  dilated,  2-lipped.  Carpels  1-  or  2-seeded,  suc- 
culent, cohering,  and  becoming  a  kind  of  compound  Berry.  ORD. 
I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  7. 

CLASS  XIII.  DIDYXAMIA. 
Order  1.  Gymnospermia. 

43pThe  Genera  of  this  Order  all  belong  to  the  natural  Family  of  LABI  ATAB. — 
ORD.  LXV.  p.  196. 

Order  2.  Angiospermia. 

A.  Flowers  usually  Diandraus. 

[Catalpa  bignonioides.    ORD.  LXI.  BIGNONIACEAE.  p.  182.] 

[Gratiola,  and  Ilysanthes.    ORD.  LXIII.  SCHOPHULABIACEAE.  p.  187—8.] 

B.  Flowers  almost  constantly  Didynamous. 

MARTYNIA.  Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  base.  Corolla 
irregular,  subcampanulate,  gibbous  at  base.  Capsule  finally  woody, 
with  a  sub-coriaceous  deciduous  coat,  ovoid-oblong,  terminating  in 
a  long  beak,  which  splits  into  2  hooked  claw-like  horns.  ORD. 

LXI.    BlGNONIACEAE.  p.  182. 

GERARDIA.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  sub- 
campanulate, or  somewhat  funnel-form,  with  5  unequal  rounded 
lobes.  Stamens  included,  hairy.  Capsule  ovoid,  acute,  2-celled. 
ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  191. 

MIMULUS.  Calyx  tubular,  prismatic,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular, 
somewhat  personate ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  reflexed  at  the  side,  lower 
lip  3-lobed,  with  the  palate  prominent.  Capsule  lance-ovoid. — 
ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  187. 

LINARIA.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  spurred,  or  saccate  at  base, 
personate,  the  prominent  palate  closing  the  throat ;  upper  lip  bifid, 


LXXX  LINNAEAN   AKEANGEMENT. 

the  lobes  folded  back.  Capsule  oval,  thin,  2-celled,  opening  by 
lateral  chinks,  or  several  teeth  at  apex.  OED.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARI- 
ACEAE.  p.  185. 

CHELONE.  Calyx  of  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular, — 
the  upper  lip  arched,  emarginate,  lower  lip  villous  within,  3-lobed. 
Stamens  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament,  smooth,  and  shorter  than  the 
others ;  anthers  woolly.  Seeds  margined.  ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHU- 

LARIACEAE.  p.  186. 

PENTSTEMON.  Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  inflated- 
tubular,  contracted  below.  Stamens  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament, 
bearded  above,  and  longer  than  the  rest ;  anthers  smoothish.  Seeds 
not  margined.  ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  186. 

SCROPHULARIA.  Calyx  5-parted.  CoroZZa-tube  globular-ventricose ; 
limb  irregularly  bilabiate, — the  upper  lip  longer,  2-lobed,  lower  lip 
3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  reflexed.  Stamens  with  a  scale-like 
rudiment  of  a  fifth  at  the  base  of  the  upper  lip.  ORD.  LXIII.  SCRO- 
PHULARIACEAE. p.  185. 

BUCHNERA.  Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salver-form  ; 
tube  slender,  slightly  curved,  limb  with  5  nearly  equal  cuneate- 
obovate  lobes.  Anthers  1-celled.  Style  clavate,  entire  at  summit. 
ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  190. 

CASTILLEJA.  Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  compressed  above,  bifid  or  4- 
cleft.  CoroZZa-tube  included  in  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  longer,  linear, 
laterally  compressed,  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.  Anther-cells  unequal. 
ORD.  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  192. 

PEDICULARIS.  Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  or  campanulate,  2-  3-  or  5- 
cleft.  Corolla  ringent ;  upper  lip  laterally  compressed,  often  toothed 
at  apex,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  with  the  middle  lobe  narrower. 
ORD.  LXIII.  •  SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  193. 

MELAMPYRUM.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft.  CoroZZa-tube  enlarg- 
ing above ;  upper  lip  laterally  compressed,  with  the  margins  folded 
back,  lower  lower  lip  grooved,  nearly  equally  3-lobed.  ORD.  LXIII. 
SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  193. 

PHRYMA.  Calyx  tubular,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  with  3  subulate  teeth, 
lower  lip  with  2,  shorter.  Corolla  bilabiate;  upper  lip  short, 
emarginate,  lower  lip  much  longer,  3-lobed.  Capsule  thin  and 
evanescent,  1-seeded.  ORD.  LXIV.  VERBENACEAE.  p.  195. 

VERBENA.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  one  tooth  often  shorter. — 
Corolla  tubular,  often  curved,  salverform,  rather  unequally  5-lobed. 
Stamens  included, — the  upper  pair  of  anthers  often  abortive.  Fruit 
splitting  into  4  seed-like  nutlets.  ORD.  LXIV.  VERBENACEAE.  p.  194. 

LIPPIA.  Calyx  2-  to  4-toothed,  often  compressed,  and  becoming 
bilabiate.  Corolla  tubular,  unequally  5-lobed,  more  or  less  bilabi- 
ate. Fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded.  ORD.  LXIV.  VERBENACEAE.^.  195. 
EPIPHEGUS.  Monoicously  polygamous :  STERILE  FL.  Calyx  5-toothed. 
Corolla  tubular,  compressed,  bilabiate.  FERTILE  FL.  Corolla  small, 
rarely  expanding.  ORD.  LX.  OROBANCHACEAE.  p.  181. 


DIDYNAMIA  ANGIOSPERMIA. 

(1ONOPHOLis.  Calyx  irregularly  5-cleft,  with  2  bractlets  at  base. 
Corolla  ventricose  below,  unequally  5-lobed  and  ringent,  upper  lip 
arched.  Stamens  exserted.  ORD.  LX.  OBOBANCHACEAE.  p.  181. 

APHYLLON.  Calyx  regularly  6-cleft,  without  bractlets.  Corolla- 
tube  longish,  and  a  little  curved;  limb  sub-bilabiate,  —  upper  lip 
deeply  bifid,  lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  OED.  LX.  OROBAN- 

CHACEAE.J3.  181. 

CLASS  XIV.  TETRADYIVAMIA. 

JKif  The  Genera  belonging  to  this  Class  will  all  be  found  in  the  natural  ORDER  X. 


CLASS  XV.  MOIVADELPHIA. 
Order  1.  Triandria. 

[Sisyrinchium.    ORD.  CVIII.  IRIDACEAE.^J.SIS.] 

Order  2.  Pentandria. 

[Lobelia.    ORD.  LII.  LOBELIACEAE.  p.  163.] 

Order  3.  Dccandria. 

GERANIUM.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  convolute,  deciduous. 
Pistils  5  ;  styles  cohering  round  a  central  axis,  from  which  they 
separate  at  maturity  by  curving  up  from  the  base.  Carpels  1-seeded. 
ORD.  XXI.  GERANIACEAK  p.  39. 

OXALIS.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  marcescent.  Styles  free.  Capsule 
oblong,  5-angled,  5-celled,  opening  at  the  angles.  Seeds  few  in  each 
cell,  loosely  coated.  ORD.  XXII.  OXALIDACEAE.  p.  40. 

Order  4.  Polyandria. 

4®="  For  the  Genera  belonging  here,  see  ORD.  XVIII.  MALVACEAE,  p.  35. 

CLASS  XVI.  DIADELPIIIA. 
Order  1.  Hexandria. 

JKg°The  Genera  of  this  Order  will  be  found  in  the  natural  ORDER  IX.  FUHARI* 

ACEAE.2>«  14. 

Order  2.  Octandria. 

POLYGALA.  Sepals  5,  irregular,  —  the  3  outer  ones  smaller,  braci- 
like,  the  2  inner  ones  larger  (called  wings],  petal-like.  Petals  3  to 
f>,  somewhat  cohering,  united  with  the  stamens,  —  the  lower  one 
keel-form,  and  often  crested  on  the  back.  Capsule  compressed.— 
Seeds  with  an  arillus-like  caruncle.  ORD.  XXXIII.  POLYGALACEAE. 
p.  61. 

Order  3.  Dccaiidria. 

J9S»For  the  Genera  belonging  here,  See  ORD.  XXXIV.  LEGUMINOSAB.^.SS. 

CLASS  XVII.  SYNGENESIA. 

JK^The  Genera  of  this  Class  all  belong  to  ORD.  LI.  COMPOSITAE..P.  121. 

CLASS  XVIII.  <;  YX  AXimi  A. 
Orders  1.  and  3.  Monandria,  and  IMandria. 

Genera,  belonging  to  these  two  Orders,  will  be  found,  in  ORD.  CV 
ORCHIDACEAE.  p.  307. 

B 


LXXXli  LINNAEAN  ARRANGEMENT. 

Orders  3.  and  4.  Hexandria,  and  Poly  and  ria. 

^®*The  Genera  of  these  two  Orders  will  be  found  in  ORD.  LXXV.  ARISTCLOCHJ- 

ACEAE.p.  240. 

CLASS  XIX.  MOtfOECIA. 
Order  1.  Monandria. 

EUPHOKBIA.  Flowers  in  a  cup-shaped  4-  or  5-lobed  involucre,  with 
glands  at  its  sinuses.  STAM.  FLOWERS  numerous,  each  from  the 
axil  of  a  little  bract,  and  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  jointed  on  a 
pedicel.  PISTILL.  FL.  solitary  in  the  middle  of  the  involucre,  con- 
sisting of  a  naked  3-lobed  3-celled  pedicellate  ovary.  Capsule  sepa- 
rating into  3  1-seeded  carpels,  which  split  elastically.  ORD.  XC. 

EUPHORBIACEAE.  p.    259. 

ZANNICHELLIA.  Flowers  sessile,  naked,  usually  both  kinds  in  the 
same  axil.  STAM.  FL.  a  single  stamen  with  a  slender  filament, 
bearing  a  2-  to  4-celled  anther.  PISTILL.  FL.  usually  4  pistils  in 
the  same  cup-shaped  involucre, — becoming  oblong  coriaceous  nut- 
lets. Styles  4.  ORD.  OIL  NAIADACEAE.  p.  302. 

CALLITRICHE.  Flowers  associated  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
usually  between  a  pair  of  fistular  whitish  bracte.  Proper  perianth 
none.  Fruit  a  somewhat  fleshy  nut-like  capsule,  indehiscent,  4-lobed, 
4-celled.  Styles  2.  ORD.  LXXXVIII.  CALLITRICHACEAE.  p.  257. 

[Arum.    ORD.  XCIX.  ARACEAE.P.  297.] 
[Najas.    ORD.  CII.  NAIADACEAE.  p.  302.] 

Order  2.  IMamliia. 

[Fraxinus.    ORD.  LXXIV.  OLEACEAE.JP.  238.] 

[Podostemum.    ORD.  LXXXIX.  PODOSTEMACEAE.  p.  258.] 

[Lemna.    ORD.  C.  LEMNACEAE.  p.  300.] 

Order  3.  Triandria. 

TYPHA.  Flowers  in  a  long  dense  cylindric  terminal  interrupted 
spike,  with  an  intervening  caducous  spathe, — the  upper  portion 
sjtaminate.  Proper  perianth  none.  Ovaries  surrounded  by  clavate 
bristles,  becoming  small  pedicellate  nutlets.  ORD.  CI.  TYPHACEAE. 
p.  301. 

SPARGANIUM.  Flowers  in  dense  globose  heads,  in  the  axils  of  leaf- 
like  bracts, — proper  perianth  none.  Upper  heads  staminate.  Lower 
heads  consisting  of  sessile  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3  to  6  calyx- 
like  scales.  Fruit  a  sort  of  dry  drupe,  or  nutlet.  ORD.  CI.  TYPHA- 
CEAE. p.  301. 

COMPTONIA.  STAM.  FL.  Aments  cylindric ;  bracts  1-flowered,  reni- 
form-cordate,  each  with  2  bractlets.  Stamens  3  to  6.  PISTILL.  FL. 
Aments  globose,  becoming  bur-like,  by  the  persistent  subulate  scales 
which  invest  the  ovaries.  Fruit  an  ovoid-oblong  smooth  indehiscent 
nut.  ORD.  XCIII.  MYRICACEAE.  p.  274. 

[Phyllanthus.    ORD.  XC.  EUPHORBIACEAE.  p.  261.] 
[Carya.    ORD.  XCI.  JUGLANDACEAE.  p.  263.] 
[PUea.    ORD.  XCYII.  URTICACEAE.  p.  288.] 


MONOECIA   TEIANDRIA. 

[Scleria,  and  Carex.    OHD.  CXVII.  CYPEHACEAE.  p.  343—4.] 
[Zea,  and  Tripsacum.    ORD.  CXVIII.  GRAMmEAE.p.385-6] 

Order  4.  Tetrandria. 

BETIJLA.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  cylindric,  with  the  bracts  peltate,— 
each  with  2  bractlets,  and  3  flowers.  Calyx  a  scale,  with  4  stamens 
at  base.  PISTILLATE  AMENTS  ovoid-oblong,  with  the  bracts  3-lobed, 
imbricated.  Calyx  none.  Ovaries  3  under  each  bract ;  stigmas  2. 
Fruit  a  lenticular,  winged,  or  samaroid  nutlet.  ORD.  XCIV.  BETULA- 
CEAE.  p.  275. 

ALNUS.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  cylindric,  pendulous ;  bracts  1-  to  3- 
flowered,  peltate,  each  with  5  bractlets.  Calyx  4-parted.  PISTILLATE 
AMENTS  ovoid-oblong;  bracts  2-flowered,  somewhat  fleshy.  Calyx 
of  4  scale-like  sepals.  Fruit  a  compressed  angular  nut;  not  winged. 
ORD.  XCIV.  BETULACEAE.  p.  276. 

MORUS.  Flowers  in  cylindric  spikes,  occasionally  androgynous, 
sometimes  dioicous.  Calyx  4-parted.  PISTILL.  FL.  in  short  dense 
spikes.  Ovary  2-celled,  sessile ;  styles  2.  Akene  compressed,  covered 
by  the  persistent  succulent  calyx, — the  whole  spike  becoming  a  kind 
of  compound  oblong  terete  berry.  ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAE.  p. 
285. 

BOEHMERIA.  Flowers  in  simple  axillary  spikes,  sometimes  androgy- 
nous, often  dioicous.  STAM.  FL.  in  small  bracteate  clusters,  in 
slender  interrupted  spikes.  Sepals  4  or  5.  PISTILL.  FL..  bracteate, 
in  shorter  and  thicker  continuous  spikes.  Calyx  tubular-ventricose, 
4-toothed  or  entire,  inclosing  the  ovary.  Stigma  simple.  Akene 
elliptic-ovate.  ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAE.  p.  288. 

URTICA.  STAM.  FL.  Sepals  mostly  4,  valvate.  PISTILL.  FL.  Sepals 
4,  in  opposite  pairs, — the  outer  pair  smaller,  sometimes  abortive. 
Akene  compressed,  ovate-oblong.  ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAE.  p.  287. 

PILEA.  STAM.  FL.  Sepals  3  or  4.  PISTILL.  FL.  Calyx  of  3  un- 
equal segments,  with  an  incurved  scale  (or  abortive  stamen]  before 
each.  Stigma  pencil-tufted.  Akene  minutely  warty.  ORD.  XCVII. 
URTICACEAE.  p.  288. 

[Carya.    ORD.  XCI.  JrGLANDACEAE./>.263.] 
[Maclura,  Broussonetia,  and  Parietaria.     ORD.  XCVTI.  URTICACEAE.  p.  284—6.] 

Order  5.  Pent  and  ria, 

AMARANTHUS.     Flowers  imbricated  with   dry  scarious  persistent 

bracts.     Calyx  of  3  or  5  sepals,  mostly  colored,  and  connected  at 

base.     Corolla  none.     Stigmas  2  or   3.      Utricle  circumscissed,  or 

indehiscent,  1-seeded.     ORD.  LXXVIII.  AMARANTHACEAE.  p.  244. 

[Ambrosia,  and  Xanthium.    ORD.  LI.  COMPOSITAE.  p.  138 — 9.] 

[Celtia.    OHD.  LXXXV.  ULMACEAE.  p.  256.] 

[Quercus.    ORD.  XCII.  CUPULIFERAE.  p.  265.] 

Order  6.  Hexandria. 

[Comptonia.    ORD.  XCIII.  MTRICACEAE.  p.  274.] 

[Melanthium,  and  Veratrum.    ORD.  CXI  I.  MFLAMTHACEAE.  p.  323.] 

[Zizania.    ORD.  CXVIII.  GRAMINEAE.  p.  356.] 


LINNAEAN    ARRANGEMENT. 

Order  7.  Polyandria. 

CERATOPHYLLUM.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  inconspicuous.  Calyx 
none, — but  an  8-  to  10-  or  12-cleft  involucre.  STAM.  FL.  Anthers 
sessile.  PISTILL.  FL.  Ovary  1-celled ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  simple. 
Akene  beaked.  ORD.  LXXXVII.  CERATOPUYLLACEAE.  p.  257. 

ARUM.  Flowers  naked,  on  a  spadix,  often  dioicous.  Spathe  hooded 
at  summit.  Spadix  naked  at  summit.  Stamens  crowded,  subverti- 
cillate;  anthers  subsessile,  2-  to  4-celled.  Pistils  below  the  stamens, 
crowded.  Berries  1-  or  several-seeded.  ORD.  XCIX.  ARACEAE. 
p.  297. 

PELTANDRA.  Flowers  naked,  on  a  spadix.  Spathe  elongated,  con- 
volute. Spadix  entirely  covered  with  flowers.  Anthers  sessile,  with 
6  or  6  cells  surrounding  the  margin  of  a  thick  peltate  connective. 
Pistils  below  the  stamens.  Berries  1-  to  3-seeded.  ORD.  XCIX. 
ARACEAE.  p.  298. 

SAGITTARIA.  Sepals  3,  connected  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  8, 
deciduous.  PISTILLATE  FLOWERS  below ;  ovaries  numerous,  in  de- 
pressed-globose heads, — becoming  flatted  margined  akenes.  ORD. 
CIII.  ALISMACEAE.  p.  305. 

JUGLANS.  STAM.  FL.  Aments  simple,  lateral,  from  buds  without 
leaves.  Calyx  adnate  to  an  entire  1-fiowered  bract,  3-  to  6-parted. 
PISTILL.  FL.  terminal,  solitary,  or  few  and  clustered.  Calyx  4-cleft, 
with  4  small  petals  alternating  wjththe  segments.  Fruit  drupaceous, 
— the  epicarp  somewhat  fleshy,  not  opening;  nut  woody,  rugose. 
ORD.  XCI.  JUGLANDACEAE.  p.  261. 

CARYA.  STAM.  FL.  Aments  mostly  in  threes,  lateral,  from  buds 
•with  leaves.  Calyx  adnate  to  an  entire  1-flowered  bract,  2-  or  8- 
parted.  Stamens  few ;  anthers  hairy.  PISTILL.  FL.  terminal,  in  small 
clusters.  Calyx  4-cleft,  without  petals.  Fruit  drupaceous, — the 
epicarp  coriaceous,  opening  by  4  valves ;  nut  bony,  smooth,  usually 
4-  to  6-angled.  ORD.  XCI.  JUGLANDACEAE.  p.  263. 

QUERCUS.  STAM.  FL.  Aments  simple,  slender,  without  bracts. — 
Calyx  mostly  5-parted.  Corolla  none.  PISTILL.  FL,  in  small  clus- 
ters, sometimes  on  a  long  common  peduncle ;  each  flower  with  an 
involucre  formed  of  numerous  little  imbricated  scales  united  into  a 
cup.  Calyx  6-toothed.  Corolla  none.  Nut,  or  Acorn,  ovoid  or 
oblong,  seated  in  the  indurated  involucre.  ORD.  XCII.  CUPULI- 
FERAE.  p.  265. 

CASTANEA.  STAM.  FL.  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  naked^ spike- 
form  aments.  Calyx  5-  or  6-parted.  PISTILL.  FL.  usually  in  threes, 
within  ovoid  squarrose  clustered  involucres.  Calyx  urceolate, — the 
limb  5-  or  6-cleft.  Nuts  coriaceous,  1  to  3,  inclosed  in  the  globose 
prickly  involucre,  which  opens  by  4  valves  at  maturity.  ORD.  XCII. 

CUPULIFERAE.  p.  270. 


MOXOECIA   POLYANDRIA.  LXXXT 

FAOUS.  STAM.  FL.  in  globose  clusters,  pendulous  on  long  pedun- 
cles. Calyx  campanulate,  5-  or  6-cleft.  PISTILL.  FL.  usually  in 
pairs,  within  an  ovoid  pedunculate  involucre  formed  of  numerous  coal- 
esced subulate  flexible  bracts,  (7aZyr  urceolate, — the  limb  elongated, 
4-  or  5-cleft.  Nuts  ovoid-triquetrous,  usually  2  in  the  coriaceous 
muricate  4-valved  involucre.  ORD.  XCII.  CUPULIFERAE.  p.  271. 

CORTLUS.  STAM.  FL.  imbricated  in  cylindric  aments  ;  scales  3-part- 
ed, — the  middle  segment  covering  the  two  lateral  ones.  Calyx 
none.  PISTILL.  FL.  in  terminal  clusters.  Nut  bony,  roundish- 
ovoid,  subcompressed,  solitary  in  the  enlarged  leathery-foliaceous 
lacerate-dentate  involucre.  ORD.  XCII.  CUPULIFERAE.  p.  272. 

CARPINUS.  STAM.  FL.  Aments  lateral,  with  simple  ovate  scale-like 
bracts.  Calyx  none.  PISTILL.  FL.  in  pairs,  with  small  deciduous 
bracts,  and  enlarging  foliaceous  involucres,  arranged  in  terminal 
loose  ament-like  spikes.  Calyx  urceolate, — the  limb  cup-like,  dentic- 
ulate. Nuts  in  pairs,  bony,  ovoid,  subcompressed,  striate-ribbed. 
ORD.  XCII.  CUPULIFERAE.  p.  273. 

OSTRYA.  STAM.  FL.  nearly  as  in  Carpinus.  PISTILL.  FL.  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  in  short  slender  terminal  aments,  with  small  caducous 
bracts ;  each  flower  (or  pair  of  flowers)  inclosed  in  a  membranous 
sac-like  involucre,  which  enlarges  and  forms  a  bladdery  closed  bag, 
in  fruit, — and  these  are  imbricated  in  a  strobile,  like  that  of  the 
common  Hop.  Calyx  somewhat  urceolate, — the  limb  tubular,  entire. 
Nuts  solitary,  compressed,  lance-oblong.  ORD.  XCII.  CUPULIFERAE. 
p.  273. 

PLATANUS.  STAM.  FL.  in  small  pendulous  globose  deciduous  heads. 
Stamens  mixed  with  subclavate  scales.  PISTILL.  FL.  in  larger  pen- 
dulous globose  persistent  heads.  Fruit  a  clavate  coriaceous  nutlet, 
beset  at  base  by  tawny  pappus-like  hairs.  ORD.  XCVI.  PLATANA- 
CEAE.  p.  283. 

Order  8.  Monadelpliia. 

Pixus.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  spiked,  subterminal.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, inserted  on  the  axis ;  anthers  subsessile,  covered  by  the  peltate 
scale-like  connective, — the  cells  opening  lengthwise.  FERTILE  AMEXTS 
terminal,  solitary  or  clustered, — the  carpellary  scales  with  deciduous 
bracts.  Fruit  a  woody  strobile,  formed  of  the  persistent  imbricated 
carpellary  scales,  which  are  thickened,  and  often  mucronate  at  apex, 
— each  scale  with  an  excavation  at  base  containing  2  naked  nutlike 
seeds,  which  are  margined  by  a  deciduous  wing.  ORD.  XCVIII. 

COXIFERAE.  p.  290. 

ABIES.  STAMIXATB  AMENTS  scattered,  or  clustered  near  the  ends  of 
the  branches.  FERTILE  AMENTS  lateral  or  terminal, — the  carpellary 
scales  with  persistent,  or  evanescent  bracts.  Strobile  with  the  scales 
rounded,  thin  and  not  mucronate  at  apex,  nor  excavated  at  base. — 
Seeds  with  a  persistent  wing.  ORD.  XCVIII.  CONIFERAE.  p.  291. 

LARIX.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  lateral  and  scattered,  bud-like.  FERTILE 
AMEXTS  lateral, — the  carpellary  scales  with  colored  persistent  bracts. 
Strobile  erect,  ovoid, — the  scales  as  in  Abies,  but  somewhat  exca- 
vated at  base.  Seeds  with  a  persistent  wing.  ORD.  XCVIII.—. 
CONIFERAE.  p.  292. 


LXXXvi  LINNAEAN  ARRANGEMENT. 

TAXODIUM.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  numerous,  in  a  terminal  pyramidal 
spike,  or  racemose  cluster.  Stamens  few, — the  anther-cells  covered 
by  a  peltate  scale-like  connective.  FERTILE  AMENTS  roundish-obovoid, 
usually  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  staminate  spike — the  carpellary 
scales  without  bracts,  acute,  recurved-spreading  at  apex.  Strobile 
Bubglobose, — the  scales  angular,  subpeltate,  scarcely  opening. — 
Seeds  angular.  ORD.  XCVIII.  CONIFERAE.  p.  294. 

THUJA.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  ovoid,  terminal,  small.  Stamens  with 
a  scale-like  connective,  bearing  4  anther-cells.  FERTILE  AMENTS  sub- 
ovoid,  tuberculate,  terminal,  small, — the  carpellary  scales  fixed  by 
the  base,  without  bracts,  dry  and  spreading  at  maturity.  Seeds  with 
a  narrow  iving  at  each  end.  ORD.  XCVIII.  CONIFERAE.  p.  293. 

PIIYLLANTHUS.  Calyx  5-  or  6-parted.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  mostly 
3,  with  5  or  6  glands  at  base.  Ovary  seated  on  a  glandular  disk, 
8-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded ;  styles  3.  Capsule  separating  into  3  carpels. 
ORD.  XC.  EUPHORBIACEAE.  p.  261. 

ACALYPHA.  STAMINATE  FLOWERS  very  small,  clustered  in  minute 
pedunculate  spikes,  with  the  PISTILLATE  FLOWER  mostly  at  their 
base,  in  an  axillary  leaf-like  involucre.  Calyx  of  the  Stam.  fl.  4- 
parted,  of  the  pistillate  fl.  3-parted.  Corolla  none.  Styles  3,  fringed. 
Capsule  3-lobed,  separating  into  3  globular  carpels.  ORD.  XC. 
EUPHORBIACEAE.  p.  261. 

SICYOS.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  5-parted.  Ovary 
inferior,  1-cjelled ;  stigma  thickish,  trifid.  Fruit  compressed,  ovate, 
dry  and  membranous,  1-seeded,  armed  with  barbed  prickly  bristles. 
ORD.  XL.  CUCURBITACEAE,  p.  93. 

CUCUMIS.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  nearly 
distinct,  and  free.  Fruit  a  fleshy  3-  to  6-celled  berry.  Seeds 
smooth,  obovate-oblong,  acute  at  base,  and  on  the  margin.  ORD. 
XL.  CUCURBITACEAE.  p.  92. 

CITRULLUS.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-parted.  Petals  5,  adnate 
to  the  calyx.  Fruit  a  subglobose  smooth  berry.  Seeds  obovate- 
oblong,  truncate  at  base,  obtuse  on  the  margin.  ORD.  XL.  CUCUR- 

BITACEAE.  p.  93. 

CUCURBITA.  Corolla  campanulate, — the  petals  cohering  with  each 
other,  and  adnate  to  the  calyx.  STAM.  FL.  Calyx  campanulate, 
with  a  short  tube.  PISTILL.  FL.  Calyx-tube  obovoid,  circumscissed 
below  the  limb,  after  flowering.  Fruit  a  fleshy,  or  subligneous 
berry  of  various  form.  Seeds  obovate,  smooth,  with  the  margin 
scarcely  tumid.  ORD.  XL.  CUCURBITACEAE.  p.  94. 

LAGENARIA.  Calyx  campanulate,  or  turbinate.  Petals  5,  obovate, 
adnate  to  the  calyx-tube.  Fruit  at  first  fleshy,  finally  a  dry  ligneous 
berry.  Seeds  arillate,  with  tumid  margin.  ORD.  XL.  CUCURBITA- 
CEAE. p.  92. 


DIOECIA   jffeNANDRIA.  LXXX7ii 

CI^ASS  XX.  DIOECIA. 
Order  1.  Monandria. 

NAIAS.  Flowers  axillary  and  solitary.  Stamen  in  a  membranous 
spat he ;  aniher  at  first  subsessile,  the  filament  finally  elongated. — 
Ovary  tapering  to  a  short  style ;  stigmas  2  to  4,  subulate,  fruit  a 
loosely-coated  seed-like  nutlet.  ORD.  CII.  NAIADACEAE.  p.  302. 

Order  2.  Diandria. 

SALIX.  Flowers  all  amentaceous ;  bracts  entire,  1-flowered.  Calyx 
none.  Ovary  1 -celled ;  stigmas  2,  subsessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
follicular  kind  of  small  capsule,  opening  at  apex.  Seeds  numerous, 
silky-comose.  ORD.  XCV.  SALICACEAE.  p.  276. 

[Fraxinus.    ORD.  LXXIV.  OLEACEAE.  p.  238.] 
[Vallisneria.    ORD.  CIV.  HYDROCHARIDACEAE.  p.  306.] 

Order  3.  Triandria. 

VALLISNERIA.  STAM.  FL.  crowded  on  a  conical  receptacle,  which  is 
inclosed  in  a  3-valved  spathe,  and  borne  on  a  short  scape.  Calyx 
3-parted.  Corolla  none.  PISTILL.  FL.  solitary,  in  a  tubular  bifid 
spathe,  on  a  long  slender  flexuose  scape.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary,  not  extended  beyond  it;  limb  3-lobed,  with  3  small  linear 
petals  alternating  with  the  obovate  lobes.  Fruit  long,  linear,  inde- 
hiscent,  fleshy  and  berry-like,  several-seeded.  ORD.  CIV.  HYDRO- 
CHARIDACEAE. p.  306. 

Order  4.  Tetrandria. 

VISCUM.  STAM.  FL.  Calyx  subcoriaceous,  3-  or  4-parted.  Corolla 
none.  PISTILL.  FL.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  limb  3-  or 
4-toothed,  or  obsolete.  Petals  3  or  4,  minute.  Fruit  a  globular 
1-seeded  berry.  ORD.  LXXXIV.  LORANTHACEAE.  p.  254. 

MACLURA.  STAM.  FL.  racemose.  Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  none. 
PISTILL.  FL.  densely  crowded,  and  coalesced,  on  a  globose  receptacle. 
Sepals  4,  in  opposite  pairs,  oblong,  somewhat  cucullate  and  fleshy. 
Ovary  1-celled  ;  stigmas  2,  one  large  and  feathery,  the  other  mostly 
abortive.  Akenes  embraced  by  the  sepals,  and  all  coalesced  into  a 
large  compound  globose  lactescent  berry.  ORD.  XCVII.  URTICA- 

CEAE.J3.  284. 

BROITSSONETIA.  STAM.  FL.  in  ament-like  spikes,  bracteate.  Calyx 
4-parted.  Corolla  none.  PISTILL.  FL.  in  dense  capitate  clusters, 
mixed  with  hairy  scales.  Calyx  urceolate,  3-  or  4-toothed.  Ovary 
1-celled,  pedicellate.  Akene  softly  fleshy,  elevated  on  the  baccate 
pedicel,  which  is  surrounded  at  base  by  the  calyx.  ORD.  XCVII. 
URTICACEAE.  p.  286. 

[Ilex  opaca.    ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE.  p.  175.] 
[Moms,  Urtica,  and  Boehmeria.    ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAI.  p.  285-7-8.] 

Order  5.  Pentandria. 

CANNABIS.    STAM.  FL.     Calyx  of  5  sepals.     Corolla  none.    Pis- 


LXXXV111  LINNAEAN   ARRANGEMENT. 

TILL.  FL.  Calyx  urceolate,  acuminate,  consisting  of  a  single  persist- 
ent sepal  folded  rounded  the  subglobose  ovary.  Corolla  none.  Nut 
1-seeded,  indehiscent.  ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAE.  p.  286. 

HUMULUS.  STAM.  FL.  Calyx  of  5  sepals.  Corolla  none.  PISTILL. 
FL.  in  ovoid-oblong  aments ;  bracts  imbricated,  enlarging,  2-flowered. 
Calyx  urceolate,  consisting  of  a  single  scale-like  persistent  sepal, 
its  folded  margin  embracing  the  ovate  ovary.  Corolla  none.  Nut 
resinous-glandular.  ORD.  XCVII.  URTICACEAE.  p.  287. 

SPINACIA.  STAM.  FL.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla  none. — 
PISTILL.  FL.  Calyx  ventricose-tubular,  2-  to  4-toothed,  persistent. 
Corolla  none.  Akene  compressed,  included  in  the  indurated  (and 
sometimes  muricated)  calyx-tube.  ORD.  LXXVII.  CHENOPODIA- 
CEAE.  p.  244. 

[Rhus.    ORD.  XXVII.  ANACARDIACEAE.  p.  43.] 
[Negundo.    ORD.  XXVIII.  ACERACEAE.  p.  46.] 

[Vitis.    ORD.  XXXII.  VITACEAE.  p.  49.] 

[Panax  trifolium.    ORD.  XLV.  ARALIACEAE.  p.  110.] 

[Nyssa.    ORD.  LXXXII.  NTSSACEAE.  p.  253.] 

Order  6.  Hexandria. 

DIOSCOREA.  STAM.  FL.  Calyx  6-parted.  Corolla  none.  PISTILL. 
FL.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  3-celled  ovary ;  limb  6-parted. — 
Corolla  none.  Capsule  prominently  3-winged.  Seeds  compressed, 
margined.  ORD.  CIX.  DIOSCOREACEAE  p.  318. 

SMILAX.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  sepals,  deciduous.  Ovary  superior. 
Berry  globose,  1-  to  3-celled,  1-  to  3-seeded.  ORD.  CX.  SMILACEAE. 
p.  319. 

[Gleditschia.    ORD.  XXXIV.  LEGUMINOSAE.  p.  69.] 

[Prinos.    ORD.  LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE.  p.  175. 

[Rumex  Acctosella.    ORD.  LXXIX.  POLTGONACEAE.  p.  250.] 

[Chamaelirium.    ORD.  CXII.  MELANTHACEAE.  jp.  329.] 

Order  7.  Octandria. 

POPULUS.  Flowers  all  amentaceous  ;  bracts  laciniate,  1-flowered. — 
Calyx  subturbinate, — the  limb  oblique,  entire.  Capsule  2-valved. — 
Seeds  comose.  ORD.  XCV.  SALICACEAE.  p.  281. 

[Acer.    ORD.  XXVIII.  ACERACEAE.  p.  44.] 
[Diospyros.    ORD.  LVI.  EBENACEAE.  p.  176.] 

Order  8.  Enneandria. 

UDORA.  Flowers  polygamo-dioicous,  solitary,  from  a  tubular  bifid 
zpathe.  STAM.  FL.  minute.  Sepals  and  petals  each  3,  nearly  alike. 
PERFECT.  FL.  Calyx-tube  long  and  very  slender,  adherent  to  the 
ovary  at  base;  limb  3-parted.  Petals  3.  Fruit  oblong  coriaceous, 
iudehiscent,  few-seeded.  ORD.  CIV.  HYDROCHARIDACEAE.  p.  30o. 
[Sassafras  and  Benzoin.  ORD.  LVIII.  LAURACEAE.  p.  251-2.] 

Order  9.  Decandria. 

AILANTHUS.  Polygamo-dioicous:  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  5-petaled. 
PERFECT,  OR  PISTILL.  FL.  Ovaries  3  to  5,  free,  compressed,  1-celled; 


DIOECIA   POLYANDRIA.  LXXX1X 

Stigmas  radiately  5-lobed.  Stamens  2,  or  3,  in  the  perfect  flower 
(10  in  the  sterile).  Fruit  samara-like,  oblong,  tumid  in  the  centre. 
ORD.  XXVI.  XANTHOXYLACEAE.  p.  42. 

[Gymnocladus.    OED.  XXXIV.  LEGUMINOSAE.  p.  69.] 

Order  1O.  Polyandria. 

MENISPERMUM.  Sepals  and  petals  arranged  in  fours,  in  2  or  3 
(series.  STAM.  FL.  Anthers  4-celled.  PISTILL.  FL.  Ovaries  2  to  4, 
superior,  subpedicellate.  Drupes  roundish -reniform;  nut  lunate. — 
ORD.  IV.  MENISPERMACEAE.  p.  10. 

SAHSBURIA.  STAM.  FL.  in  axillary  filiform  pedunculate  aments.— 
FERTILE  FL.  terminal,  solitary,  or  fasciculate, — each  consisting  of  a 
naked  ovule  seated  in  a  cupshaped  disk,  in  the  thickened  apex  of  the 
peduncle.  Seed  nut-like,  its  base  embraced  by  the  fleshy  disk.— 
ORD.  XCVIII.  CONIFERAE.  p.  296. 

[Clematis,  and  Thalictrum.    ORD.  I.  RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  2  &  3.] 

[Diospyros.    ORD.  LVI.  EBENACEAE.  p.  176.J 

[Arum.    ORD.  XCIX.  ARACEAE.  p.  297.] 

Order  11.  Monadelpliia. 

TAXUS.  STAM.  FL.  in  axillary  globose  aments,  exserted  from  the 
scaly  buds.  FERTILE  FL.  scaly-bracteate  at  base, — each  consisting 
of  a  naked  ovule  seated  in  a  cupshaped  disk,  which  finally  becomes 
pulpy,  and  incloses  the  lower  half  of  the  nut-like  seed.  ORD. 
XCVIII.  CONIFERAE.  p.  295. 

JUNIPERUS.  STAMINATE  AMENTS  axillary,  or  sub  terminal,  ovoid, 
small.  Filaments  bearing  an  excentrically  peltate  connective, — to 
the  lower  edge  of  which  the  anther-cells  are  attached.  FERTILE  AMEXTS 
axillary,  globose,  consisting  of  3  to  6  fleshy,  1-  to  3-ovuled,  coales- 
cent  scales.  Fruit  drupe-like,  small,  tuberculate,  umbilicate  at  apex, 
scaly-bracteate  at  base.  ORD.  XCVIII.  CONIFERAE.  p.  295. 

CL.ASS  XXI.  CRYPTOGAMIA. 

-§3~The  Genera  of  this  Class  are  all  arranged  in  the  Series  of  FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS  ;  and  will  be  found  distributed  in  the  natural  orders  to  which  they  sever- 
ally belong. 


NATURAL  ARRANGEMENT 

OP   THE 

GROUPS  AND  ORDERS  IN  THIS  WORK. 


THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM  is  arranged,  by  Prof.  A.  GRAY  in  his  Botanical  Text 
Book  (which  arrangement  is  here  adopted),  in  two  Series  or  grand  Divisions — 
known  as  Phaenogamous  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  Cryptugamous  or  Flowerless 
Plants.  These,  again,  are  subdivided ;  and  the  plants  belonging  to  them  are 
disposed,  according  to  their  structure  and  affinities,  in  Classes,  Sub-Glasses,  Divisions 
Groups,  Orders,  Sub-Orders,  Tribes,  Sub-Tribes,  Genera,  Sub-Genera,  Species  and 
Varieties. 

The  following  is  a  Synoptical  View  of  the  general  arrangement  and  grouping  of 
the  Natural  Orders,  or  Families,  to  which  the  plants  enumerated  in  this  work  are 
referable ;  which,  the  intelligent  reader  will  perceive,  has  been  derived  from  the 
valuable  Text-book,  above  mentioned.  Such  a  Conspectus,  it  is  believed,  may  be 
satisfactory  and  useful  to  the  Student,— as  affording  a  comprehensive  glance  at 
the  general  principles,  or  basis  of  the  System,  upon  which  the  superstructure  of 
details  has  been  erected.  Under  this  impression  it  has  been  here  inserted. 


SERIES  I. 

PHAENOG'AMOUS  OR  FLOWERING 
PLANTS. 

PLANTS  furnished  with  flowers  (essentially  consisting  of  stamens 
and  pistils],  and  producing  proper  seeds. 

CLASS  I. 

EXOGENOUS  OR  DICOTYLEDONOUS 
PLANTS. 

STEM  consisting  of  a  distinct  bark  and  pith,  which  are  separated 
by  an  interposed  layer  of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  forming  wood  in 
all  perennial  stems ;  increase  in  diameter  effected  by  the  annual 
deposition  of  new  layers  between  the  old  wood  and  the  bark,  which 
are  arranged  in  concentric  zones,  and  traversed  by  medullary  rays. 
Leaves  commonly  articulated  with  the  stem,  their  veins  branching 
and  reticulated.  Sepals  and  petals,  when  present,  more  commonly 
in  fives  or  fours,  and  very  rarely  in  threes.  Embryo  with  two  or 
more  cotyledons. 


XCii  NATURAL   ARRANGEMENT. 

SUB-CLASS  I. 

ANGIOSPERMOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Ovules  produced  in  a  closed  ovary,  and  fertilized  by  the  action  of 
pollen  through  the  medium  of  a  stigma.  Embryo  with  a  pair  of 
opposite  cotyledons. 

DIVISION  I.     DIALYPET'ALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

FLORAL  ENVELOPES  consisting,  generally,  of  both  calyx  and 
corolla, — with  the  Petals  distinct.* 

GROUP  1.  Ovaries  several  or  numerous  (in  a  few  cases  solitary), 
distinct,  when  in  several  rows  sometimes  cohering  in  a  mass,  but 
not  united  into  a  compound  pistil.  Petals  and  stamens  hypogynous. 
Seeds  albuminous. 

f  Stamens  or  pistils  (one  or  both}  numerous  or  indefinite. 

Herbs,  without  stipules.    RANUNCULACEAE.  p.  1. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  stipules.    MAGNOLIACEAE.  p.  8. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  without  stipules.    ANONACEAE.  p.  9. 

f  f  Stamens  few  or  definite .    Pistils  few  or  solitary. 

Climbing  plants.    Flowers  mono-dioicous.    MENISPERMACEAE.  p.  10. 

Shrubs  or  herbs.    Flowers  all  perfect.    BERBERIDACEAE.  p.  10. 

GROUP  2.  Ovaries  several,  either  distinct,  or  perfectly  united  into 
a  compound  pistil  of  several  cells.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite, 
inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Embryo  inclosed  in  a  sac  at  the  end  of 
the  albumen.  Aquatic  herbs. 

Carpels  distinct  and  free.    CABOMBACEAE.  p.  11. 
Carpels  united  in  a  several-celled  ovary.    NYMPHAEACEAE.  p.  12. 

GROUP  3.  Ovary  compound,  with  parietal  placentae.  Calyx  and 
corolla  2-  4-merous,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous.  Flowers 
unsymmetrical.  Embryo  small  in  copious  albumen,  or  coiled  when 
there  is  no  albumen. 

Seeds  albuminous. 

Polyandrous;  flower  regular.    PAPAVERACEAE.  p.  12. 
Diadelphous  or  hexandrous ;  fl.  irregular.  FUMARIACEAE.  p.  14. 

Seeds  without  albumen. 

Pod  2-cetted :  radicle  folded  on  tJie  cotyledons.    CRUCIFERAE.  p.  15. 
Pod  1-celled :  embryo  rolled  up.    CAPPARIDACEAE.  p.  24. 

GROUP  4.  Ovary  compound,  with  parietal  placentae.  Floral  envel- 
opes mostly  5-merous ;  calyx  persistent.  Stamens  hypogynous. — 
Seeds  albuminous. 

Corolla  irregular:  anthers  introrse,  connate.    VIOLACEAE.  p.  24. 
Corolla  regular :  anthers  extrorse,  or  innate,  distinct. 

Vernation  cirdnnate.    Petals  marcescent.    DROSERACEAE.  p.  27. 

*  Some  cases  of  DIALTPETALOUS  FLOWERS  also  occur  in  the  orders  ERICACEAE,  and 
AQCIPOLIACEAE,  which  are  placed  in  the  GAMOPETALOUS  part  of  the  series ;  and  some 
genera  of  several  Orders  placed  here,  are  apetalous, — such  as  Anemone,  Thalictrum » 
ftc, 


DIALYFETALOUS    EXOGENOUS    PLANTS.  XCr'l 

Vernation  straigJit.    Petals  usually  caducous.    CISTACEAK.  p.  26. 

GROUP  5.  Ovary  compound  with  the  placentae  parietal,  or  2-  5- 
celled  from  their  meeting  in  the  axis.  Stamens  hypogynous. — 
Embryo  straight,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Stipules  none ;  leaves  dotted.    Stamens  in  parcels.    HYPERICACEAE.  p.  28. 

GROUP  6.  Ovary  compound,  1-celled  with  a  free  central  placenta, 
or  2-  several-celled  with  the  placenta  in  the  axis.  Calyx  free  or 
nearly  so.  Embryo  peripheric,  on  mealy  albumen. 

Floral  envelopes  symmetrical.    CARYOPHVLLACEAE.  p.  30. 
Floral  envelopes  unsymmetrical.    PORTULACACEAE.  p.  34. 

GROUP  7.  Ovary  compound  and  several-celled,  with  the  placentae 
in  the  axis  ;  or  the  numerous  carpels  more  or  less  coherent  with 
each  other  or  with  a  central  axis.  Calyx,  free  from  the  ovary,  with 
a  valvate  aestivation. 

Anthers  l-cdled.    Stamens  monaddphous.    MALVACEAE,  p.  35. 

Anthers  2-celled.    Polyandrous  or  5-adelphous.    TILIACEAE.  p.  37. 

GROUP  8.     Ovary   compound,  or  of  several   carpels   adhering  to  a 

central   axis,  free  from   the  calyx,  which  is  mostly  imbricated  in 

aestivation.     Flowers  perfect. 

f  Flower  irregular  and  unsymmetrical. 

Stamens  connate.    Ovules  several  in  each  cell.    BALSAMINACEAK.  p.  40. 
Stamens  distinct.    Ovules  single  in  each  cell.    TROPAEOLACEAE.  p.  41. 

f  f  Flower  regular  and  symmetrical  throughout. 
Calyx  valvate  in  aestivation.    LIMNANTHACEAE.  p.  42. 

Calyx  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

Embryo  conduplicate.    GERANIACEAE.  p.  39. 

Leaves  simple.    Stamens  5.    LINACEAE.  p.  38. 

Leaves  compound.    Stamens  10.    OXALIDACEAE.  p.  40. 

GROUP  9.  Ovary  compound,  with  2  or  several  cells,  or  1-celled  by 
suppression, — or  carpels  distinct  and  barely  connected  by  their 
styles.  Calyx  free.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  rarely  want- 
ing. Stamens  once  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  distinct.  Eiti- 
bryo  large ;  albumen  little  or  none.  Flowers  polygamo-dioicous. 

Leaves  dotted.    Ovaries  or  cells  2-ovuled.    XANTHOXYLACEAE.  p.  42. 
Leaves  dolless.    Ovary  1 ;  ovule  long-pedicelled.    ANACARDIACEAE.  p.  43. 

GROUP  10.  Ovary  compound,  2-  3-lobed,  2-  3- celled,  free  from  the 
calyx,  which  is  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  often  irregular,  or  1 
fewer  than  the  sepals — or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  definite, 
distinct,  inserted  on  or  around  a  hypogynous  disk.  Ovules  1  or  2 
in  each  cell.  Embryo  curved  or  coiled;  albumen  none.  Flowers 
often  polygamous. 

Leaves  opposite.    Gynaecium  dimerous.    ACERACEAE.  p.  44. 

Leaves  chiefly  alternate.    Gynaecium  trimerous.    SAPIWDACEAE.  p.  47. 

I 


XC1V  NATURAL  ARRANGEMENT. 

GROUP  11.  Ovary  compound,  2-  5-celled.  Calyx,  free,  or  adherent 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  and  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  either  into  its  throat  or  base,  or  upon  the 
disk  that  covers  it.  Seeds  solitary,  or  few  in  each  cell,  albuminous. 
Flowers  regular. 

f  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals. 

Ovaries  partly  separated :  leaves  compound.    TEIBE  STAPHYLEAE.  p.  48. 
Ovaries  wholly  united.    Seeds  ariUate :  leaves  simple.    CELASTRACEAE.  p.  47. 

f  f  Stamens  opposite  the  petals. 

Sepals  valvate.    Cells  l-ovuled.    RHAMNACEAE.JJ.  49. 

Petals  valvate,  caducous.    Cells  2-ovuled.    YITACEAE. p.  49. 

GROUP  12.     Ovary  compound,  2-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.     Sepals 

and  petals  very  irregular.     Stamens   monadelphous, — the   tube   of 

filaments  split  on  one  side,  and  more  or  less  united  with  the  claws 

of  the  hypogynous  petals ;  anthers  1-celled,  opening  by  a  pore  at 

apex. 

Seeds  albuminous  ;  embryo  large.    POLYOAL.ACEAE.  p.  51. 

GROUP  13.  Ovary  simple  and  solitary,  free  from  the  calyx;  fruit  a 
pod.  Flower  5-merous,  the  odd  sepal  anterior.  Corolla  mostly 
irregular  and  papilionaceous,  sometimes  regular.  Stamens  mona- 
delphous, diadelphous,  or  distinct,  mostly  perigynous.  Seeds  desti- 
tute of  albumen.  LEGUMINOSAE.  p.  53. 

GROUP  14.  Ovaries  1  or  several,  simple  and  distinct,  or  combined 
into  a  -compound  ovary  with  2  or  more  cells  and  the  placentae  in 
the  axis.  Petals,  and  distinct  stamens,  perigynous.  Seeds  destitute 
of  albumen. 

f  Calyx  free,  inclosing  the  ovaries  in  its  tube, — or  when  the  ovaries  arc  united,  adnate 
to  them,  and  the  stamens  indefinite. 

Leaves  alternate,  stipulate.    ROSACEAE.  p.  70. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite,  without  stipules. 

ft  Calyx  free  from  the  compound  ovary.    Stam.  definite.    LYTHRACEAE.  p.  86. 

•f  f  f  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  compound  ovary.    Stamens  definite. 

Anthers  opening  by  a  pore  at  apex.    MELASTOMACEAE.JJ.  86. 

Anthers  opening  longitudinally.    ONAGRACEAE.  jp.  87. 

GROUP  15.  Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae. 
Petals  and  stamens  mostly  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect. 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.    Stamens  5.    GROSSULACEAE.JJ.  90. 

GROUP  16.  Ovary  compound,  2-  to  several-celled  (or  1-celled  by 
obliteration) ;  placentae  parietal,  arising  from  the  axis,  but  carried 
outward  to  the  walls  of  the  pericarp.  Calyx  adnate.  Corolla  often 
gamopetalous  !  Stamens  united  either  by  their  filaments  or  anthers. 
Flowers  mostly  monoicous.  Seeds  without  albumen.  CUCURBIT- 

ACEAE.  p.  91. 

GROUP  17.  Ovaries  2  or  more,  many-ovuled,  distinct,  or  partly, 
and  sometimes  completely,  united,  when  the  ovary  is  1-celled  with 
parietal  placentae,  or  2-  to  many-celled  with  the  placentae  in  the 


DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENOUS    PLANTS.  XCV 

axis.  Calyx  either  free  or  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Petals  and 
stamens  inserted  on.  the  calyx.  Seeds  albuminous,  numerous. 

Pistils  as  many  as  the.  sepals.    CRASSULACEAE.JP.  95. 
Pistils  fewer  than  the  sepals,  more  or  less  united.    SAXIFRAGACEAE.  p.  95. 

GROUP  18.  Ovary  compound,  2-  (rarely  3-  or  5-)  celled,  with  a 
single  ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  each  cell.  Stamens  usually 
as  many  as  the  petals,  or  lobes  of  the  adherent  calyx:  Embryo 
small,  in  hard  albumen. 

^Summit  of  the  ovary  free  from  the  calyx;  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  tJie 
throat  of  the  calyx.    HAMAMELACEAE.  p.  97. 

f  f  Calyx-tube  entirely  adherent  to  the.  ovary.    Stamens  and  petals  epigynous.— 
Flowers  mostly  umbellate. 

Fruit  separable  into  2  dry  carpels.    UMBELLIFERAE.  p.  98. 

Fruit  drupaceous,  usually  of  more  than  2  carpels.    ARALIACEAE.  p.  108. 

Flowers  cymote,  or  capitate.    Drupe  2rcetted.    CORNACEAE.  p.  110. 

DIVISION  II.     GAMOPET'ALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 
FLORAL  ENVELOPES  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla, — the 
petals  more  or  less  united.* 

GROUP  1.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx,  2-  to  several-celled,  with  1 
or  many  ovules  in  each  cell.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. — 
Seeds  albuminous  ;  embryo  small. 

Stipules  wanting.    GAPRIFOLIACEAE.  p.  112. 

Stipules  interpeliolar.    RUBIACF.AE.  p.  116. 

GROUP  2,  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx,  1-celled  and  1  ovuled, — 
rarely  3-celled  with  2  of  the  cells  empty.  Seeds  with  little  or  no 
albumen.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Calyx-limb  a  mere 
ring,  crown,  or  pappus — or  obsolete.  Fruit  akene-like. 

Stamens  distinct.    Seed  suspended. 

Stamens  3,  or  fewer.    VALERIANACEAE.  p.  120. 

Stamens  4.    Heads  involucrate.    DIPSACEAE.  p.  120. 

Stamens  syngenesious.    Seed  erect.    COMPOSITAE.  p.  121. 

GROUP  3.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx,  with  2  or  more  cells  and 
numerous  ovules.  Seeds  albuminous.  Stamens  inserted  with  the 
corolla  (epigynous)  :  anthers  not  opening  by  pores. 

Corolla  irregular.    Stamens  united  in  a  tube.    LOBELIACEAE.  p.  162. 
Corolla  regular.    Stamens  distinct.    CAMPANULACEAK.  p.  164. 

GROUP  4.  Ovary  sometimes  adherent  to  the  calyx,  more  commonly 
free, — with  2  or  more  cells  and  numerous  ovules.  Seeds  albuminous. 
Stamens  inserted  with  the  corolla,  or  rarely  adherent  to  its  base, — 
as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  as  its  lobes :  anthers  mostly  opening  by 
pores. 

*The  plants  belonging  to  ORD.  XL.  CCCURBITACEAE,  althougb  often  gamopeta- 
lous,  will  be  found  in  the  dialypetalous  division :  and  our  native  species  of  Fraxi- 
nus,— belonging  to  ORD.  LXXIV.  OLEACEAE,  at  the  end  of  this  division,— are 
destitute  of  petals. 


XCV1  NATURAL   ARRANGEMENT. 

Anthers  2-celled.    ERICACEAE,  p.  165. 

GROUP  5.  Ovary  mostly  free,  several-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  (at 
most  a  single  seed)  in  each  cell.  Seeds  mostly  albuminous.  Stamens 
definite, — as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  (sometimes  almost  dialypeta- 
lous)  corolla,  and  alternate  with  them— or  2  to  4  times  as  many: 
anthers  not  opening  by  pores. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes.    AQUIFOLIACEAE.  p.  175. 
Stamens  more  numerous  ;  polygamo-dioicous.    EBENACEAE.  p.  176. 

GROUP  6.  Ovary  mostly  free,  1-celled,  with  a  free  central  placenta. 
Stamens  inserted  into  the  regular  corolla  opposite  its  lobes,  which 
they  equal  in  number.  Seeds  albuminous. 

Herbs :  fruit  capsular.  PRIMULACEAE.  p.  177. 

GROUP  7.  Ovary  free,  1-celled  with  a  single  ovule, — or  2-celled 
with  several  ovules  attached  to  a  thick  central  placenta.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  regular  corolla.  Seeds  albuminous. 

Ovary  2-celled ;  style  single ;  stamens  4.    PLANTAGINACEAE.  p.  176. 
GROUP  8.     Ovary  free,  1-  or  2-  (or  spuriously   4-)    celled,  with 
numerous  ovules.     Corolla,  irregular  (sub-bilabiate);    stamens  in- 
serted upon  its  tube,  and  mostly  fewer  than  its  lobes. 

Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  central  placenta.    LEOTIBCLACEAE.  p.  180. 

Ovary  with  parietal  placentae.    OROBANCHACEAE.  p.  180. 
Ovary  spuriously  4-  or  5-celltd.    Sub.Ord.    SESAMEAE.  p.  182. 

Ovary  1-celled;  placentae  in  the  axis. 

Seeds  indefinite,  winged.    BIGNONIACEAE.  p.  182. 

Seeds  few,  wingless.    Corolla  convolute.    ACANTHACEAE.  p.  183. 

Seeds  mostly  indefinite.    Corolla  imbricative.    SCROPHULARIACEAE.  p.  183. 

GROUP  9.  Ovary  free,  2-  to  4-lobed,  splitting  into  as  many  1-seeded 
nutlets,  or  drupaceous.  Corolla  irregular  or  regular ;  stamens  in- 
serted on  its  tube,  fewer  than  its  lobes  or  as  many.  Albumen  little 
or  none. 

Stamens  4,  diclynamous,  or  2.    Corolla  more  or  less  irregular. 

Ovary  not  4-lobed.    VERBENACEAE.  p.  194. 
Ovary  Globed,  forming  4  nutlets.    LABIATAE.  p.  196. 
Stamens  5.    Corolla  regular.    EORAGIJSACEAE.  p.  214. 

GROUP  10.  Ovary  free,  compound,  or  the  carpels  mostly  2  and 
distinct ;  the  ovules  several  or  numerous.  Corolla  regular  ;  stamens 
inserted  upon  its  tube,  as  many  as  the  lobes  and  alternate  with 
them.  Seeds  albuminous. 

f  Ovary  compound  (of  2  or  more  united  carpels). 

Placentae  2.  parietal.    Embryo  minute. 

Leaves  lobed.    Seeds  few.    HYDROPHYLLACEAE.  p.  218. 

Leaves  entire.    Seeds  indefinite.    GENTIANACEAE.  p.  229. 

Placentae  in  the  axis.    Ovary  2-  or  3-celled. 

Embryo  large,  lent  or  coiled.    CONVOLVULACEAE.  p.  220. 

Embryo  straight  or  arcuate.    Styles  united. 


GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS.  XCVU 

Ovary  3-celled.    Corolla  convolute.    POLEMONIACEAE.  p.  218. 
Ovary  1-cdled.    Corolla  plicate  or  valvate.    SOLANACEAE.  p.  224. 

f  f  Ovaries  mostly  2  and  distinct — at  least  in  fruit. 

Anthers  introrse;  pollen  granular.    APOCYNACEAE.  p.  232. 

Anthers  extrorse;  pollen  in  waxy  masses.    ASCLEPIADACEAE.  p.  233. 

GROUP  11.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  few-ovuled;  cells  of  the  fruit 
1 -seeded.  Corolla  regular — often  wanting  ;  stamens  fewer  than  its 
lobes  (usually  2). 

Seeds  suspended.    Corolla  (when present)  valvate.    OLEACEAE.  p.  237. 

DIVISION  III.     APETALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

COROLLA  none :  the  floral  envelopes  consisting  of  a  single  series 
(calyx), — or  sometimes  entirely  wanting.* 

GROUP  1.  Flowers  perfect,  with  a  conspicuous  or  colored  mostly 
adnate  calyx.  Ovary  several-celled  and  many-ovuled.  Capsule 
fleshy  or  berry-like.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.  p.  240. 

GROUP  2.  Floivers  perfect,  or  rarely  polygamous,  with  a  regular 
and  often  colored  calyx.  Ovary  free ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  ovary 
or  cell.  Embryo  curved  or  coiled  around  mealy  albumen, — rarely  in 
the  axis,  or  exalbuminous. 

Ovary  several-celled,— consisting  of  a  verticil  of  several  I-ovuled  carpels.  PHYTOLAC- 
CACEAE.  p.  241. 

Ovary  1-cetted,  with  a  single  ovule. 

Stipules  none.    Calyx  lierbaceous.    CHENOPODIACEAE.  p.  241. 
"        Calyx  and  bracts  scarious.    AMARANTHACEAE.  p.  244. 
Stipules  sheathing.    Calyx  colored.    POLYGONACEAI-..  p.  245. 

GROUP  3.  Floivers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioicous,  not  disposed 
in  aments  ;  calyx  regular  and  often  colored.  Ovary  1-celled, — or 
rarely  2-celled,  with  1  or  few  ovules  in  each  cell;  but  the  fruit  1- 
celled  and  1-seeded.  Embryo  not  coiled  around  albumen. 

t  Style  or  stigma  one. 
Calyx  free,  from  the  ovary. 

Flowers  polygamo-dioicous.    Anthers  opening  by  valves.    LAURACEAE.  p.  251. 
Flowers  perfect.    Anthers  opening  lengOiwise.    THYMELEACEAE.  p.  252. 

Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Ovules  several,  pendulous.    SANTALACEAE.  p.  253. 

Ovules  solitari/,  suspended. 
Parasitic  sJirubs.    Ovule  without  integuments.    LORANTHACEAE.  p.  254. 

Trees.    Fruit  a  drupe.    NYSSACEAE.  p.  253. 
f  t  Styles  or  stigmas  2,  divergent.    ULMACEAE.  p.  255. 


*  Numerous  plants  of    the  DIALYPET ALDUS   ORDERS  are  apetalons, — such  as 
Clematis,  Anemone,  and  other  RANUNCULACEAE;   some  RHAMNACEAE,  ONAGRA- 

CEAE,  ROSACFAE,  AcERACEAE,  &C.,  &C.      Some  Of  the  GAMOPETALOUS  ORDERS,  alsO, 

are  apetalous;  as  our  species  of  Fraxinus,  in  OLEACEAE. 


XCViii  NATURAL  ARRANGEMENT. 

GROUP  4.  Flowers  perfect,  entirely  destitute  of  calyx  as  well  as 
corolla.  Embryo  minute,  inclosed  in  a  persistent  embryo-sac  at 
the  apex  of  the  albumen.  SAURURACEAE.  p.  256. 

GROUP  5.  Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,  often  destitute  of  "both 
calyx  and  corolla.  Submersed  or  floating  herbs. 

Flowers  monoicous. 

Fruit  1-cetted,  1-seeded.    CERATOPHYLLACEAE.  p.  257. 
Fruit  4rceUed,  4-seeded.    CALLITRICHACEAE.  p.  257. 

Flowers  mostly  perfect. 
Capsule  several-celled,  several-seeded.    PODOSTEMACEAE.  p.  258. 

GROUP  6.  Flowers  monoicous  or  dioicous,  not  amentaceous.  Fruit 
capsular  or  drupaceous,  with  2  or  more  cells,  and  mostly  1  seed  in 
each  cell. 

Fruit  mostly  capsular.    Juice  milky.    ECPHORBIACEAE.  p.  258. 

GROUP  7.  Flowers  monoicous  or  dioicous;  the  sterile,  and  often 
the  fertile  ones,  in  aments, — or  in  heads,  clusters,  or  spikes.  Ovary 
often  2-  to  several-celled,  but  the  fruit  always  1-celled. 

f  Fruit  drupaceous.    Calyx  adherent.    JUGLANDACEAE.  p.  261. 

t  f  Fruit  a  nut,  involucrate.    Calyx  adherent.    CUPULIFERAE.  p.  265. 

f  f  t  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-seeded.    Flowers  all  in  aments. 

Ovary  1-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  erect.    MTRICACEAE.  p.  274. 

Ovary  2-cetted,  2-ovuled ;  ovule  pendulous.  BETULACEAE.  p.  274. 

1 1 1 1  Fruit  deJiiscent,  many-seeded.    Seeds  comose.    Flowers  all  in  aments,  destitute 
of  calyx.    SALICACEAE.  p.  276. 

f  f  f  ff  Fruit  a  nutlet,  or  capsule.    Flowers  in  heads,  or  ament-lilce  clusters,  destitute 

of  calyx. 

Nutlet  clavate,  1-seeded.    PLATANACEAE.  p.  283. 

1 1 1 1 1 1  Fruit  an  akene;  often  inclosed  in  a  baccate  calyx.    Juice  milky,  when  trees 
or  shrubs.    URTICACEAE.  p.  283. 

SUB-CLASS  II. 

GYMNOSPERMOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

OVULES,  and  consequently  the  seeds,  naked, — i.  e.  not  inclosed  in 
an  ovary  ;  the  carpel  being  represented  either  by  an  open  scale,  as  in 
the  Pines;  or  by  a  more  evident  leaf,  as  in  Cycas  ;  or  else  ivanting 
altogether  (the  ovule  seated  in  a  disk),  as  in  the  Yew.  Flowers 
monoicous  or  dioicous,  commonly  amentaceous. — the  stamens  often 
monadelphous.  Of  course  there  is  neither  style  nor  stigma.  CONI  i 
FERAE,  p.  289. 


CLASS  II. 

ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

STEM  not  distinguishable  into  bark,  pith,  and  wood ;  but  the  latter 
consisting  of  bundles  of  fibres  and  vessels  irregularly  imbedded  in 
cellular  tissue  ;  the  rind  firmly  adherent ;  no  medullary  rays,  and 
no  appearance  of  concentric  layers :  increase  in  diameter  effected 
by  the  deposition  of  new  fibrous  bundles  which,  at  their  commence- 


ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS. 

merit  at  least,  occupy  the  central  part  of  the  stem.  Leaves  seldom 
falling  off  by  an  articulation,  commonly  sheathing  at  the  base, 
usually  alternate,  entire,  and  with  simple  nearly  parallel  veins  (or 
nerves,  so  called).  Floral  envelopes,  when  present,  mostly  in  threes ; 
the  calyx  and  corolla  often  undistinguishable  in  texture  and  appear- 
ance. Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  ;  or  if  a  second  is  present, 
it  is  much  smaller  than  the  other  and  alternate  with  it. 

GROUP  1.  Flowers  on  a  spadix, — with  the  perianth  simple,  scale- 
like,  or  commonly  altogether  wanting. 

Terrestrial  plants: 
Mostly  with  a  spathe :  fruit  baccate.    ARACEAE.  p.  297. 

Fruit  nut-like,  I-seeded.    TYPHACEAE.  p.  301. 

Aquatic  plo.nts : 

Flowers  in  the  edge  of  the  frond.    LEMXACEAE.  p.  300. 
Flowers  axillary ?  or  on  a  spadix.    NAIADACEAE.  p.  302. 

GROUP  2.  Flowers  not  spadiceous.  furnished  with  calyx  and  corolla. 
Ovaries  several,  distinct  or  sometimes  united,  free  from  the  calyx. 
ALISMACEAE,  p.  304. 

GROUP  3.  Flowers  with  a  simple  or  double  Perianth,  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  either  completely  or  partially. 

f  Perianth  regular.    Ovary  1-celled  with  parietal  placentae,  or  rarely  3-  to  6-ceUed 
with  the  placentae  in  tJie  axis. 

Flowers  dioicous,  or  polygamous.    HYDBOCHARIDACEAE.  p.  305. 
t  f  Perianth  irregular.    Ovary  ~\.-celled  with  parietal  placentae,    Stamens  lor  2. 

Flowers  gynandrous.    ORCHIDACEAE.  p.  307. 

fft  Perianth  mostly  regular.    Ovary  3-ceUed,  many-ovuled.    Stamens  3  or  6. 

Anthers  introrse.    Stamens  mostly  6. 

Bulbous.    AMARTLLIDACEAE.  p.  316. 

Not  bulbous.    HAEMODORACEAE.  p.  317. 

Anthers  extrorse.    Stamens  3.    IRIDACEAE.  p.  317. 

f  f  f  f  Perianth  regular.    Ovary  3-celled  with  1  or  2  ovules  in  each  ceU. 

Flowers  dioicous.    Stamens  6.    DIOSCOREACEAE.  p.  318. 

GROUP  4.  Flowers  with  a  regular  Perianth,  which  is  free  from  the 
ovary,  more  or  less  petaloid,  or  rarely  glumaceous.  Embryo  inclosed 
in  albumen. 

Perianth  not  glumaceous. 
Anthers  introrse.    styles  or  stigmas  distinct.    SMILACEAE.  p.  319. 

Anthers  introrse.    Styles  united  into  one. 

Terrestrial :  not  spathaceous.    Flowers  regular.    LILIACEAE.  p.  321. 

Aquatic:  spathaceous.    PI.  of 'ten  irregular.    POSITEDERIACEAI.  p . 332. 

Anthers  mostly  extrorse.    MELANTHACEAE.  p.  327. 

Perianth  glumaceous.    JUXCACEAE.  p.  330. 

GROUP  5.  Flowers  with  a  double  or  imbricated  perianth;  the  exte- 
rior herbaceous,  or  glumaceous  ;  the  inner  petaloid,  free  from  the 
1-  to  3-celled  ovary.  Seeds  orthotropous ;  the  embryo  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  albumen  farthest  from  the  hilum. 


NATURAL   ARRANGEMENT. 


Flowers  perfect.    Sepals  herbaceous.    COMMELYNACEAE.  p.  333. 

Sepals  and  bracts  glumaceous.    XYRIDACEAE.  p.  334. 

GROUP  6.  Flowers  imbricated  with  glumaceous  bracts  and  dispos- 
ed in  spikelets  ;  proper  perianth  none  or  rudimentary.  Ovary 
1 -celled,  1-ovuled.  Embryo  at  the  extremity  of  the  albumen  next 
the  hilum. 

Sheaths  closed.    Glume  or  bract  single.    CYPERACEAE.  p.  335. 
Sheaths  open  on  one  side.    Glumes  in  pairs.    GRAMINEAE.  p.  354. 

SERIES  II. 

CRYPTOG'AMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

PLANTS  destitute  of  proper  flowers  (stamens  and  pistils),  and 
propagated  by  spores  instead  of  seeds. 

.•;,£fl-*1*T>  IvV^lHR  %  •  ^ 

CLASS  III. 

ACRO'GENOUS  PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  with  a  distinct- axis,  growing  fromthe  apex,  with  no 
provision  for  subsequent  increase  in  diameter  (containing  both 
woody  and  vascular  tissue),  and  usually  with  distinct  foliage. 

Leafless:  Stems  jointed,  striated.    EQUISETACEAE.  p.  390. 
Leafy:  Leaves  mostly  from  rhizomas,  and  circinate.    FILICES.  p.  391.  ^ 

"     Stems  creeping,  or  erect,  mostly  branching.    LYCOPODIACEAE.  p,  399. 
Aquatic :  Spores  borne  at  the  base  of  the  leaves.    HYDROPTERIDES,  p.  402. 

CLASS  IV. 

AN'OPHYTES  OR  SUPEPIOR  CELLULAR 
PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  composed  entirely  of  cellular  tissue  or  parenchyma, 
with  acrogenous  growth,  usually  with  distinct  foliage, — sometimes 
the  stem  and  foliage  confluent  into  a  frond. 

Tufted :  leafy  ;  spore-cases  opening  by  a  lid.    Mcsci.  p.  403. 
Oftenfrondose  ;  spore-cases  rupturing  at  apex.    HEPATICAE.  p.  422. 

CLASS  V. 

THAL'LOPHYTES  OR  VEGETABLE 
EXPANSIONS. 

PLANTS  wholly  cellular, — developing  themselves  (often  indefinite- 
ly) in  leaf-like  expansions,  or  in  rounded  masses,  or  congeries  of  cells, 
— but  with  no  clear  indication  of  a  distinct  root,  stem,  or  foliage. 
Frondose  subcoriaceous  or  crustaceous  expansions.    LICHENES.  p.  431. 


FLORA  CESTRICA. 


Virtud  cs,  rcspondio  Sancho,  eonocer  esas  Yerbas,  que  segun  yo  me  voy  imagi- 
nando,  algun  dia  sera  menester  usar  de  ese  conocimiento. — CERVANTES. 


SERIES  I. 

PHAENOG'AMOUS  OR  FLOWERING 
PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  bearing  proper  flowers,  with  stamens  and  pistils,  and 
producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo,  or  rudimentary  plantlet. 

CLASS  I. 

EXOGENOUS  OR  DICOTYLEDONOUS 
PLANTS. 

STEMS  distinctly  formed  of  bark,  wood  and  pith;  leaves  mostly 
netted- veined ;  embryo  with  2  (or  rarely  more)  opposite  cotyledons. 

SUB-CLASS  I. 

ANGIOSPlSRMOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

PISTIL  a  closed  ovary,  containing  ovules  and  becoming  the  fruit ; 
pollen  applied  to  a  stigma  ;  cotyledons  2. 

DIVISION  I.     DIALYPET'ALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

FLORAL  ENVELOPES  consisting  generally  of  both  calyx  and  corolla, 
with  the  petals  mostly  distinct.* 

ORDER  I.     RANUNCULACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  woody  vines,  with  a  colorless  and  often  acrid  juice;  leaves  usually  dis- 
sected ;  stipules  none ;  petals  sometimes  wanting,  and  the  calyx  corolla-like,  hypo- 
gynous ;  the  sepals,  petals,  numerous  stamens,  and  many  or  few  (rarely  single) 
pistils,  all  distinct  and  unconnected;  seeds  with  firm  fleshy  albumen;  embryo 
minute. 

This  family  comprises  a  number  of  plants  of  considerable  beauty ;  but  few  that 
interest  the  mere  utilitarian. 


*  The  petals,  however,  will  be  found  more  or  less  connected,  in  many  species  of 
ORDER  XXXIV.  LEGCMINOSAE,  and  ORDER  XL.  CCCURBITACEAE.  A  few  instances  of 
Dialypetalous  flowers  occur  in  ORD.  LIV.  ERICACEAE  (viz.  in  the  Suborders,  PTRO- 
I.EAE  ftnd  MONOTROPEAE), — which  Order  is,  nevertheless,  placed  in  the  Gamopetolous 
Division  of  the  Series.  The  petals  are  also  nearly  distinct,  in  some  plants  of  ORD. 
LV.  AQUIFOLIACEAE  (Yiz.  in  Ilex,  and  Prinos);  and  in  Chionanthus,  ORD.  LXXIV. 
OLEACEAE. 

1 


D  SI'S      ^<>-  i- 

??<L      f, 

-  «-  ^          , 


b?*f*?rCX.*     "  < 

%V%^  fx't"  nf?  ,.:3jiA^Y?BTALOUS   EXOGENS 


TRIBE  I.     CLEMATID'EAE*5— 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud,  or  with  the  edges  bent  inward ;  petals  wanting.    Pcrcn- 
nial  herbs  or  vines;  leaves  all  opposite. 

1.  CL,EM'ATIS,  L. 

[Greek,  Klematis,  a  vine,  or  runner;  in  allusion  to  its  pliant  stem.] 
Sepals  4,  colored,  the  valvate  margins  more  or  less  bent  inward. — 
Carpels  tailed  with  the  long  persistent  plumose  styles.     Our  native 
species  climbing  by  the  petioles. 

t  Flowers  solitary,  large:  Calyx  thickish  or  leathery. 

1.  C.  Viorna,  L.  Leaves  pinnately  dissected,  the  leaflets  in  2  or 

3  distant  pairs,  ovate,  entire,  or  2-  or  3-lobed ;  floral  leaves  simple ; 
sepals  connivent,  acuminate,  recurved  at  apex. 
WAY-ADORNING  (?)  CLEMATIS.     Leather-flower. 

Stem  6  to  8  or  10  feet  long,  pubescent,  purplish,  finally  snffruticose.    Flauxrs 
axillary ;  pedundes  3  to  6  inches  long,  with  a  pair  of  ovate  bracts  near  the  middle. 
Sepals  violet-purple.     Carpels  tailed  with  the  tawny  plumose  styles. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods ;  Londongrove :  rare.    Fl.  July.    Fr.  September, 
f  f  Flowers  in  paniculate  diisters :  dwicous. 

2.  C.  YirglniiYna,  L.  Leaves  ternately  dissected,  the  leaflets 
lance-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  incised-dentate  or  lobed,  often  sub- 
cordate  at  base;  sepals  obovate-oblong,  spreading. 

VIRGINIAN  CLEMATIS.     Virgin's  Bower.  Traveler's  Joy. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  long,  with  axillary  divaricate  branches,  green,  finally 
emoothish  and  suffruticose.    Sepals  white.    Carpels  tailed  with  the  greenish-white, 
silky-plumose  styles. 
Sab.  Moist  thickets;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.  Fl.  July,  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

TRIBE  2.     ANEMONNEAE. 

Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  petals  wanting ;  leaves  sometimes  radical,  and  oppo- 
site or  whorled  on  the  stem,  forming  an  involucre.  Perennial  kerbs. 

2.  AlVEMO^E,  L. 

[Gr.  Anemos,  wind;  the  flowers  being  supposed  to  open  only  when  the  wind  blows,  j 
Sepals  5  to  15,  petal-like.     Carpels  without  tails.     Involucre  of  3  or 

4  divided  petiolate  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  flower-stalks.     Radical 
leaves  dissected. 

1.  A.  iicmordsa,  L.  Smooth ;  flower  single  on  a  naked  peduncle ; 
carpels  few,  pilose. 

WOOD  or  GROVE  ANEMONE.    Wind-flower. 

Stem,  or  scape,  3  to  6  inches  high,  slender.    Radical  leaves  often  wanting.    Sepals 
usually  5  to  7,  elliptic,  white,  often  tinged  with  purple. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  April.    Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  delicate  little  harbinger  of  the  Floral  season  is  thus  re- 
ferred to,  by  Doctor  DARWIN,  in  his  Botanic  Garden: — 

"  All  wan  and  shivering  in  the  leafless  glade, 

The  sad  ANEMONE  reclined  her  head ; 

Grief  on  her  cheek  had  paled  the  roseate  hue, 

And  her  sweet  eye-lids  dropp'd  with  pearly  dew." 

2.  A.  Yirginiana,  L.  Hairy;  flowers  on  elongated  involucel- 
late  peduncles;  carpels  numerous,  tomentose,  in  dense  cylindric 
heads. 


BANUNCULACEAE  8 

VIRGINIAN  ANEMONE. 

Stem  9  to  12  or  18  inches  high.    Radical  leaves  on  petioles  6  to  12  inches  long, 
parted  into  3  subsessile  trifid  leaflets.    Sepals  greenish-white.    Carpdt  clothed  with 
a  whitish  dense  wool,  by  which,  at  maturity,  they  are  often  suspended -from  the 
receptacle  in  ragged  dangling  clusters. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods;  fence-rows,  &c.  frequent.    Fl.  June,  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  HEPAT'ICA,  Dillen. 

[Gr.  Hepar,  the  liver;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  leaves.] 
Involucre  of  3  simple  leaflets,  close  to  the  flower,  resembling  sepals. 
Flowers  like  Anemone,  single,  on  hairy  scapes.     Leaves  all  radical. 

1.  II.  triloba,  Chaix.  Leaves  subreniform-cordate,  with  3  ovate 

obtuse  or  rounded  lobes. 

THREE-LOBED  HEPATICA.     Liver-wort.  Liver-leaf. 

Leaves  on  petioles  3  to  5  inches  long.    Scapes  several,  4  to  6  inches  long,  silky- 
villous.    Involucre  villous  externally.    Sepals  petal-like,  blue  or  purplish,  rarely 
white. 
Hob.  Open  woodlands :  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May,  June. 

Obs.  This  plant  acquired  some  notoriety  among  the  nostrum- 
mongers,  a  few  years  since,  as  a  remedy  for  pulmonary  consumption ; 
but  it  seems  to  have  fallen  into  that  neglect  which  awaits  every 
medicine  of  exaggerated  virtues. 

4.  THAMC'TRlIJIf ,  L. 

[A  name  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Often  dioicous  or  polygamous :  Sepals  4  or  5,  to  8  or  10,  petal-like, 
caducous.  Carpels  4  to  15,  ribbed  or  grooved,  tipped  by  the  short 
style.  Perennials,  with  decompound  leaves. 

t  Stem-leaves  forming  an  involucre  at  summit;  root  a  duster  of  tubers;  flowers  per- 
fect; sepals  8  or  10. 

1.  T.  anemonoides,  MX.  Leaflets  obtusely  3-lobed;  flowers 
few  in  a  simple  umbel. 

ANEMONE-LIKE  THALICTRUM.     Rue  Anemone. 

Root  bearing  a  fascicle  of  4  or  5  fleshy  oblong  tubers.    Radical  leave*  biternate. 
Scapes  2  or  3,  slender,  often  purple,  4  to  6  or  8  Inches  long.    Umbel  3-  to  6-rayed. — 
Sepals  white,  or  tinged  with  purple. 
Hab.  Open  woodlands,  and  clearings :  common.    FL  April,  May.  Fr.  June. 

•j-f  Stem-leaves  scattered;  root  fibrous;  flowers  dioicous  or  polygamous;  sepals  4  or  5. 

2.  T.  df oleum,  L.    Leaves  all  with  common  petioles;  leaflets 
5  to  7-lobed;  flowers  dioicous;  filaments  capillary. 

DIOICOUS  THALICTRUM.     Early  Meadow-Rue. 

Plant  often  purplish.    Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  sparingly  branched  at  summit. 
Leaves  mostly  triternate;  leaflets  roundish-reniform,  thin.    Flowers  in  terminal 
compound  panicles.    Sepals  mostly  4,  pale  violet-purple. 
Hab.  Rich,  rocky,  hilly  woods :  frequent.    Fl.  April,  May.  Fr.  June. 

3.  T.  Cor il lit  i ,  L.  Stem-leaves  without  common  petioles ;  leaf- 
lets 3-lobed;  flowers  polygamous;  filaments  subclavate. 

Also,  T.  rugosum,  Ait.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  334. 
CORNUTUS'S  THALICTRUM.    Meadow  Rue. 


DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

Stem  3  or  4  to  6  feet  high,  rather  stout,  branching,  furrowed  and  fistular.   Leaves 
pinnately  decompound.    Flowers  in  large  and  very  compound  panicles,  greenish 
white. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows,  and  along  rivulets:  frequent.    Fl.  June,  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  There  are  some  varieties  of  this,  which  have  heretofore 
passed  for  species. 

.  TRIBE  3.   RANUNCULEVAE. 

Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud;  petals  conspicuous,  flat;  carpels  numerous,  1-seeded. 
Stein-leaves  alternate.    Mostly  perennial  herbs. 

5.  RAJVUKKCITLIJS,  L. 

[Latin,  Rana,  a  frog;  the  plant  often  growing  where  frogs  abound.] 
Sepals  5.     Petals  usually  5,  mostly  longer  than  the  sepals, — each 
with  a  little  scale,  or  pit,  at  base  inside.     Carpels  in  a  head,  com- 
pressed, pointed. 

§  1.  Petals  pitted  at  base,  whitish;  Carpels  transversely  rugose:  Plants  aquatic. 

1.  R.  a<  i  iiat  i  1  i  s,  L.  Stem  floating ;  leaves  usually  all  immersed 
and  filiformly  dissected. 

WATER  RANUNCULUS.     River  Crow-foot. 

Stems  several,  immersed  and  procumbently  floating,  9  to  18  inches  long,  slender, 
radicating  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  di-  or  tri-chotomously  multifid,— the  filiform  seg- 
ments aggregated  in  little  dark-green  bundles  or  tufts.  Peduncles  opposite  the 
leaves. 

Hob.  Plowing  waters;  Brandywine:  frequent.    Fl.  June,  Aug.  Fr.  Aug.  Sept. 
§  2.  Petals  with  a  little  scale  at  base,  yellow :  Carpels  smooth. 
f  Leaves  all  undivided :  Plants  glabrous. 

2.  R.  Fli'umimla,  L.  Stem  reclining,  rooting  at  the  lower 
nodes ;  leaves  lanceolate ;  carpels  with  a  slender  beak. 

LITTLE  FLAME,  OR  FIERY  RANUNCULUS.     Spear-wort. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  long,  assurgent,  sparingly  branched,  often  dichotomous  at  sum- 
mit. Leaves  2  or  3  to  6  or  7  inches  long.  Peduncles  axillary,  or  opposite  the  leaves. 
Hob.  Ditches,  and  miry  places :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  a  very  acrid  plant.  The  bruised  herb  has  been  used 
to  raise  blisters ;  and  the  distilled  water  is  said  to  be  a  prompt  and 
efficacious  emetic.  I  am  not  quite  sure  it  is  indigenous  here. 

3.  R,  reptailS,  L.    Stem  slender,  prostrate,  rooting    at  the 
nodes;  leaves  linear-lanceolate;  carpels  few,  with  a  minute  blunt 
point. 

CRAWLING  RANUNCULUS. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  very  slender  and  thread-like,  geniculate,  or  forming- 
undulating  curves  of  about  an  inch  in  span.    Leaves  few,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
long.    Flowers  solitary  at  the  nodes,  on  slender  peduncles. 
Hob.  Muddy  margin  of  Schuylkill :  rare.    Fl.  July,  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  R.  |>ll  sill  IIS,   Pair.    Stem  ascending  or  erect;  root-leaves 
ovate  or  roundish,   upper  leaves  lance-oblong;    carpels  scarcely 
pointed. 

PUNY  RANUNCULUS. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  flimsy,  but  generally  erect,  dichotomously  branching- 


BANUNCULACEAE  5 

growing  in  bunches,  but  only  one  stem  from  a  root    Peduncles  often  thickish.— 

Pdals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hob.  Wet  meadows,  along  French  Creek :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June,  July. 

f  f  Lower  leaves  undivided,  or  merely  deft:  Petals  scarcely  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

5.  R.  al>ortlvu§?  L.  Glabrous ;  radical  leaves  roundish-cordate, 
or  reniform,  stem-leaves  mostly  3-parted;  carpels  with  a  minute 
curved  beak. 

ABORTIVE  RANUNCULUS. 

Stem  usually  9  to  15  inches  high— sometimes  2  feet,  or  more,— branched  above. 
Radical  leaves  on  petioles  4  to  6  inches  long.    Peduncles  opposite  the  leaves,  stout, 
1  to  3  or  4  inches  long.    Flowers  small. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  meadows :  common.    Fl.  April,  May.  Fr.  June,  July. 

6.  R.  recurvfltllS,  Poir.   Hirsute;  radical  and  stem-leaves 
nearly  alike,  deeply  3-cleft;  carpels  conspicuously  beaked  by  the 
recurved  style. 

RECURVED  RANUNCULUS. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  branched  and  leafy  at  summit.    Leaves  somewhat  pen- 
tagonal in  their  outline,— the  radical  ones  on  petioles  3  to  6  inches  long.    Flowers 
Inconspicuous,  at  first  nearly  sessile  among  the  leaves. 
Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 
f.    R.   scelertitus,  L.   Glabrous;   radical   leaves    3-cleft,    rounded, 
the  segments  cuneate, — upper  stem-leaves  with  sub-linear  lobes ; 
carpels  pointless,  in  cylindric  heads. 
HURTFUL  RANUNCULUS.     Celery-leaved  Crow-foot, 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  thickish,  fistular,  branching  and  often  dichotomous  at 
summit.    Floivers  small. 
Hal.  Wet  ditches,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May,  Aug.  Fr.  July,  Sept 

Obs.  A  very  acrid  species,  which  Dr.   GRAY  suggests  may  have 
been  introduced;  and  I  strongly  incline  to  the  same  opinion. 

f  f  f  Leaves  ternately  divided :  Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals. 

8.  R.  fascicularis,  Muhl.  Silky-pubescent;  root  a  fascicle  of 
thick  fleshy  fibres ;  radical  leaves  ternately  or  quinately  dissected, 
appearing  pinnate ;  carpels  scarcely  margined,  tipped  with  a  slen- 
der, rather  curved,  beak. 

FASCICLED  RANUNCULUS.     Early,  or  Cluster-rooted  Crow-foot. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  cespitose,  commencing  to  flower  young,  sub- 
sequently elongated.    Radical  leaves  on  petioles  3  to  8  inches  long ;  leaflets  cuneate- 
oblong,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  petiolulate,  and  rather  remote  from  the  3-parted 
terminal  one. 
Hab.  Rocky,  open  woodlands:  frequent.    Fl.  April,  May.  Fr.  June. 

9.  R.  rr pens,  L.  Stems  ascending,  often  forming  runners ;  car- 
pels strongly  margined,  pointed  with  a  stout  straightish  beak. 
CREEPING  RANUNCULUS. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  long,  at  first  erect,  finally  extending  into  procumbent  runners 
with  assurgent  branches,  more  or  less  hairy.    Leaves  ternate,  on  long  hairy  peti- 
oles; leaflets  trifid,  on  short  petiolules.    Carpels  obovate,  with  a  margined  beak. 
Hob.  Moist,  shaded  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 


6  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOQENS 

10.  R.  bulbbsus,  L.  Hairy ;  stem  erect  from  a  solid  bulb ;    radical 
leaves  3-parted,  the  terminal  division  petiolulate ;  peduncles  sulcate; 
calyx  reflexed. 

BULBOUS  RANUNCULUS.     Butter-cups.  Crow-foot. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  often  cespitose,  more  or  less  branched.    Radical  leaves 
ternate  and  quinate-pinnate,  on  petioles  2  or  3  to  6  inches  long;  stem-leaves  deeply 
and  pinnatifidly  incised.    Peduncles  terminal,  or  opposite  the  leaves,  1  to  3  or  4 
inches  long,  furrowed  and  angular.    Carpels  with  a  short  recurved  beak. 
Hob.  Meadows,  and  pastures.  Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June,  July. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  becoming  extensively  naturalized,  and  is 
often  very  abundant  in  pasture  lots.  It  is  considered  as  very  much 
of  a  nuisance,  by  the  owners  of  meadows  along  the  Brandywine. — 
The  fleshy  bulb  is  highly  acrid ;  and,  it  is  said,  is  often  used  by 
artful  beggars,  in  Europe,  to  produce  ulcers,  &c.,  and  thereby  excite 
sympathy. 

11.  R.  acris,  L.  Hairy;  stem  erect,  not  bulbous  at  base;  leaves 
3-parted,  the  divisions  all  sessile;  peduncles  not  sulcate;  calyx 
spreading. 

ACEID  RANUNCULUS.     Tall  Crow-foot. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  branched  above,  sparingly  leafy.    Radical 
leaves  on  long  petioles. 
Hob.  Meadows,  near  Chadd's  ford.  Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  unwelcome  intruder  has  also  found  its  way  into  our 
County;  but  is  yet  comparatively  rare.  It  was  detected  in  1841, 
Iby  Mr.  JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

TRIBE  4.     HELLEBORIN'EAE. 

Sepals  colored  or  petal-like;  petals  tubular,  irregular  or  labiate  (called  notaries),— 
often  wanting;  carpels  mostly  few,  rarely  single,  few- or  several-seeded.  Leaves 
alternate.  Perennial  herbs. 

6.  CAL.THA.  L. 

[Or.  Kalathos,  a  cup,  or  basket ;  from  the  form  of  the  flower.] 
Sepak  5  to  9,  petal-like.     Petals  none.     Pistils  5  to   10,  without 
styles.     Carpels  follicular,  compressed,  spreading,  many-seeded. 

1.  C.  palustris,  L.  Stem  nearly  erect,  hollow,  sulcate ;  leaves 
orbicular-cordate  or  sub-reniform,  crenate,  or  nearly  entire. 
MARSH  CALTHA.     Marsh  Marygold. 

Plant  glabrous.    Stem  5  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  succulent,  sometimes  dichoto- 
mously  branched.    Radical  leaves  on  petioles  3  to  6,  and  finally  often  12  or  15, 
inches  long.    Flowers  rather  large,  few,  somewhat  corymbose,  bright  yellow. 
Halt.  Swampy  springs,  and  wet  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May,  June. 

7.  AQIIIMTGIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Aqutta,  an  Eagle;  the  spurs  somewhat  resembling  Eagles'  claws.] 
Sepals  5,  regular,  colored.     Petals  5,  labiate,  produced  backwards 
into  as  many  long  tubular  spurs.     Pistils  5,  with  slender  styles. — 
Follicles  connivent,  many-seeded. 

1.   A,   Cailcldensis,  L.  Spurs  nearly  straight;  stamens  and 
styles  longer  than  the  sepals. 
CANADIAN  AQUILEGIA.     Wild  Columbine. 


RAJJUNCtTLACEAE  7 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  slender  and  paniculately  branching.    Leaves  once  or 
twice  ternate,  glaucous  beneath.    Flowers  nodding,  red  and  yellow. 
Hob.  Rocky  banks  of  streams:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

8.  DELPHINIUM.  L. 

[Gr.  Delphin,  a  Dolphin ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  flower.] 
Sepals  5,  irregular, — the  upper  one  produced  into  a  spur  at  base. — 
Petals  4.  sometimes  united,  irregular, — the  upper  pair  spurred  and 
inclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  upper  sepal.     Pistils  1  to  5,  mostly  3. — 
Follicles  many-seeded. 

1.  .D.  Cons6lida,  L.  Leaves    many-parted,  the    segments   linear; 
racemes  few-flowered;  petals  united;  follicles  solitary,  smooth. 
SOLDER  DELPHINIUM.     Lark-spur. 

Annual.    Stem  about  2  feet  high,  and  with  the  foliage  and  flowers  somewhat 
pubescent.    Flowers  blue,  or  violet-purple. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  grounds.  Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  August. 

Obs.  This  introduced  plant  is  usually  to  be  met  with  in  gardens ; 
and  occasionally  finds  its  way  into  the  grain-fields  of  thoughtless 
people  who  are  in  the  practice  of  carrying  garden-rubbish  into  the 
barn-yard.  In  such  cases,  it  threatens  to  become  a  nuisance. 

TRIBE  5.  CIMICIFIPGEAE. 

&paU  colored,  caducous;  petals  none,  or  small  and  flat  (staminodia) ;  pistils  1  or 
several ;  fruit  baccate,  or  follicular,  1-  2-  or  many-seeded.  Leaves  alternate.  Peren- 
nial tierbs, 

t  Petals  none:  Carpels  baccate,  clustered  in  a  head. 

9.  HYDRAS'TIS,  L. 

[Perhaps  from  the  Gr.  Hydor,  water,  and  drao,  to  act;  its  juices  being  active.] 
Sepals  3,  petal-like,  caducous.     Pistils  numerous,  in  a  dense  round- 
ish head;  stigmas   dilated,  2-lipped.      Carpels  1-  or  2-seeded,  be- 
coming succulent  and  red,  forming  a  kind  of  compound  berry. 

1.  H.  Canadensis,  L.    Leaves  cordate-orbicular,  palmate- 
lobed  and  doubly  serrate. 
CANADIAN  HYDRASTIS.     Yellow-root. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  simple,  usually  2-leaved  at  summit  (sometimes  a  radi- 
cal leaf  on  a  petiole  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem).  Flower  solitary,  terminal,  white. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands:  not  very  common.  Fl.  April,  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  root  is  bitter  and  tonic, — and  was  used  by  the  aborigines 
as  a  yellow  dye. 

f  f  Petals  small,  spaMate  (resembling  stamens). 
*  Fruit  a  many-seeded  Berry. 

10.  ACTAE^A,  L. 

[Gr.  Akte,  the  Elder-bush ;  from  a  resemblance  in  the  foliage.] 
Sepals   3   to   5,  colored,  caducous.     Petals  (or  staminodia]  4  to   10, 
small,  flat,  very  entire,  spatulate.     Pistil  single,  becoming  an  oval 
Berry. 

1.  A.  alba,  Bigel.  Raceme  oblong ;  petals  truncate  at  apex ;  pe- 
dicels thickened ;  berries  white. 
WHITE  ACTAEA.     White  Cohosh.  Baneberry. 


8  DIALYPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  smooth.    Leaves  ternately  decompound,  petiolate ; 
leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  incised-serrate.    Raceme  terminal,  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long.    Flowers  white.    Berry  milk  white,  often  tipt  with  purple. 
Hob.  Rocky  woodlands :  rather  rare.    FL  May.  Fr.  Aug.  Sept. 

*  *  Fruit  1  or  more  dry  foUicular  pods. 

11.  CIMICIF'UGA,  L. 

[Latin,  Cimex,  a  bug,  and/w^o,  to  drive  away ;  from  its  use.] 
Sepals  mostly  4.     Petals  (or  staminodia)  1  to  8,  minute,  pedicellate, 
2-horned  at  apex.     Pistils  1  to  8. 

1.  C.  racemosa,  Ell.  Racemes  very  long ;  carpels  mostly  sol- 
itary, ovoid,  obliquely  beaked  by  the  short  thick  style. 
Actaea  racemosa.  L.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  319. 
RACEMOSE  CIMICIFUGA.     Bug-bane.  Tall,  or  Black  Snake-root. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  rather  slender,  leafy  near  the  middle,  naked  above  and  be- 
low, with  1  or  2  radical  leaves  on  long  erect  petioles.  Leaves  triternate,  petiolate ; 
leaflets  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  incised-dentate.  Racemes  terminal, 
compound,  virgate,  6  to  12  inches  long,  bearing  many  white  flowers.  Seeds  flatted, 
packed  horizontally  in  2  rows. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  white  racemes  of  this  plant,  when  in  flower,  are  quite 
conspicuous  in  our  woodlands.  The  stem  and  leaves,  when  bruised, 
have  a  disagreeable  odor.  The  large  root  is  somewhat  mucilaginous 
and  astringent ;  and  an  infusion  of  it  is  quite  a  popular  medicine, 
for  both  man  and  beast, — without  much  regard  to  the  nature  of  the 
disease ! 

ORDER  II.     MAGNOLIACEAE. 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaf -buds  sheathed  by  membranous  stipules ;  leaves  alternate,  en- 
tire, or  lobed  (never  serrate) ;  flowers  solitary,  hypogynous,  polyandrous,  polygynous, 
usually  large ;  both  sepals  and  petals  colored,  arranged  in  series  of  threes,  imbrica- 
ted in  the  bud ;  anthers  long,  adnate ;  pistils  mostly  packed  together,  and  covering 
the  prolonged  receptacle ;  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel ;  albumen  fleshy ;  embryo 
minute. 

A  small  but  superb  family  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubs, — about  equally  divi- 
ded between  Eastern  Asia  and  America. 

12.  MAGUTOXIA,  L. 

[Named  in  honor  of  Professor  Magnol,  a  French  Botanist.] 
Sepals  3.     Petals  6  to  9  or  12.     Anthers  introrse,  or  sometimes  lat- 
eral.    Carpels  imbricated  in  a  strobile-like  spike,  dehiscent  by  the 
dorsal  suture.     Seeds  baccate ;  when  mature,  pendulous  from  the 
open  carpel  by  a  long  slender  funiculus.     Buds  terete  and  conical. 

1.  M.  glaiiCcT,  L.   Leaves  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  petals  roundish-obovate ;  cones  ovoid. 
GLAUCOUS  MAGNOLIA.     Sweet  Bay.  Swamp  Sassafras. 

Stem  10  to  15  (or  rarely  twice  that  many)  feet  high,  branching,  with  a  smooth 
glaucous  aromatic  bark.    Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long;  petioles  about  %  of  an 
inch  in  length.    Flowers  white,  on  thick  clavate  peduncles,  very  fragrant. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  along  rivulets :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  delightful  little  tree,  though  abundant  in  the  swamps 
of  New-Castle  county,  on  the  south  of  us,  is  rare  in  Chester  county. 


MAGNOLIACEAE  9 

KALM,  in  his  Travels,  -written  a  century  since,  says — "Both  the 
Swedes  and  English  call  it  Beaver  tree,  because  the  root  of  this  tree 
is  the  dainty  of  Beavers,  which  are  caught  by  its  means." 

2.  M.   AcuMiNkTA,   L.    Leaves    oval,    shortly    acuminate,  green 

beneath ;  petals  oblong ;  cones  cylindric-oblong. 

ACUMINATE  MAGNOLIA.     Cucumber  Tree.  Mountain  Magnolia. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet,  or  more,  in  height.    Leaves  6  to  10  or  12  inches  long.    Flow- 
ers bluish-white,  with  tinges  of  yellow;  petals  scarcely  expanding.    Cones  sub- 
cylinclric,  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  lawns :  cultivated.    Fl  June.  Fr.  Oct. 

Obs.  This  majestic  and  symmetrical  species  (a  native  of  our 
mountains)  is  beginning  to  be  appreciated,  and  introduced  here,  as 
an  ornamental  shade  tree.  No  one  could  behold  the  noble  specimens 
in  the  old  Marshall  Botanic  Garden,  without  feeling  its  value,  in 
that  respect.  Other  ornamental  species  are  also  cultivated. 

13.  L,IRIODE]%T/DROtf ,  L. 

[Gr.  Leirion,  a  lily,  and  Dendr&n,  a  tree;  from  its  lily-like  flowers.] 
Sepals  3,  reflexed.     Petals  mostly  6.     Anthers  extrorse.     Carpels 
samara-like,  indehiscent,  densely  imbricated  in  a  cone.     Buds  flat- 
tish. 

1*  L.  tlllipifera,  L.  Leaves  dilated,  rounded  or  sub-cordate 
at  base,  usually  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad  and  emarginately 
truncate. 
TULIP-BEABING  LiRiODENiteON.     Tulip-Poplar.  Tulip-tree. 

Stem  80  to  120  feet  high.    Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  about  as  wide  as 
long,  becoming  yellow  in  autumn;  petioles  2  to  3  inches  in  length.    Flowers  tulip- 
shaped,  greenish-yellow,  with  dashes  of  reddish-orange.    Carpels  produced  at^ip«x 
into  a  lance-oblong  wing,  and  closely  imbricated  on  the  fusiform  receptacle. 
Sab.  Rich  woodlands,  and  fence-rows :  common.    FL  May.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  magnificent  tree  is  highly  valued  in  many 
branches  of  the  mechanic  art, — especially  the  variety  called  yellow 
poplar,  which  is  generally  to  be  known  by  its  thicker  and  more 
deeply  furrowed  bark.  The  bark  of  the  root,  and  young  tree,  is  a 
good  aromatic  bitter.  "Many  people,"  says  KALM,  "believe  its 
roots  to  be  as  efficacious  against  the  fever  as  the  Jesuit's  Bark." — 
Persons  of  taste  are  beginning  to  discover,  that  this,  and  some 
others  of  our  splendid  forest  trees,  are  quite  as  worthy  of  cultivation, 
for  shade  and  ornament,  as  many  of  the  far-fetched  exotics.  The 
'same  may  be  said,  also,  of  our  brilliant  native  shrubs, — such  as  the 
Kalmias,  Azaleas,  &c.  &c. 

ORDER  III.    ANONACEAE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  naked  buds  and  no  stipules ;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  feather- 
veined  ;  sepals  3 ;  petals  6,  in  2  series,  nearly  valvate  in  the  bud,  hypogynous, 
polyandrous;  fruit  fleshy  or  pulpy;  seeds  large,  with  a  minute  embryo  at  the  base 
of  ruminated  albumen. 

The  luscious  Custard  apples  of  the  Indies,  the  Chirimoya  of  Peru,  &c.,  are  afforded 
by  trees  of  this  order. 

14.  ASIM'IIVA,  Adans. 
[A  name  coined  from  Asiminier,  of  the  French  colonists.] 

Petals  with  their  margins  slightly  overlapping  in  the  bud, — the  outer 


10  PIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

series  larger,  and  spreading.  Stamens  in  a  globular  cluster,  cover- 
ing the  receptacle  of  the  few  pistils.  Carpels  3  (by  abortion  often 
1  or  2),  oblong  or  ovoid,  pulpy,  several-seeded;  seeds  arillate. 

It  A.  triloba,  Dunal.   Leaves  obovate-oblong    and    cuneate, 
pointed;  outer  petals  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  roundish- 
ovate. 
THREE-LOBED  ASIMINA.    Papaw.  Custard-apple. 

Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  high,  branched.  Leaves  6  to  9  inches  long ;  petioles 
scarcely  %  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  solitary,  lateral,  appearing  rather  before 
the  leaves ;  petals  dark  brownish-purple,  with  tinges  of  yellow  within.  Carpels 
connate,  becoming  a  2  or  3-lobed  yellowish  pulpy  berry, — or  more  usually  (by 
abortion)  a  simple  ovoid-oblong  berry,  2  to  3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Banks  of  streams;  Schuylkill:  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  small  tree  is  esculent,  and  not  unpalatable, 
under  cultivation. 

ORDER  IV.    MENISPERMACEAE. 

Woody  or  suffruticose  climbers ;  leaves  peltate,  or  palmate,  alternate,  without  stipules ; 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  in  3  or  more  series,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  hypogynous ; 
polygamo-didicous ;  pistils  3  to  6 ;  fruit  a  drupe ;  seed  1,  with  a  large  curved  embryo, 
and  little  albumen. 

The  well-known  narcotic  fruit,  called  Cocculus  Indicus,  or  Fishing-berries,  is  fur- 
nished by  this  order. 

15.  MEtflSPERM'ITM,  L. 

[Gr.  Mene,  moon,  and  sperma,  seed;  from  the  form  of  the  nut] 
Flowers  dioicous :  Sepals  and  petals  arranged  in  fours,  in  2  or  3  series. 
Stamens  12  to  20;  anthers  4-celled.     Pistils  2  to  4,  somewhat  stipi- 
tatQ.     Drupes  roundish-reniform. 

1.  M.  C'siiiJldense.,  L.  Leaves  peltate  near  the  base,  3-  to 
7-angled,  or  sub-lobed ;  flowers  in  axillary  paniculate  racemes. 
CANADIAN  MENISPERMUM.     Moon-seed. 

Perennial.  Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  long,  slender,  nearly  simple,  twining  or 
climbing  over  shrubs  and  fences.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  and  rather  wider  than 
long,  subcordate  at  base ;  petioles  3  or  4  inches  in  length.  Flowers  small,  of  a  dingy 
yellowish-green  tinged  with  purple;  petals  8,  smaller  than  the  sepals.  Drupes 
black  with  a  bloom,  when  mature ;  nut  wrinkled,  lunate. 
Hab.  Rocky  woods ;  thickets  and  fence-rows :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  V.     BERBERIDACEAE. 

Shrubs,  or  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  orlobed;  stipules  small,  caducous 
^poZs  and  peMs  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  in  2  or  more  series  of  2  to  4  each; 
stamens  hypogynous,  as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  them ; 
pistil  single ;  fruit  mostly  baccate;  seeds  albuminous. 

Herbs:  Perennial:  Embryo  small ;  cotyledons  thick, 
t  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

16.  CAITL,OPHYI/L,UM,  MX. 

[Or.  Kaulos,  a  stem,  and  PliyUon,  a  leaf;  the  petiole  being  stem-like.] 
Sepal*  6,  with  3  bractlets.  Petals  6,  gland-like,  dilated  and  some- 
what hooded  or  incurved  at  summit,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals. 
Stamens  6.  Pistil  gibbous;  ovary  bursting  early  by  the  pressure  ol 
the  2  enlarging  ovules,  and  soon  disappearing, — the  globular  seedt 
naked  on  their  erect  thick  seed-stalks,  becoming  drupe-like. 


BERBERIDACEAE  11 

1.  C.  thalictroides,  MX.  Leaves  compound,  the  lower  one 
triternate,  the  upper  biternate;   leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  mostly 
S-lobed ;  panicle  racemose,  from  the  base  of  the  upper  petiole. 
Leontice  thalictroides,  L.  and  FL  Ceslr.  ed.  2.  p.  213. 
THALICTRUM-LIKE  CAULOPHYLLUM.      Blue  Cohosh.  Pappoose-root. 

Plant  glabrous,  purplish  and  glaucous  when  young.  Stem  12  to  18  inches  high, 
generally  2-leaved.  Lower  leaf  mostly  triternate  (bearing  27  leaflets),  upper  one 
biternate  (bearing  9  leaflets) ;  leaflets  2  to  3  inches  long.  Flowers  yellowish-green. 
Seeds  with  a  fleshy  integument,  and  a  solid  horny  albumen,  deep  blue  at  maturity. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  curious  plant  was  one  of  the  numerous  articles  of  the 
aboriginal  materia  medica,  now  fallen  into  neglect.  Though  nearly 
allied  to  the  Leontice,  of  Europe,  I  entirely  concur  with  Prof.  A. 
GRAY,  that  it  may  "very  probably  resume  its  generic  rank";  and 
have  accordingly  acted  upon  the  suggestion. 

f  f  Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

1?.  PODOPHYI/L.UM.  L. 

[Gr.  Pous,podos,  a  foot,  and  Phytton,  a  leaf;  the  leaf  resembling  a  web  foot.] 
Sepals  6,  thin  and  caducous,  not  expanding,  subtended  by  3  cadu- 
cous bracts.  Petals  6  to  9.  Stamens  12  to  18 ;  anthers  linear-oblong, 
adnate,  opening  lengthwise,  as  by  a  laterally-hinged  valve.  Ovary 
1 -celled,  crowned  by  a  thick  peltate  undulate-crested  stigma.  Berry 
oval,  pulpy,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  peltatum,  L.  Leaves  peltate,  deeply  lobed,  terminal,  in 
opposite  pairs  or  solitary ;  flower  solitary,  dichotomal. 
PELTATE  PODOPHYLLUM.     May  apple.  Hog  apple. 

Rhizoma  creeping.    Stem  8  to  12  inches  high,  1-  or  2-leaved  at  summit.    Leaves 
4  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  5-  or  7-lobed.    Flower  white,  rather  large,  appearing 
only  on  the  2-leaved  plants,  on  a  curved  peduncle  in  the  fork  of  the  petioles.    Berry 
yellowish. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  meadows :  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  August. 

Obs.  The  rhizoma  possesses  cathartic  properties;  and  affords, 
when  dried  and  pulverized,  a  tolerable  substitute  for  Jalap. 

ORDER  VI.  CABOMBACEAE. 

Aquatic  herbs,  like  water-lilies,— but  the  flowers  composed  of  fewer  parts,  and  defi- 
nite in  number;  the  parts  all  distinct  and  separate;  seeds  albuminous. 

18.  BRASEVNIA,  Schreber. 
[The  derivation  of  this  name  seems  to  be  unknown.] 

Sepals  3  or  4,  oblong,  colored  inside,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  and  alternate  with  them,  persistent.  Stamens  12  to  36  ; 
anthers  innate.  Pistils  4  to  18,  capitate-crowded.  Ovary  1 -celled; 
ovules  2.  Carpels  oblong  or  obovoid,  coriaceous,  indehiscent,  1-  or 
2-seeded;  seeds  pendulous,  from  the  dorsal  suture!  Perennial. 
Leaves  alternate. 

1.  B.  iM'llala,  Pursh.  Leaves  oval,  entire,  centrally  peltate, 
floating  on  petioles  of  various  length. 
Hydropeltis  purpurea.  MX.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  601. 
PELTATE  BRASENIA.     Water-shield. 

Plant  purplish  green,  the  parts  in  the  water  very  slimy.    Stem  1  to  several  feet 
long,  according  to  the  depth  of  water.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  in  the  longest  diameter 


12 


DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGEXS 


somewhat  crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  all  floating  on  the  surface  of  the 
water;  petioles  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long.    Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  brownish 
purple;  peduncles  2  or  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long. 
Hob.  Lakes  and  pools ;  Schuylkill :  rare.    Fl.  June,  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  VII.    NYMPHAEACEAE. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  a  large  rhizoma;  leaves  roundish,  cordate  or  cordate-cleft  at 
base,  floating  or  erect;  flowers  solitary,— the  sepals,  the  numerous  petals  and  sta- 
mens,  imbricated  in  several  series;  pistils  numerous,  combined  into  a  many-celled 
compound  ovary;  seeds  suspended,  sometimes  arillate,  albuminous;  embryo  small. 
To  this  Order  belong  the  beautiful  and  fragrant  Water  Lilies;  also  the  magnifi- 
cent Victoria  regia,  of  tropical  America,— which  was  first  successfully  cultivated  in 
the  U.  States  in  1851,  by  the  enterprising  and  public-spirited  President  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  CALEB  COPE,  Esq. 

19.  WIPPHAR,  Smith. 

[Formed  from  JVeufar,  the  Arabic  name  for  the  Pond-Lily.] 
Sepals  5  or  6,  orbicular.     Petals  numerous,  narrow  and  stamen-like, 
and  with  the  numerous  stamens  inserted  on  a  disk  at  the  base  of  the 
ovary.     Stigma  compound,  sessile,  radiated.     Fruit  an  ovoid  sub- 
carnose  capsule.     Seeds  not  arillate. 

1.  HT.  ^dvena,  AiL  Leaves  cordate,  with  diverging  lobes ;  peti- 
oles semi-cylindric ;  sepals  6,  unequal;  fruit  sulcate. 
STRANGE  NUPHAR.     Spatter-dock.  Yellow  Pond-Lily. 

Stemless  perennials;  rhizoma  creeping,  thick  and  often  several  feet  long. — 
Leaves  8  to  10  or  12  inches  long,  erect  in  shallow  water,  floating  in  deep  water, 
coriaceous ;  petioles  thick,  varying  in  length.    Flowers  dull  yellow,  on  peduncles  6 
to  12  or  18  inches  long. 
Sab.  Pools,  and  still  waters:  frequent.    Fl  May,  Sept.  Fr.  Aug.  Oct 

ORDER  VIII.     PAPAVERACEAE. 

Herbs,  with  a  milky  or  colored  juice :  floivers  regular,  polyandrous,  hypogynous ; 
sepals  caducous ;  fruit  mostly  a  1-celled  pod  or  capsule,  with  2  or  more  parietal 
placentae,  which  sometimes  form  imperfect  partitions;  seeds  numerous,  often 
crested ;  embryo  small,  at  the  base  of  fleshy  and  oily  albumen. 

This  Order  is  chiefly  remarkable,  as  affording  that  solacing  drug,  called  Opium, — 
or  what  an  eminent  Physician  termed  the  "  magnum  Dei  donum." 

t  Herbs  with  a  white  juice:  Seeds  not  crested. 

20.  PAPA^VER,  L. 

[Derivation  of  the  name  not  well  ascertained.] 

Sepals  mostly  2.  Petals  4.  Stigmas  4  to  20,  sessile,  united  in  a 
flat  radiated  crown  on  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  obovoid, 
with  imperfect  partitions,  opening  by  chinks  or  pores  under  the 
edge  of  the  stigmatic  crown. 

1.  P.  dubium,  L.  Leaves  pinnatifid,  hairy;  peduncles  clothed  with 
appressed  bristles ;  capsules  clavate,  smooth. 
DUBIOUS  PAPAVER.     Poppy.  Field-Poppy. 

Annual.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branching.    Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long. 
Flowers  dull  red,  on  flexuous  peduncles  6  to  12  inches  in  length,  nodding  before 
they  expand. 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds.  Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  has  made  its  appearance,  within  a  few  years, 


PAPAVERACEAE  13 

in  some  of  our  cultivated  grounds  ;  and  if  not  attended  to,  may  be- 
come a  troublesome  weed.  The  P.  somntferum,  L,  —  the  sleep- 
bringing,  or  Opium  Poppy,  is  to  be  seen  in  almost  every  garden, 
and  nearly  naturalized.  Dr.  DARWIN  thus  notices  it,  in  his  gorgeous 
poem:  — 

"  Sopha'd  on  silk,  amid  her  charm-built  towers, 
Her  meads  of  asphodel,  and  amaranth  bowers, 
Where  Sleep  and  Silence  guard  the  soft  abodes, 
In  sullen  apathy  PAPAVEE  nods." 

t  f  Herbs  with  a  yellow  or  orange-colored  juice.    *  Seeds  pitted. 

21.  ARGEMOvtfE,  L. 

[Gr.  Argema,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  —  supposed  to  be  relieved  by  this  plant.] 
Sepals  mostly  3,  aculeate.     Petals  4  to  6.     Stigmas  3  to  6,  sub-sessile, 
radiately  reflexed.     Capsule  muricate,  1-celled,  opening  at  apex  by 
3  to  6  valves.     Seeds  reticulate,  with  the  rapke  naked. 

1.  A.  Mexicana,  L.    Leaves  blotched  with  white,  obovate-oblong, 
sinuate-lobed,  with  prickly  teeth;  juice  yellowish. 
MEXICAN  ARGEMONE.     Prickly  Poppy. 

Annual.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  sessile 
and  sub-amplexicaul.  Flowers  yellow,  on  leafy  peduncles,  or  branches.  Sepals 
eucullate  at  apex,  and  terminated  by  a  stout  spine. 

Hob.  About  gardens,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Mexico.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Ang. 

Obs.  Partially  naturalized;  but  does  not  appear  to  extend  itself 
as  rapidly  as  some  other  intruders. 

**  Seeds  crested. 

22.  CHEMDOVtflUM,  L  . 

[Gr.  CJididon,  a  swallow  ;  its  flowers  appearing  with  that  bird.] 
Sepals  2.     Petals  4.     Stigma  2-lobed,  subsessile.     Capsule  1-celled, 
elongated,  slender,  smooth,  resembling  a  silique;  valves  2,  opening 
from  the  base.     Seeds  with  the  raphe  conspicuously  crested. 

1.  C.  majus,  L.    Leaves  bipinnatifid,  glaucous  ;  peduncles  sub-um- 
bellate; juice  orange-colored. 
GREATER  CHELIDONIUM.    Celandine. 

Root  perennial.    Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branched.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long.  — 
Flowers  yellow,  umbellate  on  a  common  peduncle  which  is  2  to  4  inches  long.    Cap- 
sules about  an  inch  in  length,  torulose. 
Hob.  Fence-rows,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr,  July. 

Obs.  The  colored  juice  of  this  foreigner  has  long  been  a  popular 
(and  very  innocent)  application  to  warts. 


23.    SAtfGlIIWAvRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Sanguis,  blood;  in  reference  to  the  color  of  the  juice.] 
Sepals  2.     Petals  8  to  12,  spatulate-oblong.     Stigma  2-grooved,  sub- 
sessile.     Capsule  oblong,  ventricose,  tapering  at  each  end;  valves  2, 
deciduous.     Seeds  horizontal,  the  raphe  strongly  crested. 

1.  S.  Caiiach'iisis,  L.  Leaf  mostly  solitary,  cordate-reniform, 
sinuate-lobed,  on  a  long  petiole  ;  juice  reddish-orange  color. 
CANADIAN  SANGUINARIA.     Red-root.  Turmeric.  Indian  Paint. 

Stemless  perennial  ;  rhizoma  thickish,  fleshy,  reddish-brown,  about  2  inches  long. 
Leaf  about  3  inches  long,  and  wider  than  long;  petiole  erect,  finally  6  to  8  or  10 


14  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

inches  in  length.    Scape  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  1-flowered;  flower  white,  rather 

large. 

Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  rhizoma  possesses  emetic  and  other  medicinal  properties, 
•which  have  been  favorably  spoken  of  by  respectable  physicians. 

ORDER  IX.    FUMARIACEAE. 

Herbs ;  smooth,  glaucous  and  delicate,  with  a  watery  juice ;  leaves  compoundly  dis- 
sected ;  stipules  none ;  flowers  irregular ;  petals  4,  somewhat  united ;  stamens  €>, 
diadelphous ;  fruit  and  seeds  much  resembling  those  of  some  Papaveraceae. 

t  Capsule  slender,  siliquose,  opening  ly  2  valves. 

24.  ADL.IPMIA,  Rafin. 

[Dedicated  to  Major  John  Adlum,  a  zealous  American  cultivator  of  the  Tine.] 
Sepals  2,  deciduous.     Petals  cohering  in  an  ovate-oblong  corolla, 
bigibbous  at  base,  withering-persistent  and  spongy,  including  the 
silique-like  capsule.     Seeds  not  crested. 

1.  A.  cirrliosa,  Rafin.  Stem  slender,  climbing  by  means  of  the 
tendril-like  petioles ;  leaves  tripinnately  dissected. 
CIRRHOSE  AIXLUMIA.     Climbing  Fumitory. 

Biennial.  Stem  8  to  15  or  20  feet  long,  branching  and  climbing.  Leaves  4  to  6 
or  8  inches  long,  loosely  dissected  or  branched,  the  common  petiole  twining  like  a 
tendril.  Flowers  in  compound  axillary  racemes;  corolla,  pale  violet-purple,  or 
flesh-color, — finally  a  dirty  white,  and  of  a  fungous  texture,  including  the  stamens 
and  capsule. 
Hob.  Thickets;  West  Brandy  wine:  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  often  and  deservedly  cultivated,  as  a  delicate  orna- 
mental climber,  over  arbors,  &c. 

25.  mCEWTRA,  Borkh.  [DICLTTRA.  DC.] 

[Gr.  Dis,  double,  and  kentron,  a  spur;  in  allusion  to  the  flower.] 
Sepals  2,  small  and  membranaceous.  Petals  connivent,  but  scarcely 
united,  deciduous, — the  2  outer  ones  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base. — 
Filaments  slightly  united.  Capsule  siliquose.  Seeds  with  a  lateral 
crest.  Tuberous-rooted,  stemless  perennials ;  leaves  radical,  ternately 
multifid ;  flowers  racemose,  on  simple  scapes. 

1.  D.  €  II  cull  Aria,  DC.  Root  granulate-bulbous ;  raceme  4- to 
10-flowered;  spurs  divergent,  straight,  rather  acute,  longer  than 
the  pedicel ;  inner  petals  minutely  crested. 

Dielytra  Cucullaria.     Hook.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  398. 
HOOD-LIKE  DICENTRA.     Dutchman's  Breeches.  Breeches-flower. 

Bulbs  usually  trigonous-ovoid  and  acuminate,  pale  red  and  purple-dotted,  eur- 
rounded  at  base  by  smaller  'ones.    Scape  6  to  10  inches  high,  slender,  naked. — 
Flowers  white,  yellowish  or  cream-color  at  apex,  destitute  of  fragrance. 
Hob.  Moist  shaded  grounds :  frequent.    Fl,  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  The  name  of  this  genus  seems  to  have  been  written  Dielytra, 
and  Dielytra,  by  different  authors,  in  consequence  of  a  typographical 
error,  resulting  from  a  misconception  of  the  original  manuscript,  in- 
tended for  Dicentra. 

2.  D.  CanaclensiS,  DC.  Root  tuberiferous;   raceme  about 
4-flowered;  spurs  nearly  parallel,  incurved,  obtuse,  short;  inner 
petals  conspicuously  crested. 


FUMARIACEAE  15 

Dielytra  eximia.     Hook.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  399. 
CANADIAN  DICENTBA.     Squirrel-Corn. 

Tubers  depressed-globose,  tawny-yellow,  clustered  and  concatenated.    Flowers 
greenish-white,  tinged  with  purple,  fragrant. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds,  near  Kimberton  :  rare.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

26.  CORYD'AMS,  L. 

[The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Fumitory,  a  kindred  plant] 
Sepals  2,  minute,  resembling  bractlets.     Petals  somewhat  cohering, 
one  only  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base.     Capsule  siliquose.     Seeds 
globular-reniform,  with  a  concave  or  shell-shaped  crest.    Biennials. 

1.  C.  ailrea,   Willd.    Stems  low,  spreading;  racemes  simple  ; 
spur  incurved  ;  capsules  pendent. 
GOLDEN  CORYDALIS. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  often  diffusely  branching  from  the  base.    Leaves 
3-  to  5-parted,  the  divisions  pinnatifid;  radical  or  lower  leaves  mostly  numerous. 
on  long  petioles.    Racemes  usually  opposite  the  leaves.    Flowers  bright  yellow.— 
Seeds  with  a  scalloped  crest 
Hob.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill:  rare.    Fl.  May.  JV.June. 


2.  C.  ^lailca,  Pursh.  Stem  upright;  racemes  subpaniculate  ; 
spur  short,  rounded  ;  capsules  erect. 
GLAUCOUS  CORYDALIS. 

Plant  remarkably  glaucous.    Stem,  12  to  18  inches  high,  angular  and  branching. 
Leaves  somewhat  biternately  dissected;  radical  or  lower  leaves  on  long  petioles.  _ 
Racemes  terminal.    Flowers  ochroleucous,  with  a  slight  shade  of  green,  and  tinged 
with  purple.    Seeds  with  a  small  entire  crest. 
Hab.  mils,  near  the  Schuylkill  :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

ft  Capsule  globular,  fleshy,  indehiscent. 
2?.  FUMAVRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Fumus,  smoke;  perhaps  from  its  dingy  glaucous  hue.] 
Sepals  2,  lance-ovate,  acuminate.     Petals  4,  the  lower  one  linear, 
free,  the  others  cohering  at  base,  —  the  upper  one  spurred.     Capsule 
small,  1-seeded.     Seed  not  crested. 

.1.  F.  offidnalis,  L.  Stem  sub-erect,  branching;  leaves  much  and 
finely  dissected;  racemes  terminal,  or  opposite  the  leaves;  pedi- 
cels clavate. 

OFFICINAL  FUMARIA.     Common  Fumitory. 

Annual.    Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  diffusely  branching.    Leaves  petiolate,  bipin- 
nately  branching,  the  divisions  petiolulate.    Flowers  slender,  pale  violet-purple 
with  a  leaden  tinge,  deeper  purple  at  summit,  with  green  keels. 
Hab.  Naturalized  in  Gardens,  Ac.    Nat  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

ORDER  X.    CRUCIF'ERAE. 

Herbs,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules  ;  flowers 
corymbose,  or  racemose  ;  pedicels  without  bracts  ;  sepals  4,  deciduous  ;  petals  4,  cru- 
ciate ;  stamens  6,  tetradynamous  ;  fruit  a  silique,  or  silicle,  ;  seeds  without  albumen  ; 
embryo  mostly  curved,  —  the  cotyledons  bent  over,  with  either  their  edges,  or  back, 
to  the  radicle. 

A  remarkably  natural  or  homogeneous  family,—  both  In  the  sensible  properties, 
and  botanical  characters,  of  the  plants  belonging  to  it  It  furnishes,  moreover,  a 
large  and  valuable  portion  of  our  culinary  vegetables. 


16  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

DIVISION  1.    SILIQUOVSAE. 

Fruit  a  silique — i.  e.  a  slender  elongated  jointless  pod.  or  capsule  of  2  valves,  ren- 
dered 2-celled  by  a  false  septum,  or  partition,  etretched  between  the  parietal  placen . 
toe,  from  which  the  valves  separate. 

TRIBE  1.     ARABID'EAE. 

Seeds  compressed,  sometimes  margined ;  cotyledons  plane,  parallel  with  the  septum, 
accumbent  (o  =) — i.  e.  with  their  edges  to  the  radicle. 

28.    NASTUR/TIUM,  R.  Br. 

[Latin,  Nasus  tortus,  a  convulsed  nose ;  from  its  pungent  effect.] 
Silique  rather  short  and  turgid,  usually  curved  upwards.     Seeds  ir- 
regularly in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  not  margined. 

1.  N.  offitinhle,  R.  Br.   Stem  radicating;  leaves  odd-pinnately  di- 
vided, with  rounded  or  oblong  segments. 
OFFICINAL  NASTUKTIUM.     Water-Cress. 

Perennial.    Stem,  6  to  12  or  18  inches  long,  branching.    Leaves  dissected  into  3 
to  7  or  9  segments,  the  terminal  one  largest.    Petals  white. 
Hob.  Rivulets,  and  ditches.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  foreign  plant — which  is  the  true  Water- Cress,  of  Eu- 
rope— was  found  (in  1838,  since  the  publication  of  the  preceding 
edition),  near  Downingtown,  by  Mr.  JOSHUA  HOOPES.  It  is  easily 
propagated,  and  is  now  naturalized  in  several  localities  in  the 
County.  Being  a  wholesome  Salad,  it  deserves  to  be  generally  in- 
troduced into  suitable  springs  and  brooks,  for  table  use. 

29.  CARDAM'ItfE,  L. 

[Gr.  Kardamon ;  an  ancient  name  for  Cress.] 

Silique  linear,  flattened;  valves  nerveless,  usually  opening  elastically 
from  the  base.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  not  margined. 

f  BIENNIAL  :  leaves  pinnatifid ;  flowers  small. 

1.  C. llirsilta,  L.  Smoothish;  stem  erect;  leaves  pinnately  dis- 
sected or  lyrate-pinnatifid, — segments  of  the  lower  ones  rounded,  of 
the  upper  ones  lance-oblong. 

HIRSUTE  CARDAMINE.     Common  Bitter-Cress. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  12  or  18  inches  high,  branching,  and  often  several  from  the  same 
root.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long>  petiolate.    Racemes  2  to  4  or  6  inches  long. — 
Petals  white,  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  but  rather  inconspicuous. 
Hob.  Springs,  and  swampy  rivulets :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  Our  plant  is  usually  so  much  less  hairy  than  the  European 
one  of  the  same  name,  that  it  has  been  regarded  as  a  distinct  species, 
by  many  botanists,  and  called  C.  Pennsylvanica. 

f  f  PERENNIAL  :  leaves  nearly  entire ;  flowers  conspicuous. 

2.  C.  rottmdifolia,  MX.  Stem  weak  and  decumbent,  with 
creeping  runner-like  branches;  leaves  all  orbicular  and  petiolate; 
root  fibrous. 

ROUND-LEAVED  CARDAMINE.    American  Water-Cress. 

Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  with  slender  procumbent  axillary  branche?. — 
Leaves  all  similar  in  form, — the  lower  ones  about  two  inches  long,  sometimes  with 
a  pair  of  small  lobes  on  the  petiole,— the  upper  leaves  gradually  smaller  as  they 


CROCIFEEAB  17 

ascend.    Racemes  1  to  3  Inches  long,  sometimes  proliferous.    Petals  white,  Of 
ochroleucoup,  cuneate-obovate,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Hob.  Shaded  springs ;  Brandywine :  not  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  My  excellent  friend,  Prof.  TORREY,  finds  it  difficult  to  believe 
that  our  Chester  County  plant  is  the  same  as  MICHAUX'S:  But  I 
have  a  number  of  specimens  from  MICHAUX'S  locality  (the  mountains 
of  N.  Carolina),  which  I  am  very  confident  my  friend  would  be  puz- 
zled to  distinguish  from  ours. 

3.  C.  rli ombo idea,  DC.  Stem  erect,  mostly  simple;  lower 
leaves  oval  or  rhombic-oblong,  on  long  petioles, — upper  ones  lance- 
oblong,  sessile ;  root  tuberiferous. 
RHOMBOID  CARDAMINE.     Spring-Cress. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high.    Racemes  2  to  5  inches  long.    Petals  white,  conspicuous, 
3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Hob.  Along  swampy  rivulets :  frequent.    FL  April.  Fr.  June. 

3O.  DE1VTAVRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Dens,  dentis,  a  tooth ;  from  its  tooth-like  tubers.] 
Sttique  compressed,  lanceolate,  acuminate.     Seeds  in  a  single  series, 
ovate,  not  margined ;  funiculus  dilated ;  cotyledons  thick.    Perennials. 

1.  D.  laciniata,  Muhl.  Leaves  in  threes,  subverticillate,  deeply 
3-parted;  segments  lance-linear,  laciniate. 
LACINIATE  DENTARIA.     Cut-leaved  Tooth-wort. 

Rhizoma  fleshy,  tooth-shaped,  moniliform.    Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  simple.— 
Leaves  usually  3,  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  each  mostly  3-parted  to  the  base; 
segments  2  to  4  inches  long.    Raceme  terminal,  loose,  at  first  corymbose.    Ftowers 
pale  purple,  or  nearly  white. 
Hob.  Kich  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

31.  AR'ABIS,  L. 

[Supposed  to  have  been  so  named  for  an  Arabian  species.] 

Silique  long,  linear,  compressed;  valves  flattish,  1-nerved.     Seeds  in 

a  single  series,  oval  or  orbicular,  often  margined.     Cotyledons  flat. 

f  Seeds  not  margined. 

1.  A.  lyrata,  L.    Radical  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  hairy ;  stem- 
leaves  spatulate-linear,  entire,  smoothish ;  siliques  rather  spreading, 
pointed  with  a  short  style;  radicle  often  oblique. 

Sisymbrium  arabidoides,  Hook.  Bor.  Am.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  P. 

387. 

LYRATE  ARABIS.    American  Rock-Cress. 

Perennial  f    Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  branched,  often  several  from  the  same 
root.    Radical  leaves  numerous  and  tufted,  1  to  3  inches  long,  often  dying  early 
and  disappearing.    Racemes  2  to  5  inches  long.    Flowers  white,  rarely  tinged  with 
purple. 
Bab.  Dry,  rocky  hills;  Serpentine  ridge,  abundant.    Fl  April.  Fr.  May. 

ft  Seeds  partially  margined. 

2.  A.  hirsftta,  Scop.  Hirsute;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
clasping  and  often  sagittate;  siliques  erect,  style  very  short,  cla- 
vate. 

HIRSUTE  ABABIS.    Hairy  Rock-Cress. 

2 


18  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGEXS 

Biennial  f  Stem  6  to  12  or  18  inches  high,  branched  at  base,  or  several  from  the 
root.  Radical  leaves  about  an  inch  long,  roundish-ovate  to  obovate-oblong,  with  a 
flat  petiole.  Raceme  2  to  6  inches  long.  Flowers  ochroleucous,  or  greenish  white. 
Sab.  Rocky  banks ;  Schuylkill :  not  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

f  1 1  Seeds  wholly  and  conspicuously  margined. 

3.  A.  laeyigata,  DC.  Smooth  and  glaucous;  stem-leaves  lance- 
linear,  clasping;  siliques  recurved-spreading,  long  and  narrow. 
POLISHED  ARABIS.     Smooth  Rock-Cress. 

Perennial  f  Stem,  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  stout,  somewhat  branched  above.  Rad- 
ical leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  obovate  or  oblong,  often  purplish.  Racemes  4  to  8  or 
10  inches  long.  Flowers  ochroleucous,  rather  small ;  siliques  2  to  3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Low  grounds,  along  Brandy  wine :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

4.  A.  CanadensiS,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed 
at  both  ends,  sessile,  roughish-pubescent ;  siliques  falcate,  pendu- 
lous. 

CANADIAN  ARABIS.     Sickle-pod.  Turkey-pod. 

Perennial?  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched  above,  often 
eparsely  hirsute  at  base.  Radical  leaves  2  or  3  inches  long,  obovate  or  oblong, 
dying  early.  Raceme  6  to  10  inches  long.  Flowers  white;  siliques  2  to  3  inches 
long,  recurved,— the  valves  veined,  and  usually  ancipital,  with  a  keel-like  mid- 
nerve. 
Hob.  Hilly,  open  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

32.  BARBAREVA,  R.  Br. 

[So  named,  from  having  been  dedicated  to  Santa  Barbara,] 
Silique  linear,  somewhat  4-sided,  the  valves  being  strongly  keeled 
by  the  mid-nerve.     Seeds  in  a  single  series,  not  margined.     Cotyle- 
dons flat,  thickish. 

1.  J5.  vulgaris,  R.  Br.    Lower   leaves   lyrate,   the    terminal    lobe 

rounded ;  the  upper  leaves  obovate,  often  pinnatifid  at  base ;  siliques 

acuminate. 

COMMON  BARBAREA.     Winter  Cress.  Yellow  Rocket. 

Perennial.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  sulcate-striate,  smooth,  branched  above.    Leaves 
1  to  3  or  4  inches  long.    Flowers  yellow. 
Hob.  Low  grounds,  along  Brandywine.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  I  have  no  doubt  of  this  being  an  introduced  plant,  though 
quite  common  in  many  places.  There  is  a  nearly  allied  species 
(B.  praecox,  R.  Br.}  cultivated  around  Philadelphia,  for  the  market ; 
and  both  are  used  as  a  Salad,  under  the  name  of  "Scurvy-grass," — 
but  are,  I  think,  decidedly  inferior  to  Nasturtium. 

TRIBE  2.  SISYMBRIE^AE. 

Seeds  thickish,  ovate  or  oblong,  not  margined ;  cotyledons  plane,  with  their  edges 
to  the  septum,  incumbent  (oj|) — i.  e.  the  back  of  one  of  them  to  the  radicle. 

33.  SISYM'BRIIJM,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name ;  applied  to  this  genus.] 

Silique  subterete,  or  4-  to  6-sided;  valves  1-  to  3-nerved.  Seeds  in 
a  single  series,  oblong.  Mostly  annuals. 

1.  S.  offieinale,  Scop.  Lower  leaves  runcinate,  upper  ones  sub- 
hastate  ;  racemes  slender  and  virgate ;  siliques  subulate,  subsessile, 
oppressed  to  the  rachis. 


CRUCIFERAB  19 

OFFICINAL  SISYMBRIUM.     Hedge  Mustard. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long.— 
Raceme*  elongating,  finally  6  to  12  or  15  inches  in  length.  Flowers  greenish-yel- 
low,  small. 

Hob.  Lanes,  roadsides,  and  waste  places.    Nat  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 
Obs,.  A  worthless  introduced  weed, — now  extensively  naturalized. 

2.  S.    Thalianum,  Gaud.    Leaves  obovate    or    oblong,   entire  or 
obscurely  dentate ;  siliques  linear,  somewhat  4-sided. 

THALIAN  SISYMBRIUM.     Mouse-ear  Cresa. 

Biennial  f    Stem  3  or  4  to  12  inches  high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  with 
plunder  axillary  branches.    Radical  leaves  rosulate,  1  to  2  inches  long.    Racemes  1 
to  3  or  4  inches  long.    Flowers  white,  inconspicuous. 
Hab.  Old  fields.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  ApriL  Fr.  June. 

3.  S.  cane§cens,  Nutt.  Hoary-pubescent  or  glaucous;  leaves 
bipiunatifid;  siliques  oblong  or  clavate,  in  long  racemes,  shorter 
than  the  pedicels. 

HOARY  SISYMBRIUM. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  with  a  few  coarse  branches.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long, 
finely  dissected,  sparingly  pilose.    Racemes  slender,  4  to  12  or  15  inches  long. — 
Flowers  ochroleucous. 
Hab.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill :  rare,    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

TRIBE  3.  BRASSICEVAE. 

Silique  elongated, — the  style  often  with  a  seed-bearing  cell  at  base;  seeds  globose,  in 
a  single  series;  cotyledons  incumbent  and  conduplicate  (^,)-— i.  e.  folded  round  the 
radicle. 

34.  HR AS  SIC  4,  L. 

[Formed  from  Uresic,— the  Celtic  name  for  the  Cabbage.] 
Silique  subterete ;  valves  1 -nerved;  style  short,  obtuse. 
1.  B.  OLERACEA  L.  Leaves  orbicular  or  oblong,  repand  or  lobed, 
strongly  veined,  fleshy,  glabrous  and  glaucous. 
OLERACEOUS  or  POT-HERB  BRASSICA.     Cabbage. 

Biennial.    Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  clavate,  simple,  with  long  flowering  branches 
the  second  year.    Leaves  large,  those  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  densely  imbrica- 
ted in  a  head.    Racemes  long,  loose.    Flowers  greenish-yellow. 
Hab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

jg^°  The  following  Sub-species,  or  Varieties,  are  more  or  less  cul- 
tivated in  our  kitchen  gardens: — 

f  Racemes  paniculate. 

Sub-species  1.  ACE>HALA,  DC.  Stem  elongated ;  leaves  not  forming 
a  head.  Tree  Cabbage. 

2.  BULLATA,  DC.  Young  leaves  subcapitate,  finally  expanding,  bul- 
late  or  crisped.     Savoy  Cabbage. 

3.  CAPITATA,  DC.  Leaves  densely  imbricated  in  a  head  before 
flowering.     York  Cabbage. 

4.  CAULO-RAPA,  DC.  Stem  bulbous  at  the  origin  of  the  leaves. — 
Bulb-stalked  Cabbage.  Kohl  Rabi. 

ft  Racemes  corymbose. 

5.  BOTRYT'IS,  DC.  Leaves  oblong,  connivent;  peduncles  coalesced 
before  flowering. 


20  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Var.  a.  CAULIFLOVRA.  Stem  short;  heads  thick,  compact.  Cauli- 
flower. 

Var.  b.  ASPAB.AQOIVDES.  Stem  taller;  leaves  elongated ;  heads  sub- 
ramose.  Broccoli. 

Obs.  Few  plants  have  undergone  greater  modifications,  by  cul- 
ture, than  this  esculent  herb ;  and  those  varieties  farthest  removed 
from  the  original  form,  are  the  most  esteemed.  Cabbage,  in  every 
form,  has  always  been  a  general  favorite  with  the  Germans;  and 
from  them  we  have  borrowed  not  only  the  preparations  of  the  herb, 
but  their  names, — such  as  Bauer-kraut;  and  Kohl-Salfit, — which 
latter  (meaning  literally  Cabbage  Salad,')  has  been  anglicised  into 
Cole — and  even  Cold-Slaw! 

2.  B.  CAMPE"STRIS,  L.  Leaves  glaucous,  the  lower  ones  lyrate,  den- 
tate, ciliate,  the  upper  ones  amplexicaul,  acuminate. 
FIELD  BRASSICA. 

Annual,  or  biennial.    Root  thick,  turnep-shaped,  fleshy.    Stem,  1  to  2  feet  high, 
smooth.    Racemes  long,  loose.    Flowers  citron-yellow. 
Bab.  Gardens,  and  lots.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

jg@°The  following  varieties  have  been  occasionally  cultivated; 
but  have  not  become  a  regular  crop : — 

Sub-species  1.  NAPO-BRAS'SICA,  DC.  Boot  tumid,  turnep-shaped. 
Var.  a.  COMMUVNIS.  Boot  white  or  purplish.     Turnep-rooted  Cab- 


Tar.  b.  BUTABAGA.    Boot  yellowish,  subglobose.    Swedish  Tur- 
nep. 

3*  B.  B\PA,  L.  Badical  leaves  lyrate,  hirsute,  not  glaucous ;  upper 
ones  entire,  smooth. 

Sub-species  1.  DEPR^SSA,  DC.  Boot  depressed-globose,  abruptly 
contracted  beneath.  Common  Turnep. 

Biennial.    Root  fleshy,  white  or  rarely  yellow,  orbicular,  3  to  6  inches  across.— 
Stem,  2  to  4  feet  high.    Radical  leaves  6  to  12  inches  long.    Racemes  corymbose- 
paniculate.    Flowers  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

35.  Sltf  AVPIS.  Tournef. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name ;  of  obscure  meaning. 

Silique  subterete ;  valves  1-  3-  or  5-nerved ;  style  short  and  subulate, 

or  ensiform. 

1.  8.  rilgra,  L.   Siliques  somewhat  4-angled,  smooth,  appressed 

to  the  rachis ;  style  short,  subulate. 

BLACK  SINAPIS.    Black  Mustard.  Common  Mustard. 

Annual.    Stem  3  to  6  feet  high,  much  branched,  smooth.    Leaves  variously  lobed 
and  toothed;  lower  ones  lyrate,  scabrous,  upper  ones  smooth,  narrow,  pendulous, 
serrate  or  entire.    Racemes  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long.   Flowers  greenish-yellow.    Seed* 
dark  brown. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  pretty  generally  naturalized  among  us,  but 
not  much  cultivated.  It  makes  a  rather  troublesome  weed,  when 
fully  introduced.  In  the  West  (especially  in  Ohio),  it  is  extensively 
cultivated.  The  value  of  its  highly  acrid  seeds,  in  the  hands  of  the 
cook  and  physician — as  a  condiment  and  rubefacient — is  well 
known. 


CRUCIFERAE  21 

a.  S.  XLBA,  L.  Siliques  turgid,  hispid,  spreading,  scarcely  as  long 

as  the  ensiform  style. 

WHITE  SIN  APIS.     White  Mustard. 

Annual.    Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  rather  stout,  branched,  sparsely  hirsute.    Leaves 
lyrately  pinnatifid.    Racemes  3  to  6  inches  long.    Flowers  yellow.    Seeds  pale 
brown,  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  seeds  are  employed  for  similar  purposes  as  the  preceding ; 
and  are  sometimes  administered,  whole,  as  a  remedy  for  Dyspepsia, 
&c. 

DIVISION  H.     SILICULO'SAE. 

Fruit  a  silicic— i.  e.  a  short  pod  or  capsule  (not  much  longer  than  broad),  2-celled, 
mostly  opening  by  2  valves;  cotyledons  plane,  not  folded  lengthwise,  nor  spirally 
convolute. 

TRIBE  4.     ALYSSIN'EAE. 

SClidt  oval  or  oblong;  septum  broadly  oval,  parallel  with  the  valves;  cotyledons  ac- 
cumbent  (o=),  parallel  with  the  septum. 

36.  DRAVBA,  L. 

[Gr.  drdbe,  acrid,  or  biting;  from  the  pungency  of  its  leaves.] 
Silicle  oval,  flattened;  stigma  sessile.     Seeds  numerous,  in  2  rows  in 
each  cell,  not  margined. 

1.  D.  Verna,  L.  Leaves  radical,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  hairy; 

scapes  several;  silicles  elliptic-oblong,  shorter  than  the  pedicels; 

petals  bifid. 

Erophila  vulgaris,  DC.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  378. 

VERNAL  DRABA.     Whitlow-grass. 

Annual  f    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.    Scapes  1  or  2  to  4  or  5  inches 
high.    Flowers  small,  white,  on  elongating  pedicels.    Silicles  about  one-third  of  an 
Inch  long;  valves  deciduous,  leaving  the  seeds  adhering  to  the  margins  of  the  sep- 
tum. 
nab.  Sandy  banks,  roadsides,  &c.:  common.    Fl.  March.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  Of  the  Alpine  species  of  this  insignificant  genus,  the  grandil- 
oquent DARWIN,  in  his  Botanic  Garden,  sings  as  follows : — 
"  Where  rears  huge  Tenerif  his  azure  crest, 
Aspiring  DRABA  builds  her  eagle  nest; 
Her  pendant  eyry  icy  caves  surround, 
Where  erst  Tolcanos  mined  the  rocky  ground. 
Pleased  round  the  Fair  four  rival  Lords  ascend 
The  shaggy  steeps,  two  menial  youths  attend. 
High  in  the  setting  ray  the  beauty  stands, 
And  her  tall  shadow  waves  on  distant  lands." 

37.  COCHL,EANRIA,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Cocfuear,  a  spoon ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves  of  some  species.] 
Silicle  ovoid  or  oblong ;  valves  very  convex ;  style  very  short.     Seeds 
as  in  Draba. 

1.  C.  ARMOR\CIA,  L.  Radical  leaves  large,  oblong,  crenate,  peti- 
olate, — stem-leaves  lanceolate,  incised,  sessile. 
ARMORICAN  COCHLEARIA.     Horse-Radish. 

Perennial.  Root  long,  terete,  fleshy,  white,  very  acrid.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high, 
with  erect  axillary  branches.  Radical  leaves  8  to  15  inches  long.  Racemes  corym- 
bose, elongating.  Flowers  white.  Silicles  oval,  usually  abortive, 


22  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Hob.  Gardens;  along  drains,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  pungent  root  of  this  plant  is  a  favorite  condiment,  and 
one  of  the  most  valuable  antiscorbutics.  The  true  or  common 
Scurvy  grass,  of  Europe,  is  a  species  of  this  genus  (C.  officinalu,  L.) ; 
but  is  rarely,  if  ever,  to  be  met  with  under  culture,  here. 

TRIBE  5.     CAMELIN'EAE. 

Silide  obovoid  or  oblong ;  septum  broad,  parallel  with  the  valves ;  cotyledons  plane, 
incumbent  (o]|),  contrary  to  the  septum. 

38.  CAMEI^Ftf  A,  Crantz. 

[Gr.  Chamai,  dwarf,  and  Linon,  flax ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance.] 
Silide  obovoid  or  pyriform,  turgid,  mucronate,  dehiscent  and  split- 
ting the  style.     Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  not  margined. 

1.  C.  satlva,  Crantz.  Leaves   oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate,  sessile; 
silicles  inflated,  margined. 
CULTIVATED  CAMELINA.     Wild  Flax. 

Annual.    Stem  about  2  feet  high,  paniculate  at  summit.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches 
long.    Racemes  corymbose-paniculate,  elongating.    Flowers  pale  yellow,  inconspic- 
uous.   Style  about  half  as  long  as  the  silicic,  persistent,  splitting  with  the  dehiscent 
valves.    Seeds  reddish  yellow. 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  was  formerly  frequent  among  Flax,  when 
that  plant  was  generally  cultivated ;  but  since  that  culture  has  de- 
clined, the  Camelina  has  become  more  rare,  within  my  observation. 
I  am  informed,  however,  by  H.  JONES  BROOKE,  Esq.,  of  Delaware 
county,  Pennsylvania,  that  it  had  recently  become  a  serious  nui- 
sance, in  his  wheat  fields.  Being  an  annual,  the  obvious  remedy 
"Was  to  prevent  it  from  maturing  its  seeds ;  but,  being  contempora- 
neous with  the  crops,  and  mingled  with  them,  its  extirpation  seemed 
a  hopeless  task.  Finding  his  grounds  getting  full  of  this  pest,  Mr. 
BROOKE — with  the  practical  sagacity  of  an  intelligent  observer — 
adopted  a  plan  which  resulted  in  complete  success :  namely,  keep- 
ing the  ground  ploughed  or  stirred,  for  a  year  or  two,  so  often  as 
to  prevent  the  ripening  of  new  seeds,  and  to  promote  the  vegetation 
of  all  the  old  ones  in  the  soil.  Among  the  vulgar  errors  of  benighted 
agriculture,  was  the  belief  that  this  plant  was  a  kind  of  transmuted 
or  degenerate  Flax, — caused  by  burning  the  soil,  in  clearings. 

TRIBE  6.     LEPIDIN'EAE. 

Silide  compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  septum ;  valves  strongly  boatshaped  or 
keeled ;  cotyledons  plane,  mostly  incumbent  (o)|),  parallel  with  the  septum. 

39.  L-EPID'IUM,  L. 

[Gr.  Lepidion,  a  little  scale;  from  the  form  and  size  of  the  silicles.] 
Silide  oval,  often  winged  and  notched  at  apex ;  cells  1-seeded.    Coty- 
ledons sometimes  accumbent  (o=).     Annuals. 
f  Cotyledons  incumbent  (o||). 

1.  L.  SATiVuM,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  incised  and  pinnatifid;  silicles 

•winged  and  notched  at  apex,  smooth, 

CULTIVATED  LEPIDIUM.     Pepper-grass.  Tongue-grass. 


CHUCIFERAE  23 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,  glaucous,  corymbosely  branched  above.    Leaves 
1  to  3  inches  long.    Flowers  white. 
Hub.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Persia.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

2.  L.  campestre,  R.  Br.  Leaves  sagittate,  oblong,  dentate;  silicles 
winged  and  notched  at  apex,  scaly-dotted. 

FIELD  LEPIDIUM. 

Stem,  6  to  10  inches  high,  pubescent,  branched  above.    Radical  leaves  about  2 
inches  long,  lyrate-pinnatifid.    Flowers  white. 
Hab.  Great  Valley :  rare.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 
f  f  Cotyledons  decumbent  (o=). 

3.  L,.  Virginicum,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  incised-serrate ; 
silicles  notched  at  apex,  but  not  winged. 

VIRGINIAN  LEPIDIUM.     Wild  Pepper-grass. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  corymbosely  branched,  roughish-pubescent.    Leaves  1 
to  2  inches  long.    Racemes  cylindric.    Flowers 'white,  very  small;  stamens  2.    Seeds 
reddish. 
Hab.  Fields,  and  road-sides:  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

40.   CAPSEI/L.A.   Vent. 
[Diminutive  of  Capsula,  a  capsule ;  alluding  to  the  fruit.] 
Silicle  obcordate-cuneate ;  valves  boat-shaped,  not  winged.     Seeds 
numerous,  oblong.     Cotyledons  incumbent  (o||). 

1.  C.  Bursa-pdstoris,  Moench.     Radical    leaves   mostly  pinnatifid, 

stem-leaves  sagittate,  sessile. 

SHEPHERD' s-PuRSE  CAPSELLA.     Shepherd's  Purse. 

Annual.    Stem  3  or  4  to  18  inches  high,  often  branched,  more  or  less  hirsute. 
Radical  leaves  2  or  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long.    Racemes  at  first  corymbose,  finally 
much  elongated.    Flowers  white. 
Hub.  Fields,  and  road-sides.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

DIVISION  III.     LOMENTA^CEAE. 

Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle,  transversely  2- or  several-celled,  and  separable  into  as  many 
joints. 

TRIBE  7.    RAPHA^NEAE. 

Silique  indehiscent,  partitioned  into  1-  or  few-seeded  cells;  seeds  globose;  cotyledons 
incumbent  and  conduplicate,  as  in  Tribe.  3. 

41.  RAPII'AIVUS,  L. 

[Gr.  Ra,  quickly,  Rndphaino,  to  appear;  from  its  quick  germination.] 
Silique  elongated,  many-celled  by  transverse  suberose  partitions,  or 
by  constrictions  between  the  seeds.     Seeds  in  a  single  series. 

1.  R.  SATIVVUS,  L.  Lower  leaves  lyrate,  upper  ones  ovate-oblong, 
subhastate;  siliques  torulose,  acuminate. 
CULTIVATED  RAPHANUS.     Radish.  Garden  Radish. 

Annual.    Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  sparsely  hispid.    Leaves  8  to  12  or  15  inches  long, 
hispid.    Flowers  purple  and  greenish  white. 
Hab.  Gardens.    Native  of  China.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

$Sg&~  The  following  varieties  are  usually  cultivated : — 

Sub-species  1.  RADICULA,  DC.  Root  tender,  red  or  white. 

Var.  a.  rotunda.  Root  subglobose.     Turnep  Radish. 
For.  b.  oblonga.     Root  fusiform.     Common  Radish. 


I      IIKI 


24  DIALTPETALOU8   EXOGENS 

Sub-species  2.  NIGER,  DC.  Root  fleshy,  firm,  more  or  less  acrid, 
black  externally,  white  within. 


Obs.  The  tender  fleshy  root  of  this  plant  is  an  universal  favorite 
at  table,  in  early  spring. 

ORDER  XI.     CAPPARIDACEAE. 

Herbs  ;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound  ;  stipules  none,  or  spinescent  ;  flowert 
cruciform,  but  not  tetradynamous,  hypogynous  ;  stamens  6,  or  numerous  ;  ovary 
1-celled  ;  fruit  silique-like,  with  parietal  placentae  ;  seeds  numerous,  -without  albumen. 
The  condiment  known  as  Gapers,  is  afforded  by  this  Order,—  being  the  pickled 
flower-buds  of  Capparis  spinosa,  L. 

42.  POL-AIVIS'IA,  Safin. 

[Qr.  Polys,  many,  and  anisos,  unequal  ;  in  reference  to  the  parts  of  the  flower.] 
Sepals  4.     Petals  4,  rather  unequal,  obcordate  or  emarginate,  with 
long  slender  claws.     Stamens  8  to  32,  unequal.     Receptacle  not  elon- 
gated.    Capsule  2-valved,  subsessile. 

1.  P.  grav£olens,  Safin.  Glandular-pilose  and  viscid;  leaves 
digitate  in  threes,  leaflets  oblong,  entire  ;  stamens  8  to  12  ;  capsule 
lance-oblong. 
STRONG-SCENTED  POLANISIA. 

Annual.    Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  branching.    Leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long, 
eubsessile.    Flowers  ochroleucous,  in  a  leafy  raceme.    Capsule  about  2  inches  long  ; 
seeds  reniform-orbicular. 
Sab.  Gravelly  hills;  along  Schuylkill:  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  XII.     VIOLACEAE. 

Serbs;  mostly  perennials;  leaves  alternate,  with  stipules;  sepals  5,  persistent; 
corolla  somewhat  irregular,  one  of  the  5  petals  gibbous  or  spurred  at  base  ;  stamens 
6,  hypogynous,  the%  anthers  adnate,  introrse,  slightly  united;  capsule  1-celled, 
3-valved,  with  3  parietal  placentae;  seeds  rather  large,  with  a  hard  coat;  embryo 
nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen. 

43.  SOUEVA,  Oing. 

[Named  in  honor  of  Wm.  Sole,  an  English  Botanist.] 

Sepals  not  eared  at  base.     Petals  unequal,  the  larger  one  merely 
gibbous  at  base,  the  others  linear-oblong.     Style  hooked  at  summit 
1.  S.  Concolor,  Ging.  Stem  tall  ;  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both 
ends,  entire  ;  flowers  axillary,  on  short  recurved  pedicels. 
ONE-COLORED  SOLEA. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  simple,  leafy  to  the  top.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long.    Flou> 
ers  pale  yellowish  green,  small  and  inconspicuous,  1  to  3  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Capsules  near  an  inch  long. 
Sab.  Woods,  and  banks  of  streams:  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant  was  collected,  in  1841,  on  the  banks  of  Red-cloy 
Creek,  in  this  County,  by  Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN. 

44.  VrOL,A,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  genus.] 

Sepals  eared  at  base.    Petals  rather  unequal,  the  larger  one  saccate 


V10LACEAE  20 

or  spurred  at  base.     Two  lower  anthers  produced  into  the  spur  of 

the  corolla. 

f  STEMLESS  :  the,  leaves  and  scapes  att  proceeding  from  the  rhizoma.    *  Flowers  white, 

1.  V.  priimilaef  olia,  L.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  mostly  acute, 
subcordate  at  base,  decurrent  on  the  petiole. 
PRIMROSE-LEAVED  VIOLA. 

Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  on  margined  petioles  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.— 
Scapes  few,  slender,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves.    Corolla  small,  the  lower  petal 
with  purple  veins. 
nab.  Moist,  shaded  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

2.  T.  blanda,  Willd.  Leaves  broad-cordate  and  acute,  or  rotmd- 
ish-reniform,  thin,  petioles  slightly  winged. 

BLAND  VIOLA.     Sweet  White  Violet. 

Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  petioles  1  to  4  inches  long.    Scapes  few,  mostly 
longer  than  the  leaves.    Corotta  small,  odorous,  the  lower  petal  with  dark  purple 
stripes. 
Hob.  Wet,  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  April.     Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  is  a  remarkably  delicate,  fragrant  little  species, — well 
deserving  the  eulogy  of  SHAKESPEARE — who  in  his  Winter's  Talc 
speaks  of 

"Violets,  dim, 

But  sweeter  than  the  lids  of  Juno's  eyes, 
Or  Cytherea's  breath." 

*  *  Flowers  violet,  or  purplish  Hue. 

3.  T,  sagittata,  Ait.  Leaves  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  often  sagit- 
tate and  sometimes  hastate,  mostly  hairy. 

SAGITTATE  VIOLA.     Arrow-leaved  Violet. 

Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  on  petioles  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long.    Scapes  several, 
a  little  longer  than  the  leaves.    Corolla  rather  large ;  petals  bearded. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  hills :  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  V.  ovata,  Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  is  now  considered  as 
nothing  more  than  a  variety  of  this. 

4.  V.  cucullata,  Ait.  Leaves  cordate  and  cucullate,  mostly 
acute,  crenate-serrate,  smoothish. 

CUCULLATE  VIOLA.     Hood-leaved  Violet. 

Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  the  angles  mostly  curled  in  at  base,  on  long  petioles. 
Scapes  several,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves.    Corolla  often  variegated;  lower 
petals  bearded. 
Sab.  Moist,  low  grounds:  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  V.  sororia,  Willd.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  144.— with  flat 
orbicular-cordate  hairy  leaves,  and  short  petioles, — is  made  a  variety 
of  this,  by  TORREY  and  GRAY:  and  a  very  distinct  one,  I  think  it  is. 

5.  T.  palmata,  L.  Leaves  mostly  cordate  in  the  outline,  vari- 
ously palmate-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest. 

PALMATE  VIOLA. 

Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  enlarging,  on  petioles  4  to  6  inches  long.    Scapet  sev- 
eral, shorter  than  the  leaves.    Lower  petals  bearded. 
Sab.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 


26  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

6.  V.  petlata,  L.  Leaves  pedately  lobed,  the  lobes  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong ;  petals  all  beardless. 
PEDATE  VIOLA.     Bird-foot  Violet. 

Leaves  exactly  pedate,  about  7-parted.    Scapes  numerous,  3  to  6  or  8  inches  high, 
finally  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves.    Flowers  large,  pale  blue,  or  sometimes  va- 
riegated, and  showy. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  hills:  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

f  f  LEAFY-STEMMED  :  *  Flowers  pale  purple,  or  whitish. 

T.  V.  M uhlenbergii,  Torr.  Leaves  roundish-cordate,  or  reni- 
form,  crenate;  spur  tapering,  straight;  petals  pale  violet. 
V.  Muhlenbergiana.  Ging.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  146. 
MUHLENBERG'S  VIOLA.     Spreading  Violet. 

Stem  2  or  3  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  often  much  branched  from  the  base,  assurgent, 
finally  procumbent.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  petiolate.    Peduncles  axillary, 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  rather  small. 
Hob.  Low,  swampy  grounds :  frequent.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

8.  V.  st  ri  iita,  Ait.  Leaves  cordate,  acute,  serrate ;  spur  thick- 
ish,  slightly  curved;  petals  cream-colored. 

V.  ochroleuca.  Schw.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  146. 
STRIATE  VIOLA. 

Stems  5  to  10  or  12  inches  high,  nearly  erect,  often  growing  in  bunches.  Leaves 
1  to  2  inches  long,  on  petioles  of  the  same  length,  with  large  fringed  stipules, — 
Peduncles  axillary,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  the  lateral 
petals  densely  bearded. 

Hub.  Low  grounds;  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 
*  *  Flowers  yellow. 

9.  V.  piibcsceiis,  Ait.  Softly  pubescent;  leaves  broadly  cor- 
date or  ovate,  dentate ;  spur  very  short. 

PUBESCENT  VIOLA.     Downy  Yellow  Violet. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  generally  erect  and  solitary,  and  leafless  below  the 
summit.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  usually  3  of  them  at  or  near  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  petiolate.    Peduncles  2  or  3,  rather  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Hob.  Dry,  open  woodlands :  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  V.  scabriuscula,  Schw.  with  straggling  decumbent  stems, 
is  generally  regarded  as  a  variety,  only,  of  this. 

ORDER  XIII.  CISTACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  suffruticose  plants ;  leaves  simple,  the  lower  usually  opposite,  the  upper 
alternate,  with  or  without  stipules;  flowers  regular;  stamens  many  or  few,  distinct, 
hypogynous ;  capsule  1-celled,  3-  to  5-valved,  each  valve  bearing  a  parietal  placenta 
in  the  middle ;  seeds  orthotropous ;  embryo  slender,  in  mealy  albumen. 

45.  IIEMAIV'TIIEMUM.  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Helios,  the  sun,  and  anthemon,  a  flower ;  sunshine  flowers.] 
Petals  5  (sometimes  wanting),  spirally  imbricated  or  crumpled  in 
the  bud,  fugacious.     Stamens  indefinite.     Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved, 
many-  or  few-seeded. 

1.  H.  C'aiiiuK'iise,  MX.  Petal-bearing  flowers  large,  solitary, — 
the  others  small,  in  axillary  hoary  clusters. 
CANADIAN  HELIANTHEMUM.     Rock  Rose.  Frost-weed. 


CI8TACEAE  27 

Perennial.  Stem  6  to  12  or  18  inches  high,  slender,  rigid,  pubescent.  Leavet 
alternate,  about  an  inch  long,  elliptic-lanceolate.  Flowers  terminal,  corymbose, 
with  large  yellow  petals,—  or  apetalous,  and  crowded  on  short  leafy  lateral  branches. 
Bob.  Dry,  slaty  and  rocky  hills  :  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  very  variable  in  habit.  It  has  received  the 
name  of  Frost-weed,  from  the  circumstance  of  ice-chrystals  shooting 
from  the  base  of  the  stem,  in  freezing  weather.  The  same  phenom- 
enon is  often  beautifully  exhibited  in  the  Cunila  Mariana,  or  Dit- 
tany. 

46.  UECIIE'A,  L. 

[Named  in  honor  of  John  Leche,&  Swedish  Botanist.] 

Petals  3,  narrow,  not  longer  than  the  sepals,  marcescent.  Stamens 
3  to  12.  Stigmas  plumose-fimbriate.  Capsule  3-valved,  few-seeded. 
Suffruticose  perennials. 

1.  L,.   iiiiijor,  MX.  Hairy;   leaves  elliptic,  mucronate;  flowers 
crowded  in  paniculate  clusters. 

L.  villosa.  Ell.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  96. 
GREATER  LECHEA. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  often  with  radical  prostrate  branches;  the  young  branches 
villous  with  long  whitish  hairs.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long.    Panicle  leafy; 
flowers  inconspicuous,  brown. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  on  slaty  hills  :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

2,  Jit.   minor,  Lam.    Pubescent;    leaves  lance-linear,   acute; 
flowers  loosely  racemose  on  slender  branches. 

SMALLER  LECHEA.     Pin-weed. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  often  decumbent  at  base.    Leaves  nearly  an  inch  long, 
alternate,  narrow.    Panicle  rather  large  and  diffuse.    Flowers  larger  than  in  the 
preceding  species,  brown. 
Hub.  Dry,  sandy  banks  :  frequent    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 

Obs.  There  is  a  variety  (if  not  more  distinct),  which  is  apparently 
intermediate  between  the  two  preceding  species,  —  with  the  leaves  on 
the  stem  ternate,  or  nearly  verticillate  in  threes,  and  the  branches 
quite  leafy. 

ORDER  XIV.  DROSERACEAE. 

Bog-herbs;  mostly  glandular-pilose:  leaves  radical,  circinate,  scarcely  stipulate; 
flowers  regular,  hypogynous,  pentamerous,  the  parts  all  marcescent;  capsule. 
1-celled  ;  styles,  or  stigmas,  twice  as  many  as  the  parietal  placentae  ;  seeds  numer- 
ous; embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 


4?. 

[Gr.  droseros,  dewy  ;  from  the  appearance  of  the  leaves.] 

Calyx  imbricated.  Petals  convolute.  Stamens  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Styles  3  or  5,  deeply  2-parted.  Capsule  globose,  or  oblong, 
3-  or  5-valved. 

1.  D,   rot  uiul  ifYilisi,  L.  Leaves  spatulate-orbicular,  abruptly 
narrowed  to  hairy  petioles  ;  seeds  loosely  arillate. 
ROUND-LEAVED  DROSERA.     Sun-dew. 

Stemless.    Perennial?   Leaves  about  half  an  inch  long,  on  pdiotes  1  to  2  inches 
long,  fringed  with  purple  hairs  which  exsude  a  clear  fluid  at  apex.    Scape*  4  to  6 


28  DIALYPETALOrS    EXOGENS 

or  8  inches  high,  slender  and  smooth.    Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  raceme  1  to  2 

inches  long,  at  first  circinate. 

Hob.  Swampy  springs,  on  the  slaty  hills:  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  imaginative  author  of  the  Botanic  Garden  thus  describes 
this  curious  little  plant: — 

"Queen  of  the  marsh,  imperial  DROSERA  treads 

Rush-fringed  banks,  and  moss-embroidered  beds; 

Redundant  folds  of  glossy  silk  surround 

Her  slender  waist,  and  trail  upon  the  ground; 

Five  sister-nymphs  collect  with  graceful  ease, 

Or  spread  the  floating  purple  to  the  breeze ; 

And  five  fair  youths  with  duteous  love  comply 

With  each  soft  mandate  of  her  moving  eye. 

As  with  sweet  grace  her  snowy  neck  she  bows, 

A  zone  of  diamonds  trembles  round  her  brows; 

Bright  shines  the  silver  halo,  as  she  turns ; 

And,  as  she  steps,  the  living  lustre  burns." 

ORDER  XV.  HYPERICiCEAE. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  a  limpid  or  resinous  juice;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  punctate, 
without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  hypogynous,  polyadelphous ;  petals  mostly  con- 
volute; capsule  1-celled,  with  2  to  5  parietal  placentae,  and  as  many  styles, — or  &• 
to5-celledby  the  meeting  of  the  placentae  in  the  centre;  dehiscence  septicidal ; 
seeds  numerous,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

48.  AS'CYRIJM,  L. 

[Gr.  a,  without,  and  skiros,  roughness;  the  plants  being  smooth.] 
Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  ones  much  larger.     Petals  4.     Stamens  clustered 
in  parcels,  but  scarcely  united.     Capsule  1-celled,  2-  or  3-valved.— 
Low,  shrubby  plants. 

1.  A.  Crux-An'dreae,  L.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  narrowed 
at  base ;  petals  linear-oblong ;  styles  2. 

ANDREW'S-CROSS  ASCYRUM.     St.  Peter's-wort. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  much  branched  from  the  base.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to 
3  quarters  in  length,  with  numerous  dark-colored  dots  on  both  sides,    Flmven 
yellow,  in  terminal  few-flowered  corymbs,  and  subterminal  from  the  axils,  on 
short  peduncles. 
nab.  Dry  hills;  North  Talley  hill;  W.  Nottingham:  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept 

49.  HYPER'ICUM,  L. 

[A  name  of  obscure  derivation  and  meaning.] 

Sepals  5,  nearly  equal.  Petals  5,  oblique  or  unequal-sided.  Sta- 
mens united  in  3  to  5  parcels,  without  interposed  glands.  Capsule 
1-  3-  or  5-celled.  Herbs,  or  shrubs;  flowers  yellow. 

t  Capsule  3-ceUed:  petals  and  anthers  black-dotted.    Perennial  herbs. 

1.  H.  perforatum,  L.  Stem  somewhat  ancipital ;  leaves  linear-elliptic, 
eessile;  corymb  paniculate,  leafy;  styles  diverging. 
PERFORATED  HYPEHICTJM.     Common  St.  John's-Wort. 

Stem  1  to  8  feet  high,  often  several  from  the  same  root.  Leaves  an  inch  or  inch 
and  half  long,  rather  obtuse,  with  numerous  pellucid  punctures  like  perforations. 
Eab.  Fields  and  pastures.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  a  worthless  and  rather  troublesome  weed, 
in  Chester  County.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of 
scabs,  and  cutaneous  ulcers,  among  cattle, — especially  white  cows, 


HYPERICACEAE  29 

and  horses  with  white  feet  and  noses.  The  fact  was  taken  for 
granted,  by  the  farmers:  But,  it  must  be  confessed,  that  although 
the  plant  continues  to  be  abundant,  the  disease  has  nearly,  if  not 
entirely,  disappeared.  It  may  be  worthy  of  remark,  that  in  the 
year  1842,  the  St.  John's-Wort  totally  failed  to  make  its  appearance 
(in  this  County — and  I  believe  throughout  Pennsylvania) ;— even  in 
fields  where  it  had  been  most  abundant.  The  succeeding  year,  it 
was  quite  rare ;  but  has  since  become  about  as  common  as  ever,  in 
neglected  fields.  Why  a  perennial  should  have  been  thus  affected, 
seemed  rather  mysterious. 

2.  H.  corymb  usum9Muhl.  Stem  terete;  leaves  elliptic-oblong, 
somewhat  clasping,  conspicuously  dotted ;  corymb  brachiate. 

H.  punctatum.     Lam.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  322. 
CORYMBOSE  HYPERICUM. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  often  nearly  simple.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long.— 
Flowers  in  dense  terminal  corymbs.    Sepals  marked  with  black  dots,  and  linear 
pellucid  punctures.    Petals  with  numerous  oblong  black  dots. 
Hob.  Open  woodlands,  fields,  <fec.  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ft  Capsule  (brownish  purple)  1-celled,  with  3  strictly  parietal  placentae :  petals  ne< 
Hack-dotted.    Annuals. 

3.  H.  111  lit  Hum,  L.  Stem  with  spreading  branches;  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  partly  clasping,  5-nerved;  corymbs  leafy. 

H.  quinquenervium,  Walt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  323. 
MUTILATED  HYPERICUM. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  slender ;  branches  quadrangular.    Leaves  half  an  inch 
to  an  inch  long.    Flowers  small,  in  terminal  leafy  dichotomous  corymbs. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  rivulets :  frequent.    Ft.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  H.  Canadense.  L.  Branches  erect;  leaves  sublinear,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  3-nerved ;  corymbs  naked. 

CANADIAN  HYPERICUM. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  slender,  nearly  simple,  slightly  Angled.    Leaves  about 
an  inch  long,  minutely  pellucid-punctuate,  often  with  fascicles  of  small  leaves  in 
the  axils.    Flowers  in  an  oblong  paniculate  corymb. 
Hob.  Margins  of  rivulets:  frequent.    Fl,  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

5.  H.  Sarotlira,  MX.  Stem  short  and  bushy;  leaves  minute, 
subulate,  appressed;  flowers  solitary. 

BROOM  HYPERICUM.     Nit-weed.  Pine-weed. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  brachiately  branched  from  near  the  base;  branches 
nearly  erect,  angular  or  slightly  winged.    Flowers  small,  subsessile,  axillary  and 
terminal. 
Hob.  Sandy  fields,  and  roadsides :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

50.  ELODE'A,  Adans. 

[Gr.  Elodes,  growing  in  marshes :  from  its  usual  habitat.] 
Sepals  5,  equal.     Petals  5,  equal-sided.     Stamens  mostly  9,  triadel- 
phous,  with  an  ovoid  gland  between  each  parcel.     Capsule  3-celled. 
Perennial  herbs ;  flowers  purplish. 

1.  E.  Ylrginica,  Nutt.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  very  obtuse,  rob- 

cordate  at  base  and  somewhat  clasping. 

Hypexicum  Virginicum,  L.  $  Fl.  Ceatr.  ed.  2.  p.  322. 


30  DIALYPETALOtTS   EXOGENS 

VIRGINIAN  ELODEA. 

Whole  plant  mostly  of  a  purplish  hue.    Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  smooth.  — 
Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  pellucid-punctate,  glaucous  beneath.    Peduncles  terminal 
and  axillary,  mostly  trichotomous.     Flowers  dull  orange-purple,  with  parallel 
purple  veins. 
Hob.  Swampy  low  grounds  ;  Wynn's  meadows  :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLAVCEAE. 

Herbs  ;  stems  nodose,  usually  tumid  at  the  nodes  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  en- 
tire, often  subconnate,  rarely  stipulate;  flowers  symmetrical,  terminal,  of  4  or  5 
parts,  —  the  petals  sometimes  wanting  ;  stamens  as  many,  or  often  twice  as  many,  as 
the  sepals  ;  styles  2  to  5  ;  capsule  2-  to  5-valved;  seeds  attached  to  the  base  or  central 
column  of  the  capsule  :  embryo  curved  around  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen.  A 
numerous  order,  which  includes  the  pretty  and  fragrant  Pinks,  so  much  admired 
by  Florists. 

SUBORDER  I.  SILE^NEAE. 

Sepals  united  into  a  tubular  calyx  ;  petals  5,  each  with  a  long  slender  claw,  Inserted, 
with  the  stamens,  on  the  stipe  (carpopftore)  of  the  ovary  ;  capsule  partially  2-  to 
5-celled;  stipules  none. 

f  Calyx  Moothed  ;  petals  sometimes  crowned, 

51.  SAPOtfAvRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Sapo,  soap  ;  its  mucilage  affording  a  substitute  for  that  article.] 
Calyx  cylindric.     Stamens  10.     Styles  2.     Capsule  partly  2-celled  at 
base,  opening  with  4  teeth  at  apex. 

1.  S.  officinalis,  L.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate;   flowers  in  corymbose 
fascicles  ;  petals  crowned  at  throat. 
OFFICINAL  SAPONABIA.     Soap-wort.  Bouncing  Bet. 

Perennial,  Stem  12  to  18  inches  high.  leaves  an  inch  and  a  half  to  3  inches  long. 
Flowers  pale  red  or  reddishvwhite,  often  becoming  somewhat  double. 
Hal).    Gardens,  and  waste  places.    Nat,  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 


52.  SIUME,  L, 

[Gr.  Sialon,  saliva;  from  the  frothy,  viscid  matter,  on  some  species.] 
Calyx  inflated,  or  subcylindric.     Stamens   10,     Styles  3.     Capsule 
partly  3-celled  at  base,  opening  with  6  teeth  at  apex. 

1*  S.  stclliitti,  Ait.  Leaves  verticillate  in  fours,  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  calyx  loose  and  bladder-like  ;  petals  cut  into  a  fringe, 
not  crowned. 
STELLATE  SILENE.     Four-leaved  Campion. 

Plant  pulverulently  pubescent,  perennial.  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  slender  and 
simple.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  sessile.  Flowers  white,  in  an  open  terminal 
pyramidal  panicle. 

Hob.    Woodlands:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

2.  S.  antirrliina.  L.  Leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ; 

calyx  ovoid,  10-ribbed;  petals  bifid,  minutely  crowned,  small  and 

fugacious. 

ANTIRRHINUM-LIKE  SILENE.     Catch-fly. 

Annual.  Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  paniculately  branching  above,  portions  of 
the  internodes  at  length  coated  with  a  dark-purple  viscid  matter.  Leaves  1  to  2 
inches  long.  Flowers  white,  often  tinged  with  purple,  on  slender  peduncles,  in  a 
loose  terminal  trichotomous  panicle;  petals  often  wanting,  or  missing. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE.  31 

IlaJ).  Sandy  fields,  gardens,  &c.  frequent.    Fl.  Juue.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  S.  noctiflora,  L.  seems  to  have  disappeared,  since  last 
edition  of  this  work. 

ff  Calyx  with  5  elongated  fdiaceous  segments. 

[53.  LYCIIWIS,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Lychnos,  a  lamp;  the  cottony  leaves  affording  material  for  wicks.] 
Calyx  ovoid-oblong,   coriaceous.     Stamens  10.     Styles  5.     Capsule 
half  5-celled,  opening  with  5  or  10  teeth  at  summit. 

1.  L.  GithUgo,  Lam.  Hairy;  leaves  lance-linear,  acute ;  petals  obo- 

vate,  emarginate,  not  crowned. 

Agrostemnia  Githago,  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  281. 

GITH-LIKE  LYCHNIS.     Cockle.  Rose  Campion. 

Plant  greyish  or  glaucous  green,  annual    Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  simple,  di- 
chotomously  paniculate  at  summit.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  sessile,  connate  by 
a  scabrous  membrane.    Flowers  violet-purple,  on  stout  leafless  peduncles  4  to  8 
inches  long. 
Hub.  Wheat  and  Rye  fields.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  foreign  weed  (specifically  named  Gitliaao,  from  its  fan- 
cied resemblance  to  "  Gith,"  or  Guinea-Pepper),  though  diligently 
rooted  out  by  all  neat  farmers,  obstinately  maintains  its  ground  in 
our  grain  fields.  The  rough  black  seeds,  when  abundant  among 
wheat  (and  their  size  makes  it  difficult  to  separate  them  from  it), 
are  injurious  to  the  quality  and  appearance  of  the  manufactured 
flour. 

SUBORDER  II.     ALSIN'EAE. 

Sepals  5,  nearly  or  quite  distinct ;  petals  without  claws,  Inserted,  with  the  stamens, 
at  the  base  of  the  sessile  ovary ;  styles  2  or  3  to  5 ;  capsule  1-celled,  few-  or  many- 
seeded  ;  stipules  none. 

54.  AREUT  AXRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Arena,  sand;  from  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 

Petals  usually  5,  entire.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Styles  mostly  3. 
Capsule  many-seeded,  splitting  at  apex  into  8  valves,  the  valves 
sometimes  2-cleft.  Flowers  white. 

1.  A.  stricta,  MX.  Cespitose;  smooth;  leaves  subulate-linear, 
with  axillary  fascicles ;  panicle  trichotomous. 

UPRIGHT  ARENARIA.     Rock  Sandwort. 

Perennial.    Stems  4  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  slender,  with  short  internodes, 
trichotomously  branched  above.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  three-quarters  in  length, 
rather  rigid.    Panicle  terminal ;  branches  filiform.    Petals  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals. 
Hob.    Rocky  banks ;  serpentine  ridge :  not  common.    Fl.  May.    Fr.  June. 

2.  A.  serpyllifdlia,  L.    Diffusely  branching;    roughish-pubescent; 
leaves  ovate,  acute;  peduncles  solitary. 

THYME-LEAVED  ARENARIA.     Common  Sandwort. 

Annual.    Stems  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  more  or  less  procumbent,  dichotomously 
branched.    Leaves  2  or  3  lines  in  length,  ciliate,  sessile.    Peduncles  axillary  and 
terminal.    Petals  mostly  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Hob.    Dry,  eandy  banks.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 


82  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

3.  A.  later! flora,  L.  Sparingly  branched;  minutely  pubescent; 
leaves  oblong,  obtuse ;  peduncles  2-flowered,  lateral. 
LATERAL-FLOWERING  ARENARIA. 

Perennial  ?    Stem,  4  to  6  inches  high,  very  slender  but  rather  rigid.    Leaves  half 
an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  subsessile.    Peduncle  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  ax- 
illary, near  the  summit  of  the  stem  branching  into  2  pedicels.    Petals  twice  as  long 
as  the  sepals. 
Hah.    Along  rivulets;  Great  Valley:  rare.    Fl.  June.  IV.  July. 

55.  STEULAVRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Stella,  a  star;  from  the  star-like  corolla.] 

Petals  5,  deeply  2-cleft.  Stamens  10,  or  sometimes  fewer.  Styles  3 
or  4.  Capsule  opening  at  apex  with  as  many,  or  twice  as  many, 
valves  as  styles,  usually  many-seeded.  Flowers  white. 

I.  S.  mbdia,  Sm.  Stem  procumbent ;  leaves  ovate,  petiolate;  petals 
shorter  than  the  calyx ;  stamens  often  3  or  5. 
MIDDLE  STELLARIA.     Common  Chickweed. 

Annual?    Stems  8  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  dichotomously  branching,  the  inter- 
nodes  with  an  alternating  pubescent  line.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.— 
Peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered. 
Hob.    Every  where,  common.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  March.  Fr.  May. 

Q.  S.  piiljera,  MX.  Stems  weak,  rather  erect ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
sessile ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 
PUBESCENT  STELLARIA.     Great  Chickweed. 

Perennial.    Stems  6  to  12  inches  high,  often  numerous  and  straggling,  and  with 
2  pubescent  lines.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long.    Flowers  stellately  spreading,  rather 
large. 
Hob.    Banks  of  Schuylkill:  rare.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

3.  S.  longlfolia,  Muhl  Stem  very  slender,  acutely  4-angled ; 
leaves  lance-linear;    panicle  terminal,    divaricate;    petals  finaDy 
longer  than  the  calyx, 

LONG-LEAVED  STELLARIA.     Stitch-wort. 

Perennial.     Yellowish-green.    Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  mostly  erect,  dichoto- 
mously branching.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  narrow.    Flowers  in  a  loose  slender 
panicle;  pedicels  filiform. 
Hob.    Swampy  meadows  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

4.  S.  aquatica,  Pollich.  Stems  decumbent,  elongating ;  leaves 
lance-oval,  veined ;  cymes  lateral ;  petals  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

5.  borealis,  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  274.  not  of  Bigel. 
AQUATIC  STELLARIA.     Water  Stitchwort. 

Perennial ;  pale  green  and  smooth.    Stems  6  to  12  inches  long,  weak,  4-angled, 
growing  in  diffuse  bunches.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  nerveless,  but 
with  branching  deeper  green  veins,  often  slightly  ciliate  at  base. 
Hob.    Swampy  springs,  in  the  slaty  hills :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  springs,  which  do  not  freeze  up,  often  keep  this  plant 
green  through  the  winter. 

56.  CERAS'TIUM,  L. 

[Qr.  Keras,  a  horn ;  from  the  shape  of  the  capsules.] 
Petals  mostly  5,  bifid  or  emarginate.     Stamens  usually  10.     Style* 


CARTOPHTLLACEAB  33 

as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  them.     Capsule  elongated, 
opening  at  apex  with  10  teeth,  many-seeded.     Flowers  white, 
f  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

!•  C.  vulg&tum,  L.  Very  hairy;  leaves  oval  and  obovate,  obtuse; 

sepals  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

COMMON  CERASTIUM.     Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Annual  f    Stems  5  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  rather  erect,  mostly  dichotomous  at 
summit.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  rounded  at  apex,  sessile  and 
eubconnate.    Flowers  in  terminal  cymose  clusters,  with  1  dichotomal.    Capsule 
eubcylindric,  slightly  curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Hdb.  Grassy  banks.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

a.  C.  viscdsum,  L.  Pubescent  and  somewhat  clammy ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  rather  acute ;  sepals  shorter  than  the  pedicels. 
CLAMMY  CERASTIUM.     Larger  Mouse-ear  Chickwe|d. 

Perennial  f    Stems  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  cespitose,  spreading,  dichotomously 
paniculate  at  summit.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  sessile.    Flowers 
dichotomal  and  axillary.    Capsule  one  half  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Hab.  Pastures,  and  open  woods.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  species  has  become  much  more  common  than  the  pre- 
ceding. 

•f-  f  Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  nutaiis,  Rafin.  Viscid-pubescent;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
acute ;  flowers  paniculate,  nodding  on  long  peduncles. 

NODDING  CERASTIUM. 

Annual*    Stems  8  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  usually  several  from  the  same  root, 
nearly  simple.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  sessile  and  clasping.    Panicle  ter- 
minal, dichotomous,  the  branches  finally  much  elongated.    Capsule  nearly  three 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Hab.  Moist  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  species  ought  to  have  been  the  viscosum, — as  it  is  much 
more  clammy  than  the  preceding. 

4.  C.  OblOIll?!  folium,  Torr.  Densely  villous;    leaves  oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  subcoriaceous ;  peduncles  spreading  and  some- 
what viscid. 

C.  villosum.  Muhl.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  279. 
OBLOXG-LEAVED  CERASTIUM. 

Perennial.    Stems  6  to  10  or  12  inches  high,  cespitose,  erect  or  decumbent,  mostly 
simple.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  sessile  and  subconnate.    Panicle  elongated , 
often  three  times  dichotomous,  with  a  longish  1-flowered  pedicel  in  the  forks.— 
Flowers  rather  conspicuous.    Capsule  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Hjb.  Banks  of  Serpentine  rock :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  In  1811,  Dr.  BALDWIN  sent  this  plant  (collected  on  "the 
Barrens,  Chester  County ")  to  Dr.  MUHLEXBERG,  who  pronounced 
it  a  new  species,  and  proposed  to  call  it  C.  lanatum.  In  1813,  he 
published  it,  in  his  Catalogue,  by  the  name  of  C.  villosum.  In  1820, 
Prof-  D.  B.  DOUGLASS  collected  it  at  Sandusky,  Ohio ;  and  a  descrip- 
tion (without  a  name),  by  Dr.  TORRE Y,  was  published  in  1822,  in 
SILLIMAN'S  Journal,  vol.  4.  p.  63.  In  his  Flora,  published  in  1824, 
Dr.  TORREY  gave  it  the  name  of  C.  oblongifolium. 


34  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

5.  C.  arv^nse,  L.  Pubescent;  leaves  lance-linear,  acute;  pani- 
cle dichotomous,  few-flowered,  on  a  long  peduncle. 
C.  tenuifolium.  Pursh.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  278. 
FIELD  CERASTIUM. 

Perennial.    Stems  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  numerous  from  the  root,  mostly  sim- 
ple, erector  declined  at  base.    Leaves  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  long,  sessile  and 
subconnaite,  often  with  fascicles  in  the  axils.    Panicle  usually  twice  dichotomous. 
Capsule  about  one-third  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Hob.  Banks  of  Schuylkill  :  not  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  species  may  be  indigenous  to  our  continent;  but  I  am 
not  quite  certain  it  is  a  native  here. 

SUBORDER  III.     ILLECE^BREAE. 

Petals  often  rudimentary  or  wanting;  capsule  1-celled,  sometimes  utricular  and 
1-seeded  ;  leaves  with  scarious  stipules. 

57.  AIVY'CIIIA,  MX. 

[Gr.  Onyx,  onychos,  a  finger  nail  ;  being  a  supposed  cure  for  whitlows.] 
Sepals  connected  at  base,  connivent  and  subcucullate  at  apex.    Petals 
none.     Stamens  2   to  5,  mostly  3.     Stigmas  2,  subsessile.     Utricle 
membranaceous,  larger  than  the  calyx. 

1.  A.  il  icliotonm,  MX.  Slender  and  dichotomously  branching  ; 
leaves  lance-oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  subsessile. 
DICHOTOMOUS  ANYCHIA.     Forked  Chickweed. 

Annual  ?    Steins  4  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  very  slender  and  diffusely  branched, 
often  purplish.    Leaves  about  half  an  inch  long,  varying  from  lance-linear  to  obo- 
vate.    Flowers  inconspicuous,  solitary  in  the  forks,  or  in  small  terminal  cymules. 
Utricle  verrucose. 
Hah.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands  :  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

SUBORDER  IV.     MOLLUGPNEAE. 

Petals  none;  stamens  3  to  5—  when  3,  alternating  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary;  cap- 
sule completely  3-celled,  many-seeded  ;  stipules  obsolete. 


58.  MIIL-U^GO,  L. 

[An  old  Latin  name,  coined  from  mollis,  soft.] 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.     Stamens  usually  3,  hypogynous.     Stig- 
mas 3,  subsessile.      Capsule  3-valved,  loculicidal. 
1.  M.  vertlcillata,  L.  Prostrate  and  dichotomously  branching  ; 
leaves  verticillate,  spatulate-oblanceolate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  soli- 
tary, or  subumbellate. 
VERTICILLATE  MOLLUGO.     Carpet-weed.     Indian  Chickweed. 

Annual.    Stem  branching  from  the  root  in  all  directions,  4  to  8  or  12  inches 
long,  appressed  to  the  earth.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  unequal,  usually  in 
verticils  of  6,  somewhat  succulent.    Sepals  with  the  margins  and  inside  white, 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds  :  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  XVII.  PORTULACA^CEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  entire,  succulent;  flowers  regular  but  unsymmetrical,  viz  :  the  sepals 
fewer  than  the  petals;  stamens  opposite  the  petals,  or  more  numerous  :  capsule 
1-celled,  few-  or  many-seeded  ;  embryo  curved  around  mealy  albumen. 

59.  PORTUL,AXCA,  Tournef. 

[A  name  of  uncertain  derivation  and  obscure  meaning.] 

Sepals  2,  united,  and  adhering  to  the  ovary,  below.     Petals  mostly 


PORTULACACEAE  85 

5,  perigynous.  Stamens  8  to  20.  Styles  3  to  6  or  8,  united  at  base. 
Capsule  circumscissed,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  okracea,  L.    Prostrate;    smooth;  leaves  cuneate-oblong,  ob- 
tuse; flowers  sessile. 
POT-HERB  PORTULACA.    Common  Purslane. 

Annual.    Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  terete,  fleshy,  purplish,  branched.— 
Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  thickish,  and  fleshy,  subsessile,  alternate  and 
opposite.    Flowers  yellow,  in  small  clusters,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  lots.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

60.  TAUWIJlftl,  Adans. 

[Derivation  of  the  name  obscure.] 

Sepals  2,  free  and  deciduous.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  10 
to  30.  Style  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  covering 
a  free  central  placenta. 

1.  T.  teretifolium,  Muhl.   Leaves  terete,  acute;  peduncles 
long,  naked  and  scape-like,  dichotomous  and  cymose  at  summit. 
TERETE-LEAVED  TALINUM. 

Perennial ;  smooth.  Stem  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  thickish,  fleshy,  several  from 
the  root,  sometimes  dichotomously  branching.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  succu- 
lent, alternate,  numerous,  rather  crowded  above,  mostly  a  little  incurved.  Pedun- 
cles terminal,  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  slender.  Flowers  bright  purple,  appearing 
in  succession,  opening  in  sunshine,  at  mid-day,  for  three  or  four  hours,  then  clos- 
ing and  shrivelling. 
Hob.  Serpentine  rocks :  very  local.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  interesting  and  rather  pretty  little  plant  flourishes  re- 
markably well,  when  transferred  from  its  native  rock  to  a  flower- 
pot, and  set  where  it  can  have  a  full  share  of  all  the  sunshine  that 
is  going. 

61.  CL,AYTOVIVIA,  L. 

[Named  in  honor  of  John  Clayton,  an  early  Virginian  Botanist.] 
Sepals  2,  free  and  persistent.     Petals  5.     Stamens  5,  adhering  to  the 
claws  of  the  petals.      Style  3-lobed.      Capsule  3-valved,  3-  to  5- 
seeded. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  L.  Root  a  deep  tuber ;  leaves  mostly  2,  oppo- 
site, linear-lanceolate ;  raceme  terminal,  simple. 
VIRGINIAN  CLAYTONIA.     Spring  Beauty. 

Perennial;  smooth.    Stem  6  to  10  inches  long,  simple.    Leaves  an  opposite  pair, 
near  the  middle  of  the  stem,  3  to  5  inches  in  length.    Flowers  pale  red,  with  pur- 
ple veins,  usually  6tol2orl5ina  loose  simple  raceme. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds :  common.    FL  April.  Fr.  June. 

ORDER  XVIII.  MALVACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs  (those  here  described  are  all  herbaceous) ;  leaves  alternate,  stipu- 
late ;  flowers  regular, — the  calyx  valvate,  the  corolla  convolute,  in  the  bud ;  sta- 
mens numerous,  monadelphous  in  a  column, — the  ant/iers  1-celled,  reniform;  seeds 
with  little  albumen ;  embryo  curved,  the  foliaceous  cotyledons  variously  doubled  up> 
The  plants  of  this  family  are  generally  remarkable  for  their  mucilaginous  and 
demulcent  properties ;  but  the  order  is  pre-eminently  distinguished,  as  containing 
the  Cotton  Plant  (Goisypium  herbaceum,  Z.),— which  enters  so  largely  into  the 
planting^  commercial,  and  manufacturing  concerns  of  the  civilized  world. 


36  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

f  Calyx  naked  at  base. 

62.  ABITTTI^OIV,  Tournef. 
[A  name  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabs.} 

Carpels  mostly  numerous,  verticillate  and  coherent,  forming  a  com- 
pound Capsule,  spreading  at  summit,  where  each  splits  open  along 
the  inner  edge.  Seeds  about  3  in  each  carpel. 

1.  A.  Avicennae,  Gaertn.   Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  acuminate,  vel- 
vety ;  peduncles  axillary,  shorter  than  the  petiole. 
Sida  Abutilon.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  397. 
AVICENNA'S  ABUTILON.     Indian  Mallow.  Velvet-leaf. 

Annual.    Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  branched.    Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long, 
nearly  circular,  with  a  closed  sinus,  and  slender  acumination  ;  petioles  3  to  5  inches 
ong;  stipules  subulate,  caducous.    Flowers  yellow.    Carpels  about  15,  in  a  cam- 
panulate  truncate  head,  with  oblique  radiating  beaks  at  summit. 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Asia.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  foreign  weed  is  becoming  rather  troublesome  in  our 
Cultivated  grounds. 


63.  SrDA,  L. 

[A  name  used  by  ancient  Greek  writers.] 

Carpels  5,  or  more,  1-seeded,  separable  at  maturity,  each  opening 
at  summit.     Flowers  perfect. 

1.  S.  spinosa,  L.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  with  a  subspinose  tuber- 
cle at  the  base  of  the  petiole. 
SPINOSE  SIDA. 

Annual.    Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  slender,  with  a  few  spreading  branches  near 
the  base.    Leaves  about  2  inches  long,  serrate-dentate;  petioles  half  an  inch  to 
three-quarters  in  length  ;  stipules  filiform.    Flowers  yellow.    Peduncles  about  half 
an  inch  long,  1  or  2  in  each  axil,  articulated  near  the  flower. 
Hob.  Road  sides,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  India.     Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Calyx  involueellate  at  base. 

64.  MAI/VA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Latin  name,  derived  from  the  Greek.] 

Irivolucel  mostly  of  3  linear  bracts.     Carpels  numerous,  verticillately 
arranged  in  a  depressed  orb,  each  mostly  1-seeded  and  indehiscent. 

1.  M.  rotundifblia,  L.  Procumbent;  leaves  cordate-orbicular,   ob- 
tusely 5-lobed  ;  lobes  crenate  dentate  ;  flowers  small. 
ROUND-LEAVED  MALVA.     Running  Mallow. 

Perennial.    Stem  9  to  18  inches  long,  branching  only  from  the  root.    Leaves  1  to 
2  or  3  inches  long  ;  petioles  2  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.    Flowers  reddish-white, 
with  purple  veins.    Peduncles  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs,  1  to  2  inches  long,  unequal, 
bent  down  in  fruit. 
Hob.  Yards,  gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  extensively  naturalized,  and  a  rather  trouble- 
some weed  in  gardens.  The  plant  is  mucilaginous,  —  and  quite  a 
popular  ingredient  in  cataplasms,  demulcent  drinks,  &c.  The  M. 
crispa,  sylvestris,  and  moschata,  are  frequent  about  gardens  ;  but  are 
scarcely  naturalized,  yet. 


MALVACEAE  37 

65.  AI/THAVEA,  L, 

[Gr.  aft/io,  to  heal ;  from  its  reputed  virtues.] 

Involucel  5-  to  10-  or  12-parted.  Carpels  numerous,  arranged  as  in 
Malva,  each  1-seeded. 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  sub-cordate,  often  3-lobed, 
velvety;  peduncles  axillary,  many-flowered. 
OFFICINAL  ALTHAEA.     Marsh  Mallow. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  simple.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long ;  petioles  1  to 
2  inches  long.    Flowers  pale-red,  subpaniculate;  common  peduncles  about  as  long 
as  the  petioles,  3-  to  6-flowered. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.     PL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  was  formerly  much  (and  is  yet,  occasionally)  cultiva- 
ted, for  its  mucilaginous  qualities.  The  A.  rosea,  Cavan.  or  Holly" 
hock,  is  to  be  seen  in  almost  every  garden ;  but  is  scarcely  to  be 
regarded  as  fully  naturalized. 

66.  IIIBIS'CUS,  L. 

[An  ancient  classical  name,  for  one  of  the  mallow  tribe.] 
Involucel  of  many  linear  bracts.     Styles  united;  stigmas  5  to  10, 
capitate.     Carpels  cohering  in  a  5-  or  10-celled  capsule;  valves 
loculicidal. 

1.  H.    Tribnum,  L.  Leaves  deeply  3-lobed;   lobes  lanceolate,  the 
middle  one  much  the  longest;  calyx  inflated,  membranaceous,  with 
bristly  ribs,  5-winged  at  summit. 

THREE-LOBED  HIBISCUS.     Bladder  Ketmia.  Flower-of-an-hour. 

Annual.    Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  somewhat  branched.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long,  petiolate.    Flowers  greenish-yellow,  with  a  purple  spot  at  base,  axil- 
lary, solitary,  fugacious;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.    Stigmas  5.    Cap- 
sule 5-celled. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  Italy.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  H.  ESCULE"NTUS,  L.  Leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base ; 
calyx  bursting  lengthwise ;  capsule  pyramidal,  sulcate-angled. 
ESCULENT  HIBISCUS.     Okra. 

Annual.  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  stout,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  3  or  4  to 
6  inches  long,  and  wider  than  long,  lobed  half  way  to  the  base ;  petioles  3  to  6 
inches  long.  Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow  with  a  dark-purple  spot  at  base,  axil- 
lary, solitary,  on  short  peduncles.  Stigmas  8  or  10,  purplish.  Capsules  2  to  4  or 
6  inches  long,  erect,  8-  or  10-angled,  8-  or  10-celled. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  India.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  young  pods,  or  cap- 
sules,— which  are  remarkably  mucilaginous,  and  esteemed  by  many 
persons  as  an  ingredient  in  soups. 

ORDER  XIX.  TILIACEAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubby  plants ;  leaves  alternate,  with  deciduous  stipules ;  flowers  axillary, 
small;  sepals  valvate,  and  petals  imbricated,  in  the  bud;  stamens  somewhat  poly- 
adelphous ;  anthers  2-celled ;  seeds  albuminous. 

This,  like  the  preceding,  is  a  mucilaginous  family  of  plants ;  and  some  of  the 
species  are  also  remarkable  for  the  texture  and  strength  of  their  bark.  The  liber, 
or  inner  bark  of  the  Tilias,  separates  readily  into  thin  layers,  or  strips,  which  are 
extensively  woven  into  matting,  in  the  North  of  Europe ;  and  the  Gunny-bags,  of 
commerce,  are  manufactured  from  the  fibrous  bark  of  two  species  of  Corchorus. 


88  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

6?.  TII/IA,  L. 

[The  classical  Latin  name  of  the  plant.] 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  deciduous.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, the  filaments  more  or  less  cohering  in  5  parcels, — sometimes 
(viz.  in  the  N.  American  species)  each  parcel  adnate,  at  base,  to  a 
spatulate  petaloid  scale  (staminodium),  opposite  the  real  petals. — 
Ovary  5-celled;  style  single.  Fruit  a  coriaceous  or  woody  globose 
nut,  1 -celled,  1- or  2-seeded.  Trees;  flowers  in  pendulous  cymes, 
with  the  lower  half  of  the  common  peduncle  adnate  to  the  lower  half 
of  a  long  membrano-foliaceous  bract. 

1.  T.  EUROPAEA,  L.  Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  acuminate;  flowers 
without  petaloid  scales. 

EUROPEAN  TILIA.     Linden,  or  Lime  tree. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high, — the  numerous  branches  forming  a  handsome  symmet- 
rical top.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  long,    flowers  yellow- 
ish-white.   Peduncles  3  to  5  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Streets,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.   Beginning  of  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  An  ornamental  tree  in  early  summer,  and  of  rapid  growth ; 
but  the  leaves,  soon  after  midsummer,  assume  a  scorched  appear- 
ance. 

2.  T.  Americana,  L.  Leaves  obliquely  cordate  or  truncate  at 
base,  abruptly   acuminate,   subcoriaceous ;    flowers  with  petaloid 
scales  connected  with  the  filaments. 

T.  glabra,  Vent.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  312. 

AMERICAN  TILIA.     Linden,  or  Linn.  Bass-wood.  White  wood. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  high,  with  large  and  rather  straggling  branches;   the  lark 
thick  and  ash-colored,  the  wood  soft  and  white.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long;  petioles 
1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Flowers  ochroleucous. 
Hob.  Banks  of  streams ;  Brandywine :  not  common.    Fl.  Last  of  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  tree  affords  a  good  material  for  the  manu- 
facture of  various  domestic  utensils.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated  for 
shade  ;  but  the  branches  are  not  so  symmetrical  as  those  of  the  Eu- 
ropean species.  Neither  of  them,  however  (mejudice),  is  equal  to 
the  Sugar  Maple,  or  Horse  Chestnut,  as  ornamental  shade  trees. 

ORDER  XX.  LINACEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  verticillate,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular, 
hypogynous,  all  the  parts  in  fives;  calyx  imbricated,  petals  convolute;  stamens 
united  into  a  ring  at  base;  capsule  globose,  with  twice  as  many  cells  as  styles;  ceUs 
1-eeeded;  seeds  fleshy  and  oily,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 
An  Order  pretty  much  limited  to  the  important  genus  which  is  its  type. 

68.  UDJVUM.  L. 

[The  classical  name  for  the  plant.] 

Capsule  of  5  united  carpels,  each  2-seeded,  but  divided  into  2  single- 
seeded  cells,  by  a  false  septum  projecting  from  the  back  of  the  car- 
pels. 

1.  fj.  Vi  i  in ni;ism in .  L.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate ;  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  ;  capsules  depressed-globose. 
VIRGINIAN  LINUM.    Wild  Flax. 
ferennM  f   Stem  about  2  feet  high,  often  3  or  4  from  the  same  root,  corymbosely 


LINACEAE  39 

branched  above.    Radical  leaves  short,  spatulate-obovate ;  stem-leaves  about  an  inch 
long,  sometimes  opposite.    Flowers  pale  yellow,  racemose  on  the  branches. 
Hob.  Woods,  and  thickets:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug.       .  ^,: , 

£.  L.  USITATIS'SIMUM,  L.  Leaves  lance-linear,  very  acute;  flowers 
on  long  pedicels ;  capsules  globose,  mucronate. 
MOST  USED,  OR  USEFUL  LixuM.     Common  Flax. 

Annual.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  solitary.    Leaves  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half 
long,  numerous,  scattered.    Flowers  blue,  large,  loosely  corymbose.    Seeds  lance- 
ovate,  brown,  smooth  and  shining. 
Sab.  Fields.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  plant — once  considered  so  indispensable  among  the 
crops  of  our  farmers — is  now  rarely  cultivated.  The  Cotton-plant, 
of  the  South,  has  nearly  banished  the  Flax  from  this  region ;  though 
some  attempts  are  now  being  made,  among  Manufacturers,  to  in- 
crease the  use  of  Flax,  by  improving  the  manipulations  of  its  fibres. 
The  Farmers,  however,  will  not  be  anxious  to  resume  the  culture ; 
for  the  crop  is  one  which  involves  a  good  deal  of  disagreeable  labor, — 
and  is,  moreover,  believed  to  be  injurious  to  the  soil:  an  opinion  as 
old  as  the  time  of  VIRGIL — who  says : 

"  Urit  enim  Lini  campum  Seges,  urit  avenae." — Georg.  1.  71. 
or,  as  rendered  by  SOTHEBY, 

"  Oats  and  the  Flaxen  Harvest  burn  the  ground." 
Doctor  DARWIN  refers  to  the  Flax,  in  the  following  strains : — 

"  Inventress  of  the  Woof,  fair  LINA  flings 

The  flying  shuttle  through  the  dancing  strings; 

Inlays  the  broider'd  weft  with  flowery  dyes, 

Quick  beat  the  reeds,  the  pedals  fall  and  rise: 

Slow  from  the  beam  the  lengths  of  warp  unwind, 

And  dance  and  nod  the  massy  weights  behind. 

Taught  by  her  labors,  from  the  fertile  soil 

Immortal  Isis  clothed  the  banks  of  Nile ; 

And  fair  ARACHNE  with  her  rival  loom 

Found,  undeserved,  a  melancholy  doom." 

"Isiswas  said  to  have  invented  spinning  and  weaving,— mankind  before  that 
time  being  clothed  with  the  skins  of  animals.  The  fable  of  ARACHNE  was  to  com- 
pliment this  new  art  of  spinning  and  weaving,  supposed  to  surpass  in  fineness  the 
web  of  the  spider." 

The  seeds  of  this  plant — beside  yielding  a  most  valuable  oil — 
afford  one  of  the  best  mucilaginous  drinks,  for  coughs,  and  dysen- 
teric affections. 

ORDER  XXL  GERANIACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  suffruticose  plants,  with  tumid  nodes ;  leaves  mostly  opposite  and  palmate, 
lobed,  stipulate;  flowers  symmetrical,  hypogynous,  pentamerous;  sepals  imbricated ; 
petals  convolute;  stamens  10,  slightly  monadelphous  at  base,  the  alternate  ones 
shorter ;  pistils  5,  adhering  to  a  central  prolonged  axis,  from  which  they  separate 
at  maturity  by  curving  up  from  the  base ;  seeds  solitary,  without  albumen. 

This  Order  comprises,  amongst  others,  the  numerous  and  favorite  plants,  so 
much  cultivated  under  the  name  of  "  Geraniums," — though  they  now  belong  to 
the  genus  Pelargonium. 

69.  GERANIUM,  L. 

[Gr.  Geranos,  a  crane;  the  beaked  fruit  resembling  a  crane's  bill.] 
Stamens  all  perfect,  the  5  longer  ones  with  glands  at  base.     Styles 
cohering  at  summit,  recurved  from  below,  but  not  twisted,  in  the 
ripe  fruit,  smooth  inside. 


40  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

1.  €r.  maculatum,  L.  Stem  erect,  dichotomous  above;  leaves 
3-  to  5-parted ;  petals  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
MACULATE  GERANIUM.     Crow-foot.  Spotted  Crane's-bill. 

Perennial.    Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  hairy.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  marked 
with  pale  blotches ;  radical  leaves  on  petioles  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length ;  stem- 
leaves  on  shorter  petioles,  the  uppermost  subsessile.    Flowers  purple,  large,  sub- 
corymbose. 
Hob.  Woods,  fence-rows,  &c.,  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  large  root,  or  rhizoma,  is  considerably  astringent;  and 
has  been  found  useful  in  diarrhoea,  hemorrhage,  &c. 

2.  O.  Caroliniaimm,  L.  Stem   diffusely  branching;  leaves 
deeply  5-parted ;  petals  emarginate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
CAROLINIAN  GERANIUM.     Carolina  Crane's-bill. 

Annual?  Stem  6  to  12  or 18  inches  long,  often  several  from  the  root,  dichoto- 
mously  and  diffusely  branching.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  and  wider  than  long, 
reniform-orbicular  in  their  outline,  multifid ;  radical  petioles  2  to  6  inches  long; 
cauline  half  an  inch  to  3  inches  in  length.  Flowers  pale  red,  veined,  small,  sub- 
fasciculate. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  Brandy  wine :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

ORDER  XXII.  OXALIDACEAE. 

Herbs,  with  sour  juice;  leaves  alternate,  compound,  mostly  without  stipules;  flmvers 
regular,  nearly  as  in  Geranium,— but  the  styles  separate,  and  the  fruit  a  5-celled 
several-seeded  capsule;  embryo  straight,  in  thin  fleshy  albumen. 

70.  OX'AMS,  L. 

[Gr.  Oxys,  sharp,  or  sour;  from  the  quality  of  the  plants.] 
Petals  withering  after  expansion.     Capsule  membranaceous,  oblong, 
pentagonal,  opening  at  the  angles.     Seeds  pendulous  from  the  axis, 
their  outer  coat  loose  and  separating.     Leaves  mostly  composed  of 
8  obcordate  leaflets, —  the  radical  ones  stipulate. 

1.  O.  Violacea,  L.  Stemless ;  bulb  scaly ;  scapes  subumbellate ; 

sepals  callous  at  apex. 

VIOLET  OXALIS.     Violet  Wood-Sorrel. 

Perennial.    Leaves  radical,  trifoliolate;    leaflets  about  half  an  inch  long,  and 
•wider  than  long ;  common  petioles  3  to  6  inches  long.    Scapes  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high , 
naked,  2-  or  3-  to  6-  or  9-flowered.    Flowers  violet-purple,  nodding. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  fence-rows,  &c.:    frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 
25.  O.  stricta,  L.  Caulescent;  stem  mostly  erect,  branched  and 
leafy;  peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the  petioles. 
UPRIGHT  OXALIS.     Wood-Sorrel.  Yellow  Wood-Sorrel. 

Perennial?    Stem  2  or  3  inches  to  near  2  feet  high,  more  or  less  pubescent, 
often  bushy,  and  sometimes  nearly  prostrate.    Leaflets  one-fourth  of  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long;  common  petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long.    Peduncles  2  to  4  or  5  inches 
long,  cymosely  3-  to  10-flowered.    Flowers  yellow. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  woodlands :  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  a  very  variable  plant — in  size,  habit,  and  pubescence ; 
but  it  is  difficult  to  designate  good  characters  for  more  than  one 
species,  among  all  the  varieties. 

ORDER  XXIII.  BALSAMINACEAE. 

Herbs;  stems  succulent,  sub-pellucid,  and  gorged  with  a  watery  juice;  leaves  usually 


BALSAMINACEAB  41 

alternate,  simple,  without  stipules;  flowers  very  irregular;  stamens  5,  the  antfiers 
introrse,  connivent  and  sometimes  coherent;  capsule,  bursting  elastically  ;  seed* 
•without  albumen. 


L. 

[Latin  ;  alluding  to  the  sudden  bursting  of  the  ripe  pod,  when  touched.] 
Calyx  and  corolla  colored  nearly  alike  :  Sepals  apparently  4,  —  the 
2  upper  ones  being  united  almost  to  the  apex  —  the  lower  one 
largest,  forming  a  spurred  sac,  at  base.  Petals  4,  united  in  pairs, 
forming  one  unequally  2-lobed  petal  on  each  side.  Ovary  5-celled; 
stigma  sessile.  Capsule  with  evanescent  partitions,  6-valved,  —  the 
valves  incurving  elastically  from  apex  to  base,  and  scattering  the 
seeds.  Annuals. 

1.  1.  l>5i  1  1  i  d  a  ,  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  rather  acute  ;  sac  di- 
lated, broader  than  long,  obtusely  conic,  with  a  short  recurved  spur. 
PALLID  IMPATIENS.  Pale  Snap-weed.  Touch-me-not. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  branched.    leaves  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long;  petioles  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  to  3  inches  in  length,  the  upper  leaves  being  nearly  sessile.  — 
Peduncles  axillary,  1  to  3  inches  long,  slender,  2-  to  5-flowered.    Flowers  pale  yel- 
low, sparingly  dotted  with  brownish-red  ;  spur  about  %  of  an  inch  long.  > 
Hob.  Moist,  shaded  grounds  :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

"2.  I.   fViIvil,  Nutt.    Leaves  rhombic-  ovate,  rather  obtuse;  sac 
longer  than  broad,  acutely  conic,  with  a  longish  recurved  spur. 
TAWNY  IMPATIENS.     Spotted  Snap-weed. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  branched.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long.    Peduncles 
about  an  inch  long,  usually  2-  or  3-flowered.    Flowers  orange-color,  with  numerous 
reddish-brown  spots  ;  spur  about  half  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Moist,  shaded  grounds  :  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr,  Aug. 

Obs.  Our  two  species  were  formerly  regarded  as  one,  and  referred 
to  the  /.  noli-tangere,  of  Europe,  —  to  which  they  are  nearly  allied. 
The  /.  jBalsamina,  L.  called  "Lady's  Slippers"  —  a  native  of  India  — 
is  abundant,  and  almost  naturalized,  in  every  garden.  The  follow- 
ing fanciful  lines,  from  DARWIN,  probably  have  reference  to  the 
European  species,  —  but  may  apply  to  all:  — 

"With  fierce  distracted  eye  IMPATIENS  stands, 
Swells  her  pale  cheeks,  and  brandishes  her  hands, 
"With  rage  and  hate  the  astonished  groves  alarms, 
And  hurls  her  infants  from  her  frantic  arms." 

ORDER  XXIV.  TROPAEOLACEAE. 

Herbs  ;  stems  straggling  or  twining,  fleshy,  with  a  pungent  watery  juice  ;  leaves 
alternate,  peltate,  with  radiating  nerves,  and  without  stipules  ;  flowers  irregular, 
large,  on  long  axillary  peduncles;  fruit  3-lobed,  or  of  3  connate,  1-seeded,  inde- 
hiscent  carpels  ;  seeds  without  albumen, 

V'2.  TROPAEVOMJM  ,  L. 

(Latin,  a  little  banner,  or  Trophy  ;  from  its  showy  flowers.] 
Calyx  colored,  5-parted,  —  the  upper  segment  spurred  at  base.  — 
Petals  5,  unequal,  —  the  upper  2  sessile,  the  others  clawed.     Stamens 
8.     Stigmas  3. 

1.  T.  MAJUS,  L.  Leaves  suborbicular,  obscurely  repand-lobed,  the 
nerves  not  exserted  ;  petals  obtuse. 
GREATER  TROPAEOLUM.    Nasturtium.  Indian  Cresa. 


42  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 


(said  to  be  perennial  in  its  native  country) ;  smooth.  Stem  3  to  6  or  8 
feet  long,  branching  and  climbing.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter ;  petioles  3  to  6 
inches  long.  Peduncles  1-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles.  Flowers  pale 
yellowish-  or  reddish-orange,  with  dark  purple  stripes  and  spots.  Carpels  sulcate, 
fleshy,  finally  subcoriaceous. 
Hob.  Gardens.  Nat.  of  Peru.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  cultivated, — both  for  show,  and  for  the  young  fruit, 
•which  is  prepared  as  a  condiment,  and  affords  a  tolerable  substitute 
for  capers. 

ORDER  XXV.  LIMNANTHACEAE. 

Herbs;  stems  fleshy;  leaves  alternate,  pinnately  dissected,  without  stipules;  flowers 
regular,  of  3  or  5  parts;  sepals  valvate,  and  petals  convolute,  in  the  bud;  stamens 
twice  their  number;  fruit  of  3  to  5  fleshy  connate  1-seeded  akenes;  styles  united; 
seeds  without  albumen. 

73.  FL,OVERKEA,  Wittd. 

[Dedicated  to  Henry  Gustavus  Floerke,  a  German  Botanist.] 
Sepals  3,  connected  at  base,  persistent.     Petals  3,  shorter  than  the 
sepals.     Ovaries  3,  opposite  the  sepals,   cohering  at  base.      Style 
central;  stigmas  8.     Akenes utricular,  tuberculate,  often  only  1  or  2. 

1.  F.  prose  rpiiiacoitles,  Willd.  Glabrous;  stem  terete; 
leaves  odd-pinnately  dissected  into  3  or  5  lance-oblong  entire  seg- 
ments. 

F.  uliginosa.  Muhl.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  212. 
PROSERPINACA-LIKE  FLOERKEA. 

Annual.    Stem  4  to  10  or  12  inches  long,  nearly  simple,  flaccid,  finally  procum- 
bent.   Leaflets,  or  segments,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long ;  common  petioles  1  to  3 
inches  in  length.    Peduncles  axillary,  finally  about  an  inch  long,  1-flowered.— 
Petals  white,  alternate  with,  and  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
Hob.  Miry,  shaded  places :  frequent.    Fl.  April  Fr.  May. 

ORDER  XXVI.    XANTHOXYLACEAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs ;  Uaves  mostly  alternate,  compound,  without  stipules,  or  armed 
with  stipular  prickles ;  ./fotwers'polygamo-dioicous,  regular,  small:  stamens  as  many, 
or  twice  as  many,  as  the  sepals ;  ovaries  distinct,  or  2-celled ;  fruit  various, — bac- 
cate, capsular,  or  samaroid ;  seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  albuminous. 

74.  AIL-A^THUS.  Desf. 

[Formed  from  Atlanta,— the  name  it  bears  in  its  native  country.] 
Calyx  5-toothed.     Petals  5,  inserted  with  the  10  stamens,  under  a 
hypogynous  disk.     Carpels  3  to  5,  samaroid,  tumid  in  the  centre, 
1 -celled,  1-seeded.     Stigmas  capitate,  radiately  5-lobed. 

1.  A.  GLANDULOVSA,  Desf.  Leaves  odd-pinnate ;  leaflets  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  coarsely  dentate  at  base,  with  a  gland  on  the 
under  side  of  each  tooth. 
GLANDULAR  AILANTHUS.     Chinese  Sumach.  Tree  of  Heaven. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet,  or  more,  in  height,  much  branched,  but  never  ramifying  dur- 
ing growth.    Leaflets  3  to  5  inches  long,  numerous  (15  to  20  pairs,  and  a  terminal 
one).    Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles. 
Hob.  Streets,  and  about  houses.    Nat.  of  China.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  not  an  ungraceful  tree  in  its  habit, — but  a  disagree- 
able one  in  its  odor.  It  is  also  exceedingly  troublesome  in  sending 


'        XANTHOXYLACEAK  43 

np  countless  suckers  from  its  wide-spreading  roots.  It  was  intro- 
duced as  a  Shade  tree,  about  the  year  1820 ;  but  will  scarcely  main- 
tain its  position  as  such.  I  learn  from  WM.  JACKSON,  Esqr.,  of 
Harmony  Grove,  in  this  County,  that  the  XANTHOX'YLON  AMEBI- 
C\NUM,  Mill. — (a  prickly  Shrub,  which  is  the  type  of  this  Order), — 
has  escaped  from  the  gardens,  and  is  becoming  naturalized^,  sev- 
eral places  in  that  vicinity. 

ORDER  XXVII.  ANACARDIA^CEAE. 

Shrubs,  or  trees;  with  a  resinous,  or  milky,  acrid  juice;  leaves  alternate,  mostly 
compound,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular,  pentandrous,  small,  often  polygamo- 
dioicous ;  ovary  (by  abortion)  1-celled,  and  1-ovuled,  but  with  three  styles  or  stig" 
mas ;  seeds  without  albumen. 

In  the  tropical  regions,  this  Family  presents  plants  of  much  interest : — such  as 
that  which  yields  the  celebrated  Mango  fruit  (Mangifera  Indica,  L.)— the  Cashew 
JVlrf  (Anacardium  occidentals,  L.) — and  the  Pistacia  Nut  (Pistacia  vera,  L.~), — with 
others,  which  afford  various  kinds  of  Lacquer,  and  Varnish. 

75.  RHITS',  L. 

[The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  name  of  the  genus.] 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  5,  inserted  with  the 
stamens  on,  or  under,  the  edge  of  a  flatted  disk.  Fruit  small,  a  sort 
of  dry  drupe.  Polygamo-dioicous  Shrubs  ;  common  petioles  enlarged 
at  base,  covering  the  buds  of  the  ensuing  year. 

f  Leaves  odd-pinnate.    *  Young  branches  densely  villous. 

1.  R.  ty  plii  ii  a,  L.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate, 
pale  or  glaucous  beneath. 

TYPHA-LIKE  RHUS.     Staghorn  Sumach. 

Juice  milky.  Stem  15  to  20  or  30  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches  above.— 
Leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  8  to  12  or  15  pairs  and  a  terminal  one.  Flowers  yel- 
lowish-green, in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles, — the  fertile  ones  about  6  inches  long, 
very  dense,  oblong  and  nearly  cylindrical ;  fruit  densely  clothed  with  a  purple 
pubescence,  which  is  sharply  acid. 
Sab.  Woods,  and  banks  of  streams;  Schuylkill:  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  the  largest  and  handsomest  species,  indigenous  to 
the  County.  The  fine  purple  clusters  of  fruit,  on  the  fertile  plant, 
render  it  quite  an  ornamental  little  tree ;  and  when  planted  in  the 
yards  and  public  squares  of  our  cities,  it  affords  an  almost  literal 
exemplification  of  the  much-admired  Khus  in  urbe !  Its  roots,  how- 
ever, are  rather  troublesome,  in  sending  up  suckers. 

*  *  Young  branches  downy-pubescent. 

2.  R.  copallina,  L.  Common  petiole  winged ;  leaflets  oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  entire. 

COPAL  RHUS.     Dwarf  Sumach. 

Juice  resinous.    Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  branched.    Leaflets  1  to  3  inches  long, 
usually  4  or  5  pairs  with  a  terminal  one,  subcoriaceous.    Flowers  yellowish-green, 
in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles.  Fruit  densely  pubescent,  finally  dark  purple  and  acid. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  bills :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  October. 
*  *  *  Young  branches  glabrous. 

3.  R.  gliYbra,  L.   Leaflets  lance-oblong,  acuminate,  serrate, 
whitish  beneath. 


44  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

GLABROUS  RHUS.     Common  Sumach.  Smooth  Sumach. 

Juice,  copiously  milky.  Stem  3  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  irregularly  branched; 
branches  stout,  with  a  large  pith.  Leaflets  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  10  to  15  pairs, 
with  a  terminal  one,  becoming  crimson  in  autumn.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  in 
dense  ovoid  terminal  panicles.  Fruit  densely  villous,  finally  bright  purple,  and 
sharply  acid. 
Hob.  Old  fields;  fence-rows,  &c.:  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  R.  veneiiata,  DC.  Leaflets  obovate-oblong,  abruptly  acu- 
minate, the  margin  very  entire  and  slightly  revolute. 
POISONOUS  RHUS.     Poison  Sumach.  Swamp  Sumach. 

Juice  resinous,    Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  branching  above.    Leaflets  2  to  3 
inches  long,  4  to  6  pairs,  with  a  terminal  one.    Flowers  greenish,  in  subterminal 
and  axillary  panicles.    Fruit  smooth  and  shining,  pale  yellowish-green,  larger 
than  in  any  of  the  preceding. 
Hob.  Swampy  rivulets :  not  very  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species  is  very  poisonous  to  many  persons.  It  was 
formerly  (but  erroneously)  supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  varnish 
tree,  of  Japan. 

f  f  Leaves  trifoliolate. 

5.  R.  ToxiCOdendron,  L.  Stem  erect,  or  climbing  by  radi- 
cles; leaflets  obliquely  ovate   or  rhomboid,  acuminate,  entire   or 
angularly  dentate. 

R.  radicans.  L.  $  FL  Cestr*.  ed.  2. 
POISON-TREE  RHUS.    Poison- Vine.  Poison-Ivy. 

Juice  resinous.  Stem,  in  the  erect  variety,  2  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  with  leaflets  larger 
and  variously  toothed  or  lobed ;  in  the  climbing  variety,  stem  8  or  10  to  30  or  40  feet 
long,  branching,  adhering  to  trees,  fences,  and  other  objects,  by  means  of  numer- 
ous radicating  processes;  the  leaflets  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  more  commonly  entire ; 
common  pttioles  3  to  6  inches  in  length.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  in  slender  race- 
mose axillary  panicles.  Fruit  dry,  smooth  and  shining,  pale  brown. 
Hob.  Woods,  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  climbing  variety  (formerly  regarded  as  a  distinct  species, 
and  named  R.  radicans,]  is  much  the  most  common,  here:  but  some 
fine  specimens  of  the  erect  variety  were  collected  in  the  South 
Western  part  of  the  County,  in  1841,  by  Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN.  They 
are  both  poisonous,  to  some  persons. 

ORDER  XXVIII.  ACERA^CEAE. 

Trees,  yielding  a  sweet  sap;  leaves  opposite,  without  stipules;  flowers  polygamo- 
dioicous,  regular  but  often  apetalous  or  unsymmetrical ;  fruit  a  pair  of  more  or 
less  diverging  separable  1-seeded  samaras,  winged  at  summit,  with  the  outer  margin 
'thicker  and  obtuse;  seeds  nearly  without  albumen. 

?6.  ACER,  L. 

[The  ancient  classical  name  of  the  maple.] 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.     Petals  5,  or  often  none.     Stamens  5  to 
.8.     Styles  2,  united ;  ovary  on  a  glandular-lobed  disk. 
-  f  Flowers  in  pendulous  racemes,  or  corymbs,  appearing  with  the  leaves.  *  Petals  5. 

1.  A.  PSETJDO-PLATANUS,  L.  Leaves  cordate  at  base,  5-lobed,  une- 
qually dentate;  flowers  in  terminal  pendulous  racemes;  fruit 
diverging. 


ACERACKAB  45 

FALSE-PLATANUS  ACEE.     Sycamore.  Greater  Maple. 

A  large  tree,  when  full  grown.    Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  on  petioles  about  the 
same  length.    Racemes  ahout  6  inches  long;  rachis  and  filaments  hairy ;  flowers 
yellowish-green,  the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike;  fruit  smooth. 
Hub.  Streets,  and  yards.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  has  been  introduced,  latterly,  as  an  ornamental  shade 
tree ;  but  I  consider  our  own  Sugar  Maple,  and  the  Norway  Maple, 
as  decidedly  preferable,  notwithstanding  COWPER'S  lines: 

" nor  unnoted  pass 

The  Sycamore,  capricious  in  attire, 

Now  green,  now  tawny,  and,  ere  autumn  yet 

Have  chang'd  the  woods,  in  scarlet  honors  bright." 

Both  this  and  the  Plane  tree  (Platanus),  are  vulgarly  called  Syca- 
more, in  our  language ;  but  ivhy,  is  not  apparent.  The  true  "Syca- 
more"— (perhaps  the  Tree  which  ZACCIIEUS  climbed) — is  a  species 
of  Fig-tree  (Ficus  Sycomorus,  L;). 

jj.  A.  pLATANofcES,  L.   Lactescent ;    leaves  broadly  cordate,  5- 
lobed,  coarsely  dentate ;  flowers  somewhat  corymbose ;  fruit  divari- 
cate, smooth. 
PLATANUS-LIKE  ACER.     Norway  Maple. 

A  large  tree,  when  full  grown.    Leaves  4  to  6  inches  in  length,  and  rather  wider 
than  long,  deep  shining  green ;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  when  broken 
exsuding  a  milky  juice!    Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  in  loose,  terminal,  and 
somewhat  pendulous  corymbs.    Samaras  remarkably  divaricate,  glabrous. 
Hob.  Streets,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr.      '  f\  ' 

Obs.  This  tree  has  been  but  recently  introduced ;  yet  it  promises 
to  become  one  of  our  most  desirable  shade  trees.  Its  foliage  is  re- 
markably fine,  and  abundant,  continuing  gre.en  longer  than  most 
other  species ;  and  it  is'  said  that  its  milky  juice  prevents  the  rav- 
ages of  insects. 

*  *  Petals  none. 

3.  A.  sac  c*  liar  i  nil  in,  Wangenh.  Leaves  broad,  palmately  3- 
to  5-lobed,  the  lobes  acuminate,  coarsely  sinuate-dentate;  flowers 
pendulous  on  long  villous  fasciculate  pedicels ;  fruit  slightly  diverg- 
ing, turgid,  smooth. 
SACCHARINE  ACER.     Sugar  Maple. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet,  or  more,  in  height.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  and  about  as 
wide  as  long,  becoming  golden-yellow  in  autumn ;  petioles  2  to  6  or  8  inches  in 
length.    Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  truncate  and  cup-like,  the  border  fringed 
with  long  hairs.    Fruit  ovoid  at  base,  nearly  parallel,  rather  short. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands;  along  streams:  rare.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  interesting  of  our  rat-' 
tive  forest  trees, — especially  in  the  North  and  West — whercits  sap, 
in  early  spring,  yields  an  immense  quantity  of  Sugar  and  Syrup. — 
The  beautiful  wood,  known  as  Bird's-eye  Maple — so  much  admired 
in  cabinet  work — is  believed  to  be  aiforded  by  this  species.  The 
tree  is  also  much  cultivated,  and  deservedly  admired,  as  an  orna- 
mental shade  tree.  The  A.  nigrum,  of  MX.  called  Black  Maple,  seems 
now  to  be  regarded  as  a  mere  variety  of  the  A.  saccharinum.  .  Its 
leaves,  however,  are  usually  larger  and  of  a  darker  green,  thicker, 
and  somewhat  coriaceous  in  texture.  It  makes  even  a  finer  shade 


I 
46  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

tree  than  the  common  variety,  and  is  cultivated  for  that  purpose,  in 
our  villages, — though  rarely  met  with  in  a  wild  state,  here.  It  is 
said  to  be  more  common  than  the  other,  at  the  South. 

f  f  Flowers  in  short  erect  dusters,  from  lateral  leafless  buds,  preceding  the  leaves. 
*  Petals  none. 

4.  A.  dasycarpum,  Ehrh.  Leaves  palmately  and  deeply  5- 
lobed,  with  the   sinuses   acute;    ovaries  densely  tomentose;    fruit 
very  large, — one  samara  often  abortive. 

A.  eriocarpum.  MX.  §  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  245. 
WOOLLY-FRUITED  ACER.     Silver-leaved  Maple.  White  Maple. 

Stem  30  to  50  or  60  feet  high,  much  and  widely  branching ;  the  young  branches 
virgate  and  rather  drooping.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  very  glaucous  or  bluish- 
white  beneath;  petioles 2  to  6  inches  long.  Flowers  pale  green,  in  fascicles  mostly 
of  fives  or  sevens,  on  short  pedicels ;  calyx  a  crenately  truncate  cup.  Samara, 
when  mature,  2  to  near  3  inches  long,  somewhat  resembling  the  wing  of  a  huge 
grasshopper. 
Hob.  Banks  of  rivers;  Schuylkill:  rare.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  has  been  extensively  cultivated  as  a  shade  tree,  of  late, — 
and  it  has  the  merit  of  easy  culture,  and  rapid  growth ;  but  it  is 
decidedly  inferior  (me  judice]  to  both  the  Norway,  and  the  Sugar 
Maple. 

**  Petals  5. 

5,  A.  rub  rum,  L.  Leaves  mostly  3-lobed,  subcordate  at  base, 
lobes  acute,  unequally  incised-dentate ;  ovaries  smooth. 

RED  ACER.     Red  Maple.  Swamp  Maple. 

Stem  30  to  60  or  80  feet  high,  branched,  the  young  branches  purplish.    Leaves  2 
to  4  inches  long,  glaucous  beneath ;  petioles  1  or  2  to  5  inches  long.    Flowers  bright 
purple — or  often  yellowish-tawny — on  longish  pedicels. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds :  common.    Fl.  March.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  variety  with  tawny  flowers  (first  noticed,  I  believe,  by 
HUMPHRY  MARSHALL),  is  quite  frequent  in  Chester  County, — ami 
those  flowers  are  generally  sterile  (staminate) ;  while  the  purple 
flowers,  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  are  constantly  perfect  and  fertile. 
The  wood  of  this  species — especially  that  sort  known  as  Curled 
Maple — is  much  esteemed  in  the  manufacture  of  household  furniture. 

TT.  NTEGIIN'DO,  Moenck. 

[A  name  of  obscure  derivation  and  doubtful  meaning.] 

Dioicous;  Calyx  minute,  4-  or  5-cleft.  Petals  none.  STAM.  FL. 
mostly  pentandrous,  on  capillary  fascicled  pedicels.  PISTILL.  FL.  m 
simple  slender  pendulous  racemes.  Fruit  as  in  Acer. 

1«  HT.  aceroides,  Moench.  Leaves  ternate  or  quinate-pinnate ; 
leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  coarsely  incised-dentate. 
Acer  Negundo.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  246. 
ACER-LIKE  NEGUNDO.     Box-Elder.  Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Stem  20  to  30  or  40  feet  high,  branched ;  young  branches  with  a  yellowish-green 
bark.    Leaflets  mostly  3,  sometimes  odd-pinnate  in  fives,  3  to  5  inches  long ;  com- 
mon petioles  3  or  4  inches  in  length.    Flowers  yellowish-green,  from  lateral  buds ; 
ovaries  hirsute ;  fruit  diverging. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  Brandy  wine :  not  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Sept. 


SAP1XDACEAE  47 

Obs.  This  little  tree  is  certainly  distinct,  in  habit,  from  the  gen- 
erality of  Maples, — and  seems  to  be  finally  separated  from  them,  by 
modern  Botanists;  but,  if  a  tree  is  to  be  "known  by  its  fruit,"  this 
one  will  always  be  liable  to  be  taken,  or  mistaken,  for  an  Acer. 

ORDER  XXIX.     SAPINDA^CEAE. 

Mostly  trees,  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  or  alternate,  mostly  compound,  without 
stipules ;  flowers  unsyinmetrical ;  ovary  3-celled ;  fruit  capsular,  or  baccate ;  seeds 
without  albumen. 

TRIBE  1.     HIPPOCASTAVNEAE. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  digitate;  ovules  2  in  each  cell;  cotyledons  thick  and 
fleshy,  partly  soldered  together. 

18.  AES'CUMJS,  L. 

[The  ancient  name  of  a  tree  which  bore  esculent  fruit.] 

Calyx  regular,  5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5,  unequal.  Stamens  6  to  8, 
usually  7.  Styles  3,  united.  Fruit  a  subglobose  coriaceous  capsule, 
mostly  1-celled  by  abortion,  2-  or  3-valved,  with  a  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence.  Seed  large,  globose,  with  a  smooth  reddish-brown  coat,  and 
broad  paler  hilum. 

1.  M.   HIPPOCASTANUM,  L.  Leaflets  in  sevens,   obovate-cuneate, 
acute,  dentate ;  petals  five ;  fruit  echinate. 
HORSE-CHESTNUT  AESCULUS.     Horse-Chestnut. 

Stem  30  to  50  or  60  feet  high,  with  opposite  symmetrical  rather  erect  branches; 
young  branches  stout,  never  ramifying  the  same  season — each  year's  growth  being 
a  definite  development  from  the  large  buds,  and  effected  rapidly  within  a  few 
weeks.  Leaflets  sessile,  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  penninerved ;  common  petiole  4  to  8 
inches  long.  Flowers  white,  with  red  spots,  in  large  erect  terminal  thyrsoid 
panicles. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  streets :  cultivated.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  October.  t 

Obs.  This  ornamental  tree  (a  native  of  Northern  India)  is  only 
now  beginning  to  be  appreciated,  and  to  be  introduced,  here.  In- 
deed, it  is  marvellous  to  reflect,  how  inconsiderate  our  people  have 
been,  until  quite  recently,  on  the  subject  of  providing  Shade  trees,  as 
a  shelter  from  the  fervid  glare  of  our  Summer's  sun.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  owe  posterity  may  be  able  to  say,  with  more  truth  than 
we  can — 

"  Our  fathers  knew  the  value  of  a  screen 

From  sultry  suns;  and  in  their  shaded  walks 

And  long  protracted  bowers,  enjoyed  at  noon 

The  gloom  and  coolness  of  declining  day." 

There  are  several  native  species,  in  the  Southern  and  Western 
States,  where  they  bear  the  name  of  Buck-eye,  from  a  resemblance  of 
the  seeds  to  the  eye  of  that  animal.  These  native  trees,  by  reason 
of  their  abundance,  have  become  the  popular  emblem  of  Ohio — 
which  is  known  throughout  the  Union  by  the  sobriquet  of  the  "Buck- 
eye State." 

ORDER  XXX.  CELASTRACEAE. 

Smatt  trees,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  compound,  or  simple,  with 
inconspicuous  or  deciduous  stipules:  flowers  regular,  of  4  or  5  parts;  sepals  and 
petals  imbricated  in  the  bud;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with 


48  DIALYPETALOTJS    EXOGEXS 

them,  inserted  on  a  disk;  fruit  capsular,  mostly  3-celled;  seeds  few,  often  arillate ; 
embryo  large,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

TRIBE  1.     STAPHYLEVAE. 

Leaves  opposite,  compound ;  ovary  many-ovuled,  free  from  the  cup-like  disk ;  seeds 
bony,  not  arillate. 

79.  STAPHYUETA,  L. 

[Gr.  Staphyle,  a  cluster ;  from  its  mode  of  flowering.] 

Sepals  5,  erect.  Petals  5.  Pistil  of  3  carpels  united  in  the  axis ; 
styles  long,  at  first  cohering,  but  separating  as  the  ovary  enlarges 
into  a  membranaceous  inflated  3-lobed  3-celled  capsule.  Seeds  obo- 
void,  smooth,  1  to  3  in  each  cell.  Upright  shrubs. 

1.   S.   trifolia,  L.  Leaves  ternate,   on  long   petioles;  leaflets 
ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  the  terminal  one  petiolulate. 
THKJSE-LEAVED  STAPHYLEA.     Bladder-nut, 

Stem  6  to  12  feet  high,  with  smooth  slender  branches.    Leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long. 
Flowers  white,  in  pendulous  paniculate  or  racemose  clusters,  which  are  terminal 
and  axillary. 
Hab.  Moist  thickets;  along  Brandy  wine :  not  common.    PL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

TRIBE  2.     EUONYMEVAE. 

Leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  simple;  ovary  2-ovuled,  immersed  in  the  disk;  seeds 
coated  with  a  pulpy  arillus. 

8O.  CEIAS'TRUS,  L. 

[A  name  borrowed  from  the  ancient  Greek  writers.] 

Polygamo-dioicous :  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base.  Petals*).  Stamens 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  cupshaped  disk.  Ovary  usually  3- 
celled;  style  thick;  stigma  6-lobed.  Capsule  globular,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  with  a  scarlet  arillus.  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  C.  SC^ndens,  L-  Stem  shrubby,  twining,  unarmed;  leaves 

oval  or  obovate,  acuminate,  serrate. 

CLIMBING  CELASTRUS.     Climbing  Staff-tree.  Wax-work. 

Stem  10  to  15  feet  long.    Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  on  petioles  about  %  of  an 
inch  in  length.    Flowers  yellowish-green,  in  small  racemes  terminating  the  short 
branches.     Capsules  about  the  size  of  large  peas,  orange-color  when  mature. 
Hab.  Thickets,  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Sept.| 

81.  EUOM'YMUS,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  meaning  good  name ;  the  reason  of  which  is  obscure.] 
Calyx  4-  or  5-lobed,  spreading  flat,  the  base  covered  with  a  peltate 
disk.     Petals  4  or  5,  rounded.     Stamens  short,  inserted  on  the  disk 
which  covers  the  ovary.      Capsule  3-  to  5-lobed,  or  angled,  3-  to  5- 
valved,  smooth  or  verrucose;  cells  1-  or  2-seeded.     Seeds  nearly  in- 
closed in  a  red  fleshy  arillus.     Leaves  opposite. 

1.  E.  atroplirpdreiis,  Jacq.  Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate, 
petiolate;  flowers  tetramerous ;  capsules  smooth. 
DARK-PURPLE  EUONYMUS.     Burning  Bush.  Spindle-tree. 

Stem  6  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  branching;  branches  slightly  4-angled.    Leaves  2  to  4 
or  5  inches  long;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  dark  purple,  few 
and  iuosely  cymose.    Fruit  smooth,  pendulous,  red  at  maturity. 
Hab.  Woodlands;  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  October. 


CELA8TRACEAE  49 

2.  E.  Americ£miS5  L.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sub- 
sessile  ;  flowers  pentamerous ;  capsule  roughly  verrucpse. 
AMERICAN  EUONYMUS.     Strawberry  tree. 

Stem  2  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  slender;  branches  spreading,  4-angled,  deep  green.— 
Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  often  a  little  falcate,  and  almost  sempervirent. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow,  with  a  purple  tinge.  Capsule  5-valved,  muricate,  bright 
crimson  when  mature.  Seeds  small,  mostly  two  enveloped  in  each  scarlet  arillus. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  not  very  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

ORDER  XXXI.  RHAMNACEAE. 

Shrubs,  or  small  trees ;  leaves  simple,  mostly  alternate ;  stipules  minute ;  flowers  reg- 
ular, small  (sometimes  apetalous) ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  valvate  sepals,  alternate 
with  them  and  opposite  the  petals;  fruity  capsule,  or  drupe,  with  1-seeded  cells; 
seeds  not  arillate;  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

82.  CEAWOVTHIIS,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name;  applied  to  this  genus.] 

Calyx  5-lobed,  circumscissed  after  flowering, — the  lower  portion  ad- 
herent to  the  fruit.  Petals  cucullate,  on  slender  claws.  Capsule 
3-lobed,  splitting  into  3  carpels,  which  open  on  the  inner  side,  at 
maturity.  Shrubs,  with  the  small  flowers  in  an  oblong  terminal 
thyrsus. 

1.  C.  Americslims,  L.   Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  common  peduncles  elongated. 
AMERICAN  CEANOTHUS.     New  Jersey  Tea. 

Root  large,  dark  red ;  stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  branched  and  bushy.    Leaves  2 
to  4  inches  long,  on  short  petioles.    Flowers  white,  numerous,  thyrsoid,  in  cymose 
fascicles.    Seeds  rather  large,  oval,  smooth  and  shining. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  thickets :  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  Whigs,  in  the  war  of  Independence,  who  were  accus- 
tomed to  drinking  Tea,  substituted  the  leaves  of  this  shrub  for  the 
Chinese  sorts, — which  had  become  odiously  associated  with  the 
tyrannous  attempts  of  the  mother  country  to  tax  the  Colonies. 

ORDER  XXXII.  YITACEAE. 

SliruJJby  runners,  usually  with  a  loose,  stringy,  dark-brown  bark,-^climbing  by 
tendrils  which  are  opposite  the  leaves ;  leaves  alternate,  simple  and  palmate-veined, 
or  compound,  with  deciduous  stipules*  flowers  regular,  small,  mostly  in  compound 
racemes,  opposite  the  leaves ;  petals  4  or  5,  valvate,  caducous ;  stamens  as  many  as 
.IB  petals,  and  opposite  them;  fruit  a  2-celled  4-eeeded  berry;  seeds  bony;  embryo 
minute,  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen. 

83.  TlTTiS,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Vine.] 
Calyx  obsoletely  5-toothed,  lined  with  a  perigynous  disk.     Petals 

0,  cohering  at  apex,  speedily  pushed  off  by  the  stamens.     Stigma 
sessile.     American  species  often  potygamo-dioicous ;  flowers  greenish. 

t  Flowers  att  perfect  (Exotic  species)* 

1.  V.  VINIF'ERA,  L.  Leaves  variously  palmate-lobed)  sinuate-den- 
tate, glabrous,  or  tomentose ;  fruit  of  various  sizes  and  colors. 
WINE-PEODUCING  Vins.    Wine-Grape.  Foreign  Grape,  &c. 


50  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Stem  10  to  20  feet,  or  more,  in  length  (usually  kept  short  by  pruning).    Leavet 
more  or  less  lobed,  generally  rather  smaller  than  in  our  native  species.    Berries 
globose,  oblong,  or  obovoid,  dark  blue,  amber-color,  or  greenish-white. 
Hal).  Gardens,  and  Graperies.    Nat.  of  Asia.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug.  Sept. 

Obs.  An  almost  incredible  number  of  varieties,  of  this  species, 
have  been  produced  by  long  culture.  It  is  said,  there  are  about 
1400  in  the  Vineries  of  France.  The  Currants  of  commerce  (Cor- 
inths,  or  Grapes  of  Corinth) — often  called  Zante  Currants — are  be- 
lieved to  be  a  small-fruited  and  nearly  seedless  variety, — or  perhaps 
a  distinct  yet  closely  allied  species.  It  seems  now  to  be  agreed,  on 
all  hands,  that  in  our  climate,  the  only  mode  of  securing  a  crop  of 
foreign  Grapes,  is  to  cultivate  them  under  glass.  In  that  way,  the 
delicious  fruit  may  almost  certain^  be  obtained. 

f  f  Flowers  oftenpolygamo-diaicous  (Native  species). 

2.  V.  Labrusca,  L.  Reaves  roundish-cordate,   somewhat   3- 
lobed,  densely  tomentose  beneath ;  racemes  simple ;  berries  large. 
Fox-Grape  (of  the  Northern  States;  not  of  Virginia). 

Stem  15  to  20  or  30  feet  long,  straggling  over  bushes  and  small  trees;  branchlets 
lanuginous.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  in  length, — the  tomentum  beneath  persistent, 
inclining  to  russet,  or  tawny ;  petides  2  to  4  inches  long.  Flowers  yellowish-green, 
in  rather  short  racemes.  Berries  globose,  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  varying 
at  maturity  from  black  to  amber  color,  and  sometimes  greenish-white ;  of  a  strong 
musky  or  rancid  flavor. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets,  along  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  gi-ape  is  believed  to  be  the  original  of  those  cultivated 
varieties  (some  of  them  possibly  hybrids)  known  as  Isabella,  Schuyl- 
kill,  Raccoon,  Catawba,  Alexander's,  Tasker's,  and  Blond's  grape. — 
They  are  all  decided  improvements  upon  the  wild  fruit ;  and  suc- 
ceed much  better,  in  this  climate,  than  any  of  the  foreign  ones.  The 
Catawba  grape,  in  particular,  has  yielded  wine  of  a  superior  quality, 
in  Ohio, — and  is  well  worthy  of  culture  as  a  table  grape. 

3.  V.  aestivalis,  MX.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  often  3-  to  5- 
lobed,    or   sinuate-palmate,   loosely   tomentose   beneath;    racemes 
densely  compound ;  berries  small. 

SUMMER  VITIS.     Little  Grape.  Summer  Grape. 

I '  -Stem  20  to  40,  sometimes  60  feet,  or  more,  in  length,  often  climbing  high  trees. — 
'Leaves  4  to  8  inches  long,  with  a  loose  cobwjeb-like  russet  pubescence  beneath, 
"  •  *vhen  young,  more  hirsute, — sometimes  smoothish  when  older ;  petioles  2  to  4 
'  inches  long,    Flowers  greenish,  often  umbellulate  in  the  longish  compound  ra- 
cemes.   Berries  scarcely  half  the  size  of  the  preceding,  deep  blue  or  blueish-black, 
and  covered  with  a  glaucous  powder,  when  mature. 
Hab.  Woods,  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this,  when  fully  mature,  is  of  a  sprightly  acid 
and  agreeable  flavor, — quite  a  favorite  with  those  who  are  fond  of 
pastry  Tarts;  though  the  nut-like  seeds  are  rather  objectionable. — 
Some  of  the  varieties  bear  larger  berries,  which  might  probably  be- 
come more  valuable  under  culture. 

4.  V.  COrdifolia,  MX.    Leaves  cordate,   acuminate,  incised- 
dentate,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  racemes  slender,  loosely  compound ; 
berries  small. 


VITACEAB  51 

HEART-LEAVED  VITIS.    Chicken  Grape.  Winter  Grape. 

Stem  10  to  20  feet  long,  climbing  and  spreading  over  bushes.  Leaves  2  to  6  inches 
long,  smooth  and  a  little  shining,  the  nerves  beneath  pubescent;  petioles  2  to  5 
inches  long.  Flowers  greenish,  in  loose  racemes,  which  often  have  long  abortive 
branches  at  base,  retrograding  into  tendrils.  Fruit  small,  greenish  amber  color,  or 
sometimes  nearly  black,  when  mature,  very  acerb. 

Hob.  Thickets,  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  FL  June.  Fr.  NOT. 
Obs.  This  was  mistaken  for  the  V.  vulpina,  of  Linn,  until  Mr. 
ELLIOTT  suggested  that  the  true  original  Fox  Grape  was  most  prob- 
ably what  MICHAUX  named  V.  rotundifolia  ;  and  which  is  known  in 
Virginia,  and  further  South,  by  the  various  names  of  Fox  Grape, 
Bull,  or  Bullet  Grape,  Muscadine,  and  Scuppernong  Grape. 

84.  AM  PEL-OP'SIS,  MX. 

[Or.  Ampdos,  vine,  and  opsis,  aspect ;  from  its  resemblance  to  the  Vine.] 
Calyx   slightly  5-toothed,   without  a  perigynous  disk.     Petals  5, 
opening  at  apex,  spreading,  or  reflexed. 

1.  A.  quinquef olia,  MX,  Leaves  digitate  in  fives ;  leaflets 

ovate-oblong,  smooth ;  racemes  cymose. 

A.  hederacea.  DC.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  153. 

FIVE-LEAVED  AMPELOPSIS.     Virginia  Creeper.  American  Ivy. 

Stem  10  to  30  or  40  feet  long,  diffusely  branching,  climbing  trees  and  walls,  clinging 
to  them  by  adhesive  expansions  of  the  points  of  the  tendrils.  Leaflets  2  to  4  inches 
long,  becoming  crimson  in  autumn ;  common  petiole  2  to  6  inches  long.  Flowers 
yellowish-green,  umbellulate  in  compound  cymes.  Berries  blueish-black ;  pedun- 
cles crimson. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  thickets,  &c.:  common.  FL  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  often  cultivated  against  walls, — making  a  brilliant 
show,  for  a  few  days,  in  autumn. 

ORDER  XXXIII.  POLYGALACEAE. 

Jferbs  (in  the  U.  States) ;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  simple,  entire,  without  stipules  ; 
flowers  irregular,  somewhat  papilionaceous ;  stamens  4  to  S,  diadelphous ;  anthers '. 
mostly  1-celled,  opening  by  a  pore  at  summit ;  style  curved,  often  cucullate ;  fruit 
a  compressed,  2-celled  2-seeded  capsule;  seeds  carunculate;  embryo  large,  in  the 
axis  of  scanty  albumen. 

85.  POI,YG'ALA,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Pulys,  much,  and  Gala,  milk;  being  supposed  to  promote  that  secretion.] 
Sepals  5,  persistent, — the  upper  and  2  lower  ones  small,  greenish,, 
the  2  lateral  ones  (called  wings)  much  larger,  and  petal-like.  Petals 
3,  hypogynous,  connected  with  each  other,  and  with  the  stamen- 
lube, — the  middle  or  lower  one  keel-shaped,  often  crested.  Capsule 
compressed  contrary  to  the  narrow  septum,  loculicidal.  Seeds  with 
an  arillus-like  caruncle,  or  variously  shaped  appendage  at  the 
hilum.(o,) 

(a)  A.  DE  ST.  HILAIRE  says,  "  La  caroncule  des  Polygala,  ne  naissant  point  sur  le 
cordon  ombilical,  ne  peut  'etre  un  ariUe.  Cette  caroncule  est,  coiuine  celle  dea 
Kicins,  le  resultat  de  1'  epaississement  des  bords  du  micropyle." 


52  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

f  ANNUAL:  *  Leaves  all  scattered;  flowers  purplish. 

1.  P.   sangllinea,  L.  Leaves  oblong-linear;   wings  broadly 
ovate,  very  obtuse ;  caruncle  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed. 

P.  purpurea.  Nutt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  401.  (not  of  Ait.  which  is 
P.paucifolia,  Willd.}. 
BLOODY  POLYGALA. 

Stem  6  to  9  or  12  inches  high,  erect,  angular,  corymbosely  branched  above,  often 
simple.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  subsessile.    Flowers  more  or  less 
purple,  in  oblong  subcylindric  heads,  which  are  half  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  in 
length. 
Hob.  Low  grounds,  thickets,  <fcc.:    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

*  *  Lower  leaves,  at  least,  verticillate ;  flowers  greenish-white. 

2.  P.  cruciata,  L.  Branches  opposite ;  leaves  nearly  all  verti- 
cillate,  linear-oblanceolate ;  wings  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  cuspidate. 
CROSSED  POLYGALA. 

Stem  4  to  8  inches  high,  with  spreading  branches.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long.— 
Heads  of  flowers  cylindrical  or  ovoid-oblong. 
Hob.  Moist  low  grounds ;  New  London :  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  was  collected  near  Russellville,  in  1848,  by  Mr.  YIN- 
CENT  BARNARD. 

3.  P.  verticillata,  L.  Branches  and  stem-leaves  verticillate ; 
branch-leaves  scattered,  lance-linear ;  spikes  elongated ;  wings  or- 
bicular, clawed. 

VERTICILLATE  POLYGALA. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  diffusely  and  brachiately  branched.    Leaves  one 
third  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  sessile.    Spikes  of  flowers  one-third  to  three 
fourths  of  an  inch  long,  on  slender  peduncles  of  about  the  same  length. 
Hob.  Dry  banks;  borders  of  woods:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

4.  P.  ainbigna,  Nutt.  Branches  alternate,  erect,  slender  and 
virgate ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, — the  lowest  verticillate,  the  rest 
scattered ;  spikes  very  slender ;  wings  oval. 

AMBIGUOUS  POLYGALA. 

Stem  9  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  with  numerous  branches.    Leaves  1-fourth  of  an 
inch  to  an  inch  long.    Spikes  of  flowers  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  on 
slender  naked  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Slaty  hills,  and  sterile  fields:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

f  f  PERENNIAL  :  *  flowers  white. 

5.  P.  Senega,  L.  Stems  simple ;   leaves  alternate,  lanceolate : 
wings  oval,  or  roundish-obovate. 

SENEKA  SNAKE-ROOT.     Mountain  Flax.  Milk-wort. 

Hoot  thick,  knotty  and  hard,  with  coarse  branches.  Stem  9  to  15  inches  high, 
rather  limber,  mostly  several  from  the  same  root.  Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long, 
narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole.  Spike  of  flowers  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  some- 
what nodding  on  &n&ke&  peduncle  about  an  inch  long.  Seeds  large,  pyriform,  hairy. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands :  not  uncommon.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  species  is  well  known  in  the  shops,  for  its 
active  medicinal  properties. 


POLYGALACEAE  53 

*  *  Flowers  purple. 

6.  P.  paucif6Iia,  WiUd.  Rhizoma  creeping;  branches  erect, 
simple,  leafy  at  summit;  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  acute  at  each  end, 
pubescent-ciliate,  petiolate ;  terminal  flowers  1  to  3,  large,  crest  of 
the  keel  fringed ;  radical  flowers  wingless,  fertile. 
FEAV-LEAVED  POLTGALA.     Flowering  Wintergreen. 

Branches  3  to  4  inches  high,  slender.  Lower  leaves  small  and  scale-like,  distant, 
—the  upper  ones  crowded  at  summit,  about  an  inch  long;  petioles  about  %  of  an 
inch  in  length.  Terminal  flowers  large  and  showy,  pedunculate,  in  the  bosom  of 
the  leaves ;  concealed  flowers  whitish,  borne  by  the  prostrate  branching  rhizoma. 
Hob.  Shaded  swamps;  woods,  &c.  E.  Nottingham:  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  pretty  little  species  has  been  detected  in  the  extreme 
S.  Western  parts  of  the  County,  by  Mr.  NATHAN  MILNER, — for  a 
knowledge  of  which  I  am  indebted  to  the  active  researches  of  my 
indefatigable  friend,  JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

ORDER  XXXIV.  LEaiJMINOSAE. 

Herb&,  shrubs,  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  stipulate ;  flowers  gen- 
erally papilionaceous;  stamens  mostly  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  or  rarely  distinct; 
pistil  simple,  becoming  a  legume  in  fruit;  seeds  attached  to  the  upper  suture,  mostly 
without  albumen. 

This  vast  family— comprising  upwards  of  400  Genera— is  as  important  as  it 
is  comprehensive.  Among  the  remarkable  plants  (or  products)  belonging  to  the 
Order,  and  not  here  described,  may  be  mentioned— on  account  of  their  value,  beauty, 
or  other  characteristic — the  Loffwood  (Haematoxylon  Campechianum,  L.) — the  In- 
digo plant  (Indigofera  tinctoria,  L.) — -the  Braziletto  or  Brazil-wood  (Caesalpinia  Bra- 
siliensis,  L.) — the  Rose  wood  (a  species  of  J/t'mosa)~-the  Sissoo  wood  of  India 
(Dalbergia  Sissoo,  Roxb.}— the  Red  Sandal  wood  (Pterocarpus  santalinus,  Z.) — 
the  Liquorice  plant  (Glycyrrhiza  glabra,  L.)— -the  Tamarind  tree  (Tamarindus 
Indica,  L.)— the  Tonka  Bean  (Dipterix  odorata,  Willd.}—ihe  Senna  of  the  shops 
(Cassia,  Senna,  £.)— the  plants  yielding  Gum  Arabic  (species  of  Acacia)— -the 
pretty  Laburnum  (Cytisus  Laburnum,  X.)-^the  wonderful  Sensitive  plant  (Mi- 
mosa pudica,  L.~) — &c.,  &c.  The  famous  Chinese  condiment,  called  Soy,  is  also 
obtained  from  the  seeds  of  a  plant  (Soja  hispida,  DC.)  belonging  to  this  order;  and 
the  bean  named  "  Dhal,"  in  India,  is  the  seed  of  the  Cajanus  flavus,  DC. 

SUBORDER  I.     PAPILIONA^CEAE. 

Leaves  mostly  pinnate,  or  pinnately  trifoliolate ;  flowers  usually  perfect ;  coroUa 
butterfly-shaped;  radicle  mostly  incurved. 

TRIBE  1.     VICIE\AJE. 

Herbs ;  Uaves  mostly  even-pinnate  (odd  in  Cicer), — the  common  petiole  not  articu- 
lated with  the  stem,  generally  produced  at  apex  into  a  bristle,  or  tendril ;  legume 
continuous,  1-celled ;  cotyledons  very  thick  and  fleshy,  or  farinaceous,  remaining 
under  ground  in  germination. 

86.  CrCER,  Tournef. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name  for  a  species  of  Vetch;  applied  to  this  genus.] 
Calyx  somewhat  gibbous   at  base,  5-parted,  the  4  upper  segments 
incumbent  on  the  vexillum.     Legume  turgid,  2-seeded;  seeds  gib- 
bous. 

1.  C.  ARIETIXNUM,  L.  Leaves  odd-pinnate ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate, 
serrate;  stipules  lanceolate,  sub- denticulate;  calyx-segments  as 
long  as  the  wings  of  the  corolla. 


54  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGEXS 

RAM  CICEE.     Chick  Pea.  Coffee  Pea.  Garavance. 

Annual;  hoary  and  glandular-pilose,  —  the  hairs  secreting  oxalic  acid.  Stem  9  to 
18  inches  high,  somewhat  branching.  Leaflets  about  half  an  inch  long,  in  4  to  6 
pairs  (often  alternate),  with  a  terminal  odd  one  instead  of  a  tendril.  Flowers 
•white,  solitary,  axillary,  or  slender  peduncles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  _ 
Seeds  resembling  a  ram's  head,  in  form. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.  Nat.  of  Asia.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  seeds,  —  which  are  said 
to  be  a  tolerable  substitute  for  Coffee.  The  seeds  are  much  used, 
as  food  for  horses,  &c.  in  India,  —  being  very  abundant  (as  I  recol- 
lect to  have  seen  it)  in  the  Bazaars,  at  Calcutta,  under  the  name  of 
"Gram."  This  Vetch  is  the  "Hamoos  Pea"  which  is  announced  as 
a  novelty,  or  great  curiosity  (discovered  among  the  Arabs),  in 
LYNCH'S  Expedition  to  the  Dead  Sea  ;  though  it  has  been  familiarly 
known  in  the  gardens,  throughout  the  civilized  world,  ever  since 
the  days  of  TOURNEFORT  —  if  not  of  HOMER!  So  much,  for  the 
penny-  wise  policy  of  sending  out  Exploring  Expeditions  unaccompa- 
nied by  competent  Naturalists. 

87.  FAVBA,  Tournef. 

[The  Latin  name  for  a  Bean  ;  appropriated  to  this  genus.] 
Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper   segments  shorter.     Style  bent 
nearly  to  a  right  angle.     Legume  large,  coriaceous,  several-seeded, 
Seeds  oblong-oval,  compressed,  the  hilum  at  one  end. 

1.  F.  VULGARIS,  Moench.  Leaflets  2  to  4;  oval,  mucronate;  stipules 
semi-sagittate,  obliquely  ovate  ;  tendrils  obsolete. 
COMMON  FABA.     Horse  Bean.  Windsor  Bean. 

Annual;  smooth.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  erect,  simple.  Leaflets  2  to  3  inches  long. 
Flowers  in  simple  erect  axillary  racemes  :  Corolla  white,  with  a  large  black  spot  on 
each  wing.    Legume  torulose  ;  seeds  large. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Asia.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 


88.  VrCIA,  Tournef. 
[The  ancient  Latin  name  for  the  Vetch,  or  Tare.] 

Calyx  5-cleft,  or  5-toothed,  the  2  upper  teeth  shorter.  Style  filiform, 
bent;  stigma  villous.  Legume  oblong,  mostly  many-seeded.  Seeds 
with  the  hilum  lateral. 

f  ANNUAL:  *  Peduncles  very  short. 

1.  V.  satlva,  L.  Stem  simple;  leaflets  5  to  7  pairs,  obovate-oblong 
to  linear,  retuse,  mucronate  ;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs. 
CULTIVATED  VICIA.     Common  Vetch.  Tare. 

Stem  1  to  3  feet  long,  procumbent,  or  climbing  by  tendrils.    Leaflets  %  °f  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length,    Flowers  violet-purple,  axillary,  subsessile. 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds  :  Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  species  was  formerly  much  cultivated,  and  seems  still 
to  be  highly  prized,  in  Europe,  as  a  fodder  for  cattle  ;  but  in  this 
country,  it  is  regarded  as  a  mere  weed. 

*  *  Peduncles  elongated. 

58.  V.  hirsuta,  Koch.  Stem  branching,  slender;  leaflets  in  4  to  8  or 


LEGUMINOSAB  55 

10  pairs,  sublinear,  truncate;  flowers  3  to  6;  legume  2-seeded, 

hairy. 

Ervum  hirsutum.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  426. 

HIRSUTE  VICIA.     Hairy  Vetch. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  long.    Leaflets  about  half  an  inch  long.    Flowers  pale  purplish- 
blue;  common  peduncles  axillary,  about  an  inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Banks  of  Schuylkill  :  rare.    Nat  of  Europe.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

3.  V.  Crdcca,  L.  Leaflets  in  10  to  12  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate, 
strongly  mucronate;  racemes  densely  many-flowered,  longer  than 
the  leaves. 

TUFTED  VETCH. 

Stem  18  inches  to  3  feet  long,  4-angled,  branching,  pubescent,  climbing  by  ten- 
drils.   Leaflets  about  an  inch  long,  silky-pilose  beneath.     Flowers  pale  violet-pur- 
ple, retrorsely  imbricated  in  dense  secund  racemes;  common  peduncles  axillary,! 
to  3  inches  long.    Seeds  subglobose,  nearly  black. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods  ;  indigenous  ?  not  common.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

4.  V.  AmcriciiBi  Jl,  MuhL  Leaflets  in  4  to  7  pairs,  elliptic  or 
ovate-oblong,  very  obtuse  ;  racemes  4-  to  8-flowered,  shorter  than 
the  leaves. 

AMERICAN  VICIA.     Wild  Vetch, 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  long,  smooth,  branching  near  the  base.    Leaflets  half  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  half  long,  smooth.    Flowers  pale  purple,  rather  large  ;  common  pedun- 
cles axillary,  about  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill  :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr. 

89.  ER/YUM,  Tournef. 
[The  Latin  name  for  a  species  of  Vetch,] 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  segments  lance-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
Style  ascending;  stigma,  glabrous.     Legume  2-  to  4-seeded. 
1.  E.  LENS,  L.  Erect;  branching;  leaflets  in  3   to   6   or  8   pairs, 
elliptic-oblong;    peduncles  2-   or  3-flowered;    legumes   short  and 
rather  broad  ;  seeds  lenticular. 
Lentil.     Common,  or  Garden  Lentil. 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaflets  half  an  inch  to 
an  inch  long;  common  petioles  1  to  2  inches  long.  Flowers  white;  common  pedun- 
cles axillary,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Legumes  about  half  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Gardens:  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  It  appears  from  Dr.  J.  D.  HOOKER'S  Note*,  that  the  seeds 
of  this  plant  are  sometimes  called  "Gram,"  in  India;  but  that  name 
is  believed  to  be  more  usually  applied  to  the  seeds  of  Cicer. 


90.  PrSUM,  Tournef. 
[The  Latin  name  of  the  Pea.] 

Calyx-segments  foliaceous.  Vexillum  large,  reflexed.  Style  com- 
pressed, villous  on  the  upper  margin.  Legume  oblong.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, globose,  with  an  orbicular  hilum. 

1.  P.  SATiVuM,  L.  Leaflets  in  2  pairs,  rhombic-ovate  ;  stipules  very 
large,  ovate  ;  peduncles  2-  or  several-flowered  ;  legumes  subcarnose. 
CULTIVATED  PISUM.     Pea.  Garden  Pea. 
Annual  ;  smooth  and  glaucous.    Stem  18  inches  to  4  feet  long,  somewhat  branch- 


56  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

ing,  climbing  by  tendrils.    Leaflets  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long ;  common  petioles  2  to  4 
or  5  inches  long;  stipules  rather  larger  than  the  leaflets.    Flowers  white,  on  com- 
mon peduncles  1  or  2  to  6  inches  long. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  Country  unknown.    FL  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Long  culture  in  this,  as  in  a  number  of  other  plants,  has 
produced  some  striking  varieties. 

TRIBE  2.     PHASEOVLEAE. 

Twining  or  trailing  plants ;  leaves  trifoliolate  or  odd-pinnate,  and  therefore  not  ter- 
minating in  tendrils;  leaflets  mostly  stipellate ;  legume  continuous,  often  torulose ; 
seeds  usually  reniform,  with  thick  cotyledons  which  rise  above  ground  (often  nearly 
unchanged)  in  germination. 

f  Keel  twisted.    *  Leaves  trifoliolate. 
91.  PHASEXOMJS,  L. 

[The  ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.] 

Calyx  sub-bilabiate,  upper  lip  bifid,  the  lower  trifid.  Keel  (of  the 
corolla],  •with  the  included  stamens  and  style,  spirally  coiled  or  in- 
curved. Ovary  stipitate,  the  stipe  sheathed.  Legume  linear  or  fal- 
cate, tipt  with  the  base  of  the  style,  many-seeded. 

1.  P.  pereimis,  Walt.  Stem  volubile  or  trailing ;  leaflets  round- 
ish-ovate, acute;  peduncles  often  in  pairs;   calyx-bracts  minute; 
legumes  falcate. 

PERENNIAL  PHASEOLUS.     Wild  Kidney  Bean. 

Perennial.    Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  branching,  mostly  trailing.    Leaflets  2  to  4 
inches  long,  often  subcordate,  adhesively  scabrous  beneath ;  common  petioles  1  to  3 
or  4  inches  long.    Flowers  purple  tinged  with  violet,  in  loose  slender  racemes ; 
peduncles  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long.    Seeds  reniform,  dark  purple. 
Hob.  Rocky  woodlands;  not  very  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  P.  lielvolMS,  L.  Stem  trailing,  slender;  leaflets  deltoid  ob- 
long,  or  ovate-oblong,  rather  obtuse;  peduncles  solitary;  calyx- 
bracts  lance-oblong;  legumes  linear,  hairy. 

P.  vexillatus.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  430. 
PALE-RED  PHASEOLUS. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  to  4  feet  long,  retrorsely  hairy,  branching.    Leaflets  1  to  2 
inches  long ;  common  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long.    Flowers 
pale  purple,  3  to  5  or  7  in  subcapitate  racemes  at  the  summit  of  axillary  pedancUs 
which  are  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long.    Seeds  pubescent. 
Hob.  Hills,  near  Schuylkill;  W.  Nottingham:  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  FT.  Octo. 

3.  P.  VULGARIS,  Savi.  Stem  volubile,  or  bushy ;  leaflets  ovate,  acu- 
minate ;  bracts  as  long  as   the  calyx ;  legumes  nearly  linear  and 
straight;  seeds  reniform. 

COMMON  PHASEOLUS.     String  Bean.  Pole  Bean.  Bunch  Bean. 

Annual.  Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  volubile  and  climbing  (always  twining 
against  the  Sun— or  West-South-East), — or  short,  erect  and  bushy,  in  the  "  Bunch  " 
Variety.  Leaflets  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long;  common  petioles  1  to  5  or  6  inches  in 
length.  Flowers  mostly  white,  in  solitary  racemes,  on  stout  peduncles  1  to  3  or  4 
inches  long.  Seeds  smooth,  white,  or  of  various  colors. 
Hob.  Gardens,  fields,  &c.  Nat.  of  India.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  P.  LUNk-rus,  L.  Stem  volubile;   leaflets   deltoid-ovate,    acute; 
peduncles  short;  legumes  scymitar-form ;  seeds  compressed,  broad. 


LEGUMINOSAE  67 

LUNATE  PHASEOLUS.     Lima  Bean.  Carolina  Bean. 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  8  or  10  feet  long,  twining.  Leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long;  com- 
mon petioles  2  to  6  inches  long.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  loose  racemes;  pedun- 
cles about  two-thirds  of  an  inch  long.  Legumes  2  to  3  inches  long,  and  nearly  an 
inch  wide,  compressed  and  somewhat  curved.  Seeds  few,  large,  flattish  and  mostly 
white. 
Hab.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  India.  FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

92.  AP'IOS,  Boerh. 

[Gr.  Apian,  a  Pear;  from  its  pyriform  tuhers.] 

Calyx  campanulate,  with  4  rounded  obsolete  teeth,  and  1  longer, 
acute.  Keel  linear,  falcate,  reflecting  the  vexillum,  finally  twisted. 
Legume  thickish,  subcoriaceous,  many-seeded. 

1.  A.  tuberOsa,  Moench.  Stem  volubile;  leaflets  mostly  in  fives, 
ovate-lanceolate,  not  stipellate ;  racemes  oblong,  dense-flowered. 
TUBEROUS  APIOS.     Ground-nut. 

Perennial.  Boot  tuberiferous.  Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  slender,  sparingly 
branched.  Leaflets  3  to  7,  2  or  3  inches  in  length;  common  petioks  1  to  2  inches 
long.  Flowers  a  dingy  brownish-purple,  with  tinges  of  green,  in  dense  axillary 
racemes  an  inch  or  two  in  length ;  peduncles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Legumes 
subfalcate.  Seeds  reniform. 
Hab.  Moist  thickets,  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  flowers  of  this  are  rather  handsome  and  fragrant ;  and 
the  tubers  are  said  to  be  esculent.  According  to  KALM,  the  Indians 
and  Swedes  called  the  plant  "  Hopniss,  or  Hapniss." 

f  f  Keel  not  twisted:  leaves  trifoliolate. 

93.  GAL-AC'TTA,  P.  Br. 

[Gr.  Gala,  milk ;  some  of  the  species  being  lactescent.] 

Calyx  4-cleft,  the  upper  segment  broadest.  Keel  scarcely  incurved. 
Style  smooth.  Legume  linear,  subterete,  1 -celled,  several-seeded. 

1.   O.  glabella,  MX.  Stem  trailing;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  and 

elliptic,  obtuse,  often  emarginate,  upper  surface  shining;  racemes 

few-flowered, 

SMOOTHISH  GALACTIA.     Milk  Pea. 

Perennial.    Stems  2  to  3  or  4  feet  long,  slender,  terete,  branching.  Leaflets  about 
an  inch  or  inch  and  a  half  long ;  common  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length. 
Racemes  axillary,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Flowers  purple  and  white,  tinged 
with  pale  green.    Seeds  a  motley  brown  color. 
Hab.  North  Valley  hill:  rare.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

94.  AMPHICARPANEA.  Ell. 

[Gr.  Amphi,  double,  or  in  two  ways,  and  karpos,  fruit:  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Flowers  of  2  kinds :  those  of  the  racemes  complete,  but  mostly  abor- 
tive ;  those  on  long  slender  branches  from  near  the  root  solitary 
and  incomplete,  yet  fertile,  loosely  buried.  Calyx  of  the  complete 
flowers  tubular,  4-toothed,  without  bracts.  Keel  and  wing-petals 
similar,  nearly  straight,  the  vexillum  partly  folded  round  them. 

A.  llionoica,  Nutt.    Stem  volubile,   slender,  hairy;    leaflets 


58  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

rhombic-ovate ;  racemes  pendulous ;  radical  peduncles  filiform,  bear- 
ing apetalous  and  often  merely  pistillate  flowers. 
MONOICOUS  AMPHICARPAEA.     Hog  Pea-nut. 

Annual  ?  Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  sparingly  branched.  Lea.flds  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long ;  common  petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long.  Racemes  axillary,  on  pedun- 
cles half  an  inch  to  near  3  inches  in  length;  flowers  pale  purple,  or  nearly  white  ; 
peduncles  from  near  the  base  of  the  stem  2  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  often  branching, 
mostly  with  a  solitary  legume  at  the  extremity,  which  is  buried  in  loose  earth,  or 
under  old  leaves,  near  the  root.  Cauline  legumes  about  an  inch  long,  subfalcate, 
3- or  4-seeded;  seeds  subreniform,  dark  purple :  Hypogaean  legumes  about  one-third 
of  an  inch  long,  compressed,  suborbicular,  hirsute,  tawny,  1-seeded ;  seed  com- 
presed,  orbicular,  mottled  reddish-brown. 
Hah.  Woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

TRIBE  3.     HEDYSA^REAE. 

Leaves  mostly  trifoliolate, — the  leaflets  often  stipellate ;  stamens  sometimes  mona- 
delphous ;  legume  (or  lament)  separating  transversely  into  2  or  more  1-seeded  inde- 
hiscent  joints, — or  sometimes  reduced  to  1  such  joint ;  cotyledons  thin,  becoming 
green  in  germination. 

95.  DESMOvmtIM?  DC. 

[Gr.  Desmos,  a  chain,  and  eidos,  form;  alluding  to  the  jointed  pods.] 
Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate.  Legume  compressed,  deeply  lobed  on 
the  lower  margin,  finally  separating  into  2  or  more  tenaciously 
hispid  joints.  Perennial  herbs,  with  pinnately  trifoliolate  leaves; 
leaflets  stipellate ;  flowers  more  or  less  purplish,  in  terminal  or  axil- 
lary racemes,  which  are  often  elongated  and  paniculate. 

gl.  STEM  erect,  or  ascending :  racemes  mostly  elongated,  terminal  and  subterminal. 
f  Stipules  inconspicuous,  setaceous,  or  subulate;  legumes  of  2  to  4  joints. 

1. 1>.  nudifluriim,  DC.  Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit  of 
the  sterile  stem ;  panicle  on  a  tall  and  mostly  naked  scape. 
NAKED-FLOWERED  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high.  Leaflets  2  to  3  inches  long,  obliquely  ovate,  acute ; 
common  petioles  2  to  6  inches  in  length.  Racemes  paniculate,  slender,  on  a  scape- 
like  peduncle  18  inches  to  3  feet  long,  which  proceeds  from  near  the  root,  and  is 
mostly  decumbent  at  base,  becoming  nearly  upright  at  a  little  distance,  and  ap- 
pearing like  a  distinct  plant,  sometimes  bearing  1  to  2  trifoliolate  leaves.  Joints  of 
the  legume  usually  3  or  4,  somewhat  triangular,  slightly  connected. 
Hob.  Woodlands :  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

2,  D.  ac  u  mi  II  ill  ii  ill,  DC.  Leaves  all  crowded  at  the  summit 
of  the  stem,  from  which  arises  the  long-peduncled  panicle ;  leaflets 
orbicular-ovate,  acuminate. 

ACUMINATE  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high.    Leaflets  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  thin;  common  petioles 
2  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.    Racemes  paniculate,  slender,  on  a  terminal  peduncle 
12  to  18  inches  long.    Joints  of  the  legume  2  or  3  (often  1),  slightly  connected, 
broad,  semi-obovate,  pubescent  and  tenacious. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  common.    Fl.  July.  Fl.  Aug. 

3.  D.  pane  if  lor  um,  DC.  Leaves  scattered  along  the  low- 
ascending  stem ;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate ;  raceme  few-flowered,  on  a 
short  peduncle. 


LEGUMINOSAE  59 

FEW-FLOWERED  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  with  the  leaves  scattered,  but  more  approximated  near 
the  base  and  summit  Leaflets  1  to  3  inches  long;  common  petioles  1  to  3  inches  in 
length ;  stymies  obsolete.  Raceme  bearing  3  or  4  to  8  or  10  flowers;  peduncle  often 
shorter  than  the  upper  leaves.  Joints  of  the  legume  2  or  3  (sometimes  1),  resem- 
bling those  of  the  preceding  species. 
Ilab.  Woods,  and  clearings :  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  I>.  IMlleilii,  Darlingt.    Stem  pubescent,  branching;  leaflets 
ovate-oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  paler  and  finely  pubescent  beneath; 
racemes  paniculate,  rather  loose  and  slender. 
DILLENIUS'S  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high.  Leaflets  an  inch  and  a  half  to  3  inches  long,  varying 
from  oval  to  oblong  and  ovate,  sometimes  rather  acute,  villous  when  young :  com- 
mon petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length.  Racemes  with  angular 
and  often  sulcate  branches.  Joints  of  the  legume  mostly  3  or  4,  more  or  less 
rhomboid,  uncinately  pubescent. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

#. 1>.  paniCUlatum,  DC.  Stem  smoothish,  often  branching ; 
leaflets  oblong  lanceolate,  tapering  J;o  a  blunt  point,  thin;  racemes 
paniculate,  slender. 
PANICULATE  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  rather  slender.  Leaflets  1  to  3  inches  long,  mostly  smooth 
and  shining  green  above,  paler  and  sparingly  pilose  beneath,  slightly  revolute  on 
the  margin ;  common  petioles  1  to  2  inches  long.  Racemes  with  the  pedicels  in 
twos  and  threes.  Joints  of  the  legume  mostly  3  or  4  (sometimes  2  and  even  1), 
subtriangular,  or  somewhat  rhomboid  by  an  obtuse  angle  on  the  upper  margin, 
adhesive  by  short  uncinate  hairs. 
Hob.  Borders  of  thickets :  common.  FL  Aug.  Fr,  Sept. 

6.  D.   Marilandieum,  Boott.  Smoothish  throughout;  stem 
slender,   mostly   simple;    leaflets   small,  thinnish,  roundish-ovate, 
very  obtuse,  subcordate  at  bas«. 
MARYLAND  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  18  inches  or  2  feet  high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  paniculate  at 
summit.  Leaflets  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  often  orbicular ;  common  petioles  half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Racemes  paniculate,  erect, — the  branches  minutely 
pubescent.  Joints  of  the  legume  2  or  3  (sometimes  1),  semi-orbicular,  uncinately 
hirsute. 
Hob.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands;  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sep. 

tV.  D.  ciliare,  DC.  Stem  rather  slender,  hairy,  nearly  simple; 
leaves  somewhat  crowded,  on  short  petioles;  leaflets  small,  ovate 
or  oval,  subcoriaceous,  hairy  and  ciliate. 
FRINGED  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  roughish-pubescent,  paniculate  at  summit.  Leaflets  half 
an  inch  to  an  inch  long;  common  petioles  one-fourth  to  half  an  inch  in  length, 
re-ry  hairy.  Racemes  paniculate,  the  branches  clothed  with  a  roughish  uncinate 
pubescence.  Joints  of  the  legume  2  or  3  (sometimes  1),  semi-orbicular,  or  obliquely 
obovate,  hispid. 
Bab.  Slaty  hills,  and  old  fields :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 


60  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

t  f  Stipules  (and  bracts)  large:  legumes  of  2  or  3  to  6  joints. 

8.  D.  rigidum,  DC.  Roughish-pubescent;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
rather  obtuse,  thickish  and  subcoriaceous,  scabrous  above,  hairy 
and  canescent  beneath. 

RIGID  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  paniculate  at  summit,  often  with  long  erect  branches. — 
Leaflets  1  to  3  inches  long,  ciliate,  and  reticulately  veined ;  common  petioles  %  of  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Racemes  elongated,  the  branches  rough  with  uncinate 
pubescence.    Joints  of  the  legume  mostly  2  or  3,  resembling  those  of  D.  ciliare. 
Hob.  Dry,  open  woodlands,  and  clearings :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

9.  D.  CUSpidatlim,  Torr.  $  Gr.  Smooth ;  leaflets  lance-ovate, 

acute  or  acuminate ;  panicle  elongating;  bracts  conspicuously  acu- 
minate. 

D.  bracteosum.  DO.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  416. 
CUSPIDATE  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  rather  stout,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.  Leaflets  2  to  5 
inches  long;  common  petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length.  Racemes  long  and  rather 
slender.  Flowers  rather  large.  Joints  of  the  legume  4  to  6,  triangular-oblong, 
strongly  and  reticulately  veined,  uncinately  hispid  and  tenacious,  especially  along 
the  margins. 
Hob.  Along  shaded  rivulets;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

10.  D.  viridiflomm,  Beck.  Stem  very  pubescent,  uncinately 
hirsute   at  summit;  leaflets  ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  scabrous   above, 
softly  villous  beneath ;  flowers  bluish-green  externally. 
GREEN-FLOWERED  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  3  to  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  paniculately  branching.  Leaflets  2  to  4  inches 
long,  bluish  glaucous  beneath ;  common  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length, 
very  hairy.  Flowers  violet-purple  within,  turning  blue-green  in  withering ;  ra- 
cemes paniculate,  long  and  leafless.  Joints  of  the  legume  usually  3  or  4,  obtusely 
triangular,  uncinately  pubescent. 
Bab.  Woodlands,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

11.  D.   canescens,  DO.  Stem  hairy  and  scabrous;  leaflets 
ovate,  acute  or  subacuminate,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  glaucous  and 
reticulated  beneath ;  panicle  large,  very  hairy  and  canescent. 
HOARY  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  3  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  stout  and  branching.  Leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  often 
subdeltoid,  acuminately  tapering  to  the  apex ;  common  petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches 
long.  Racemes  terminal  and  axillary,  on  leafy  branches.  Joints  of  the  legume 
mostly  5  or  6,  rhomboid  or  oblong-triangular,  reticulately  veined,  uncinately  hispid. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

§  2.  STEM  prostrate :  racemes  short,  axillary  and  terminal. 

12.  D.  rotlindifolium,  DC.  Hairy  all  over;  leaflets  orbicu- 
lar, the  terminal  one  subrhomboid,  larger;  stipules  large,  obliquely 
ovate,  reflexed;  racemes  few-flowered. 

ROUND-LEAVED  DESMODIUM. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  long,  slender,  trailing,  somewhat  branched.  Leaflets  1  to  2% 
inches  in  diameter,  thin,  ciliate,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath ;  common  petioles  1  to 
3  inches  long.  Flowers  in  axillary  pedunculate  racemes,  and  also  in  a  loose  slen- 
der terminal  panicle.  Joints  of  the  legume  3  to  5,  subrhomboid,  tenaciously  hispid. 
Hob.  Rocky  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


LEGUMIXOSAE  61 

96.  L,ESPEDEVZA,  MX. 

[Dedicated,  by  Michaux,  to  the  Spanish  Governor  of  Florida,  Don  LespedezJ] 
Calyx  nearly  equally  5-cleft,  with  2  persistent  bractlets  at  base. — 
Legume  of  a  single  1-seeded  joint,  lenticular,  unarmed,  reticulately 
veined.     Perennials,  with  pinnately  trifoliolate   leaves;  leaflets  not 
stipellate;  flowers  sometimes  incomplete,  and  polygamous. 

f  Flowers  of  2  sorts;  tiie  larger  (violet  purpls)  complete,  but  seldom  fertile,  clustered) 
— with  smaller  apetalous  fertile  ones  intermixed. 

1.  It.  procumbens,  MX.  Stem  trailing,  usually  very  pubescent ; 
leaflets  oval ;  racemes  sub-umbellate  on  long  erect  axillary  pedun- 
cles. 

PROCUMBENT  LESPEDEZA. 

/Stem.  2  to  3  feet  long,  branching,  often  several  from  the  same  root;  branches 
erect  or  assurgent.    Leaflets  one-third  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long;  common 
jxtioles  1  line  to  half  an  inch  in  length.    Ligume  2  to  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
orbicular-ovate,  pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs* 
Hob,  Sandy  banks,  and  dry  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

2.  Li.  violstcea,  Pers.  Stem  more  or  less  erect,  branched,  often 
bushy;  leaflets  varying  from   oval  to  linear,  whitish-downy    be- 
neath ;  flowers  in  small  and  mostly  pedunculate  clusters. 

Also,  L.  sessiliflora,  Nutt.  &  L.  reticulata,  Pers.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2. 

p.  419-20. 

VIOLET  LESPEDEZA.     Bush  Clover. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  slender  and  often  diffusely  branching,  sometimes  corym- 
bose, more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaflets  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  oval 
or  obovate, — in  the  var.  reticulata  (or  angustifdia),  oblong-linear,  1  to  3  lines  wide, 
— in  the  var.  sessiliflora,  ovate-oblong,  one-third  to  two-thirds  of  an  inch  wide ; 
common  petioles  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length.  Flowers  in  subum- 
bellate  clusters,  on  slender  axillary  peduncles  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves, — 
or  (in  the  varieties}  in  subsessile  axillary  clusters.  Legume  2  or  3  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  somewhat  pubescent. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods;  dry  banks,  &c.:  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs*  Two  or  three  pretty  distinct-looking  varieties  are  now  inclu- 
ded under  the  name  of  this  species. 

3.  JL.   Stilvei,   Nutt.   Stem  ^rect,   hairy,  somewhat  virgately 
branched  above;  leaflets   ovate   to   obovate,  villous  beneath;  ra- 
cemes spicate,  many-flowered. 

L.  Nuttallii.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  420.  L.  virgata,  Nutt.  not  of  DC. 
STUVE'S  LESPEDEZA. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  striate,  mostly  very  pubescent.  Leaflets  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  quarter  long;  common  petioles  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  very 
hairy.  Flowers  rather  crowded  in  somewhat  spicate  pedunculate  racemes ;  peduncUs 
axillary  and  terminal,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Legume  scarcely  one-fourth 
longer  than  the  calyx,  clothed  with  longish  appressed  hairs. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty,  woodland  hills :  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

06*.  TORREY  and  GRAY  have  referred  this — as  a  variety — to  L. 
Stuvei,  Nutt.  It  is  certainly  nearly  allied  to  that  species ;  though 
not  so  silky-villous  as  the  New  Jersey  plant. 


62  DIALYPETALOTJS    EXOGENS 

f  f  Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  in  oblong  or  capitate  clusters;  corolla  ochroleucoug, 
with  a  purple  spot  on  the  vexillum. 

4»   L«   llirta.  Ell.   Stem   erect,  paniculate   at   summit,  hoary- 

villous ;  leaflets  roundish-oval ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ; 

spikes  oblong,  rather  loose. 

L.  polystachya.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  421. 

HAIRY  LESPEDEZA. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high.  Leaflets  two-thirds  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half 
long;  common  petioles  one  line  to  half  an  inch  in  length,  very  hairy.  Flowers 
crowded  in  cylindric-oblong  spikes  of  about  an  inch  in  length,  and  two-thirds  of  an 
inch  in  diameter,  on  axillary  villous  peduncles  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long.  Legume 
elliptic-ovate,  very  hairy,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx-segments. 
Hab.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

5.  L.  Cil|>  it  at  a,  MX.  Stem  nearly  simple,  virgate,  silky-villous ; 

leaflets  elliptic-oblong;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  spikes 

ovoid,  rather  dense. 

L.  frutescens.  Ell.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  421. 

CAPITATE  LESPEDEZA. 

Stem  2  to  4  (usually  about  3)  feet  high,  leafy,  sulcate-striate,  the  silky  pubes- 
cence often  tawny.  Leaflets  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  sometimes  linear-oblong, 
mostly  obtuse;  common  petioles  1  or  2  lines  in  length, — the  petiolule  of  the  terminal 
leaflet  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  common  petiole.  Flowers  crowded  in  oblong- 
ovoid  or  subglobose  heads,  on  axillary  peduncles  %  to  %  an  inch  long.  Legume 
elliptic-ovate,  hairy,  %  or  %  shorter  than  the  calyx-segments. 
Hab.  Slaty  hills :  not  very  common.  Fl.  Aug,  Fr.  Octo. 

97.  STYL-OSAflKTMES,  Swartz. 

[Gr.  Stylos,  a  column,  and  Anthos,  a  flower;  the  flower  appearing  stipitate.J 
Flowers  of  2  kinds,  intermixed  in  clusters;  one  complete,  but  un- 
fruitful,— the  other  fertile,  though  only  a  pistil  with  2  bractlets. — 
Calyx-tube  long  and  slender,  like  a  stipe.  Stamens  monadelphous. 
Legume  1-celled,  or  articulated  and  2-celled,  beaked  with  the 
hooked  style. 

1»  S»  elatior,  Sw.  Stems   erect,   slender,   often  tufted;  leaflets 
lanceolate,  straight-veined;  upper  stipules  sheathing;  spikes  few- 
flowered. 
TALLER  STYLOSANTHES.     Pencil  Flower. 

Perennial.  Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  somewhat  branched  above;  branches  his- 
pidly  pilose  at  summit.  Leaflets  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  quarter  long,  ru- 
gose-dotted beneath;  common  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  bright 
yellow,  in  small  terminal  clusters,  invested  with  hispid-ciliate  bracts  which  are  tri- 
foliolate,  or  trifid  and  membranaceous.  Legume  often  articulated  and  2-celled. 
Hab.  North  Valley  Hill;  W.  Nottingham:  not  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

TRIBE  4.    LOVTEAE. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate,  or  trifoliolate ;  legume  continuous,  1-celled;  cotyledons  becom- 
ing green  in  germination. 

SUB-TRIBE  1.    GALEXGEAE. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate,  the  earliest  ones  opposite;  stamens  sometimes  monadelphoue ; 
legume  linear,  several-seeded. 


LEQUMINOSAE  63 

98.  ROBIW'IA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  John  and  Vespasian  Robin;  French  Botanists.] 
Calyx   short,   5-toothed,    slightly  bilabiate.       Vexillum  smooth. — 
Legume  margined  on  the  upper  or  seed-bearing  suture.     Trees,  or 
shrubs  ;  the  leaflets  petiolulate,  and  stipellate. 

1.  R.  Pseudacdcia,  L.  Leaflets  oval  or  ovate-oblong ;  stipules  spi- 
nose;  racemes  axillary,  loose,  pendulous;  legumes  smooth. 
FALSE-ACACIA  ROBINIA.     Locust  Tree. 

Stem  30  to  60  or  80  feet  high.  Leaflets  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  3  or  4  to  8  or  9 
pairs,— the  common  petiole  pinnate  nearly  to  the  base  (which  is  enlarged,  and 
covers  the  lud  of  the  ensuing  year,  as  in  Platanus) ;  stipules  replaced  hy  stout 
prickles.  Flowers  white,  fragrant;  racemes  3  to  6  inches  long.  Legumes  2  to  3 
inches  long;  valves  flat. 
Hob.  Meadows;  fence-rows,  <fcc.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  tree — so  common  on  our  mountains,  and  so  valuable 
for  its  durable  timber — is  naturalized  in  many  places, — and  often 
cultivated ;  but  it  has  never  appeared  to  me  as  truly  indigenous,  in 
this  County. 

99.  TEPHROVSIA,  Pers. 

[Gr.  Tcphros,  ash-colored  or  hoary;  from  the  aspect  of  the  plant.] 
Calyx  about  equally  5-cleft.      Vexillum  silky-pubescent  externally. 
Stamens  sub-monadelphous.     Silky-hoary  herbs ;  leaflets  petiolulate, 
but  not  stipellate. 

1.  T.  Vii'iiJiiiiiiia,  Pers.  Leaflets  linear-oblong,  mucronate; 
raceme  terminal ;  legumes  slightly  falcate,  villous. 
VIRGINIAN  TEPHROSIA.     Goat's  Rue.  Cat-gut.  Hoary  Pea. 

Perennial.  Stem  9  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  rather  erect  or  leaning,  simple.— 
Leaflets  about  an  inch  long,  8  to  12  pairs,  the  terminal  one  more  or  less  obovate  or 
cuneate ;  common  petioles  2  to  4  inches  in  length,  pinnated  to  the  base.  Flowers 
rather  large,  ochroleucous  with  strong  tinges  of  purple,  especially  on  the  wings; 
raceme  compact,  1  to  2  inches  in  length, — often  2  or  3  flowers,  on  long  pedicels,  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Legumes  about  2  inches  long. 
Hob.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands :  frequent.  FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  plant  consists  of  numerous  very  long  coarse 
fibres, — whence  the  popular  name  of  Cat-gut.  The  infusion  of  the 
root  is  esteemed  as  a  vermifuge,  in  New  Jersey — where  the  plant 
abounds. 

SUB-TRIBE  2.    TRIFOLIEVAE. 

Leaves  mostly  trifoliolate,  stipulate,  the  earliest  ones  alternate;  leaflets  not  stipel- 
late, often  dentate  or  serrulate.    Chiefly  herbaceous  plants. 

1OO,  TRIFOXIUM ,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Tres,  three,  and  Folium,  a  leaf;  characteristic  of  the  genus.] 
Calyx  tubular,  with  5  bristle-form  teeth,  persistent.     Petals  more  or 
less    united,    shrivelling.      Legume  membranous,   small,  1-   or  2- 
(rarely  8-  or  4-)  seeded,  scarcely  dehiscent,  usually  included  in  the 
calyx-tube.     Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole :  flowers  mostly  capitate. 

f  Florets  sessile  in  compact  heads;  corolla,  purple,  or  pale  pink  and  spotted. 
1.  T.  PRAT£NSE,  L.  Stems  ascending;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often 
retuse ;  stipules  broad,  bristle-pointed ;  heads  roundish-ovoid. 


64  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

MEADOW  TRIFOLIUM.     Red  Clover. 

Root  Perennial  f  large,  somewhat  fusiform,  branching  below.  Stems  several 
from  the  same  root,  1  to  2  or  3  feet  long,  hairy  towards  the  summit,  and  somewhat 
branched.  Leaflets  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  long,  usually  with  a  broad  paler  spot 
in  the  middle;  common  petioles  half  an  inch  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  the  radical  ones 
often  much  longer.  Heads  of  flowers  bracteate  at  base ;  petals  (rarely  white) 
united  into  a  slender  tube  about  half  an  inch  in  length,— which  prevents  the 
Honey  Bee  from  reaching  the  nectar.  Legumes  1-seeded;  seed  reniform,  greenish- 
3'ellow,  with  a  shade  of  reddish-brown. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  meadows.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  a  most  valuable  plant, — and  is  diligently  cultivated 
by  all  good  farmers.  It  is  also  extensively  naturalized.  In  con- 
junction with  the  Grasses — especially  with  Timothy  (Phleum  pratense, 
L-.} — it  makes  first-rate  hay  ;  though,  by  itself,  it  is  rather  indiffer- 
ent pasture.  It  was  introduced  into  general  cultivation,  in  Chester 
County,  near  the  close  of  the  last  century ;  but  it  is  stated,  in  WAT- 
SON'S Annals,  that  JOHN  BARTRAM  had  fields  of  it,  prior  to  the 
American  Revolution.  Authors  differ  on  the  question,  whether  the 
plant  is  perennial,  or  biennial.  Certain  it  is,  that  a  large  portion  of 
that  under  culture  dies  at  the  end  of  the  second  year:  but  my 
friend,  JOSHUA  HOOPES,  assures  me,  he  has  ascertained  that  the 
plant  will  live  more  than  two  years.  I  have  met  with  a  number  of 
instances,  in  which  the  usually  gamopetalous  corolla  was  substituted 
Tdj.five  distinct,  green  leaflets, — with  other  modifications  of  the  flower, 
which  finely  illustrated  GOETHE'S  theory  of  retrograde  metamorphosis. 

2.  T.   arvtnse,  L.  Stem  erect,   slender,  branched,  hairy;    leaflets 
cuneate-oblong,  3-toothed  at  apex;  stipules  narrow;  heads  cylindric- 
oblong,  very  villous. 

FIELD  TRIFOLIUM.     Stone  Clover.  Welsh  Clover.  Rabbit-foot. 

Annual.  Whole  plant  softly  pilose.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  high.  Leaflets  half  an 
inch  to  near  an  inch  long;  common  petioles  %  °f  an  ^^  to  an  inch  in  length.. — 
Heads  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  not  bracteate  at  base,  softly  villous  and  pale 
tawney ;  corolla  small,  pale  pink  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  wings.  Legumes 
1-seeded;  seed  oval. 
Hob.  Old  fields:  frequent.  Nat.  of  Europe.  .Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  A  worthless  species, — which  seems  happily  disposed  to  re- 
strict itself  to  the  sterile  old  fields  of  poor  thriftless  farmers. 

|  f  Florets  pedicellate  in  umbel-Wee  round  lieads ;  corolla  white,  turning  brown  in 
fading. 

3.  T.  repens,  L.  Stems  creeping,  diffuse;  leaflets  roundish-obovate, 
often  emarginate,  sharply  denticulate;  heads  depressed-globose,  on 
very  long  axillary  sulcate  peduncles. 

CREEPING  TRIFOLIUM.     White  Clover.  Dutch  Clover. 

Perennial;  smooth.  ,Sfem4tol2  or  15  inches  long,  diffusely  branching  from 
the  base,  procumbent  and  radicating.  Leaflets  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  pome- 
times  almost  obcordate,  often  with  a  pale  lunate  spot  in  the  middle;  common  peti- 
oles 1  or  2  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  on  erect  naked  angular- 
sulcate  peduncles  which  are  2  to  8  or  12  inches  in  length;  florets  successively  and 
finally  all  reflexed.  Legumes  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  torulose,  2-  or  3-  to  5-seeded ; 
seeds  subrcniform,  or  irregularly  ovoid,  reddish-brown. 
Hob.  Pastures,  woodlands,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 


LEGUMINOSAE  65 

Obs.  This  species — though  now  so  common — is  probably  an  intro- 
duced plant.  JONATHAN  DICKINSON,  writing  from  Philadelphia,  in 
1719,  (fide  WATSON'S  Annals,)  says,  "the  White  Clover  already  tinges 
the  roads  as  a  natural  production."  KALM,  in  1748,  spoke  of  it  as 
being  abundant,  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  Its  flowers  are  a  favorite 
resort  of  the  Honey  Bee;  and  the  plant  is  esteemed,  as  affording 
an  excellent  pasture,  in  this  region, — though  Mr.  ELLIOTT  speaks 
unfavorably  of  it,  in  the  South. 

f  1 1  Florets  subsesstte,  finally  reflexed ;  corolla  yellow,  turning  chestnut^brown  with 
age.    Annuals. 

4.  T.  agrarium,  L.  Stem  ascending,  with  erect  branches;  leaflets 
obovate-oblong,  all  subsessile ;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  not  ciliate ; 
heads  oval,  on  rather  long  peduncles. 

FIELD  TRIFOLIUM.     Yellow  Clover.  Hop  Clover. 

Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  hard,  striate,  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs. — 
Leaflets  half  an  inch  to  near  fin  inch  long,  often  retuse ;  common  petioles  %  of  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  on  axillary  peduncles,  which  are  % 
of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length ;  florets  finally  imbricated  downwards. 
Legumes  short,  1-seeded. 
Ilab.  Sandy  grounds;  roadsides,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe;  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July* 

5.  T.  procumbens,  K  Stems  mostly  procumbent ;  leaflets  obcordate- 
cuneate,  the  terminal  one  petiolulate ;  stipules  lance-ovate,  ciliate ; 
heads  subglobose,  small,  on  rather  short  slender  peduncles. 
PROCUMBENT  TRIFOLIUM.     Dwarf  Yellow  Clover. 

Stem  2  or  3  to  6  or  8  inches  longj  often  diffusely  branched  at  base,  hairy  or  vil- 
lous.    Leaflets  %  to  %  an  inch  long ;  common  petioles  %  to  near  %  an  inch  long. — 
Heads  of  flowers  on  hairy  axillary  peduncles  which  are  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in 
length.    Legumes  1-seeded. 
Hob.  Sandy  soils;  roadsides,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  May^  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This,  and  the  preceding,  are  both  valueless  species, — which 
are  gradually  extending  themselves  from  our  sea-ports  to  the  inte- 
rior of  the  country. 

1O1.  MEL,H.OVTUS,  Tournef. 

[Or.  Meli,  honey,  and  Lotus;  a  Lotus-like  plant)  attractive  of  Bees.] 
Calyx  as  in  Trifolium :  Corolla  deciduous.     Legume  longer  than  the 
calyx,  ovoid,  coriaceous,  rugose,  1-  or  few-seeded.     Stipules  seta- 
ceous :  flowers  in  long  spicate  racemes. 

1.  M.   LEUCXNTHA,   Koch.    Stem  paniculately  branched;   leaflets 
ovate-oblong,  remotely  dentate-serrate,  emarginately  truncate,  mu- 
cronate ;  vexillum  longer  than  the  keel  and  wings. 
WHITE-FLOWERED  MELILOTUS.     Tree  Clover.  Bokhara  Clover. 

Biennial  f  smooth.    Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  stout,  striate-ribbed.    Leaflets  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long ;  common  petioles  1  to  2  inches  long.    Racemes  2  to  4 
inches  long,  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Flowers 
white,  retrorsely  imbricated  before  opening. 
Hab.  Gardens,  and  lots.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  coarse,  hard-stemmed  plant,  has  been  partially  culti- 
vated, by  some  amateur  farmers ;  but  it  is  not  likely  to  supersede 
the  herbs  now  in  general  use,  as  food  for  cattle. 

5 


66  DIALTPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

102.  MEDICAXGO,  Tournef. 

[So  named  by  the  Greeks, — from  having  been  brought  from  Media.] 
Flowers  nearly  as  in  Melilotus :  Legume  1-  or  several-seeded,  of  va- 
rious forms — but  always  more  or  less  falcate,  or  spirally  coiled. 

1.  M.  SATIVVA?  L.  Stem  erect,  smoothish;  leaflets  obovate-oblong, 
dentate ;  stipules  lanceolate,  nearly  entire ;  racemes  oblong ;  legumes 
spirally  twisted,  several-seeded. 

CULTIVATED  MEDICAGO.     Lucerne.  Spanish  Trefoil,  French  Clover. 

Perennial.    Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branched,  hard  and  wiry.    Leaflets  half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  long,  the  terminal  one  petiolulate;  common  petioles  %  an  inch  to 
an  inch  in  length.    Racemes  erect,  on  axillary  peduncles  which  are  about  as  long 
as  the  common  petioles.    Flowers  violet-purple. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  lots.    Nat.  of  Spain.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  partially  naturalized,  in  some  spots, — and  is  cultiva- 
ted, occasionally,  on  a  small  scale ;  but  it  does  not  find  much  favor, 
in  the  eyes  of  our  farmers. 

2.  M.    lupulina,   L.  Stem  procumbent,   pilose;    leaflets   cuneate- 
obovate,    denticulate   at  apex;    stipules    ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
dentate;  racemes  capitate,  ovoid;  legumes  reniform,  1-seeded. 
HOP-LIKE  MEDICAGO.     None-such. 

Biennial  ?  Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  somewhat  branched,  mostly  several  from 
the  same  root.  Leaflets  %  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  sometimes  nearly  rhom- 
boid ;  common  petioles  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  at  first 
roundish,  finally  oblong,  on  slender  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long.  Corolla  yellow, 
small. 
Hob.  Fields,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Mr.  VINCENT  BARNARD  informs  me,  this  is  naturalized  in 
clover-fields,  near  Marlborough-ville ;  but  it  is  yet  rare,  in  the 
County. 

SUBTRIBE  8.    GENIS'TEAE. 

Leaves  simple,  or  digitately  3-  to  15-fo3iolate ;  stamens  monadelphous ;  anthers  ot  2 
forms. 

103.  CROTAL,AVRIA,  L. 

[Gr.  Krotalon,  a  rattle;  the  seeds  rattling  in  the  ripe  pods.] 
Calyx   5-parted,    sub-bilabiate.       Vexillum   obcordate,    large ;    keel 
falcate.     Sheath  of  monadelphous  stamens  often  slit  on  the  upper 
side ;  5  of  the  anthers  smaller  and  roundish.     Legume  turgid,  stipi- 
tate,  mostly  many-seeded.     Herbs,  in  U.  S.     Leaves  simple. 

1.  C.  sagittalis,  L.  Hairy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile; 
stipules  united,  decurrent,  sagittate   at  summit;  peduncles  few- 
flowered. 
ARROW-LIKE  CROTALARIA.     Rattle-box. 

Annual.  Stem  4  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  somewhat  branched  above.  Leaves  half 
an  inch  to  2  inches  long, — the  lower  ones  elliptic-lanceolate,  the  upper  sub-linear. 
Racemes  mostly  opposite  the  leaves,  pedunculate,  2-  to  4-flowered ;  flowers  yellow. 
Legumes  about  an  inch  long,  inflated,  finally  dry  and  parchment-like,  turning 
nearly  black. 
Hab.  Sandy  banks;  roadsides,  &c.:  frequent.  .FZJuly.  Fr.  Aug. 


LEGUMINOSAE  67 


104.  L-UPrWUS,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Lupus,  a  wolf;  because  it  was  supposed  to  devour  the  soil.] 
Calyx  deeply  bilabiate,  often  with  2  bractlets.  Vexillum  with  the 
sides  reflexed;  keel  falcate,  acuminate.  Anthers  alternately  oblong 
and  roundish.  Legume  oblong,  torulose,  coriaceous,  many-seeded. 
Herbs  :  leaves  palmately  (or  rather  digitately)  foliolate,  rarely  sim- 
ple. 

1.  I*,  per  I'll  11  Is,  L.  Erect;  pubescent;  leaflets  7  to  11,  oblan- 
ceolate;  raceme  terminal,  loose;  legume  hirsute. 
PERENNIAL  LUPINUS.     Wild  Lupin. 

Perennial.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  striate-angular,  somewhat  branching.— 
Leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long,  tapering  to  the  base,  smoothish  above  ;  common  petioles 

1  or  2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length.    Racemes  3  to  6  inches  long,  on  a  naked  peduncle 

2  to  4  inches  in  length  ;  flowers  purplish  blue,  with  shades  of  dark  violet.    Le- 
gumes about  an  inch  and  half  long,  very  hairy  and  dark  tawney;  seeds  obovoid, 
variegated. 

Hab.  Woodlands;  Great  Valley  hills  :  frequent.    FL  June.  JV.July. 
Obs.  An  ornamental  plant,  —  worthy  of  culture,  as  such. 

TRIBE  5.  SOPHO;REAE. 

Leaves  compound,  or  simple,  —  the  leaflets  not  stipulate  ;  stamens  10,  distinct,  with 
uniform  anthers;  legume  continuous;  embryo  sometimes  straight. 

105.  BAPTIS'IA,  Vent. 

[Gr.  Baptizo,  to  dip,  or  dye  ;  from  its  coloring  properties.] 

Calyx   4-  or    5-toothed.      Petals    nearly    equal,  —  the    keel-petals 

slightly  connected.     Legume  ventricose,   stipitate,  many-seeded.  — 

Herbs  :  leaves  mostly  trifoliolate,  turning  bhirsh  black,  in  drying. 

1.  B.  liiictoria,  R.  Br.  Bushy;  smooth,  and  rather  glaucous; 
leaflets  cuneate-obovate  ;    stipules    subulate,   deciduous;    racemes 
terminal,  few-flowered. 
DYER'S  BAPTISIA.     Wild  Indigo. 

Perennial.    Stem  about  2  feet  high,  much  branched.    Leaflets  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long;  common  petioles  I  line  to  14  of  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  yellow; 
calyx  4-toothed,  —  the  2  upper  segments  being  united.    Legumes  about  half  an  inch 
long,  inflated,  conspicuously  stipitate. 
Hab.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands  :  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

1O6.  CER'CIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Kerkis,  a  weaver's  shuttle  ;  from  the  form  of  the  legume.] 
Calyx  5-toothed.     Petals  all  distinct;    vexillum   smaller  than   the 
wings,  and  the   keel-petals  larger.     Legume  many-seeded,  oblong, 
flat,  coriaceous,  the  upper  suture  margined.     Embryo   straight.  — 
Small  Trees  :  leaves  simple. 

1.  C.  C';iiici<i<>iisis,  L.    Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  acuminate, 
villous  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves  beneath. 
CANADIAN  CERCIS.     Red-Bud.  Judas  Tree. 

Stem  15  to  20  or  30  feet  high,  with  spreading  and  somewhat  geniculate  branches. 
Leavts  3  or  4  inches  in  length,  and  rather  wider  than  long;  petioles  1  to  2  inches 
long.  Ftowers  bright  reddish-purple,  in  little  umbel-like  clusters  on  the  Ihnbs, 
and  often  on  the  trunk,—  appearing  before  the  leaves,  acid  to  the  taste.  Legumes 
about  3  inches  long. 


68  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Hob.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill :  not  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  little  tree  is  admired,  in  early  spring,  for  its  clusters 
of  small  flowers,  which  clothe  the  branches  in  purple  before  the 
leaves  appear.  The  limbs  are  very  liable  to  split  oif,  and  disfigure 
the  tree, — otherwise  it  would  well  deserve  a  place  in  all  groups  of 
ornamental  shrubbery. 

SUBORDER  II.    CAESALPIN'EAE. 

Leaves  pinnate,  or  often  bipinnate ;  flowers  not  papilionaceous,  often  imperfect ; 
stamens  distinct;  embryo  straight. 

TRIBE  6.    CASSIEVAE. 

Corolla  often  irregular;  stamens  10,  or  fewer, — anthers  sometimes  imperfect. 
legume  continuous,  1-celled,  or  sometimes  intercepted  between  the  seeds. 

107.  CASSIA,  L. 

[An  ancient  name,  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Flowers  perfect:  Sepals  5,  scarcely  connected.  Petals  5,  unequal. 
Stamens  mostly  10,  some  of  them  often  imperfect ;  anthers  opening 
at  apex.  Herbs :  leaves  even-pinnate,  with  a  gland  near  the  base  of 
the  petiole. 

f  PERENNIAL:  lower  anthers  fert He,  the  3  upper  ones  deformed  and  sterile;  petiolar 
gland  obovoid. 

1.  C.   Marilandica,  L.  Stem  erect;  leaflets  6  to   9  pairs, 
ovate-oblong ;  racemes  axillary,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  panicu- 
late ;  legumes  finally  smooth. 

MARYLAND  CASSIA.     Wild  Senna. 

Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  branching.  Leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long,  peti- 
olulate ;  common  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length  below  the  leaflets,  with  an  obovoid 
gubsessile  gland  on  the  upper  side.  Racemes  pedunculate,  those  in  the  upper  axils 
forming  a  sort  of  terminal  leafy  panicle;  flowers  yellow,  often  becoming  a  dead 
•white.  Legumes  3  or  4  inches  long,  villous  when  young,  compressed,  somewhat 
curved,  often  sinuate  on  the  edges  from  partial  contractions ;  seeds  ovate-oblong, 
separated  by  a  kind  of  transverse  partitions. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

06s.  The  leav es  of  this  rather  showy  species  afford,  it  is  said,  a 
tolerable  substitute  for  the  Senna  of  the  shops, — which  is  another 
species  of  the  same  genus.  Doctor  DARWIN,  in  his  Botanic  Gar- 
den, probably  refers  to  this  one,  as  follows: — 

"Where  vast  Ontario  rolls  his  brineless  tides, 

And  feeds  the  trackless  forests  on  his  sides, 

Fair  CASSIA,  trembling,  hears  the  howling  woods, 

And  trusts  her  tawny  children  to  the  floods. 

Tinctured  with  gold,  while  ten  fond  brothers  stand, 

And  guard  the  beauty  on  her  native  land ; 

Soft  breathes  the  gale,  the  current  gently  moves. 

And  bears  to  Norway's  coasts  her  infant  loves." 

"This,"  he  adds,  "is  one  of  the  American  fruits  which  are  annually  thrown  on 
the  coasts  of  Norway ;  and  are  frequently  in  so  recent  a  state  as  to  vegetate,  when 
properly  taken  care  of." 

f  f  ANNUAL:  anthers  aU  fertile;  petiolar  gland  cup-shaped. 

2.  C.  Chamaecrista,  L.  Stems  rather  leaning,  or  spreading; 
leaflets  8  to  12  or  15  pairs,  linear-oblong;  flowers  rather  large; 
stamens  10,  unequal. 


LEGUMINOSAE  69 

Partridge  Pea.     Sensitive  Pea.  Magothy-Bay  Bean. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  firm  and  subligneous  at  base,  much  branched,  often  pur- 
plish. Leaflets  half  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  minutely  ciliate-serrulate,  sub- 
sessile;  common  petioles  about  one-third  of  an  inch  in  length  below  the  leaflets, 
•with  a  depressed  or  cup-like  gland  on  the  upper  side.  Flowers  deep  bright  yel- 
low (usually  with  purple  spots  at  base),  in  lateral  subsessile  fascicles  above  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,— often  in  pairs,  sometimes  3  or  4.  Legumes  about  2  inches 
long,  hairy  along  the  sutures. 
Hob.  Hills,  near  Pugh-town :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  In  a  paper,  read  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
May  2,  1788,  and  published  in  the  3rd  volume  of  their  Transactions, 
Dr.  GEEENWAY,  of  Virginia,  speaks  favorably  of  this  plant  as  a 
means  of  recruiting  worn  out  lands,  by  its  decomposition  in  the 
soil, — though  he  considers  the  common  corn-field  Pea  as  preferable ; 
and  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  red  Clover  (Trifolium  pratense),  properly 
managed,  is  more  eligible  than  either. 

3.  C.  n ic titans,  L.  Stem  oblique  or  procumbent ;  leaflets  6  to 
20  pairs,  sublinear ;  flowers  small ;  stamens  5,  nearly  equal. 
TWINKLING  CASSIA.     Wild  Sensitive-Plant. 

Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  slender,  branching,  roughish-pubescent.  Leaflets 
about  half  an  inch  long,  slightly  irritable  ;  common  petioles  about  %  of  an  inch  in 
length  below  the  leaflets.  Racemes  2-  or  3-flowered,  subsessile,  rather  super-axil- 
lary ;  flowers  yellow,  inconspicuous.  Legumes  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  long,  hir- 
sute with  appressed  hairs. 
Hob.  Sandy  banks;  road  sides,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

108.  GYMtf  OC'I^ADIJS,  Lam. 

[Gr.  Gymnos,  naked,  and  Klados,  a  branch ;  in  reference  to  its  stout  naked  branches.] 
Flowers  dioicous,  regular :  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  equal, 
oblong,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  10.  Legume  oblong, 
flat,  the  valves  thick  and  woody,  pulpy  within.  A  Tree,  with  the 
young  branches  clumsily  thick:  leaves  odd-bipinnate,  widely  branched. 

1.  G.  CANAD^NSIS,  Lam.  Leaflets  7  to  13  on  the  subdivisions,  ovate, 
petiolulate, — the  lowest  a  single  pair ;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 
CANADIAN  GYMNOCLADUS.  Coffee-tree.  Kentucky  Mahogany. 

Stem  50  to  70  or  80  feet  high,  branching.    Leaves  2  or  3  feet  long,  bipinnately 
branching;  leaflets  rather   alternate,  entire,  about  3  inches  in  length.    Flowers 
greenish  white.    Legumes  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  1  or  2  inches  wide,  somewhat 
falcate ;  seeds  large,  a  little  compressed,  nearly  orbicular. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  streets.    Fl,  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  fine  tree  has  been  introduced  from  the  West ;  and  al- 
though not  equal  to  some  others,  as  a  shade  tree,  is  worthy  of  a 
place  in  all  ornamental  plantations.  It  was  for  a  considerable  time 
supposed  to  be  identical  with,  or  nearly  allied  to,  the  Bonduc,  or 
Nickar-tree  (Guilandina  Bonduc,  L.},  of  the  Indies. 

109.  GUEDIT'SCMIA,  L, 

[Named  in  honor  of  John  Gotttob  Gleditsch,  a  German  Botanist.] 
Flowers  polygamous :  sepals  3  to  5,  united  at  base.     Petals  and  sta- 
mens usually  as  many  as  the  sepals.     Legume  flat,  broad,  often 
intercepted  between  the  seeds ;  seeds  oval.   A  thorny  tree ;  leaves  even- 
pinnate,  or  bipinnate. 


70  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

1.  G.  TRIACANTHOS,  L.  Thorns  stout,  mostly  triple;  leaflets  linear 
or  lance-oblong,  somewhat  serrate ;  legumes  oblong,  thin,  curly  or 
wavy,  many-seeded. 
THREE-THORNED  GLEDITSCHIA.     Honey-Locust. 

Stem  40  to  60  feet  high.    Leaflets  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  long.    Flowers  yel- 
lowish-green, small,  subspicate.    Legumes  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  pulpy  between 
the  seeds. 
Hob.  Yards,  lawns.    Nat.  of  S.  Western  States..    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept, 

Obs.  This  is  occasionally  cultivated,  as  a  shade  tree  ;  and  has  been 
used  for  hedging,  at  the  South  and  North, — but  rarely,  if  ever,  in 
this  County. 

ORDER  XXXV.  ROSATEAE. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs ;  leaves  alternate,  stipulate ;  flowers  regular;  stamens  dis- 
tinct, inserted  on  the  calyx,  mostly  numerous ;  pistils  1  to  many,  free,  or  combined 
with  the  calyx-tube;  seeds  1  or  few  in  each  ovary,  without  albumen;  radicle 
straight. 

This  Order  is  remarkable  for  the  amount  and  variety  of  its  esculent  products. — 
Many  of  the  fruits  are  valuable,  and  some  of  them  eminently  delieiotis ;  while 
the  type  of  the  Order  (Rosa)  is  by  universal  consent  regarded  as  the  Queen  of 
Beauty,  among./Zwers.  A  few  of  the  drupaceous  species  contain  a  somewhat  dan- 
gerous quantity  of  Prussic  Add,  in  the  nuts  and  leaves ;  but  in  the  Peach,  for  in 
stance,  there  is  just  enough  of  that  formidable  ingredient  to  give  to  the  pulp  an 
exquisite  flavor,* — and  the  fleshy  or  succulent  fruits  of  the  Order  are,  almost 
without  exception,  innocent  and  wholesome. 

SUBORDER  I.     AMYGDAVLEAE. 

Trees,  or  sJirubs;  leaves  simple ;  stipules  free',  ovary  solitary,  free  from  the  decid- 
uous calyx,  with  2  suspended  collateral  ovuks,  and  a  terminal  style ;  fruit  a  drupe, 
mostly  1-seeded  by  abortion. 

f  Nut  with  the  surface  rugosdy  furrowed. 
HO.  PER'SICA,  Tournef. 

[A  name  derived  from  Persia, — its  native  country.] 

Calyx  tubular,  with  5  spreading  segments.  Drupe  oval,  tomentose 
or  smooth,  the  succulent  pulp  adherent,  or  separable  from  the  nut. 
Small  trees :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  conduplicate  in  the 
bud ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  subsessile,  preceding  the  leaves. 

1.  P.  VULG\RIS,  Mill.  Fruit  densely  tomentose. 
COMMON  PERSIC  A.     Peach.  Peach-tree. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long;  petioles 
about  half  an  inch  in  length,  channelled  above,  and  glandular  near  the  leaf. — 
Flowers  pale-red  or  purplish.  Drupe  1  to  2  inches,  or  more,  in  diameter,  with  the 
pulp  white,  yellow,  or  reddish,  adherent  to  the  nut  (clingstone),  or  separable  from 
it  (freestone). 

*  Judging  from  observation,  it  would  seem  to  be  not  generally  known  to  our 
Pastry  Cooks,  that  a  Peach  Pie  baked  with  the  fruit  whoU  (i.  e.  simply  pared,  but 
the  nut  left  in  the  Peach)  is  vastly  superior  to  one  made  of  the  mere  fleshy  portion, 
cut  in  pieces.  The  process  of  baking— &s  I  suppose— elicits  the  prussic  acid  from 
the  seed  of  the  peach,  and  diffuses  it  through  the  pulp, — imparting  to  it  a  sprightly 
and  delicious  flavor,  far  beyond  what  it  possesses  when  the  stone  is  previously 
rejected. 


KOSACEAE  71 

Hob.  Yards,  gardens,  and  orchards.    Nat.  of  Persia.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  tree — like  the  most  of  those  which  have 
had  the  advantage  of  long  and  careful  culture — presents  numerous 
varieties;  the  best  of  which  may  be  pronounced  (mejudice]  superior 
to  all  other  known  fruits.  The  tree,  unfortunately,  is  short-lived ; 
but  it  is  readily  propagated  from  seeds, — and  a  succession  may  be 
kept  up  by  inserting  upon  young  stocks,  buds,  or  scions,  taken  from 
the  most  approved  varieties*  This  process,  for  changing  the  char- 
acter of  seedling  trees,  is  alluded  to  by  the  great  English  Bard  with 
his  usual  felicity: — 

" You  see, we  marry 

A  gentler  scion  to  the  wildest  stock; 

And  make  conceive  a  bark  of  baser  kind 

By  bud  of  nobler  race :  This  is  an  art 

Which  does  mend  natilre, — change  it  rather:  but 

The  art  itself  is  nature."  Winters  Tale.  Act  4. 

a.  P.  LAEVia,  DC.  Fruit  smooth. 

SMOOTH  PERSICA.     Nectarine. 

Hob.  Yards,  gardens,  and  under  glass.    Fl.  April.  Ff.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  small  tree  is  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  the  pre- 
ceding, except  by  its  smooth  fruit, — which  presents  the  same  varie- 
ties, of  clingstone  and  freestone.  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE  admits  it  as  a 
distinct  species ;  but  it  is  certainly  very  closely  allied  to  the  Peach, — 
and,  indeed,  there  are  instances  recorded,  in  which  the  same  tree  is 
said  to  have  produced  both  varieties.  The  crop  of  fruit  is  much 
more  certain  under  glass,  with  the  branches  trained  on  espaliers. 

f  f  Nut  i6ith  the,  surface  smooth  and  even. 

111.  ARMEtfIAvCA,  Tournef. 
[A  name  derived  from  Armenia, — its  native  Country.] 

Calyx  campanulate,  the  5  segments  reflexed.  Drupe  roundish-oval, 
velvety-pubescent;  nut  compressed,  one  edge  obtuse,  the  other 
acute.  Small  trees:  leaves  subcordate  or  ovate,  convolute  in  the 
bud ;  flowers  white,  solitary,  or  few  from  a  bud,  preceding  the 
leaves. 

1.  A.  VULGARIS,  Lam.  Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  shortly  acuminate, 
serrate-dentate ;  flowers  sessile. 
COMMON  ARMENIACA.     Apricot.  Moor-park  Apricot. 

Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  high,  with  lather  stout  spreading  or  straggling  branches. 
Leaves  about  3  inches  long,  and  rather  wider  than  long;  petioles  an  inch  or  inch 
and  half  in  length,  mostly  with  cup-like  glands  near  the  base  of  the  leaf.    Drupes 
oval,  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  yellowish  when  mature. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  gardens.    Nat.  of  Armenia.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  name  of  this  fruit,  in  SHAKSPEARE'S  time,  was  written 
"  Apricocks"  (perhaps  by  a  corruption  of  the  latin,  A.  praecox — 
meaning  Early  Armeniaca), — as  We  may  perceive  in  the  following 
lines: — 

"  Go  bind  thou  up  yon'  dangling  Apricocks, 
Which,  like  unruly  children,  make  their  sire 
Stoop  with  oppression  of  their  prodigal  weight." 

King  Rithard  IT. 
This  is  an  admired  fruit ;  and  might  be  much  more  common  than 


72  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGEXS 

'   ;-...."--.^jfc 

it  now  is,  if  people  were  a  little  more  attentive  to  such  matters. — 
Indeed,  it  is  melancholy  to  reflect  how  thoughtless  and  negligent 
mankind  generally  are,  with  respect  to  providing  fruit  for  themselves. 
There  are  few  persons  who  do  not  own  or  occupy  sufficient  ground 
to  admit  of  3  or  4  choice  fruit-trees,  and  a  grape  vine ; — such,  for 
instance,  as  an  Apricot,  a  Peach,  a  May-duke  Cherry,  a  Catharine 
Pear,  and  a  Catawba  Grape:  yet  the  great  majority  seem  never  to 
think  of  planting  such  trees, — while  they  are  ready  enough  to  in- 
vade the  premises,  and  revel  on  the  fruits,  of  some  more  provident 
neighbor !  It  is  due  to  the  minor  morals  of  the  community,  that 
such  disreputable  negligence,  and  such  marauding  practices,  should 
cease  to  be  tolerated, 

2.  A.  DASYcXuFA,  Pers.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  acute,  doubly  ser- 
rate ;  flowers  pedicellate. 
HAIRY-FRUITED  ARMENIACA.     Black  Apricot. 

Stem  10  to  15  feet  high,  with  rather  slender  branches,  and  a  spreading  bushy  top. 
Leaves  2  to  near  3  inches  long;  petioles  about  an  inch  in  length.    Drupes  subglo- 
bose,  hairy,  dark  purplish  color  when  mature. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  gardens.    Nat.  Country  unknown.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  has  more  of  the  habit  of  a  Prunus,  or  Plum 
tree,  than  the  preceding, —  and  is  reputed  to  be  a  more  certain  fruit- 
bearer;  though  I  have  not  found  it  so. 

112.  PRUNUS,  Tournef. 
[The  classical  Latin  name  for  the  Plum.] 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  15  to 
30.  Drupe  ovoid,  oblong,  or  globose,  glabrous,  mostly  covered 
with  a  glaucous  bloom ;  nut  compressed,  both  edges  acute.  Small 
trees :  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud ;  flowers  mostly  preceding  the 
leaves. 

1.  P.  D,OM£STICA,,L.  Branches  unarmed ;  leaves  lance-ovate,  acute, 
serrate;  pedicels  subsolitary. 

DOMESTIC  PRUNUS.     Common  Plum.  Damascene;  Gage>  &c. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  branching.    Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  half 
an  inch  to  an  inch  or  more  in  length.    Drupes  oval,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  of  various 
colors,  from  bluish-black  to  copper-color  and  pale  yellowish-green,  covered  with 
bloom,  the  flesh  rather  firm. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  April.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Several  varieties  of  this  are  cultivated ;  but  the  depredations 
of  insects  render  the  fruit,  generally,  an  uncertain  crop,  in  country 
places. 

2.  I*.  Ainericsiua,  Marsh.  Branches  subspinose;  leaves  oval 
and  obovate,  acuminate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate ;  umbels 
subsessile,  2-  to  5-flowered. 

AMERICAN  PRUNUS.     Red  Plum.  Yellow  Plum. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  much  branched,— the  young  branches  virgate,  the 
old  ones  rugged  and  somewhat  thorny.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long  ;  petioles  ]/±to% 
an  inch  long.  Drupes  oval  or  subglobose,  mostly  reddish-orange  color,  nearly  des- 
titute of  bloom,  with  a  rich  succulent  yellow  pulp,  and  a  thick  tough  acerb  skin. 
#«&,  Banks  of.  streams,  and.  thickets;  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  Aug. 


ROSACEAE  78 

Obs.  In  its  wild  state,  the  fruit  of  this  is  small  and  of  inferior 
quality ;  but  under  culture  it  is  greatly  improved,  both  in  size  and 
flavor. 

3.  P.  CHIC/ASA,  MX.  Branches  subspinose;  leaves  narrow,  lance- 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  finely  serrulate  with  glandular-pointed 
teeth;  umbels  sessile,  2-  to  3-flowered. 
CHICASA  PRUNUS.     Chickasaw  Plum.  Mountain  Cherry. 

Stem  6  to  10  or  12  feet  high,  much  branched, — the  young  branches  slender,  vir- 
gate,  dark  purple,  smooth  and  shining,  the  old  ones  geniculate  and  somewhat 
thorny.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  smooth ;  petioles  slender,  ^  to  %  of  an  inch  iu 
length.  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leave?,  in  sessile  fascicles  of  threes.  Drupes 
globose,  red  or  yellowish-red,  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  bloom,  with  a  tender  pulp 
and  a  thin  skin. 
Hub.  Yards,  and  gardens.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  little  tree  (which  is  believed  to  be  a  native  of  our 
South- Western  territory, — where  it  is  a  small  shrub,  in  its  wild 
state,)  by  long  culture  produces  a  very  pleasant  fruit, — worthy  of 
more  attention  than  it  has  yet  received.  It  approaches  the  Cherry 
in  character  and  appearance,  and  may  be  considered  as  a  connecting 
link  between  the  Plum  and  Cherry;  but  it  is  unquestionably,  I 
think,  a  true  Plum.  Why  MICHAUX'S  specific  name  was  permitted 
to  supersede  MARSHALL'S  (viz.  angustifolia),  which  was  published 
long  before,  I  do  not  understand. 

113.  CER'ASIJS,  Tournef. 

[The  name  of  an  Asiatic  town, — whence  the  tree  was  obtained.] 
Flower  nearly  as  in  Prunus :  drupe  globular  or  roundish-ovoid,  often 
umbilicate  at  base,  glabrous,  destitute  of  bloom;  nut  globose. — 
Trees,  or  shrubs:  leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud;  pedicels  of  the 
flowers  either  in  umbellate  fascicles  from  lateral  leafless  buds,  and 
then  rather  preceding  the  leaves,- — or  in  racemes  terminating  leafy 
branches,  and  coming  after  the  leaves ;  petals  white. 

f  Flowers  in  naked  lateral  fascicles,  preceding  the  leaves. 

1.  C.   puiiiila,  MX.    Depressed    or    trailing,   with    ascending 
branches ;  leaves  lance-obovate,  tapering  to  the  base,  serrate-dentate 
near  the   apex,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath;  umbels  few-  (often 
single-)  flowered ;  fruit  small,  ovoid,  dark  red. 
DWARF  CERASUS.     Sand-Cherry. 

Branches  9  to  18  inches  high.    Leaves  2  or  2%  inches  long ;  petioles  about  half  an 
inch  in  length.    Flowers  2  or  3  in  sessile  umbels  (often  solitary),  on  slender  pedc 
icels.    Fruit  about  the  size  of  the  wild  cherry  (C.  serotina,  DC.). 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods;  New  London:  rare.    Fl.  May.    Fr.  July? 

Obs.  Collected  in  the  South- Western  part  of  this  County,  in 
1847,  by  WM.  JACKSON,  Esq.  It  is  also  found  in  the  adjoining 
County  of  Lancaster. 

3,  C.  XVIUM,  Moench.  Branches  erect  or  ascending,  rather  stout 
and  rigid;    leaves    broadly   oval    or    obovate-oblong,    acuminate, 
coarsely  serrate,  pilose  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath ;  drupes 
roundish-ovoid  or  subcordate  at  base. 
BIRDS'  CERASUS.    English  Cherry.  Bleeding-heart,  &c. 


74  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

Stem,  30  to  60  feet  or  more  in  height,  branching  regularly,  and  somewhat  rerti- 
cillately,  so  as  to  form  an  oblong  and  rather  conical  top.  Leaves  3  to  5  or  6  inches 
long ;  petioles  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length.  Pedicels  of  the  flowers 
about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  slender,  usually  3  (often  2)  in  a  fascicle.  Drupes  of 
various  size  and  color,  tender,  and  often  very  succulent,  sweet,  or  bitterish-sweet, 
Hob.  About  houses;  along  fence-rows,  &c.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  Cherries  are  said  to  have  been  originally  brought  to  Rome 
from  Cerasus,  a  city  of  Pontus,  by  the  Roman  Consul  and  General, 
LUCULLTJS,  some  60  or  70  years  before  the  Christian  era  (ab  urbe 
conditd'  680.  Willd.};  and  from  Rome  they  have  been  distributed 
over  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world.  Our  cultivated  Cherry  trees 
seem  obviously  to  consist  of  at  least  two  original  species, — viz.  the 
sweet  "English  Cherry"  so  called — and  the  common  Sour  Cherry. 
The  numerous  varieties — produced  by  long  culture  (and  possibly 
some  hybrids,  such  as  the  "May-duke"  &c.) — may  perhaps  be  all 
referred  to  one  or  the  other  of  those  two ;  though  Prof.  DE  CAN- 
DOLLE  distributes  them  iniofour  species.  There  are,  undoubtedly, 
several  very  distinct  sorts  of  fruit, — and  I  have  not  seen  all  the 
trees  which  produce  them :  but  I  incline  to  think  that  the  general 
habit  and  aspect  of  the  trees  -commonly  seen  in  this  country,  warrant 
the  reduction  of  them  all  to  the  two  above  referred  to. 

3.  C.  VuLGXms,  Mill.  Branches   spreading,  slender  and  flexible; 
leaves  lance-ovate  and  obovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  narrowed 
at  base,  serrate,  smoothish ;  drupes  globose. 

COMMON  CERASUS.     Red  or  Sour  Cherry.  Morello  Cherry,  &c. 

Stem  10  to  20  feet  high,  irregularly  branched ;  branches  rather  slender  and 
flaccid,  spreading  nearly  horizontally  and  forming  a  roundish  bushy  top.  Leaves 
1%  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Pedicels  of  the 
flowers  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  2,  or  more  frequently  3,  in  a  fascicle.  Drupes 
fleshy,  more  or  less  acid,  red  or  dark  purple  when  mature. 
Sab.  Fence-rows;  along  lanes,  &c.  FL  April.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  "Sour  Cherry'*  is  the  most  common  and,  for  culinary 
purposes,  the  most  valuable  of  the  genus.  The  Morello  Cherry  is  a 
remarkably  fine  variety,  with  a  rich  purple  juice,— and  in  the  days 
of  "  Cherry  Bounce,"  was  a  great  favorite:  But,  for  the  last  30 
years,  it  has  almost  entirely  failed,  in  this  region, — in  consequence, 
apparently,  of  the  ravages  of  an  insect,  causing  large  warty  excres- 
cences on  the  branches  of  the  tree. 

f  f  Flowers  in  racemes  at  the  end  of  leafy  branches. 

4.  C.  VirgiiiUiiia,,  DC.  A  shrub  ;  leaves  oval  or  obovate,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate. 

C.  obovata,  Beck.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  599. 
VIRGINIAN  CERASUS.     Choke  Cherry. 

Stem  5  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  thinnish ;  pet- 
ioles half  an  inch  to  three-quarters  in  length.  Flowers  in  simple  racemes  of  2  to  3 
inches  in  length,  on  short  branches  which  originated  from  the  last  year's  growth. 
Drupes  ovoid,  rather  acute,  dark  red  or  purplish  when  mature,  astringent  and  bit- 
terish. 
Bab.  Banks  of  the  Brandywine:  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  It  appears,  from  the  researches  of  Dr.  GRAY,  that  this  is 


ROSACEAE  75 

the  true  and  original  "  Prunus  Virginiana,"  of  LINNAEUS;  though 
the  specific  name  has  been  so  long  applied  to  the  following. 

5.  C.  se  rot  ilia,  DC.  A.  tree;  leaves  lance-oblong,  taper-pointed, 
finely  serrate  with  incurved  callous  teeth. 
C.  Virginiana.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  289. 
LATE  CERASUS.     Wild  Cherry. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  80  feet  high,  with  large  irregular  spreading  branches.  Leaves  2 
to  4  or  5  inches  long,  suhcoriaceous ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  three-quarters  in 
length.  Racemes  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  terminating  the  short  branches  which 
arise  from  the  last  year's  growth.  Drupes  globose,  small,  dark-purple  or  purplish- 
black  when  mature,  succulent,  bitter  and  mawkish  to  the  taste. 
Hob.  Along  streams,  fence-rows,  Ac.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  species  is  a  pale  reddish-brown,  close- 
grained  and  hard — taking  a  good  polish ;  and  was  formerly  much 
used  by  cabinet-makers.  The  bark — though  a  rather  unpalatable 
bitter— 4s  a  good  tonic.  The  leaves  are  a  favorite  food  of  caterpil- 
lars ;  and  the  ripe  fruit  is  greedily  devoured  by  birds. 

SUBORDER  II.    ROSAVCEAE  PROPER. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees ;  leaves  simple  or  compound ;  ovaries  many  or  few, 
rarely  single, — free  from  the  calyx,  but  sometimes  included  in  its  persistent  tube ; 
fruit  either  follicles,  akenes,  or  little  drupes ;  styles  terminal  or  lateral. 

TRIBE  1.     SPIRAE^AE. 

Pistils  mostly  5,  becoming  few-  or  many-seeded  follicles,  in  fruit;  styles  terminal. 

114.  SPIRAEVA,  L. 

[Gr.  Speirao,  to  wind ;  from  its  fitness  to  form  garlands,] 
Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.     Petals  5,  roundish-obovate.     Follicles  3, 
5,  or  more,  each  2-,  4-  or  many-seeded.     Shrubs,  or  herbs :  leaves 
simple, — sometimes  lobed,  and  even-pinnately  dissected. 

1.  S.  opulif olia,  L.  Leaves  roundish-ovate  and  3-lobed,  doubly 
crenate-serrate ;  flowers  corymbose ;  follicles  inflated. 
OPULUS-LEAVED  SPIRAEA.     Nine-Bark. 

Shrub,  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches,  and  a  loose  lamellated 
bark, — the  numerous  layers  suggesting  the  popular  name.  leaves  1  to  2  inches  in 
length,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  usually  3-lobed;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  three- 
quarters  in  length.  Corymbs  subumbellate,  convex,  crowded,  hoary-pubescent 
when  young ;  common  peduncle  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Flowers  white,  often 
tinged  with  purple.  Carpets  3  to  5,  connate  below,  acuminate,  usually  2-seeded ; 
teeds  obovoid. 
Hob.  Margins  of  streams :  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  S.  §alicif6lia,  L.  Leaves  lance- oblong,  acute   or  obtuse, 
sharply  serrate ;  flowers  in  dense  paniculate  racemes ;  follicles  not 
inflated. 

WILLOW-LEAVED  SPIRAEA.     Indian  Pipeshank.  Meadow-Sweet. 

Shrubby,  3  to  6  feet  high,  with  erect  suffruticose  branches,  which  are  smooth, 
mostly  dark  purple,  and  pithy.  Leaves  about  2  inches  long ;  petioles  very  short ; 
Stipules  obsolete.  Flowers  reddish-white  or  pale-pink,  crowded  in  paniculate  ra- 
cemes of  2  to  4  inches  in  length.  Carpels  5,  small,  obovoid-oblong,  acute  at  base, 
obliquely  beaked,  several-seeded;  seeds  oblong,  small. 
Hob.  Wet  thickets:  frequent  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 


76  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGEXS 

Obs.  This  is  a  somewhat  variable  plant.     Our  variety  appears  to 
be  the  latifolia,  of  authors. 


115.   GILXEOTA,  Moeneh. 

[Derivation  of  the  name  not  well  ascertained.] 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  linear-lanceolate, 
elongated,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Carpels  5,  included  in  the  calyx, 
each  2-seeded.  Perennial  herbs  :  leaves  trifoliolate. 

1.  Cc.  trifoliata,  Moeneh.  Leaflets  lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong, 
acuminate,  incised-serrate  ;  stipules  small,  subulate. 
THKEE-LEAVED  GILLENIA.     Indian  Physic.  Bowman's  Root. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  slender,  paniculately  branched  at  summit,  mostly 
purplish.     Leaflets  2  to  4  inches   long,  subsessile.     Flowers  white,  or  slightly 
tinged  with  red,  loosely  corymbose-paniculate. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  thickets  :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant  has  had  considerable  reputation  for  its  medicinal 
properties  ;  but  is  rarely  resorted  to,  at  present.  There  is  another 
species,  with  large  stipules,  in  the  West.  The  Kerria  Japonica, 
DC.  (Corchorus  Japonicus,  Thunberg],  or  golden  Globe-flower,  —  a 
suffruticose  plant  of  this  Tribe,  —  has  been  extensively  introduced 
among  ornamental  shrubbery,  and  is  becoming  almost  naturalized. 

TRIBE  2.    DRYAVDEAE. 

Pistils  becoming  dry  dkenes,  or  sometimes  little  drupes,  in  fruit,  —  when  numerous, 
collected  on  a  conical  or  hemispherical  receptacle  ;  calyx-tube  dry  ;  segments  mostly 
valvate. 

116.   AGRIMON1VIA,  Tournef. 
[Said  to  be  of  the  same  derivation  with  Argemone  :  which  see.] 
Calyx-tube  turbinate,  armed  with  hooked  bristles  above,  indurated, 
with  2  bractlets  at  base.     Petals  5.     Stamens  about  12.     Akenes  2, 
included  in  the  calyx-tube.     Perennial  herbs  :  leaves  interruptedly 
pseudo-pinnate,  with  a  terminal  leaflet  or  segment;  flowers  in  a 
slender  spicate  raceme. 

1.  A.  EupatiU'ia,  L.  Hirsute  ;  principal  leaflets  5  to  7,  ovate- 
oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  —  the  intervening  ones  small,  ovate. 
Agrimony. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple.    Leaves  4  or  5  to  9  inches  long  ;  principal  leaflets  or 
segments  2  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length,—  sometimes  with  2  or  3  pairs  of  intervening 
small  ones.    Flowers  yellow,  in  a  terminal  virgate  raceme  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in 
length,  each  pedicel  with  a  trifid  bract  at  base. 
Hob.  Borders  of  thickets  ;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


SAtfGUISOR'BA,  L. 

[Latin,  sanguis,  blood,  and  sorbeo,  to  absorb  ;  being  supposed  to  stop  bleeding.] 
Calyx  corolla-like,  4-lobed,  with  a  4-angled  tube,  and  3  bractlets  at 
base.  Petals  none.  Stamens  4.  Pistil  mostly  1;  stigma  pencil- 
form.  Akene  included  in  the  indurated  4-winged  calyx-tube.  — 
Mostly  perennial  herbs  :  leaves  odd-pinnate  ;  flowers  small,  in  dense 
terminal  long-peduncled  spikes. 

1.  S.  <  aiiatlensis,  L.  Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  cordate 


ROSACEAE  77 

at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolulate ;  flowers  in  long  terete  spikes ; 
stamens  much  exserted. 
CANADIAN  SANGUISOBBA.     Burnet. 
Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  terete,  striate,  fistular,  sparingly  branched.    Leaflets 

2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  smooth ;  common  petioles  dilated  at  base  into  a  clasping 
membrane,  supporting  auricular  serrated  stipules.    Flowers  greenish-white  or 
ochroleucous,  sessile,  crowded  in  ovoid  or  finally  cylindric-oblong  spikes,  which  are 

3  to  6  inches  in  length, 

Hub.  Low  meadows;  margins  of  swamps:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

118.  GEMtfM,  L. 

[Gr. geuo,  to  relish,  or  taste  well;  the  roots  being  rather  aromatic.] 
Calyx  concave,  5-cleft,  usually  with  a  bractlet  at  each  cleft.     Petals 
5.     Stamens  numerous.     Akenes  numerous,  in  a  head ;  styles  long, 
persistent,  tailed,  and,  after  flowering,  hooked  at  summit.     Peren- 
nial herbs :  leaves  pseudo-pinnate  or  lyrate. 

1.  Gr.  Virginianum,  L.  Radical  leaves  trifoliolate  or  pseudo- 
pinnate;  calyx-segments  reflexed;   petals  white   or  pale  yellow; 
styles  glabrous;  stigmas  subclavate,  hairy  at  base. 

VIRGINIAN  GEUM.     White  Avens.  Herb  Bennet  (i.  e.  herbe  benite). 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  at  summit,  more  or  less  hairy. — 
Leaflets  2  or  3  inches  long,  ovate  or  rhomboid ;  common  petioles  4  to  6  or  8  inches 
in  length.  Lower  stem-leaves  mostly  trifoliolate :  upper  lednes  simple,  lanceolate, 
incised-serrate.  Carpel-s  bristly ;  styles  finally  divaricate,  or  reflexed ;  stigmas  ar- 
ticulated to  the  styles, — when  the  flower  expands,  the  stigmas  and  styles  become 
curved  or  contorted  at  the  articulation,  and  the  stigmas  soon  fall  off,  leaving  the 
points  of  the  styles  hooked. 
Hah.  Borders  of  woods;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  -FV.Sept 

2.  Gr.  rivsile,  L.  Radical  leaves  interruptedly  pseudo-pinnate, 
the  terminal  lobe  large;  calyx-segments   erect;   petals  purplish- 
orange  color;  styles  hairy;  stigmas  filiform,  plumose. 

RIVER  GEUM.     Water  Avens.  Purple  Avens. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  nearly  simple,  rather  retrorsely  pilose.  Principal  leaflets 
3  to  5  (often  only  the  terminal  one) ;  lateral  ones  obovate ;  terminal  one  2  or  3 
inches  long,  and  wider  than  long ;  common  petioles  6  to  9  inches  in  length.  Car- 
pels  hirsute ;  styles  slender,  dark  purple ;  stigmas  much  longer  than  in  the  preced- 
ing species,  plumosely  hairy,  except  near  the  apex. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows ;  Downingtown :  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

119.  POTE1VTII/L.A,  L. 

[Latin,  diminutive  of potens,  powerful ;  alluding  to  reputed  virtues.] 
Calyx  5-cleft,  with  a  bract  at  each  sinus,  and  thus  appearing  10- 
cleft.     Petals  4  or  5.     Stamens  numerous.     Akenes  many,  in  a  head 
on  the   dry  hairy  receptacle.      Mostly   herbs:    leaves  compound; 
flowers  mostly  yellow,  solitary  or  cymose. 

1.  P.  Norvegica,  L.  Hirsute;  stem  erect,  forked  above;  leaves  ter- 
nate;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  incised-serrate. 
NORWEGIAN  POTENTILLA. 

Annual.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  all  trifoliolate:  leafletsl  to  3  inches  long, 
subsessile;  common  petioles  1  to  4  inches  long;  stipules  large.    Flowers  often  num- 


78  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

. 

erous,  in  leafy  cymes  or  corymbs  at  summit.    Carpels  rugosely  ribbed ;  style,  sub- 
terminal. 
Hob.  Pastures,  and  roadsides:  frequent.    F I.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  coarse  and  rather  homely  weed  is  considered  as  indige- 
nous, in  the  northern  States ;  but  it  has  the  appearance,  to  me,  of 
an  introduced  plant,  here. 

2.  I".  Canaclciisis,  L.  Villous;  stem  procumbent  or  ascending, 

producing  runners ;  leaves  quinate-digitate ;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate, 

incised-dentate. 

Also,  P.  simplex.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  304. 

CANADIAN  POTENTILLA.     Cinque-foil.  Five-finger. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  or  3  to  12  and  18  inches  long,  slender,  somewhat  branched, 
often  several  from  the  same  root.    Radical  leaves  on  petioles  2  to  6  or  8  inches  in 
length ;  stem-leaves  nearly  sessile ;  leaflets  half  an  inch  to  1  or  2  inches  long.    P«- 
duncles  axillary,  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Hob.  Old  fields;  borders  of  woods,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  P.  simplex,  of  Authors,  with  slender  ascending  stems, 
and  taller  growth — frequent  along  the  borders  of  open  woodlands, 
and  in  clearings — is  doubtless  very  properly  reduced  to  a  variety  of 
this.  The  prevalence  of  the  plant,  in  arable  lands,  is  a  pretty  sure 
indication  of  a  thin  soil,  or  of  a  thriftless  farmer, — or  both  ;  though 
some  lands,  when  kept  as  pasture  fields,  seem  to  have  an  almost 
incurable  tendency  to  lose  the  valuable  grasses,  and  to  become 
speedily  overrun  with  Cinque-foil.  Lime  and  manure,  however — 
if  duly  persevered  with — will  work  wonders  in  the  poorest  soils. 

120.  FRAGAVRIA,  Tournef. 
[Latin,  fragrans,  odorous;  in  reference  to  its  fragrant  fruit.] 
Flowers  nearly   as   in   Potentilla:  styles  lateral.      Akenes  minute, 
scattered  superficially  on,  or  imbedded  in,  the  surface  of  the   en- 
larged  ovoid   pulpy   deciduous   receptacle.     Perennial  hairy  herbs : 
nearly  or  quite  stemless, — but  producing  prostrate   runners:  leaves 
trifoliolate ;   flowers  white,   cymose   on   scapes, — often  dioicous,  or 
imperfect,  under  cultivation. 

1.  F.  >  irgilliilua,  Ehrh.  Akenes  imbedded  in  the  deeply  pitted 
receptacle. 

VIRGINIAN  FRAGARIA.     Wild  Strawberry. 

Root  (or  rhizoma)  thickish,  with  numerous  fibres.  Runners  creeping,  or  strik- 
ing root  at  intervals.  Leaves  mostly  radical ;  common  petioles  2  to  4  or  6  inches  in 
length;  leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long,  cuneate-obovate,  or  oval.  Cymes  on  scapes 
scarcely  as  tall  as  the  leaves.  Receptacle  (vulgarly  regarded  as  the  fruit)  ovoid, 
nodding,  succulent  and  bright  purple  when  mature. 
Hob.  Neglected  old  fields;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

2.  F.  VE"SCA,  L.  Akenes  superficially  attached  to  the  receptacle. 
EATABLE  FRAGARIA.     Garden  Strawberry. 

Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  Long  and  careful  culture  of  this  species  (which  is  very 
nearly  allied  to  the  preceding,  and  said  to  be  truly  indigenous)  has 
resulted  in  numerous  fine  varieties,  differing  in  the  size,  color,  and 
flavor  of  the  receptacles ;  and  has  also  produced  many  abortive  or 


i 

BOSACEAE  79 

imperfect  flowers, — which  have  given  rise  to  much  idle  controversy 
about  their  sexual  character,  among  the  practical  gardeners. — 
Although  the  true  fruit  of  this  plant  consists  of  mere  dry  specks,  or 
bony  particles  (i.  e.  the  minute  akenes),  scattered  over  the  surface 
of  the  enlarged  receptacle, — yet  the  receptacle  itself  furnishes  a 
pulpy  substitute  of  the  most  delicious  character. 

121.  RITBUS,  L. 

[Celtic,  Rub,  red;  from  the  color  of  the  fruit,  of  some  species.] 
Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets  at  the  clefts.     Petals  5.     Stamens 
numerous.     Pistils  crowded  on  a  convex,  or  oblong,  spongy  recep- 
tacle, becoming  small  drupes.     Perennial  suffruticose  plants:  leaves 
mostly  compound;  flowers  generally  white,  andthe/rw'2  edible. 
2  1.  FRUIT  hemispJierical,  falling  away,  when  ripe,  from  the  dry  convex  receptacle 
(RASPBERRY.  THIMBLE-BERRY). 
f  Leaves  simple,  palmateriobed. 

1.  R.  Odor&tu§,  L.  Unarmed;  hispid  with  glandular  clammy 
hairs ;  leaves  broad-cordate,  mostly  5-lobed. 

ODOROUS  RUBUS.     Rose-flowering  Raspberry. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  nearly  as 
wide  as  long ;  petioles  2  to  4  or  6  inches  long.  Corymbs  compound,  clothed  with  a 
purplish  clammy  glandular  pubescence ;  flowers  large,  bright^purple,  or  sometimes 
pale-red.  Fruit  broad,  on  a  large  receptacle,  bright-red,  or  scarlet,  when  mature. 
Hob.  Rocky  hills ;  Brandywine :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  a  showy  species,  with  flowers  nearly  as  large  as  those 
of  the  Rosa  rubiginosa,  or  sweet-brier.  It  is  sometimes  introduced 
into  gardens, — where  it  is  rather  troublesome  in  sending  up  suck- 
ers from  its  creeping  roots.  It  very  rarely  produces  fruit,  under 
cultivation ;  but  I  have  seen  it,  on  the  mountains,  bearing  flowers 
and  ripe  fruit,  at  the  same  time, 

f  t  Leaves  pinnately  3-5-foliolate. 

2.  R.  STRIGOVSUS,  MX.  Stems   slightly  glaucous,  beset  with   stiff 
bristles,  some  of  them  becoming  weak  hooked  prickles;   leaflets 
oblong-ovate ;  fruit  light  red. 

STRIGOSE  RUBUS.     Red  Raspberry. 

Stem  3  to  4  or  5  fact  high,  light  brown.    Lower  leaves  odd-pinnate  by  fives,  the 
upper  ones  ternate ;  leaflets  about  3  inches  long,  hoary  beneath,  the  terminal  one 
often  cordate  at  base.    Corymbs  4-  to  C-flowered,  axillary  and  terminal,  often  ag- 
gregated and  forming  a  leafy  panicle  at  summit. 
Hob.  Gardens,  yards,  &o.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  is  indigenous  on  our  mountains.  I  have  seen 
it,  abundant,  on  Pokono ;  and  in  our  gardens,  here,  I  think  it  is 
often  mistaken  for  a  variety  of  the  following, — to  which,  indeed,  it 
is  nearly  allied. 

3.  R.  IDAEUS,  L.  Stems  not  glaucous,  hispid  below,  prickly  above ; 
leaflets  rhombic-ovate ;  fruit  amber-colored,  pale  yellow,  or  purple. 
IDA  RUBUS.     Antwerp  Raspberry.   Garden  Raspberry. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  branching, — the  hispid  bark,  below,  exfoliating  the  second 
year.  Lower  leaves  odd-pinnate  by  fives,  the  upper  ones  by  threes ;  common  petiolet 
1  to  3  or  4  inches  long :  leo Jkts  2  to  4  inches  long,  green  above,  clothed  with  a  dense 


80  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

white  cottony  tomentum  beneath.    Carpels  incurved  at  apex,  clothed  with  a  very 

fine  short  velvety  pubescence. 

Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  is  much  admired;  and  the  plant,  in  conse- 
quence, extensively  cultivated.  Many  superior  varieties  (and  per- 
haps hybrids)  have  been  produced  by  scientific  cultivators, — among 
whom  Doctor  BRINCKLE",  of  Philadelphia,  is  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished and  successful. 

4.  R.  OCCidentalis,  L.    Stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  armed 
•with   prickles;  leaflets  lance-ovate;   fruit  dark  purple   or  nearly 
black. 

WESTERN  RUBUS.    Wild,  or  Black  Raspberry.  Thimble-berry. 

Stem  5  to  8  or  10  feet  long,  sparingly  branched,  limber  and  often  arching  over  so 
that  the  summit  comes  to  the  ground  and  takes  root,  mostly  purplish,  and 
pruinose  or  covered  with  a  fine  bluish-white  powder.  Leaflets  mostly  in  threes,  2 
to  4  inches  long,  often  subcordate  at  base,  smoothish  above,  clothed  with  a  dense 
glaucous  tomentum  beneath.  Corymbs  mostly  terminal  on  the  young  branches. 
Hab.  Fence-rows ;  borders  of  woods,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  species  is  smaller  and  less  esteemed  than 
that  of  the  two  preceding ;  but  is  nevertheless  sweet  and  agreeable. 

g  2.   FRUIT  moid  or  oblong,  persistent  on  the  juicy  receptacle  (BLACKBERRY,  and 
DEWBERRY)  :  leaves  pedately  3-  b-foliolate. 

f  Stem  erect,  armed  with  stout  prickles. 

5.  R.  VilloSUS,  Ait.  Stem  angular;  young  branches  and  racemes 
glandular- villous;    leaflets  ovate  and  lance-oval;  racemes  many- 
flowered. 

VILLOUS  RUBUS.     Blackberry.  Common  Brier.  Bramble. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  stout,  ridged  or  obtusely  angular,  branching.  Leaflets 
•7.         2  to  '3  or  4  inches  long.    Racemes  rather  large,  sometimes  leafy.    Fruit  ovoid- 
'     .-.    oblong  or  cylindric,  sometimes  near  an  inch  long, — changing  from  green  to  red  or 
purplish,  and  finally  black. 
Hob.  Old  fields;  thickets,  &c.:  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Every  one  knows  the  common  Brier.     The  root,  both  of  this 

and  the  R.   Canadensis,  being  moderately  astringent,  is  a  popular 

remedy  for  diarrhoea.     The  nipe  fruit  affords  a  pleasant  jam, — which 

is  also  considered  salutary,  in  bowel  complaints.     Even  the  knots 

•\       which  are  formed  on  the  branches,  from  the  puncture  of  insects, 

:-'.^      were  formerly  carried,  by  credulous  simpletons,  as  a  sort  of  amulet, 

.''•.'     or  charm  against  the  toothe-ache !     The  plant,  nevertheless,  is  often 

v    .  "something  of  a  nuisance  on  our  farms,  from  its  tendency  to  spread, 

and  take  possession  of  neglected  fields. 

•    ,"'  <>.  It.  Clineif olillS,  Pursh.  Stem  sub-terete;  branches  pubes- 

.  ^.  cent;  leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  sub-plicate,  tomentose  beneath ;  ra- 

'  cemes  few-flowered. 

'••'':?  WEDGE-LEAVED  RUBUS.     Sand  Blackberry. 

"*  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branched.    Leaflets  mostly  ternate,  1  to  2  inches  long, 
cnneate,  and  obtuse  with  a  short  abrupt  acumination;  common  petioles  half  an 

:     •  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length.    Flowers  sometimes  tinged  with  red.    Fruit 

.  '  oval,  about  half  an  inch  long,  black  when  mature,  succulent  and  well-flavored. 

V  .  Hob.  Dry  hills;  E.  Nantmeal,  Kennett:  rare.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

• 


,_^._.  BOSACEAE  81 

Obs.  This  species  is  very  common  in  New  Jersey ;  but  is  rather 
scarce  on  our  side  of  the  Delaware. 

t  f  Stem  procumbent,  armed  with  short  or  slender  prickles. 

"?•  R.  Canad6nsl§9  L.  Stems  fruticose,  smoothish,  extensively 
trailing;  leaflets  ovate,  acute,  thin;  fruit  large,  sweet. 
R.  trivialis.  Pursh.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  SOS.^not  of  MX.  '     J1  '•', 
CANADIAN  RUBUS.     Dewberry.  Running  Brier. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  8  or  10  feet  long,  slender, — often  several  from  the  same  root 
running  in  different  directions,  and  giving  out  numerous  leafy  pubescent  flower- 
ing branches,  which  are  nearly  erect,  and  2  to  4  or  6  inches  in  length.  Leaflets 
mostly  ternate,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long.  Flowers  somewhat  corymbose 
on  the  short  branches.  Fruit  oblong  or  roundish,  half  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  in 
diameter,  black  when  mature,  very  succulent  and  sweet. 
Hab.  Rocky  sterile  soils;  old  fields,  £c.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Our  Dewberry  is  a  fine  fruit,  and  is  generally  preferred  be- 
fore all  the  other  Blackberries  proper ;  but  it  is  not  the  "  Dewberry'* 
of  England, — which  is  R.  caesius,  L. 

S.  R.  liispidlis,  L.  Stems  suffruticose,  bristly,  slender;  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate,  obtuse,  subcoriaceous ;  fruit  small,  acerb. 
R.  obovatus,  Pers.  £  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  308. 
HISPID  RUBUS.     Swamp  Blackberry. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  long,  armed  with  retrorse  bristles,  which  often  become  slender 
prickles.    Leaflets  about  an  inch  long,  often  living  through  the  winter.    Flowers 
subpaniculate.    Fruit  black  when  mature. 
Hab.  Swampy  thickets,  among  moss,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  species  is  pretty  much  confined  to  shaded  sphagnous 
swamps. 

TRIBE  3.    ROVSEAE. 

I'istiU  numerous,  inserted  on  the  hollow  receptacle  which  lines  the  fleshy  oalyx-      \ 
tube;  calyx-segments  imbricated,  often  foliaceous  at  apex. 

122.  RO'SA,  Tournef. 

[Latinized  from  the  Celtic,  Rhos,  red ;  the  prevailing  color  of  the  flowers.] 
Calyx-tube  urceolate,  finally  berry-like.  Petals  5.  Stamens  numer- 
ous, inserted  with  the  petals  on  the  rim  of  the  calyx-tube.  Styles: 
nearly  included ;  ovaries  distinct,  hirsute,  becoming  bony  akenes. — 
Shrubby  and  prickly:  leaves  odd-pinnate;  stipules  adnate  to  the  pe- 
tiole. 

1.  R.  Carolina,  L.  Stem-prickles  stout,  recurved;  flowers  ia 

terminal  corymbs. 

CAROLINA  ROSA.     Swamp  Rose. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  with  numerous  purple  branches.    Leaflets  mostly  5  or  7,. 
1  to  2  inches  in  length,  generally  elliptic-lanceolate.    Flowers  red  or  purplish.— 
Fruit  (i.  e.  the  fleshy  or  berry-like  calyx-tube,  called  a  Hip,)  depressed-globose, 
somewhat  glandular-hispid,  dark  red  and  shining  when  mature. 
Hab.  Low  moist  grounds,  thickets,  Ac.:  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  often  a  troublesome  plant,  in  wet  meadows,  and  low 
grounds. 

6 


82  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

2.  R.  liicida,  Ehrh.  Stem-prickles  bristle-like,  nearly  straight, 
mostly  deciduous ;  flowers  usually  in  pairs. 
R.  parviflora.  Ehrh.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  310. 
LUCID  ROSA.     Dwarf  Wild  Rose. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  with  greenish  branches.    Leaflets  5  to  9  (mostly  7),  1  to 
near  2  inches  long,  generally  oval.    Flowers  pale  red,  sometimes  solitary.    Hips 
subglobose,  dark  red  and  nearly  smooth,  when  mature. 
Hob.  Borders  of  .woods ;  old  fields,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

3*  R-   rubiginbsa,  L.    Leaflets  and  stipules  glandular-pubescent, 
fragrant;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  small. 
RUBIGINOUS,  or  RUSTY  ROSA.     Sweet  Brier. 

Stem  6  to  8  feet  high  (when  trained  up,  much  taller),  with  long  slender  branches, 
mostly  yellowish-green.  Leaflets  5  to  7,  one-third  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long, 
oval  or  obovate,  green  above,  clothed  with  a  rusty  glandular  viscid  pubescence 
beneath.  Flowers  pale  red.  Hips  oval,  mostly  smooth,  reddish  orange  color  when 
mature. 
Hob.  Sandy  banks;  roadsides,  &c.:  Nat.  of  Europe.^?.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species,  so  generally  admired  for  the  fragrance  of  its 
leaves,  is  sometimes  cultivated, — and  has  become  naturalized  in 
many  places.  The  species  of  this  delightful  genus  are  quite  numer- 
ous;— while  the  splendid  varieties,  produced  by  skillful  Florists 
(and  sedulously  cultivated,  by  persons  of  taste),  almost  defy  the 
attempt  to  catalogue  them, — and  yet  they  are  continually  being 
multiplied. 

SUBORDER  III.    POVMEAE. 

Trees  or  shrubs ;  leaves  mostly  simple ;  ovaries  2  to  5  (rarely  solitary),  cohering 
with  each  other  and  with  the  including  thickened  fleshy  calyx-tube, — each  ovary 
or  cell  containing  one  or  few  ascending  seeds. 

DIVISION  I.  CALYX-TUBE  URCEOLATE. 
123.  CRATAEVGUS,  L. 

[Gr.  Kratos,  strength;  in  allusion  to  the  firmness  of  the  wood.] 
Styles  1  or  2  to  5.     Pome  fleshy  or  somewhat  mealy,  containing  1 
to  5  bony  1-seeded  carpels.     Thorny  shrubs :  leaves  simple,  mostly 
incised  or  lobed ;  flowers  usually  white. 

f  Corymbs  many-flowered.    *  Fruit  small. 

1.  C.  oxyacdntha,  L.  Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  laciniate-lobed,  often 
trifid;  styles  1  to  3;  fruit  ovoid. 
SHARP-THORNED  CRATAEGUS.     English  Hawthorn. 

Stem  8  to  12  feet  high,  much  branched;  branches  rugged,  armed  with  sharp 
tapering  thorns  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  Leaves  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half 
long,  and  about  as  wide  as  long,  variously  lobed,  often  3-  or  5-lobed,  with  the  mid- 
dle or  terminal  lobe  trifid;  stipules  of  the  young  plant  foliaceous,  obliquely  falcate- 
reniform.  Corymbs  terminal  on  the  short  spurs.  Style  mostly  solitary.  Fruit 
about  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  purple  when  mature. 
Hob.  Roadsides;  fence-rows,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  Thorn — so  familiar  to  us,  in  the  Poetry  of  England — 
•was  formerly  rather  frequent  in  Chester  County,  and  partially  nat- 
uralized; but  is  now  becoming  rare.  It  was  probably  introduced 


EOSACEAE  83 

with  a  view  to  hedging ;  but  some  of  our  native  species  being  more 
easily  cultivated,  the  Hawthorn  has  been  neglected. 

*8«  C.   CORD\TA,  Ait   Leaves  deltoid-ovate;   snbcordate  at  base, 
incised-serrate  and  somewhat  3-lobed;  styles  5;  fruit  depressed- 
globose. 
CORDATE  CRATAEGUS.     Washington  Thorn.  Virginia  Thorn. 

Stem  15  to  20  feet  high,  with  numerous  virgate  or  slender  dark-purple  branches, 
armed  with  slender  sharp  thorns  about  2  inches  long.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long, 
often  3-lobed,  and  resembling  a  small  leaf  of  the  red  Maple ;  petioles  %  of  an  inch 
to  an  inch  in  length ;  stipules  of  the  young  plant  subreniform,  lobed  and  glando. 
lar  serrate.  Corymbs  compound,  terminating  the  young  slender  short  branches. 
Styles  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  about  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  bright  crimson 
when  mature. 
Hob.  Roadsides,  Ac.,  in  hedges.  Nat.  of  Virginia.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  species  is  the  one  which  has  been  chiefly  cultivated  for 
hedging,  in  this  County, — where  it  was  introduced,  from  the  vicinity 
of  Washington  City,  about  the  commencement  of  the  present  cen- 
tury. It  makes  a  handsome  hedge,  when  well  managed ;  but  not 
so  substantial  and  effective  as  the  Cockspur  Thorn.  It  is  so  subject 
to  be  injured,  and  broken  into  gaps,  by  thoughtless  and  reckless 
trespassers — especially  near  villages — that  the  attempt  to  cultivate 
it  is  rather  a  source  of  vexation,  than  of  satisfaction. 

*  *  Fruit  middle-size.] 

3»  C.  Crus-grallij  L.  Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  and  lance-oblong, 

serrate,  thickish  and  shining ;  styles  1  to  3 ;  fruit  somewhat  pyri- 

form. 

COCK-SPUR  CRATAEGUS.    Cock-spur  Thorn.  New-Castle  Thorn. 

Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  high,  much  branched,  and  armed  with  sharp  tapering 
thorns  2  to  near  3  inches  in  length.  Lewies  1  to  2%  inches  long,  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, on  short  petioles.  Corymbs  terminal,  on  short  rigid  spurs.  Styles  2,  or  more 
usually  solitary.  Fruit  medium  size^between  the  preceding  and  the  following 
species,  reddish  brown  when  mature. 
Hob.  Fence-rows;  thickets,  &c.:  not  common.  .FZ.June.  Fr.  Octo. 

06*.  There  appears  to  be  two  pretty  distinct  varieties  of  this; 
both  of  which,  however,  are  so  rare,  that  I  am  not  quite  sure  they 
are  truly  indigenous  here.  The  Cock-spur  Thorn,  in  my  judgment, 
is  decidedly  the  best  for  making  a  durable  and  effective  hedge :  But, 
until  timber  shall  become  scarce,  very  few  farmers  will  take  the 
requisite  pains  to  insure  a  complete  hedge, — and  without  such 
care,  it  is  worse  than  labor  lost  to  make  the  attempt.  In  the  lan- 
guage of  Mr.  M'MAHON'S  excellent  "  American  Gardener's  Calendar" 
referring  to  the  hedging  experiments  of  negligent,  slovenly  farmers : 
"  I  would  advise  such  to  hold  fast  by  the  post  and  rail,  and  not  to 
lose  time  in  doing  more  harm  than  good." 

*  *  *  Fruit  rather  large. 

4.  C«  coccinca,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  acutely  sublobed  and  incised- 
serrate,  thin ;  styles  3  to  6 ;  fruit  oval  or  globular,  bright  red. 
SCARLET  CRATAEGUS.     White  Thorn.  Scarlet-fruited  Thorn. 
Stem  0  to  10  or  12  feet  high,  with  flexuous  spreading  rugged  branches,  armed 


84  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

•with  stout  thickish  acute  thorns  1  to  near  2  inches  in  length,  and  mostly  a  little 
curved  downwards.  Leaves  about  2  or  2%  inches  long,  cut  into  3  or  4  small  angu- 
late  lobes  on  each  side ;  petioles  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length ;  stipules 
lance-linear,  glandular-serrate.  Corymbs  terminating  the  young  short  branches. 
Fruit  1  third  to  near  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  esculent. 
Sab.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets:  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

5.  C.  pimctata,  Jacq.  Leaves  cuneate-obovate,  doubly  serrate, 
subplicate ;  styles  2  or  3 ;  fruit  subglobose,  orange-color,  dotted. 
DOTTED  CRATAEGUS. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  with  rugged  branches  armed  with  stout  sharp 
thorns  1  to  2  inches  in  length.  Leaves  an  inch  and  half  to  3  inches  long;  petioles 
%  to  ^  of  an  inch  in  length.  Corymbs  compound,  pubescent,  often  quite  villous. 
Fruit  %io%  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  sometimes  red  when  mature,  esculent  and 
not  unpleasant  to  the  taste, 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods ;  along  streams,  &c.:  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  species  doubtfully  given  as  C.  flava,  in  the  2nd  edition 
(C.  tomentosa^  L.  Torr.  &  Gr.),  I  am  not  yet  well  satisfied  about; 
and  therefore  leave  it  for  further  investigation. 

f  f  Flowers  subsolitary,  terminal. 

6.  C.  parvifolia.  Ait,  Leaves  cuneate-oblong,  or  spatulate, 
crenate,  thickish,  roughish-pubescent ;    styles  5;    fruit  pyriform, 
rather  large,  pale  greenish-yellow. 

SMALL-LEAVED  CRATAEGUS.     Dwarf  Thorn. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  bushy,  armed  with  a  few  sharp  thorns  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long.    Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  subsessile.    Fruit  %  to 
near  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  somewhat  hairy,  esculent. 
Hob.  Dry  banks;  Great  Valley:  rare.    FL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

124.  PY^RtTS,  L. 

[The  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Pear-tree.] 

Styles  2,  to  5.  Pome  fleshy  or  berry-like,  2-  to  5-celled ;  cells  or 
carpels  cartilaginous,  each  2-seeded.  Trees,  or  shrubs :  leaves  mostly 
simple,  involute  in  the  bud;  flowers  in  cymose  corymbs. 

§  1.  STYLES  5,  distinct :  Pome  turbinate,  not  umbilicate  at  base. 
1.  P.  COMMTJNIS,  L.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  slightly  serrate,  smooth 
above ;  peduncles  corymbose,  pubescent. 
COMMON  PYRUS.     Pear.  Pear-tree. 

Stem  20  to  30  or  40  feet  high,  with  virgate  rather  erect  branches,  forming  an  ob- 
long or  tapering  head.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length. 
Flowers  white,  in  clustered  corymbs,  on  lateral  spurs.    Fruit  1  to  3  inches  in 
diameter,  succulent,  usually  yellowish-green,  with  shades  of  red. 
Hal).  Gardens,  yards,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug.  and  after. 

Obs.  Many  varieties  of  this  luscious  fruit  have  been  obtained,  by 
long  culture, — in  which  the  French  Pomologists  seem  especially  to 
excel. 

§  2.  STYLES  5,  united  at  base:  Pome  depressed-globose,  umbilicate  at  base. 
a.  P.  MALUS,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  serrate,  pubescent  above  ,- 
peduncles  subumbellate,  villous. 
APPLE  PYRUS.     Common  Apple.  Apple-tree. 


EOSACEAE  85 

SUm  15  to  25  or  30  feet  high,  usually  with  spreading  geniculate  branches,  form- 
ing a  broad  bushy  head.    Leaves  2  to  3j  inches  long ;  petioles  about  an  inch  in 
length.    Flowers  mostly  pale  red,  in  simple  sessile  umbels,  terminal  and  lateral. 
Fruit  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter,  fleshy,  of  various  colors. 
Hob.  Orchards,  yards,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug.  and  after. 

Obs.  The  varieties  of  this — like  the  Pear — have  been  rendered 
almost  numberless,  by  long  and  careful  culture.  It  is  much  to  be 
regretted,  however,  that  so  little  attention  has  been  hitherto  paid, 
in  this  County,  in  selecting  the  best.  A  new  era,  it  is  hoped,  is 
now  dawning  upon  those  who  have  orchards  to  plant.  %£~^ 

3.  P.  coroiiiiria,  L.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  subcordate  at  base, 
incised-serrate  or  angulate-lobed,  smoothish;  peduncles  corymbose, 
smooth. 

CROWN  PYRUS.     Crab  Apple.  Sweet-scented  Crab  tree. 

Stem  10  to  15  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches,  rugged  with  short  spurs,  and 
forming  a  bushy  head.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  half  in  length.  Flowers  pale  red,  in  loose  corymbs  terminating  the  spurs.— 
Fruit  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  in  diameter,  fleshy,  but  firm,  yellowish-green  and 
fragrant  when  mature,  yet  extremely  acid. 
Hob,  Borders  of  woods ;  roadsides,  &c.  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  native  apple  was  formerly  frequent  in  Chester  County : 
but  is  now  becoming  quite  rare. 

§  3.  STYLES  2  to  5:  Pome  small,  berry-like;  leaves  glandular. 

4.  P.  arbutii'olia,  L.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute,  crenate- 
oerrulate,   mostly  tomentose  beneath;   peduncles  corymbose,  vil- 
lous. 

ARBUTUS-LEAVED  PYRUS.     Choke-berry. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  slender,  branching.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  the 
upper  surface  smooth  and  green,  with  numerous  dark  purple  glands  on  the  midrib ; 
petioles  1  line  to  yz  of  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  whitish,  with  a  tinge  of  purple, 
in  terminal  pedunculate  cymose  or  compound  corymbs.  Fruit  globose,  2  to  3 
lines  in  diameter,  dark  red  or  purple,  sometimes  nearly  black,  when  mature, 
sweetish  and  astringent. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

DIVISION  ii.    CALYX-TUBE  TURBINATE,  OR  OVOID. 

125.  CYOOV]VIA,  Tournef. 
[The  name  of  a  city  of  Crete, — whence  it  was  obtained.] 

Calyx-tube  turbinate;  segments  subfoliaceous.  Pome  fleshy,  5- 
celled ;  cells  several-seeded ;  seeds  mucilaginous.  Trees,  or  shrubs  : 
leaves  simple,  conduplicate  in  the  bud ;  flowers  mostly  solitary. 

1.  C.  WLGARIS,  Pers.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  base,  very 
entire,  tomentose  beneath ;  fruit  sub-turbinate,  tomentose. 
COMMON  CYDONIA.     Quince.  Quince-tree. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long ; 
petioles  about  half  an  inch  long.    Flowers  reddish  white,  rather  large,  terminal.— 
Fruit  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  citron-yellow  when  mature. 
Hob.  Gardens;  ditch  banks,  &c.    Nat.  of  Southern  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit, — which  is  chiefly  used  for  making 


86  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Preserves,  or  sweet-meats.  The  Quince  is  supposed  to  be  the  golden 
apple  of  the  Hesperides,  so  celebrated  in  ancient  fable  ;  but  if  the 
Orange  had  been  then  known,  it  would  doubtless  have  been  esteemed 
a  more  precious  fruit,  by  "the  Western  Maidens."  The  C.  Japon- 
ica,  Per  8.  or  Flowering  Quince  (Pyrus  Japonica,  Willd.},  is  highly 
prized  for  its  beauty  as  an  early-flowering  shrub;  butthe/rwi  — 
though  remarkably  fragrant  —  is  very  hard  and  acerb. 

126,  AMELAff'CHIER,  Medik. 

[The  popular  French  name  of  one  of  the  species.] 

Calyx-tube  ovoid.  Petals  5,  lance-oblong.  Pome  berry-like,  wit? 
5  cartilaginous  double  cells,  each  division  1-seeded;  seeds  ofte*. 
abortive.  Shrubs  :  leaves  simple  ;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  A.  CanadensiS,  Torr.  $  Or.  Leaves  elliptic-obovate,  acu- 

minate, silky-  villous  while  young;  racemes  elongated. 

A.  Botryapium.  Lindl.  $  FL   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  294.  also,  A.  ovalis, 

ibid.  p.  295. 

CANADIAN  AMELANCHIEK.     June-berry.  Shad-Bush.  Service-berry. 

Stem,  8  to  15  or  20  feet  high,  with  rather  slender  distant  branches.    Leaves  2  to  3 
inches  long  ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Racemes  about  2  inches 
long,  loose  and  rather  pendulous  ;  flowers  white  and  showy.    Fruit  roundish- 
ovoid,  2  to  3  or  4  lines  in  diameter,  dark  purple  when  mature,  esculent. 
Hob.  Rich  moist  woodlands  :  frequent.    FL  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  shrub  has  acquired  one  of  its  popular  names,  by  reason 
of  its  flowering  during  the  season  of  taking  shad,  in  our  rivers.  The 
A.  ovalis,  DC.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  is,  no  doubt,  very  properly  re- 
duced to  a  variety. 

ORDER  XXXVI.  MELASTOMACEAE. 

Barely  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  strongly  ribbed  ;  stipules  none;  flowers  in 
terminal  corymbose  cymes  ;  calyx-tube  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  stamens 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  ;  anthers  opening  by  pores  at 
apex  ;  fruit  capsular  ;  seeds  numerous,  without  albumen. 


RHEX'IA,  L. 

[Gr.  Khexis,  a  rupture;  a  name  without  apparent  application.] 
Calyx-tube  urceolate  ;  limb  4-cleft.     Petals  4,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Anthers  long,    curved,    decimate,    1-celled.     Style   1.     Capsule  4- 
celled,  included  in  the   calyx-tube.      Seeds  cochleate.      Perennial 
herbs:  leaves  sessile;  flowers  cymose. 

1.  R.  Vir§finlca?  L.  Stem  square,  with  winged  angles  ;  leaves 

oval-lanceolate,  acute,  bristly-ciliate. 

VIRGINIA  RHEXIA.     Deer-grass.  Meadow  Beauty. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  often  trichotomously  branched  above,  sparingly  hispid. 
Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  with  3  prominent  nerves.    Flowers  bright  purple,  rather 
large  and  showy;  calyx  glandular-hispid. 
Hob.  Slaty  swamps  :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  XXXVII.  LYTHRA^CEAE. 

Herbs  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  entire  ;  stipules  none  ;  flowers  axillary  ;  stamens  4  tr 
14  ;  style  1  ;  capsule  membranaceous,  included  in  the  calyx,  but  free,  1-  to  4-celled. 
Boany-aeeded;  seeds  without  albumen. 


LTTHEACEAE  87 

128.  AMMAIV'JVIA,  Houston. 

[Dedicated  to  Prof.  Ammann,  of  St.  Petersburg.] 

Calyx  snbcampanulate,  4-angled,  4-lobed,  with  a  tooth  at  each 
sinus.  Petals  4,  or  wanting.  Stamens  4.  Capsule  globular,  4- 
celled,  with  central  placentae.  Smooth  subaquatics. 

1.  A.  !i  ii  mil  is,  MX.   Stems  ascending,  square;  leaves  linear- 
oblanceolate,  rather  obtuse ;  flowers  in  threes  or  often  solitary,  ses- 
sile; petals  4,  orbicular,  caducous. 
HUMBLE  AMMANNIA. 

Annual ;  stem  4  to  8  inches  long,  procumbent  and  branching  at  base.    Leaves  % 
of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  tapering  at  base  to  a  short  petiole.    Flow«rs 
greenish,  small,  upper  ones  usually  solitary,  and  opposite. 
Hob.  Wet  places;  Brandy  wine:  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Collected  on  the  west  branch  of  the  Brandy  wine,  above 
MARSHALL'S  Mill,  in  1837,  by  Mr.  JOSEPH  M.  BARNAKD. 

129.  CITPHEA,  Jacq. 

[Gr.  Kuphos,  curved,  or  gibbous;  in  reference  to  the  calyx-tube.] 
Calyx  tubular,  12-ribbed,  ventricose,  gibbous   at  base;   limb   6- 
toothed.      Petals  6,  very  unequal.     Stamens  mostly   12.     Capsule 
oblong,  1-  or  2-celled,  bursting  laterally  with  the  calyx-tube.  Seeds 
few,  compressed,  oval.     Clammy  herbs :  flowers  pedunculate. 

1.  C.  visco§issima,j  Jacq.  Clothed  with  a  purplish  clammy 
pubescence ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate ;  flowers  solitary. 
MOST  VISCID  CUPHEA. 

Annual ;  stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  branched.  Leaves  1  to  near  2  inches  long ; 
petioles  %to%&n  inch  in  length.  Calyx-tube  about  half  an  inch  long,  contracted 
at  throat ;  limb  more  or  less  dilated,  6-toothed,  and  usually  with  small  intervening 
processes.  Petals  violet  purple,  obovate,  clawed.  Capsule  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx-tube,  thin  and  membranaceous,  opening  before  maturity,  and  exposing  the 
rather  large  seeds. 
Hob.  Gravelly  old  fields,  and  roadsides:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 

ORDER  XXXVIII.  ONAGRA^CEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  simple,  without  stipules;  flowers  mostly  tetra- 
merous;  calyx-Jube  adherent  to  the  2-4-celled  ovary,  its  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud 
or  obsolete ;  petals  convolute  in  the  bud ;  stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  as 
the  petals  or  calyx-lobes. 

SUBORDER  I.    ONAGRAVCEAE  PROPER. 

Calyx-tube  often  longer  than  the  ovary,  bearing  the  petals  (when  present)  and  star 
mens  on  its  summit;  stigma  2- 4-lobed,  or  capitate;  capsule  loculicidally  4-celled 
and  4-valved,  or  indehiscent;  placentae  in  the  axis;  seeds  without  albumen. 

f  PETALS  4 ;  stamens  twice  as  many, 
'ISO.  EPMLO^BIUJH,  L. 

[Gr.  Epi  Lobou  Ion ;  meaning  a  violet  on  a  Pod.] 

Calyx-tube  not  longer  than  the  ovary.  Anthers  subovate,  erect; 
pollen  not  viscid.  Capsule  long,  linear.  Seeds  comose.  Peren* 
maU. 


88  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

1.   E.   angUStifdlium,   L.   Stem  simple;  leaves  alternate, 

lanceolate,  entire ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  virgate  raceme,  large  and 

showy. 

NARROW-LEAVED  EPILOBITJM.     Great  Willow-Herb. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  subsessile.    Raceme  3  to  6  or  8 
inches  long;  flowers  purplish  lilac-color,  on  pedicels  about  half  an  inch  in  length. 
Capsules  1%  to  3  inches  long,  hoary. 
Hob.  Great  Valley;  Beaver  run:  rare.    Fl.  July.  JV.Sept. 

Obs.  Collected  in  1837,  by  Mr.  ALBERT  TOWNSEND.  The  specific 
name,  given  by  LINNAEUS,  is  rather  unfortunate,  and  calculated  to 
mislead  the  young  Botanist, — as  the  leaves  are  much  broader,  and 
every  way  larger,  than  in  some  of  the  forms  of  E.  palustre.  The 
plant,  in  fact,  is  quite  pretty,— with  a  large  raceme  of  showy  flow- 
ers. 

52*  E.  COlorsitlllli,  Muhl.  Stem  much  branched;  leaves  mostly 

opposite,   lanceolate,    serrulate,   purple- veined ;    flowers    axillary, 

small. 

COLORED  EPILOBIUM.    Willow-herb. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,— the  upper  part,  and  branches,  often  marked  with  pubes- 
cent lines  decurrent  from  the  base  of  the  petioles.  Leaves  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long, 
mostly  obtuse  at  base;  petioles  very  short.  Flowers  purplish,  sometimes  nearly 
white,  with  purple  spots,  the  petals  bifid  or  emarginate.  Capsule  2  to  near  3  inches 
long,  slender,  pubescent ;  valves  keeled. 
Hob.  Swampy  thickets,  and  low  grounds  r  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  E.  palustre,  L.  Stem  slender,  bushy  at  summit,  hoary; 
leaves  lanceolate,  or  lance-linear,  often  entire  with  revolute  mar- 
gins. 

E.  squamatum,  Nutt.  $  Fl.   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  239. 
MARSH  EPILOBIUM. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  rigid ;  branches  pubescent.    Leaves  an  inch  or  inch 
and  half  in  length,  often  nearly  linear  and  sessile.    Flowers  pale  purple,  or  nearly 
white,  few  and  small.    Capsule  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  long,  very  slender,  hoary- 
pubescent  while  young. 
Hob.  Swampy,  low  grounds :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  linear-leaved  variety  is  becoming  rare. 

131.  <EtfOTHEvRA,  L. 

[Gr.  Oinos,  wine,  and  Thera,  a  'chase ;  application  obscure.] 
Calyx-tube  longer  than  the  ovary.     Petals  mostly  obcordate.     An- 
thers  linear,  incumbent;  pollen  viscid.     Capsule  oblong,  or  clavate. 
Seeds  not  comose.     Leaves  alternate. 

1.  CE.  foieimis,  L.  Stem  stout,  green ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
repand-dentate ;  capsule  oblong,  obtusely  4-angled,  sub-sessile. 
BIENNIAL  OENOTHERA.     Evening  Primrose. 

Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  branched,  often  rough-haired.  Leaves  2  to  6  inches 
long, — the  lower  ones  on  short  petioles,  the  upper  ones  sessile.  Flmvers  yellow, 
large,  in  a  terminal  leafy  or  bracteate  spike.  Calyx  colored ;  tube  cylindrical,  1  to 
2  inches  in  length ;  limb  dividing,  reflected, — the  segments  partially  cohering,  and 
turned  to  one  side;  the  limb,  and  tube  above  the  ovary,  caducous.  Capsule  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long. 


ONAGRACEAE  89 

Sab.  Fields;  fence-rows,  Ac.:  frequent    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  There  are  3  or  4  varieties  of  this;  one  of  which  (Oe.  grandi- 
flora,  Ait.),  with  very  large  flowers  (frequent  in  gardens),  it  is  in- 
teresting to  observe,  while  its  petals  are  expanding  in  the  twilight 
of  a  summer's  evening. 

2.  CE.  flruticusa,  L.    Stem  slender,  rigid,  purplish;  leaves 

oblong-lanceolate,  denticulate;  capsule  clavate,  acutely  4-angled, 

pedicellate. 

SHRUBBY  OENOTHERA.     Sun-drops. 

Perennial  f    Stem  1%  to  3  feet  high,  simple  or  often  branched  from  the  base.— 
Leaves  about  2  inches  long,  sessile.    Flowers  yellow,  middle-size,  in  a  terminal 
bracteate  raceme.    Capsule  about  half  an  inch  long,  the  angles  sometimes  winged, 
tapering  at  base  to  an  angular  pedicel  1  to  3  or  4  lines  in  length. 
Hob.  Dry  hills,  and  pastures :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This,  also,  presents  some  varieties;  but  the  foregoing  are 
probably  the  only  distinct  species,  indigenous  to  the  County. 

132.  OAITRA,  L. 

[Gr.  Gauros,  superb ;  not  particularly  applicable  to  our  plant.] 
Calyx-tube  much  longer  than  the  ovary.     Petals  lance -oblong,  as- 
cending, or  turned  to  the  upper  side.     Anthers  oblong,  incumbent. 
Capsule  ovoid,  ribbed,  bony  or  nut-like,  nearly  indehiscent,  1-  or 
few-seeded.     Seeds  not  comose.     Leaves  alternate,  sessile. 

1.  €r.  Ijieimis,  L.  Stem  hairy ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
denticulate ;  capsule  subsessile. 
BIENNIAL  GAURA. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  hard,  branching,  often  purple.    Leaves  1  to  4  or  5 
inches  long,  acute  at  each  end,  finally  purple.    Ftou>ers  at  first  reddish-white,  at 
length  purple,  in  terminal  spikes, — beginning  in  dense  corymbs,  and  gradually 
elongating.    Capsules  1  third  to  half  an  inch  long,  quadrangular-ovoid. 
Hob.  Along  the  Schuylkill:  rare.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

•j-  f  PETALS  mostly  4 ;  stamens  as  many. 
133.  L-UOWIG'IA,  L. 

[In  honor  of  Christian  Gottlieb  Ludwig;  a  German  Botanist.] 
Calyx-tube  not  any  longer  than  the  ovary ;  segments  4,  more  or  less 
persistent.      Petals  sometimes  wanting.       Capsule    quadrangular- 
obovoid,  or  oblong,  many-seeded.     Perennials :  flowers  axillary. 

*  Leaves  alternate;  petals  4. 

1.  Ij.  al  t  <•  r  ill  folia,  L.    Stem  erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile  ;  capsules  quadrangular-obovoid,  the  angles  winged. 
Isnardia  alternifolia.  DC.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  109. 
ALTERNATE-LEAVED  LUDWIGIA.     Bastard  Loose-strife.  Seed-box. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  much  branched,  often  purplish.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long, 
acute,  tapering  at  base.  Flowers  yellow ;  calyx-segments  acuminate,  deciduous ; 
petals  roundish-obovate,  caducous.  Capsule  about  ^  of  an  inch  in  diameter, — the 
apex  broad  and  convex,  opening  by  a  central  foramen;  peduncle  the  length  of  the 
capsule. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows;  along  rivulets,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept 


90  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

*  *  Leaves  opposite ;  petals  wanting,  or  minute. 

2.  Li.  palustris,  Ell.  Stem  procumbent,  creeping ;  leaves  ovate, 
petiolate ;  capsules  oblong,  obtusely  4-cornered. 
Isnardia  palustris,  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  109. 
MARSH  LUDWIGIA.     Water  Purslane. 

Stem  6  to  12  and  18  inches  long,  succulent,  purple,  creeping  (sometimes  floating), 
branching.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  flat  or 
•winged  petiole  which  is  half  an  inch  to  three  quarters  in  length.    Capsule  truncate, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-segments. 
Hob.  Ditches,  and  miry  places :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  f  PETALS  2 ;  stamens  as  many. 

134.  CIRCAEVA,  Tournef. 
[Named  from  Circe,  the  fabled  Enchantress.] 

Calyx-tube  a  little  longer  than  the  ovary ;  lobes  2,  deciduous.  Petals 
obcordate.  Capsule  turbinate,  subcompressed,  uncinately  hirsute, 
2-celled,  2-seeded.  Perennials:  leaves  opposite,  petiolate. 

1.  C.  IjUtetiana,  L.  Leaves  ovate  or  subcordate,  acuminate, 

remotely  toothed ;  bracts  none. 

PARISIAN  CIRC  ABA.     Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  simple,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaves  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long,  thin ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.  Flowers  reddish- 
white,  in  slender  virgate  racemes,  alternate  and  pedicellate;  pedicels  of  the  fruit 


Hob.  Moist,  shaded  places:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Dr.  DARWIN,  in  his  Botanic  Garden,  devotes  a  number  of 
lines  to  the  vulgar  notions  formerly  connected  with  this  plant.  The 
following  are  the  initiatory  couplets: — 

"  Thrice  round  the  grave  CIRCSEA  prints  her  tread, 
.And  chaunts  the  numbers  which  disturb  the  dead ; 
Shakes  o'er  the  holy  earth  her  sable  plume, 
.  Waves  her  dread  wand,  and  strikes  the  echoing  tomb ! " 

He  informs  us,  in  a  note,  that  it  "was  much  celebrated  in  the 
mysteries  of  witchcraft,"  &c.  and  remarks,  that  "the  superstitious 
ceremonies  or  histories  belonging  to  some  vegetables  have  been 
truly  ridiculous : " — such  as  those  of  the  Druids  with  the  Mistletoe, — 
the  legend  of  the  Mandrake, — the  wearing  of  Paeony  roots,  as  amu- 
lets,— and  the  use  of  the  Hazel  twig,  or  Divining  Kod,  in  discovering 
ores,  and  fountains.  He  adds,  that,  in  the  very  year  when  he  was 
writing,  "there  were  many  in  France,  and  some  in  England,  who 
underwent  an  enchantment  without  any  divining  rod  at  all,  and  be- 
lieved themselves  to  be  affected  by  an  invisible  agent,  which  the 
Enchanter  called  Animal  Magnetism!" 

ORDER  XXXIX.  GROSSULACEAE. 

Low  shrubs,  sometimes  prickly ;  leaves  alternate,  palmately  veined  and  lobed,  ex- 
tipulate,  or  the  petioles  with  stipular  margins,  ciliate  and  somewhat  clasping  at 
base;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  border  5-lobed,  shriveling;  petals  5,  very 
small;  stamens  5,  inserted,  alternately  with  the  petals,  on  the  calyx;  fruit  a 
1-celled  berry,  with  2  parietal  placentae;  seeds  numerous;  embryo  minute,  at  the 
base  of  hard  albumen. 


GROSSULACEAE  91 

135.  m •  m :s.  L. 

[An  andent  Arabic  name,  of  obscure  meaning.] 

Stamens  short,  often  included.     Styles  2,  more  or  less  united.    Ripe 
seeds  enveloped  in  a  gelatinous  coat. 

*  Stems  more  or  less  aculeate;  peduncles  1-  to  3-flowered. 

1.  R.  UvA-CRispA,  L.  Stem  diffusely  branching;  berries  solitary, 
oval,  large,  smooth,  or  hairy. 
Goose-berry. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high.    Leaves  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  in  length,  and  as  wide 
as  long,  3-  to  5-lobed ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  often  margined.    Peduncles 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  often  hracteate  near  the  middle.    Flowers  pale  greenish-yel- 
low.   Berries  pendulous,  greenish  amber-color,  when  mature. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

*  *  Stems  not  aculeate ;  flowers  in  racemes. 

*J.  R.  RUBBUM,  L.  Stems  slender,  erect,  sparingly  branched;  ra- 
cemes smooth ;  calyx  rotate ;  berries  globose,  mostly  red. 
RED  RIBES.     Red  Currant. 

Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  growing  in  bunches,  or  clusters  from  the  root.    Leaves  1 
to  2  or  3  inches  long,  rather  wider  than  long,  obtusely  3-  to  5-lobed;  petioles  about 
as  long  as  the  leaves.    Racemes  from  lateral  buds,  distinct  from  the  leaves;  bracts 
ovate.    Flowers  greenish-yellow.    Berries  sometimes  peaily  white. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

3*  R.  NIGRUM,  L.  Leaves  resinous-dotted  beneath ;  racemes  hairy ; 
calyx  tubular-campanulate ;  berries  roundish-ovoid,  black. 
BLACK  RIBES.     Black  Currant. 

Stems  3  to  5  feet  high,  in  clusters  from  the  root.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  nearly 
as  wide  as  long,  3-  to  5-lobed;  petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Racemes  usually 
with  a  distinct  single-flowered  peduncle  at  base;  bracts  subulate.  Flowers  pale 
yellowish-green, — the  petals  sometimes  changed  into  stamens,  or  staminodia. — 
Berries  purplish  black. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

4.  R.  floritlum,  L.  Leaves  resinous-dotted  on  both  sides;  ra- 
cemes retrorsely  pubescent;  calyx  tubular;  berries  ovoid-oblong, 
black. 
FLOWERY  RIBES.     Wild  Black  Currant. 

Stems  3  or  4  feet  high,  several  from  the  root ;  branches  often  recurved.    Leaves 
1  to  2  inches  in  length,  and  as  wide  as  long,  acutely  3-lobed ;  petioles  longer  than 
the  leaves,  margined,  and  fringed  or  pubescent-ciliate  near  the  base.    Racemes 
about  3  inches  long ;  bracts  lance-linear.    Flowers  pale  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  Sandy  banks;  road-sides,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  nearly  allied  to  the  Garden  Black  Currant.  Two 
American  species  (from  the  far  West)  are  cultivated  as  ornamental 
shrubbery;  viz.  R.  aureum,  Ph.  or  Missouri  Currant,  with  yellow 
flowers  of  spicy  clove-like  fragrance, — and  R.  sanguineum.  Ph.  with 
deep  crimson  flowers. 

ORDEK  XL.  CUCURBITA^CEAE. 

Herbaceous,  mostly  succulent  vines,  with  tendrils;   leaves  alternate,  palmately 
veined  or  lobed;  flowers  monoicous  (sometimes  dioicous);  calyx-tube  adherent  to 


92  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

the  1-3-celled  ovary;  petals  5,  more  or  less  united  (often  completely  so);  stamens  5 
or  3,  somewhat  united,  as  well  by  their  tortuous  anthers  as  by  the  filaments;  fruit 
(Pepo)  usually  fleshy,  sometimes  woody  or  membranous ;  seeds  large,  without  albu- 
men. 

f  Petals  connected  at  base,  only. 

136.  LAGEIVA'RIA,  Seringe. 

[Gr.  Lagenos,  a  flagon,  or  bottle ;  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.] 

Calyx-tube  subturbinate ;    segments    subulate-lanceolate.      Fruit  a 

woody  Pepo ;  seeds  obovate,  2-lobed  at  apex,  with  the  margin  tumid. 

Climbing  annuals. 

1.  L.   vuLGXms,  Ser.    Softly  viscid-pubescent;   leaves  roundish- 
cordate,  acuminate ;  fruit  clavate-ventricose. 
COMMON  LAGENARIA.     Calabash.  Bottle  Gourd. 

Plant  emitting  a  fetid  musky  odor;  stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  long,  slender,  branch- 
ing, climbing  by  2-  to  4-cleft  tendrils.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  petioles  2  to  6 
inches  long.  Flowers  white,  with  green  nerves  and  veins,  axillary,  on  long  pe- 
duncles. Fruit  12  to  18  inches  long,  unequally  biventricose,  finally  nearly  hol- 
low, or  partially  filled  with  the  loose  dry  suberose  placentae,— the  rind,  or  shell, 
becoming  smooth,  thin  and  hard.  Seeds  with  a  dry  membranous  arillus. 

^  Obs.  The  firm  woody  shell,  of  the  fruit,  affords  a  convenient 
kitchen  utensil, — for  which  the  plant  is  cultivated,  by  cottagers  and 
farmers  who  cannot  afford,  or  do  not  choose,  to  purchase  more 
costly  ones.  WILLDENOW  seems  to  have  had  a  high  opinion  of  its 
value,  in  domestic  economy.  Under  the  head  of  Usus,  he  mentions 
"Lagenae,  Cochlearia,  Infundibula,  Pilei,  innumeraque  Utensilia."  It 
might  serve  all  these  purposes,  in  a  primitive  state  of  society ;  but 
our  people  have  generally  got  rather  past  that.  There  is  occasion- 
ally cultivated,  for  the  table,  a  cucurbitaceous  fruit  of  extraordinary 
length,  called  "  vegetable  marrow," — which  seems  to  belong  to  this 
species,  and  may,  perhaps,  be  the  variety  clavata,  of  SERINGE  and  DE 
CANDOLLE. 

137.  CITCUMIS,  L. 

[Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Celtic,  Once,— a  hollow  vessel.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-toothed.     Fruit  a  fleshy  Pepo  ;  seeds 
white,  lance-oblong,  acute  at  base  and  on  the  margin.     Annuals  / 
flowers  axillary,  on  short  peduncles,  yellow;  tendrils  simple. 

1,  C.  MELO,  L.  Stem  prostrate;    leaves   cordate-orbicular,  some- 
what angulate;  fertile  flowers  perfect;  fruit  oval,  or  subglobose, 
torulose. 
MELON  CUCUMIS.     Musk-Melon.  Cantaleupe. 

Hirsute  and  roughish.    Stem  5  to  8  or  10  feet  long,  sparingly  branched.    Leaves 
3  to  4  inches  in  length,  and  rather  wider  than  long ;  petioles  2  to  3  inches  long. — 
Fruit  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  often  longitudinally  ridged  (torulose),— the  flesh, 
when  mature,  yellowish,  succulent,  and  of  a  saccharine  spicy  flavor. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Tartary,  and  the  East.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Si.  C.  SATiVus,  L.  Stem  trailing  or  clambering;  leaves  angulate- 
lobed,  the  terminal  lobe  prominent ;  fruit  oblong,  obtusely  trigonous, 
scabrous  when  young. 
CULTIVATED  CUCUMIS.     Common  Cucumber. 


;         CUCUEBITACEAB  93 

Rough  and  hispid.    Stem  6  to  10  or  12  feet  long,  somewhat  branching.    Leaves 
3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  somewhat  5-angled  and  lobed ; 
petioles  2  to  4  inches  in  length.    Fruit  6  to  12  inches  long,  and  2  or  3  inches  in 
diameter,  rough  with  bristle-pointed  tubercles  while  young,— smoothish,  tawny- 
yellow,  and  pulpy  when  mature. 
Hab.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Asia.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 
3.  C.  ANGUVRIA,  L.  Stem  prostrate,  slender;  leaves  sinuately  pal- 
mate-lobed;  fruit  oval,  echinate. 
ANGURIA  CUCUMIS.     Prickly,  or  Jerusalem  Cucumber. 

Hirsute.    Stem  3  to  6  feet  long,  branching.  Leaves  3  or  4  inches  in  length,  deeply 
sinuate-lobed;  petioles  1  or  2  inches  long.    Flowers  greenish-yellow.    Fruit  about 
an  inch  in  diameter,  strongly  muricate,  greenish  when  mature. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac..   Nat.  of  Jamaica.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

138.  CITRUI/MJS,  Neck. 

[From  Citrus,  an  orange;  the  pulp  being  mostly  orange-red.] 
Calyx  5-parted ;  segments  linear-lanceolate.  Fruit  oval  or  roundish, 
fleshy, — the  placentae  very  succulent.  Seeds  colored,  flatly  com- 
pressed, obovate-oblong,  truncate  at  base,  and  ^obtuse  on  the  mar- 
gin. Annuals:  flowers  axillary,  pale  greenish-yellow;  tendrils 
branched. 

1.  C.  VULGABJS,  Schrad.    Stem  trailing,  rather  slender ;  leaves  5- 
lobed,  lobes  sinuate-pinnatifid ;  fruit  very  smooth,  stellate-maculate. 
Cucumis  Citrullus.  Ser.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  553. 
COMMON  CITRULLUS.     Water-Melon. 

Hairy.  Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  long,  angular,  somewhat  branching.  Leaves  3  to 
5  or  6  inches  long,  ovate  in  their  outline;  petioles  2  to  3  inches  in  length,  gener- 
ally erect.  Fruit  10  to  20  inches  long,  with  a  firm  fleshy  rind,  and,  when  mature, 
with  a  tender  sweet  watery  frosty-looking  or  crystalized  pulp  within,  which  is 
usually  purplish  or  reddish-orange  color.  Seeds  black,  or  purplish  brown. 
Hab.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat.  of  India  and  Africa.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  There  is  a  nearly  allied  plant,  often  seen  in  gardens,  which 
bears  a  different /rmZ — known  by  the  name  of  "  Citron," — the  firm 
rind  of  which  is  used  in  making  sweetmeats,  or  "Preserves."  The 
interior  is  also  firm,  and  does  not  become  red,  tender  and  watery, 
like  the  common  Water  Melon :  yet  the  whole  aspect  of  the  plant, 
and  external  appearance  of  the  fruit,  so  closely  resemble  this  species, 
that  I  suppose  it  may  be  nothing  more  than  a  variety, — perhaps  the 
Var.  Pasteca,  of  SERINGE  and  DE  CANDOLLE. 

139.  SICTOS,  L. 

[The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Cucumber.] 

Calyx  campanulate.  Fruit  ovate,  compressed,  dry  and  membranous, 
1 -seeded,  beset  with  barbed  prickly  bristles.  Climbing  annuals, 
resembling  the  common  Cucumber-  Vine :  fruit  in  capitate  clusters. 

I.  S.  aiisulat  us,  L.  Leaves  angulate-5-lobed,  cordate  at  base ; 
fruit  prickly  and  villous,  in  small  dense  pedunculate  clusters. 
ASGULATE  SICYOS.     Single-seeded  Cucumber. 

Viscid-pubescent  Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  long,  slender,  branching;  tendrils 
somewhat  umbellately  branched.  Leaves  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  and  about  as 
wide  as  long ;  petioles  2  to  3  inches  ra  length.  Flowers  greenish-white,  clustered 


94  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

on  axillary  common  peduncles  1  or  2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length, — the  staminate  ones 
corymbose-capitate,  with  the  common  peduncle  longer ;  the  pistillate  ones  in  dense 
capitate  clusters.    Fruit  compressed,  ovate,  in  stellately-globose  heads,  which  are 
about  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  armed  with  slender  tawny  spines. 
Hob.  Banks  of  Schuylkill :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  Cucumber-like  Vine  has  found  its  way  into  some  gar- 
dens ;  where  it  is  something  of  a  nuisance,  and  rather  difficult  to 
get  rid  of.  The  Balsam  Apple  (Momordica  Balsdmina,  L.J,  which 
belongs  to  this  section,  is  sometimes  seen  in  gardens ;  but  is  scarcely 
entitled  to  a  place  in  our  Flora — even  among  cultivated  plants. 

f  f  Petals  united  with  each  other,  and  with  the  calyx. 
14O.  CUCIIR'BITA,  L. 

[The  Latinized  Celtic  name  for  a  Gourd,  or  hollow  vessel.] 
Calyx-tube  obovoid-clavate ;  limb  circumscissed  and  deciduous.  Co- 
rolla campanulate.  Fruit  fleshy,  or  finally  subligneous.  Seeds 
white,  obovate,  convexly  compressed,  the  margin  scarcely  tumid. — 
Trailing  annuals :  leaves  subcordate ;  tendrils  branched ;  flowers  yel- 
low, axillary,  subsolitary. 

*  Fruit  always  fleshy  (PUMPKINS), 

1.  C.  Pispo,  L.  Leaves  obtusely  cordate,  somewhat  5-lobed;  flowers 
large ;  fruit  of  various  forms,  smooth. 

Pumpkin. 

Rough  and  hispid.  Stem  10  to  20  feet  long,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  9  to  15 
inches  long,  on  stout  fistular  petioles  4  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.  Staminate  flow- 
ers often  solitary,  on  a  long  peduncle.  Fruit  varying  from  depressed-globose  to 
oval,  oblong,  or  clavate  and  curved,  of  various  sizes  and  colors,' — the  rind  thick 
and  fleshy,  the  cavity  loosely  filled  with  a  stringy  pulp. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  gardens.  Nat.  of  the  East.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  is  valuable  for  stock, — ahd  some  of  the 
varieties  excellent  for  the  table.  It  is  liable  to  be  injuriously  hy  • 
bridized,  when  growing  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Squa'shes.  I 
have  had  a  crop  of  Pumpkins  totally  spoiled,  by  thoughtlessly 
planting  Squashes  among  them;  the  fruit  becoming  hard,  warty 
and  woody, — unfit  for  the  table,  and  unsafe  to  give  to  cattle. 

*  *  Fruit  finally  suUigneous  (SQUASHES). 

2.  C.  M^LOPEPO,  L.  Leaves   somewhat  5-angled;  fruit  orbicular 
and  much  depressed  (clypeate),  smoothish,  the  margin  often  tumid. 
Cymling.     Round,  or  Patty-pan  Squash. 

Hirsute.    Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  long,  somewhat  branching;  tendrils  sometimes 
transformed  or  developed  into  imperfect  leaves.    Leaves  6  or  8  inches  in  length  ; 
petioles  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Fruit  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  diameter,  of  various  colors, 
sometimes  warty. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  country  uncertain.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  the  table.  The  name,  "Cymling,"  is  South- 
ern,— and  may,  perhaps,  be  a  corruption  of  Cymbaline,  from  a  re- 
semblance in  the/orwt  of  the  fruit  to  that  of  a  Cymbal. 

3.  C.  VERRucbsA,  L.  Leaves  5-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrowed  at 
base;  fruit  oblong,  or  clavate  and  curved,  warty. 


CUCURBITACEAE  95 

WARTY  CUCURBITA.     Warted,  or  Long-necked  Squash. 

Hirsute.    Stem  10  to  15  feetlong,  somewhat  branching.    Leaves  8  to  10  inches 
long ;  petioles  nearly  as  long.    Fruit  of  varying  form  and  color. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.    Nat.  country  unknown.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Cultivated  as  the  preceding, — to  which  it  is  nearly  allied. 

ORDER  XLI.  CRASSULACEAE. 

Mostly  succulent  or  fleshy  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  or  suhverticillate,  flat,  or  terete, 
chiefly  sessile;  stipules  none;  flowers  usually  cymose,  perfectly  symmetrical  (i.  e. 
the  parts  all  equal  in  numbers),  except  that  the  number  of  stamens  is  sometimes 
doubled;  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud  (rarely  wanting);  carpels  follicular,  opening 
along  the  inner  suture;  embryo  in  thin  albumen. 

141.  SEVOIJM,  L. 

[Latin,  sedeo,  to  sit ;  the  plants  often  sitting  on  nearly  naked  rocks.] 
Sepals  and  petals  mostly  5 :  Stamens  twice  as  many.     Carpels  distinct, 
each  with  a  little  scale  at  base.     Seeds  numerous.     Leaves  thick  and 
fleshy. 

1.  S.  ternsltuill,  MX.  Leaves  flat, — the  lower  ones  spatulate, 

ternately  verticillate, the  upper  ones  lance-oblong,  scattered; 

cymes  3-spiked,  with  the  1-sided  flowers  octandrous  and  the  solitary 

central  flower  decandrous. 

TERNATE  SEDUM.     Stone-crop.  Purslane-leaved  House-leek. 

Perennial.    Stems  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  branching  from  the  base,  spreading, 
assurgent.  Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  a  little  produced  at  base.  Branches 
of  the  cyme  1  to  3  inches  in  length,  spreading  or  recurved;  flowers  white;  anthers 
purplish-black. 
Hob.  Shaded  rocky  banks;  Ridley  Creek :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

142.  PENTHOvRIJMj  Gronov. 

[Gr.  Pente,  five,  and  oros,  a  prominence;  alluding  to  the  erect  carpels.] 
Sepals  5.     Petals  mostly  wanting.     Stamens  10.     Carpels  united  at 
base,  forming  a  5-beaked  5-celled  capsule ;  cells  opening  transversely. 
Seeds  numerous.     Leases  thin,  scattered. 

1.  P.  sedoides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate ;  cyme  spreading; 

flowers  secund,  racemose-spiked. 

SEDUM-LIKE  PENTHORUM.     Virginian  Stone-crop. 

Perennial.    Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  erect,  with  a  few  angular  branches  above. 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long.    Racemes  1  to  2  inches  long,  circinate ;  flowers  yellow- 
ish-green. 
Hob.  Swampy  places;  along  rivulets,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  XLII.  SAXIFRAGACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite;  stipules  mostly  none,  or  the  base  of 
the  petioles  dilated  and  stipule-like;  sepals  4  or  5,  persistent,  more  or  less  connect- 
ed with  each  other,  and  often  partially  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  petals  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  rarely  wanting ;  stamens  as  many,  or  more  commonly  twice  as  many, 
as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them  on  the  calyx ;  pistils  usually  2,  cohering  at 
base,  and  separate  at  summit;  fruit  capsular,  mostly  2-beaked,  with  septicidal  de- 
hiscence,  many-seeded ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 


96  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

SUBORDER  I.    SAXIFRAVGEAE. 

Perennial  herbs;  calyx  mostly  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary;  petals  imbricated 
in  the  bud. 

g  1.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,    f  Petals  5,  entire. 

143.  SAXIF'RAGA,  L. 

[Latin,  Saxum,  a  rock,  &ndfrango,  to  break;  often  growing  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.} 
Calyx  5-parted.     Stamens  10.     Capsule  2-celled, — or  rather  2  con- 
nate follicles,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
J8®=>  Leaves  chiefly  att  radical;  flowers  on  a  scape,  cymose-paniculate. 

1.  S.  Tirginiensis,  MX.  Leaves  oval-spatulate  with  a  broad 
petiole,  crenate-dentate ;  calyx  slightly  adherent  to  the  ovary,  not 
half  as  long  as  the  white  petals. 

VIRGINIAN  SAXIFRAGA.     Early  Saxifrage. 

Leaves  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  long,  thickish ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  half  in  length.    Scape  4  to  12  inches  high. 
Hob.  Rocky  banks;  woodlands,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

2.  S.  Peimsylvdnica,  L.  Leaves  oblanceolate,    obsoletely 
toothed;  calyx  free,  nearly  as  long  as  the  greenish-yellow  petals. 
PENNSYLVANIAN  SAXIFRAGA.     Tall,  or  Swamp  Saxifrage. 

Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  rather  thin ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  mar- 
gined, ciliate.    Scape  2  to  3  (sometimes  4  or  5)  feet  high ;  cymes  at  first  in  conglom- 
erate heads,  finally  rather  loose,  in  an  open  panicle  12  to  18  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Swampy  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

144.  HEtICHEvRA.  L. 

[Named  in  honor  of  John  Henry  Heucher,  a  German  Botanist.] 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  5.     Capsule  1 -celled,  with  2  parietal  pla- 
centae, 2-beaked,  opening  between  the  beaks.     Seeds  numerous, 
roundish-oval,  not  wing-margined.     Leaves  radical,  on  long  petioles ; 
scape  mostly  leafless,  tall. 

1.  H.  Americana,  L.  Hairy  and  viscid ;  leaves  roundish-cor- 
date, somewhat  7-lobed;  panicle  loose;  stamens  finally  much  ex- 
serted. 
AMERICAN  HEUCHERA.     Alum-root. 

Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length,  and  as  wide  as  long;  petioles  2  to  8  or  10 
inches  long.  Scape  2  to  4  feet  high  (often  2  or  3  from  the  same  root),  rather  slen- 
der. Baceme  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  thyrsoid  or  paniculate;  pedicels  half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  dichotomous,  or  often  in  threes.  Flowers  small, 
whitish,  with  a  tinge  of  purple. 
Hob.  Thickets ;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  plant  is  considerably  astringent ;  and  is  one 
of  the  Indian  remedies,  reputed  to  cure  cancers,  and  other  ill- 
conditioned  ulcers. 

t  f  Petals  5,pinnatifid. 

145.  MITEI/I.A,  Tournef. 
[Diminutive  of  Mitra ;  the  capsule  resembling  a  little  mitre.] 
Calyx  5-cleft,  short.     Stamens  10,  included.     Capsule  short,  round- 
ish, 2-valved  at  summit.    Seeds  erect,  at  the  base  of  the  capsule. — 


SAXIFRAGACEAE-  97 

Leaves  mostly  radical,  on  long  petioles,— those  on  the  scape  opposite 
and  sessile. 

1.  IH.  «li  pliyl'la,  L.  Leaves  cordate,  acute,  somewhat  3-  5- 
lobed,  unequally  dentate ;  scape  2-leaved,  many-flowered. 
TWO-LEAVED  MITELLA.     Bishop's  Cap.  Mitre-wort. 

Radical  leaves  %  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  2  to  6  inches  long.  Scape  12  to  18 
inches  high  (often  several  from,  the  same  root),  slender.  Flowers  white,  a  little 
distant,  in  a  simple  raceme,  4  to  8  inches  in  length ;  petals  deeply  pinnatifid  toward 
the  apex,  entire  and  cuneate  at  base.  Seeds  obovoid,  purplish  black,  smooth  and 
shining. 

Hob.  Rich  woods;  along  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    PL  April.  Fr.  June. 
§  2.  Leaves  mostly  opposite ;  petals  wanting. 

146.  CHRYSOSPL.EWIUM,  Tournef. 

•  Gr.  Chrysos,  gold,  and  Splen,  spleen;  figuratively,  a, golden  remedy  for  the  spleen. J 
Calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  segments  obtuse.  Stamens  8  or  10,  inserted  on 
a  fleshy  disk.  Capsule  2-lobed,  very  short,  1-celled,  2-valved  at 
top.  Succulent  prostrate  subaquatic  plants. 

1.   C.   Americanum,   Schweinitz.    Steins    slender,    diffusely 
spreading;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  obscurely  crenate-lobed ;  calyx 
mostly  4-cleft,  and  stamens  8. 
AMERICAN  CHRYSOSPLENIUM.     Golden  Saxifrage.  Water-Carpet. 

Smooth  and  purplish  green.  Stem  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  with  short  axillary 
opposite  branches  toward  the  base,  dichotomously  branching  near  the  summit.— 
Leaves  ^  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  and  generally  wider  than  long,  abruptly  narrowed 
to  a  short  flat  petiole.  Flowers  sessile,  terminal,  axillary  and  dichotomal,  appear- 
ing somewhat  corymbose  on  the  short  terminal  branches;  anthers  reddish-orange 
color.  Seeds  hispid. 
Hob.  Shaded  rocky  rivulets,  and  springs :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

SUBORDER  II.    HYDRAN'GEAE* 

Shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  petiolate;  calyx-tube  entirely  adherent  to  the  ovary;  petals 
valvate  in  the  bud. 

14?.  HYDRANGEA,  Gronov* 

[Gr.  Hydor,  water,  and  Angeion,  a  vase ;  from  the  form  of  the  capsules]. 
Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  8-  to  10-ribbed;  border  4-  or  5-toothed. 
Stamens  8  or  10.     Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked,  opening  between  the 
beaks;    seeds  oblong,   striate.     Flowers  cymose,  of  2   forms, — the 
marginal  ones  often  radiate  and  abortive. 

1.  IB .  arbor£scen§,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base ;  cymes  flat ;  flowers  nearly  all 
fertile. 

H.  vulgaris,  MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  269. 
ARBORESCENT  HYDRANGEA.     Wild  Hydrangea. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  with  opposite  branches.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long;  peti- 
oles 1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Cymes  terminating  the  young  branches,  pubescent, 
rarely  radiate;  flowers  white  or  ochroleucous. 
Hah.  Banks  of  Schuylkill :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  XLIII.   HAMAMELACEAE. 

Shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simple;  stipules  deciduous;  calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of 


98  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

the  ovary;  pistils  2,  united  at  base;  capsule  woody,  2-beaked,  opening  at  summit, 
2-celled  below ;  seeds  bony,  1  in  each  cell;  embryo  surrounded  by  fleshy  albumen. 

148.  HAMAMEXIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Hama,  with,  or  like,  and  melis,  an  apple-tree ;  application  not  obvious.] 
flowers  in  little  axillary  clusters,  with  an  involucre  of  3  scale-like 
leaflets :  calyx  4-parted,  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  base.  Petals  4,  long 
and  linear.  Stamens  4,  perfect  and  alternate  with  the  petals,  with 
as  many  intervening  scale-like  staminodia.  Capsule  loculicidalr 
opening  elastically. 

1.  H.  Virginica,  L.  Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  sinuate-dentate, 
subcordate  at  base,  stellately  pubescent. 
VIRGINIAN  HAMAMELIS.     Witch-Hazel. 

Stem  6  to  10  or  12  feet  high,  with  straggling  flexuose  or  geniculate  branches.— 
Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long ;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  greenish- 
yellow,  clustered  in  threes,  on  a  common  peduncle  near  half  an  inch  long ;  petals 
narrow,  linear,  a  little  crisped,  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length.  Seeds  black  and 
shining. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  thickets:  frequent.  Fl.  Octo.  Fr.  Sept.  the  next  year! 

Obs.  The  twigs  of  this  native  shrub  have  furnished  a  capital  sub- 
stitute for  the  Divining  Rod,  of  Europe, — with  which  crafty  opera- 
tors were  wont  to  impose  upon  the  credulous. 

ORDER  XLIY.    UMBELLIF'ERAE. 

Herbs;  flowers  in  (usually  involucrate)  umbels;  calyx-tube  entirely  adherent  to  the 
ovary ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  5,  inserted  (alternately)  with  the  petals,  on  the  disk  that 
crowns  the  ovary  and  surrounds  the  base  of  the  2  styles;  fruit  consisting  of  2 
seed-like  dry  carpels;*  seeds  solitary,  suspended;  embryo  minute,  in  the  apex  of 
copious  horny  albumen.  Stems  usually  hollow ;  leaves  alternate,  generally  much 
dissected,  exstipulate,  but  the  petioles  more  or  less  dilated  and  sheathing  at  base. 

The  plants  of  this  Order  are  much  less  numerous  in  our  country,  than  in  the 
old  world.  Of  the  28  species  here  described,  9  have  been  introduced, — and  of  these, 
6  or  7  are  cultivated. 

*  The  carpels  of  the  umbelliferae  are  usually  marked  with  a  definite  number  of 
longitudinal  ribs,  which  are  sometimes  dilated  into  wings;  the  intervals,  or  chan- 
nels, between  the  ribs — as  also  the  commissure  (or  face,  by  which  the  carpels  are 
joined) — often  contain  one  or  more  linear  receptacles  of  aromatic  oil, — which  re- 
ceptacles are  called  vittae,  or  fillets.  Those  ribs  on  the  carpels,  are  distinguished 
into  primary,  and  secondary.  The  primary  ones  (10  in  number  on  the  2  carpels — 
or  5  on  each,)  are  pretty  constant,  and  more  or  less  conspicuous, — representing 
the  midribs  and  sutures  of  the  5  sepals,  which,  by  their  union,  form  the  tube  of  the 
calyx  and  coating  of  the  fruit.  The  5  ribs  which  answer  to  the  midribs  of  the 
sepals,  are  termed  carinal  ribs,  and  their  extension  at  apex  forms  the  5  calyx- 
teeth.  Alternating  with  these  primary  ribs,  there  is  sometimes  a  development  of 
secondary  ones, — which  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE  regards  as  representing  lateral  nerves 
(i.  e.  one  on  each  side  of  the  midrib)  of  the  sepals.  The  ribs  and  vittae — together 
with  the  form,  or  manner  of  compression,  of  the  fruit — afford  important  aid  in  de- 
termining the  generic  character  of  the  plants  of  this  remarkably  natural  family : 
and  consequently,  the  student,  or  young  herborizer,  should  always  bear  in  minti 
that  it  is  requisite  to  have  specimens  of  umbettiferae  with  full-grown  fruit. 


UMBKLLIFERAE  99 

SUBORDER  I.    ORTHOSPER'MAE. 

Inner  face,  (commissure)  of  the  carpels  straight  and  flat. 

g  1.  UMBELS  simple  or  imperfect,  sometimes  proliferous. 

149.  IIYDROCOT'YLJE,  Tournef. 

[Or.  Hydor,  water,  and  kotyle,  a  cavity ;  the  leaves  being  sometimes  a  little  concave.] 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  orbicular;  carpels 
5-ribbed, — the  lateral  or  intermediate  ribs  enlarged,  often  forming 
a  thickened  margin ;  vittae  none.  Smooth  creeping  marsh  perennials : 
flowers  minute,  white. 

1. 11.  Americana,  L.  Leaves  thin,  orbicular,  obscurely  7-  or 
9-lobed,  doubly  crenate;  umbels  3-  to  6-flowered,  subsessile. 
AMERICAN  HYDROCOTYLE.     Marsh  Pennywort. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  procumbent,  very  slender,  flexuose,  with  filiform  run- 
ners from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  in  diameter, 
rather  wider  than  long;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  resembling  the  stem; 
umbels  opposite  the  petioles. 

Hob.  Moist  shaded  places :  frequent.    Fl.  July.    J*V.  Sept. 
2.  H.  ranunculoides,  L.  Leaves  thickish,  roundish-reni- 
form,  somewhat  5-lobed,  crenate ;  umbels  5-  to  10-flowered,  pedun- 
culate. 
RANUNCULUS-LIKE  HYDROCOTYLE. 

Stem  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  creeping  and  throwing  out  verticils  of  long  fibre*. 
Leaves  about  %  of  an  inch  long  and  nearly  an  inch  wide,  3-lobed,  with  the  lateral 
segmen ts  partially  2-lobed;  petioles  1  or  2  to  6,  and  sometimes  10  or  12,  inches 
long.    Pedicels  of  the  flowers  short;  common  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Wet  places;  along  Schuylkill ;  E.  Nottingham:  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  H.  umbelldta,  L.  will  probably  be  found  along  the  Schuyl- 
kill, within  this  County :  but,  so  far  as  I  know,  it  has  not  yet  been 
detected. 
§  2.  UMBELS  or  UMBELLETS  capitate,  imperfect :  calyx-lobes  large  ;  flowers  often  sterile. 

150.  SAJVIC'VIjA,  Tournef. 
[Latin,  sanare,  to  heal ;  from  its  supposed  virtues.] 

Flowers  polygamous:  Calyx-teeth  conspicuous.  Fruit  globular; 
carpels  not  ribbed,  cohering,  densely  beset  with  hooked  bristles; 
each  carpel  with  5  vittae.  Erect  perennials :  leaves  palmate-lobed, — 
radical  ones  on  long  petioles ;  involucre  and  involucels  few-leaved. 

1.  S.  Canad£nsiS,  L.  Leaves  3-  5-parted;  sterile  flowers  few, 
on  short  pedicels ;  styles  shorter  than  the  bristles  of  the  fruit. 

See  S.  Marilandica.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  184. 
CANADIAN  SANICULA.     Sanicle. 

Stem  about  1  foot  high.    Radical  leaves  somewhat  pentagonal  in  their  outline; 
segments  1  to  2  inches  long,  obliquely  ovate,  often  cuneate  at  base,  sessile,  generally 
glaucous ;  petioles  3  to  5  inches  in  length :  stem-leaves  mostly  3-parted,  upper  ones 
subsessile.    Flowers  white ;  fruits  about  3  in  each  umbellet. 
Jfalj.  Dry  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  August. 

2.  S.  Marilandica,  L.  Leaves  5-  7-parted ;    sterile  flowers 
numerous,  on  slender  longish  pedicels ;  styles  elongated,  recurved. 
MARYLAND  SANICULA. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high.  Radical  leaves  3-  or  5-parted  to  the  base,  with  the  lateral 
i«gments  deeply  2-parted ;  segments  2  or  3  to  5  inches  long,  lance-oblong  or  cuneate- 


100  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

obovate,  often  narrowed  to  a  petiole  at  base, — the  common  petiole  6  to  12  inches  or 
more  in  length.  Flowers  white  (or  sometimes  greenish-yellow!) ;  fruits  several  in 
each  umbellet. 

Obs.  Though  nearly  allied  to  the  preceding,  I  think  this  may 
justly  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  It  also  presents  a  variety, 
with  dullish  yellow  flowers. 

§  3.  UMBELS  perfectly  compound. 
a.  Fruit  beset  with  bristly  prickles ;  carpels  scarcely  compressed. 

151.  DAITCIJS,  Tournef. 
[From  Daulcos,  the  ancient  Greek  name.] 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  irregular.  Fruit  ovoid-oblong ;  primary 
ribs  slender,  ciliate;  secondary  ribs  winged,  bristly-pectinate,  each 
covering  a  single  vitta.  Biennials :  leaves  multifid ;  umbels  finally 
concave,  involucrate. 

1.  D.   Carbta,  L.  Stem  hirsute ;  leaves  bi-tri-pinnatifid ;  involucre 
nearly  as  long  as  the  umbel. 
CAEOT  DAUCUS.     Wild  Carrot.  Garden  Carrot. 

Plant  greyish-green,  hispidly  pilose.  Root  fusiform,  yellowish  or  orange-color, 
large  and  fleshy  under  culture.  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  sulcate-striate,  rather 
slender,  branching.  leaves  pinnatifidly  dissected;  segments  half  an  inch  to  an 
inch  long,  much  incised;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length,  sulcate  above. — 
Umbels  on  long  naked  peduncles,  level-topped  when  in  flower,  concave  in  fruit. — 
flowers  white  or  ochroleucous,  occasionally  with  purplish  tinge, — the  central 
floret  of  the  umbel  often  dark  purple  and  abortive.  Fruit  very  hispid, — the  prickles 
on  the  secondary  ribs  somewhat  barbed. 
Hob,  Fields,  roadsides,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  extensively  naturalized,  and  becoming  a 
troublesome  weed, — from  the  culpable  negligence  of  our  farmers. — 
The  var.  SATIVA,  DC.  or  common  Garden  Carrot,  is  cultivated  as  a 
culinary  vegetable, — and  sometimes  for  farm  stock. 

b.  Fruit  smooth,   f  Carpels  dorsally  much  compressed. 
*  Margins  of  the  fruit  single-winged. 

152.  HERACL.EVUM,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Hercules ;  when  LINNAEUS  must  have  been  in  the  "  Ercles'  vein."] 
Fruit  broadly  wing-margined ;  carpels  slenderly  5-ribbed,  the  lateral 
ones  close  to  the  margin;  vittae  clavate,  shorter  than  the  carpels. — 
Stout  perennials :  leaves  large,  ternately  dissected ;  petioles  broad  and 
sheathing;  umbels  large,  flat;  involucre  few-leaved,  deciduous;  in- 
volucels  many-leaved. 

1.  H.  lanJUum,  MX.  "Woolly;  stem  sulcate;  segments   of  the 
leaves  broad,  palmate-lobed,  subcordate  at  base. 
WOOLLY  HERACLEUM.     Cow-Parsnep. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  branched  above.  Segments  of  the  leaves  4  to  10  or  12 
inches  in  length,  and  as  wide  as  long, — the  middle  one  often  3-lobed;  petioles  1  to 
4  inches  long.  Umbels  sometimes  a  foot  or  more  in  breadth, — the  rays  2  to  6  inches 
long.  Involucels  of  5  or  8  leaves,  which  are  lanceolate,  with  a  long  slender  acumi- 
nation.  Flowers  white. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  Braudywine:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 


UMBELLIFERAB  101 

153.  PASTTOA^CA,  Tournef. 
[Latin,  Pastus,  food ;  from  the  use  made  of  the  root.] 

Fruit  wing-margined ;  carpels  ribbed  as  in  Heracleum  ;  vittae  linear, 
as  long  as  the  carpels,  one  in  each  channel,  and  2,  or  more,  on  the 
commissure.  Chiefly  biennials,  with  fusiform  roots:  leaves  odd-pin- 
nately  dissected;  umbels  flat,  spreading;  flowers  yellow;  involucre 
and  involucels  none,  or  few-leaved. 

1.   P.    SATIVVA,  L    Smooth;  stem  sulcate;  leaflets  ovate-oblong, 
incised-dentate,  the  terminal  one  3-lobed. 
CULTIVATED  PASTINACA.     Parsnep.  Garden  Parsnep. 

Plant  yellowish-green.  Moot  large  and  fleshy,  with  proper  culture.  Stem  3  to 
5  feet  high,  stout,  and  somewhat  branching.  Leaflets  in  3  to  5  rather  distant  ses- 
sile pairs,  with  a  terminal  petiolate  odd  one, — each  2  to  4  inches  in  length;  petioles 
of  the  radical  leaves  9  to  15  inches  long.  Fruit  oval,  emarginate,  yellowish ;  vittae 
dark  purple. 
I  fab.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant — so  generally  cultivated  for  its  fine  esculent 
root — produces  many  seeds,  and  is  apt  to  stray  from  the  gardens 
into  the  fields,  and  along  fences, — where  it  speedily  degenerates, 
and,  if  neglected,  becomes  a  troublesome  unsightly  weed. 

154.  ARC  HEM  OR  A,  DC. 

[Named  from  Archemorus, — who,  it  is  said,  died  from  eating  Parsley.] 
Fruit  broadly  margined ;  carpels  with  5  equidistant  obtuse  ribs, — 
the  lateral  ones  dilated  into  the  margin ;  channels  with  single  vittae ; 
commissure  with  2  or  more  vittae.  Smooth  perennials :  leaves  odd- 
pinnately  dissected, — the  leaflets  nearly  entire,  rather  rigid;  flowers 
white ;  involucre  nearly  none ;  involucels  many -leaved. 

1.  A.  rigida,  DC.  Stem  terete,  striate;  leaflets  3  to  9,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  sublinear,  often  subfalcate,  sparingly  incised-dentate 
near  the  apex. 
RIGID  ARCHEMORA.     Cow-bane. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  rather  slender,  sparingly  branched.  Leaflets  2  to  4 
iuches  long;  petioles  1  to  5  or  6  inches  in  length,  Umbels  about  3,  on  long  pedun- 
cles. Involucds  of  6  or  8  subulate-linear  leaflets.  Fruit  oval ;  channels  filled  to 
convexity  by  the  dark-purple  vittae;  commissure  slightly  concave,  lined  with  a 
white  suberose  coat. 
Halt.  Low,  swampy  grounds:  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  This  plant  has  the  reputation  of  being  poisonous  to  cattle, 
when  eaten  by  them, — which,  however,  I  suspect  it  rarely  is,  unless 
the  pasture  is  very  deficient. 

*  *  Margins  of  the  fruit  double-winged. 

155.  ARCHANGEI/ICA,  Ilo/m. 

[So  named,  from  its  supposed  extraordinary  virtues.] 

fruit  elliptic ;  carpels  each  3-ribbed  on  the  back,  the  lateral  ribs 
dilated  into  marginal  wings ;  seed  separating  from  the  coating ;  vit- 
tae numerous.  Often  stout  perennials :  leaves  bi-tri-ternately  dis- 
sected ;  involucre  scarcely  any ;  involucels  many-leaved. 

1.  A.  at  ropurpurea,  Hoffm.  Stem  large,  smooth,  dark  pur- 


:•'£-??  *»*»   »  »'«  ,,- 

,-w'    .-3    ?*   .">   3      «    ^S  51    ^    ^a 

102  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

pie;  leaflets  unequally  incised-serrate ;  umbels  globose,  smoothish. 
Angelica  atropurpurea.  L.  $•  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  193. 
A.  triquinata.  MX.  and  Bigel.  not  of  Nutt.  DC.  Nook.  $c. 
DARK-PURPLE  ARCHANGELICA. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  and  1  or  2  to  near  3  inches  in  diameter  at  base,  hollow, 
somewhat  branching  above.    Leaflets  2  to  5  inches  long,  ovate ;  petioles  very  broad, 
and  inflated.     Umbels  finally  globose,  6  to  10  or  12  inches  in  diameter;  umbelkts 
globose,  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter;  flowers  greenish-white. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds;  Brandy  wine:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

S8»  A.  liirsuta,  Torr.  $  Gr.  Stem  rather  slender,  striate,  hoary- 

villous  at  summit ;  leaflets  equally  serrate ;  umbels  spreading,  to- 

mentose. 

Angelica  triquinata.  Nutt.  DC.  Hook.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  193. 

not  of  MX. 

HIRSUTE  ARCHANGELICA. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  and  */£  to  %  an  inch  in  diameter,  simple,  purple  be- 
low.   Leaflets  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  ovate-oblong;  petioles  dilated  and  clasping  at 
base,    flowers  white. 
Hob.  Clearings ;  borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  It  appears,  from  the  researches  of  Prof.  A.  GRAY,  that  this 
is  not  the  A.  triquinata  of  MICHAUX, — and  that  Dr.  BIGELOW  is 
correct. 

ft  Carpels  not  flattened  ;  each  with  5  winged  or  prominent  ribs. 

156.  THAS'PIUM,  Nutt. 

[Name  modified  from  Thapsia, — an  allied  genus,  native  of  Thapsos.'] 
Fruit  ovoid ;  carpels  with  6  equidistant  winged  ribs ;  channels  with 
single  vittae.     Yellowish-green  perennials :  leaves  ternately  dissected  ; 
involucre  none ;  involucels  few-leaved ;  flowers  yellow,  or  rarely  dark 
purple. 

*  Wings  of  the  carpels  unequal. 

1.  T.   barblnudc,  Nutt*   Stem   sulcate-angled,  hairy   at  the 
nodes;    radical  leaves  triternately  dissected;    segments  cuneate- 
ovate,  incised-serrate. 

NODE-BEARDED  THASPIUM.     Meadow  Parsnep. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  smooth,  with  a  short,  rather  coarse 
and  dense  pubescence  at  the  nodes,  and  base  of  the  petioles.    Stem-leaves  mostly 
biternate ;  leaflets  1  to  2%  inches  long.     Umbels  terminal  and  dichotomal ;  involu- 
cds  of  3  or  4  subulate-linear  leaves;  flowers  deep  yellow;  fruit  linear-elliptic. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods ;  meadows,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

*  *  Wings  of  the  carpels  equal. 

2.  T.  aikreum,  Nutt.  Stem  angular,  smooth  at  the  nodes;  leaves 
biternately  dissected ;  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  finely  serrate. 
Zizia  aurea.  Koch.  ?  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  185. 

GOLDEN  THASPIUM. 

Stem  1%  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branched  above.    Leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long ; 
petioles  of  the  radical  leaves  6  to  9  inches  in  length.     Umbels  generally  opposite  the 
leaves;  involucels  of  3  or  4  lance-linear  leaves;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  oval. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  near  W.  Chester:  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 


UMBELLIFERAB  103 

Obs.  The  plant  which  I  have  taken  for  this,  is  becoming  so  rare, 
and  my  specimens  are  so  defective,  that  I  may  be  mistaken  in  it. — 
The  T.  atropurpureum,  Nutt.  may  probably  yet  be  found  along  the 
Schuylkill,  within  this  County ;  but  it  has  not,  thus  far,  been  de- 
tected. 

f  1 1  Carpels  laterally  compressed,  or  contracted  ;  ribs  not  winged. 

157.  ZIZ'IA,  Koth. 

[Dedicated  to  J.  B.  Zizii;  a  German  Botanist,  collaborator  of  Koch.] 
Fruit  oval;  carpels  contracted  at  the  junction  so  as  to  appear  didy- 
mous ;  ribs  5,  nearly  equal ;  channels  with   1    to    3  vittae.     Mostly 
smooth,  yellowish-green  perennials, — with  yellow  flowers,  and  a  gen- 
eral resemblance  to  Thaspium. 

1.  Z.  C'Orcliitcl,  Koch.  Radical  leaves   undivided,  cordate,  cre- 
nate-dentate ;  stem-leaves  ternately  dissected;  segments  ovate,  ser- 
rate ;  ribs  of  the  carpels  conspicuous ;  vittae  single. 

CORDATE  ZIZIA.     Heart-leaved  Alexanders. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branched  above,  sometimes  pubescent.  Radical 
leaves  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  somewhat  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  petioles  3  to  9  inches  in  length.  Stem-leaves  3-parted,  on  short  petioles,  the 
upper  ones  sessile.  Umbels  terminal  and  axillary,  on  peduncles  2  to  6  inches  long. 
II Jib.  Open  woods,  and  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

2.  Z.  integ&rrima,  DC.  Leaves  all  bi-tri-ternately  dissected; 
leaflets  ovate-oblong,  very  entire ;  ribs  of  the  carpels  inconspicuous ; 
vittae  3  in  each  channel. 

VERY  ENTIRE  ZIZIA. 

Whole  plant  glabrous.  Stem  \%  to  2  feet  high,  slightly  branching  above,  and 
sometimes  from  the  base,  purplish  when  young.  Leaflets  1  to  near  2  inches  long ; 
common  petioles  dilated,  ribbed,  and  purplish.  Umbels  mostly  terminal,  on  pedun- 
cles 3  to  6  inches  long;  rays  very  slender,  1  to  3  inches  long,  spreading,  some  of 
them  often  divaricate. 
Hab.  Rocky  hills :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July* 

158.  BUPLJEtPRUM,  Tournefi 

[Gr.  Bous,  an  Ox,  and  Pleuron,  a  rib,  or  side ;  but  the  application  is  obscure.] 

Fruit  ovate-oblong;  carpels  somewhat  didymous  in  appearance,  5- 
ribbed;  channels  with  or  without  vittae.  Annuals,  or  perennials: 
leaves  simple,  mostly  entire;  flowers  greenish-yellow;  involucre 
sometimes  none ;  involucels  various. 

1.  B.  rotundifdlium,  L.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  very  entire,  perfoli- 
ftte ;  involucre  none  5  involucels  of  5  ovate  mucronate  leaflets,  longer 
than  the  umbellets;  vittae  none. 

liOUND-LEAVED  BUPLEURUM.       ThorOUgh-WOX. 

Annual ;  smooth;  stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  branching.    Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long, 
rather  acute,  rounded  at  base,  glaucous  beneath.     Umbels  terminal,  5-  to  9-rayed. 
Fruit  crowned  with  the  disk-like  base  of  the  styles,  which  has  a  shining  waxy  ap- 
]x?arance ;  ribs  filiform. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

159.  CICITTA,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Hemlock.] 
Fruit  subglobose ;  carpels  with  5  flattish   equal  ribs ;  channels  with 


104  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

single  prominent  vittae.  Smooth  marsh  perennials:  leaves  triter- 
nately  dissected;  involucre  mostly  none;  involucels  many-leaved; 
flowers  white. 

1.  C.  maculsita,  L.  Stem  spotted  or  streaked ;  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately  serrate,  the  nerves  running  to 
the  notches. 
SPOTTED  CICUTA.     Water  Hemlock. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  branching,  striate  with  green  and  purple,  or  yellowish 
brown.  Leaflets  2  to  3  inches  long,  petiolulate ;  common  petioles  often  with  a  mem- 
branaceous  margin  produced  into  2  lobes  at  summit.  Umbels  terminal  and  axil- 
lary; ribs  of  the  carpels  rather  broad,— the  channels  reddish  brown,  filled  with 
•aromatic  oily  matter. 
Hob.  Margins  of  swampy  rivulets :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  mature  fruit  of  this  plant  has  a  strong  anisate  odor. — 
The  root  is  poisonous ;  and  the  lives  of  children,  and  others,  are 
often  endangered  and  sometimes  destroyed  by  eating  it,  in  mistake 
for  that  of  the  Sweet  Cicely  (Osmorrhiza  longistylis,  DC.}.  The  her- 
bage is  also  said  to  be  destructive  to  cattle,  when  eaten  by  them: — 
all  which  serves  to  show  the  importance  of  sufficient  Botanical 
knowledge,  among  the  people,  to  enable  them  to  understand,  and 
avoid  or  extirpate  the  evil. 

160.  SMJM,  L. 

[Supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic,  Siu,  water,— its  usual  habitat.] 
Fruit  orbicular-ovate,  flattish   at  the   sides;  carpels  with  5  equal 
prominent  obtuse  ribs ;  vittae  numerous.     Aquatic  or  marsh  peren- 
nials :  leaves  odd-pinnately  dissected ;  involucre  and  involucels  many- 
leaved  ;  flowers  white. 

1.  S.  lilt  i  folium.  L,.  Stem   sulcate-angled ;    leaflets   9   to  13, 
oblong-lanceolate,  incised-serrate,  sometimes  pinnatifid,  unequal  at 
base,  sessile,  the  terminal  one  petiolulate,  often  3-lobed. 
BROAD-LEAVED  SIUM.     Water  Parsnep. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high.,  stout,  angular,  with  broad  furrows,  smooth,  yellowish- 
green,  much  branched.    Leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  varying  from  linear-lanceolate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  an  acute  point.     Umbels  spreading,  of  numerous 
unequal  rays ;  fruit  crowned  with  a  conspicuous  yellowish  disk. 
Hab.  Swamps,  and  margins  of  streams :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  A  nearly  allied  plant,  with  very  narrow,  sublinear  leaflets, 
has  been  found  along  the  Schuylkill,  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
County,  which,  probably,  is  the  8.  linedre,  of  MX.  but  I  have  not 
had  an  opportunity  to  examine  it,  satisfactorily. 

161.  CRYPTOTAEV]VIA,  DC. 

[Gr.  Kryptos,  hidden,  and  Tainia,  a  fillet;  the  vittae  being  concealed.] 
Fruit  linear-elliptic;  styles  subulate,  persistent;  carpels  with  5 
equal  obtuse  ribs ;  vittae  slender,  1  in  each  channel,  and  1  concealed 
under  each  rib.  A  smooth  perennial:  leaves  mostly  trifoliolate, 
thin;  umbels  unequally  rayed,  subpaniculate ;  involucre  none;  in- 
volucels few-leaved ;  flowers  white. 

1.  C.  CanadensiS,  DC.  Leaflets  rhombic-ovate  to  lanceolate, 
doubly  and  sharply  incised-serrate,  subsessile. 


UMBELLIFERAE  105 

CANADIAN  CRYPTOTAENIA.     Hone- wort. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  branched  above.    Leaflets  2  to  4  inches 
long,  serrate  to  the  very  petiole.     Umbds  terminal  and  subterminal,  somewhat  in 
pairs.    Carpels  with  linear  flattish  ribs;  channel*  dark  brown;  vittae  visible  only 
in  a  transverse  section  of  the  carpels. 
Hab.  Woods,  and  shaded  places :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  a  Comparatively  harmless  native  weed, — frequent  in 
shaded  places  about  dwellings:  But,  there  is  a  foreigner,  with  some- 
thing of  its  general  habit  and  aspect  (viz.  Aegopbdium  Podagrtiria, 
L.),  which  has  been  introduced  into  some  lots  and  gardens,  in  Ger- 
mantown,  near  Philadelphia, — and  proves  to  be  a  nuisance,  not  easily 
abated.  It  has  hitherto  resisted  all  attempts  to  get  rid  of  it ;  and 
Sir  J.  E.  SMITH,  in  his  Flora  Britannica,  says  of  it — "radix  rcpcns. 
vix  exstirpanda."  In  DON'S  General  System  of  Gardening  and  Botany, 
it  is  also  remarked  pf  the  Aegopodium,  that  "being  a  great  creeper, 
it  cannot  be  admitted  into  gardens,  for  after  it  gets  hold  it  is  next 
to  impossible  to  eradicate  it  again."  P.  COLLINSON,  writing  to 
JOHN  BARTRAM,  says,  "it  is  a  notorious  running  weed  in  the  gar- 
den." A  plant  of  such  character  (and  worthless  beside,)  deserves 
to  be  studied,  and  watched  that  it  may  be  avoided. 

162.  A'PIIJM,  L. 

[From  the  Celtic,  Apon,  water;  near  which  it  naturally  grows.] 
Fruit  orbicular ;  stylopodium  (base  of  the  styles)  depressed ;  carpels 
with  6  filiform  equal  ribs ;  carpophore  (central  axis  of  the  fruit)  un- 
divided ;  vittae  single,  or  2  or  3  in  the  outer  channels.  Leaves  pin- 
nately  dissected;  involucre  and  involucels  none;  flowers  greenish- 
white. 

1.  A.  GRAVEOLENS,  L.  var.  puLCE,  DC.  Lower  leaves  on  long  stout 
petioles ;  segments  cuneate,  lobed. 
STRONG-SCENTED  APIUM.     Celery. 

Biennial;  smooth.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branching.    Radical  leaves  on  stout 
channelled  petioles  6  to  12  inches,  or  more,  in  length ;  stem-leaves  on  short  petioles. 
Umbels  terminal  and  axillary, — the  axillary  ones  subsessile. 
Hab.  Gardens,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  petioles,  when  blanched,  become  succulent  and  tender ; 
and  are  a  favorite  salad.  The  var.  RAPACEUM,  DC.  or  Turnep-rooted 
Celery,  is  also  cultivated  by  amateurs. 

163.  PETROSEMWITM,  Hoffm. 

[Gr.  Petra,  rock,  and  Selinum, — Rock  Selinum;  from  its  native  habitat.] 
Fruit  ovate ;  stylopodium  conical,  short ;  carpels  with  5  equal  ribs ; 
carpophore  2-parted ;  channels  with  single  vittae.    Leaves  decompound ; 
involucre  few-leaved ;  involucels  many-leaved ;  flowers  greenish- white. 

1.  P.  SATIVUM,  Hoffm.  Lower  leaflets  cuneate-ovate,  trifid  and  in- 
cised-dentate, — upper   ones  linear-lanceolate   and    nearly   entire; 
involucels  subulate-filiform. 
CULTIVATED  PETROSELINUM.     Parsley. 

Biennial;  smooth.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  streaked  with  green  and  yellow, 
branched.  Leaves  shining  green, — the  lower  ones  much  dissected.  Umbels  pedun- 
culate; involucre,  often  of  a  single  linear  leaf. 


106  DIALYPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  .of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  var.  CRISPUM,  DC.  or  Curled  Parsley,  is  also  frequent  in 
gardens. 

164.  CAXRUM,  L. 

[Said  to  be  from  Caria,— the  native  country  of  the  plant.] 
Fruit  ovate-oblong;  stylopodium  depressed;  carpels  with    5  filiform 
equal   ribs ;    carpophore   bifid ;    v ittae   single.       Mostly  perennials  : 
smooth ;  leaves  pinnately  dissected ;  segments  multifid ;  involucre  and 
involucels  various, — sometimes  wanting;  flowers  white. 

1.  C.  CARUI,  L.  Leaves  bipinnatifid,  the  segments  linear ;  involucre 
1-leaved  or  none;  involucels  none. 
CARIA N  CARUM.     Common  Caraway. 

Biennial*  (perennial,  DC.).  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branched.  Radical  leaves 
rather  large ;  stem-leaves  multifid.  Fruit  oblong,  or  elliptic,  often  oblique  at  apex. 
Hat>.  Gardens.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Cultivated,  occasionally,  for  its  highly  aromatic  fruit. 

165.  FCEMIC'UtlTM,  Adam. 

[Latin,  diminutive  of  Foenum,  hay, — from  a  similarity  of  odor.] 
Fruit  elliptic-oblong,  subterete ;  stylopodium  conical ;  carpels  with  5 
prominent   obtuse   ribs;  vittae  single.     Perennial?  (biennial,  DC.) : 
smooth ;  leaves  pinnatindly  decompound ;  segments  filiform ;  involu- 
cre and  involucels  none ;  flowers  yellow. 

1.  F.  vuLoXRE,  Gaertn.  Stem   terete   at  base;    leaves  biternately 
dissected, — the  segments  subulate-linear,  elongated ;  umbels  many- 
rayed. 
COMMON  F(ENICULUM.     Fennel.  Garden  Fennel. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  branching,  striate-grooved,  purplish-green  and  somewhat 
glaucous.    Segments  of  the  leaves  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  almost  filiform, 
the  subdivisions  often  dichotomous;  common  petioles  much  dilated,  sheathing, 
produced  into  2  marginal  lobes  at  summit.     Umbels  of  numerous  unequal  rays. 
Hab.  Gardens,  &c.    Native  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  whole  plant  is  highly  aromatic.  Those  who  kept  Sees, 
in  former  years,  were  much  in  the  practice,  when  those  insects 
twarmed — (after  ringing  the  frying-pan,  to  make  them  settle  !) — of 
rubbing  the  inside  of  the  Hive  with  this  fragrant  herb,  under  the 
impression  that  the  odor  would  attach  them  to  their  new  domicil. — 
The  F.  dulce,  or  Sweet  Fennel — with  the  stem  subcompressed  at 
base,  and  the  umbels  fewer-rayed — is  sometimes,  though  rarely,  to 
be  seen  in  our  gardens. 

SUBORDER  II.    CAMPYLOSPER'MAE. 

Inner  face  of  the  carpels  grooved  lengthwise,  or  the  margins  curved  in. 

166.  CHAEROPIIYI/L.FM,  L. 

[Gr.  C/iairo,  to  gladden,  and  PhyUon,  a  leaf;  the  leaves  having  a  pleasant  odor.] 
Fruit  linear-oblong,  slightly  beaked,  contracted  at  the  sides ;  carpels 
with  5  equal  obtuse  smooth  ribs  ;  channels  with  single  vittae.     Leaves 
decompound, — the   segments  lobed,  or   toothed;  involucre  none,  or 
few-leaved ;  involucels  many-leaved ;  flowers  chiefly  white. 


UMBELLIFERAE  107 

1.  C.  procumbens,  Lam.  Stems  slender,  spreading;  segments 
of  the  leaflets  lance-oblong,  rather  obtuse;  umbels  opposite  the 
leaves,  few-rayed. 
PROCUMBENT  CHAEROPHYLLUM.     Wild  Chervil. 

Annual;  somewhat  hairy,  especially  when  young.    Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches 
long,  mostly  oblique  or  procumbent,  branching.    Leaves  bipinnately  decompound ; 
segments  more  or  less  bristiy-ciliate.     Umbels  on  peduncles  1  to  3  inches  long ;  rays 
about  3,  sometimes  fewer;  fruit  dark  brown. 
Hab.  Moist,  shaded  grounds;  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    Fl  April.  Fr.  June. 

167.  OSMORRHrZA,  Rafin. 
[Gr.  Osme,  odor,  and  rhiza,  a  root ;  from  its  sweet  anisate  root.] 
Fruit  linear-oblanceolate,  angular,  tapering  at  base,  contracted  at 
the  sides;  styles  persistent;  carpels  with   5    acute  upward-bristly 
ribs,-  vittae  none.     Perennials:    roots   thick,  and   aromatic;    leaves 
biternately  dissected;  involucre   and  involucels  few-leaved;    umbels 
about  4-rayed;  flowers  white. 

1.  O.  longistylis,  DC.  Root  strongly  anisate;  stem  rather 
slender,  hoary-pubescent,  often  purple;  leaflets   oblong-ovate,  in- 
cised-serrate ;  styles  filiform,  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
LONG-STYLED  OSMORRHIZA.     Sweet  Cicely. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  solid  with  pith,  branching.  Radical  leaves  1  or  2,  on  pu- 
bescent purple  petioles  9  to  12  inches  in  length.  Umbels  mostly  in  pairs,  or  termi- 
nating the  forked  extremities  of  the  stem  and  branches,  sometimes  axillary,  on 
peduncles  2  or  3  to  6  inches  long;  fruit  about  half  an  inch  long,  tapering  to  a 
bristly  stipe,  at  base. 
Hab.  P.ich,  moist,  rocky  woods :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

2.  O.  brevi§tylis,  DC.  Stem  pale   green,    smoothish   below; 
leaflets  pinnatifidly  incised;  styles  conical,  not  half  as  long  as  the 
ovary. 

SHORT-STYLED  OSMORRHFZA. 

Hoot  of  a  sweetish,  mawkish  taste, — something  like  that  of  Aralia  nudicaulis,  L. 
Stem  about  2  feet  high,  mostly  fistular,  branching.    Leaves  and  umbels  nearly  as 
in  the  preceding. 
Hab.  Moist,  rich  grounds :  not  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

168.  COV]VIUTH,  L, 

[From  Koneion,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Hemlock.] 

Fruit  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides ;  stylopodium  dilated  at  base ;  car- 
pels with  5  equal  prominent  wavy-crenulate  ribs, — the  inner  face 
with  a  deep  narrow  groove ;  vittae  none.  Biennials :  leaves  large, 
tripinnately  decompound ;  involucre  few-leaved  ;  involucels  halved  or 
unilateral,  about  3-leaved;  umbels  spreading,  many-rayed;  flowers 
white. 

1.   C.  maculatum,  L.  Smooth;  stem  rather  stout,  terete,  spotted; 
leaflets  lanceolate,  pinnatifid;  involucels  shorter  than  the  umbel- 
lets. 
SPOTTED  CONIUM.     Poison  Hemlock. 

Plant  bluish-green  and  sometimes  glaucous.  Hoot  fusiform  or  often  forked, 
fleshy  and  whitish.  Stem  2  to  4  (sometimes  6  or  8)  feet  high,  branched,  fistular, 
striate  with  green  and  yellow,  often  spotted  with  dark  purple.  Fruit  somewhat 


108  DIALYPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

gibbous,  crowned  with  the  dilated  base  of  the  diverging  styles;  carpels  with  the 
faces  inclining  to  separate  between  the  base  and  apex ;  channels  brown. 
Hob.  Waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  naturalized  about  some  old  settlements ; 
and  being  a  powerful  narcotic  poison,  it  ought  to  be  known  wherever 
it  exists.  It  is  supposed,  indeed,  to  be  the  very  herb  with  which 
the  ancient  Greeks  put  their  philosophers  and  statesmen  to  death, 
when  they  got  tired  of  them.  The  root  is  said  not  to  be  poisonous. 

SUBORDER  III.    CCELOSPER'MAE. 

Inner  face  of  the  carpels  hollowed  transversely,  or  the  base  and  apex  curved  in- 
ward. 

169.  CORlAtf'ORUM,  Hoffm. 

[Gr.  Koris,  a  bug ;  the  bruised  leaves  having  the  odor  of  a  bed-bug.] 
Fruit  globose;  stylopodium  conical;  carpels  closely  cohering;  ribs 
broad,  obsolete;  channels  without  vittae.  Mostly  annual :  smooth ; 
leaves  bipinnately  dissected ;  involucre  1-leaved  or  none;  involucels 
halved,  about  3-leaved;  umbels  few-rayed;  flowers  white,  or  tinged 
with  red  before  expanding. 

1.  C.  SATIVVUM,  L.  Segments  of  the  lower  leaves  broadly  cuneate, 
of  the  upper  ones  narrow  and  linear ;  carpels  hemispherical. 
CULTIVATED  CORIANDRUM.     Coriander. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  somewhat  branched  at  summit.     Umbels  spread- 
ing, 3-  to  5-rayed ;  umbeUets  of  numerous  short  unequal  rays ;  carpels  very  concave 
on  the  face,  cohering  by  their  margins  so  as  to  form  apparently  a  simple  globose 
fruit ;  commissure  with  2  vittae  in  a  loose  membrane. 
nab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Tartary.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Occasionally  cultivated  for  its  aromatic  fruit.  Notwith- 
standing the  offensive  odor  of  the  fresh  herb,  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE 
states  that  the  Tartars  prepare  a  favorite  potage  from  it.  His  words 
are — "Herba  recens  in  deliciis  habetur  et  ex  ea*  jusculum  conficitur, 
unde  ubique  in  hortis  Tataricis  culta."  Prodr.  4.  p.  250.  It  would 
probably  require  a  Tartar  palate  to  relish  soup,  prepared  with  her- 
bage which  has  the  "odor  of  a  bed-bug!" 

ORDER  XLV.    ARALIACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound,  without  stipules ;  flowers  in 
simple  umbels,  or  compound  umbellulate  racemes ;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary;  petals  mostly  5,  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and 
alternate  with  them ;  ovary  of  2,  3,  5,  or  more,  connate  carpels  (with  as  many 
etyles),  becoming  baccate  or  drupaceous  in  fruit, — sometimes  nearly  dry ;  seeds 
solitary,  appended  to  the  apex  of  each  cell  (or  carpel) ;  embryo  in  the  apex  of  fleshy 


170.  ARAXIA,  L. 

[Derivation  of  the  name  unknown;  supposed  of  Canadian  origin.] 
Flowers  mostly  perfect:  calyx  mostly  5-toothed.     Petals  5.     Styles 
5,  finally  divaricate.     Fruit  berry-like,  often  torulose,  or  5-lobed. 
Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs :  flowers  greenish-white. 

f  Stems  herbaceous. 

1.  A.  racem^sa.,  L.  Stem  widely  branching,  smooth ;  leaves 
ternately  and  quinately  decompound,  doubly  serrate;  leaflets  cor- 


ABALIACEAE  109 

date-ovate ;  racemes  axillary,  compound,  paniculately  umbellulate ; 

involucels  small. 

RACEMOSE  ARALIA.     Spikenard. 

Root  thick,  aromatic.    Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  rather  stout,  with  spreading  and 
somewhat  dichotomous  branches.    Leaflets  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  slightly  hairy, 
mostly  petiolulate.    Berries  small,  not  torulose,  dark  purple  when  mature. 
Hob.  Rich  woods;  Brandy  wine  hills:  not  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  often  introduced  into  gardens.  The  root  and  berries, 
infused  in  alcohol,  made  a  favorite  Tincture,  in  times  past,  for 
those  who  indulged  in  the  perilous  habit  of  taking  such  stomachics. 
JOHN  BARTRAM,  in  his  appendix  to  SHORT'S  Medicina  Britannica, 
printed  at  Philadelphia,  1751,  says  the  plant  was  called  "  Wild 
Liquorice. " 

2.  A.  liudicaiilis,  L.  Stem  very  short;  leaf  mostly  solitary, 
subradical,  triquinate;  leaflets  ovate  or  oblong-oval,  serrate;  um- 
bels simple,  3  on  a  naked  scape ;  involucre  none. 

NAKED-STEM  ARALIA.     Sarsaparilla. 

Root  creeping,  thickish  and  long,  somewhat  aromatic,  but  mawkish.  Stem 
scarcely  more  than  the  crown  of  the  root.  Leaf  on  an  erect  petiole  6  to  12  inches 
long,  3-parted  at  summit, — each  division  2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length,  and  bearing 
5  odd-pinnate  subsessile  leaflets.  Scape  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  divided  at  summit 
into  3  smoothjsh  peduncles  about  2  inches  long,  each  bearing  a  naked  many-flowered 
globose  umbel  an  inch  or  inch  and  half  in  diameter.  Berries  larger  than  the  pre- 
ceding, torulose,  purplish-black  when  mature. 
Hob.  Rich,  rocky  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  is  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  the 
Sarsaparilla,  of  the  shops  (a  species  of  Smilax).  I  believe  both  the 
original,  and  the  substitute,  to  be  rather  innocent  medicines, — -provi- 
ded the  disease  be  not  serious ! 

f  f  Stems  suffruticose,  or  woody. 

3.  A.  hispida,  MX.  Stem  suffruticose  and  bristly  at  base ;  leaves 
bipinnate ;    leaflets  lance-ovate,  incised-serrate ;    umbels   axillary 
and  terminal,  on  long  peduncles. 

HISPID  ARALIA. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  shrubby  at  base,  and  hispid  with  rigid 
tawny  bristles, — subherbaceous,  hirsute,  and  somewhat  paniculately  branched 
above.  Leaflets  1  to  2  inches  long,  sessile;  petioles  dilated  at  base,  more  or  less 
hispid.  Umbels  corymbose,  on  branching  peduncles  2  or  3  to  6  inches  in  length ; 
invol-ucre  of  numerous  subulate  leaflets. 
Hob.  Hills,  along  Schuylkill :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  The  mature  fruit,  of  this  species,  I  have  not  seen.  The  A. 
spinbsa,  L.  or  Angelica  Tree — a  stout  prickly  shrub,  with  thick 
club-like  branches,  and  large  bipinnately  compound  leaves — is  oc- 
casionally to  be  seen  about  old  settlements,  where  it  has  been  intro- 
duced. 

171.  PAV1VAX,  L. 

[Gr.  Pan,  all,  and  akos,  a  remedy ;  being  a  supposed  Panacea.'] 

Flowers  sometimes  dioicous :  calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  5.  Styles 
2  or  3.  Fruit  drupe-like  and  succulent,  or  subcoriaceous  and  nearly 
dry,  2-  or  3-lobed,  2-  or  3-celled.  Perennial  herbs  (in  this  County): 


110  DIALYPETALOtfS    EXOQENS 

leaves  compound,  usually  verticillate  in  threes  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem ;  umbel  simple,  terminal,  pedunculate ;  flowers  yellowish-green, 
or  white. 

1.  I*,  quiliquefolium,  L.  Root  fusiform;  leaflets  mostly  in 
fives,  obovate ;  styles  2 ;  fruit  compressed,  reniform   or  bigibbous, 
succulent,  2-celled. 

FIVE-LEAVED  PANAX.     Ginseng. 

Root  3  to  6  inches  long,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  often  forked,  rugose, 
whitish.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  simple,  angular,  smooth.  Petioles  3  or  4  inches 
long.  Leaflets  unequal, — the  3  principal  ones  3  to  5  inches  in  length,  the  lateral 
ones  much  smaller ;  petiolules  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Umbel  many-flowered, 
the  central  flowers  often  abortive,  fruit  drupaceous,  shining  crimson  when  ma- 
ture. 
Ilab.  Rich  woods;  Brandy  wine:  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  interesting,  as  having  afforded  an  article  of 
some  commercial  importance,  in  our  trade  with  China, — rather 
than  from  any  inherent  virtues. 

2.  I",  trifolium,  L.  Root  globular;  leaflets  in  threes,  or  some- 
times fives,  lance-oblong;  flowers   dioicous;  styles  3;  fruit  trigo- 
nous-ovoid, subcoriaceous  and  dry,  3-celled. 

THREE-LEAVED  PANAX.     Dwarf  Ginseng. 

Root  a  globose  tuber  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  rather  deep  in  the  ground. 
Stem  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high.  Petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Leaflets  une- 
qual, half  an  inch  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  nearly  sessile.  Staminate  umbel 
inany-flowered ;  pistillate  umbel  fewer-flowered  (the  flowers  rarely  perfect).  Fruit 
somewhat  3-lobed,  rugose,  pale  greenish-yellow  when  mature. 
Hob.  Moist  shaded  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  The  pistillate  plant  is  usually  larger  than  the  staminate  one. 

ORDER  XLVL    CORNA^CEAE. 

Shrubs,  or  small  trees  (rarely  herbaceous  branches  from  a  woody  rhizoma) ;  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  simple  and  entire,  petiolate,  without  stipules;  calyx-tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary;  petals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  4,  inserted  with  the  petals  on 
the  margin  of  the  disk  which  crowns  the  ovary;  style  1;  fruit  drupaceous,  mostly 
2-celled,  2-seeded;  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  fleshy  albumen. 

172.  CORPUS,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Cornu,  a  horn ;  perhaps  from  the  horny  toughness  of  the  wood.] 
Calyx  minutely   4-toothed.      Petals    oblong,    spreading.      Drupes 
berry-like,  globose,  or  oval;  nut  2-  or  3-celled.     Shrubs,  or  small 
trees,  in  this  County. 

f  Flowers  cymose ;  involucre  none ;  fruit  globose. 

1.  C.  alternif  olia,  L.  Branches  greenish ;    leaves  somewhat 
alternate,  oval,  hoary  beneath ;  drupes  bluish  black. 
ALTERNATE-LEAVED  CORNUS. 

Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  high;  branches  irregularly  alternate,  spreading,  streaked 
with  oblong  white  warts.    Leaves  about  3  inches  long;  petioles  about  au  inch  in 
length.    Flowers  yellowish-white,  in  depressed  spreading  cymes. 
£06.  Moist  thickets;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  May.  Fr.  Aug. 


CORNACEAE  111 

2.  C.  sericea,  L,  Branches  purplish ;  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  fer- 
ruginous-silky beneath ;  drupes  bright  palish  blue. 

SILKY  CORNUS.     Red-rod.  Swamp  Dogwood. 

Stems  6  to  10  feet  high,  slender ;  young  branches  and  petioles  lanuginous.  Leaves 
2  to  5  inches  long ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Cymes  woolly- 
pubescent;  flowers  yellowish-white.    Drupes  often  roundish-obovoid. 
Hob.  Margins  of  streams,  and  swamps :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

3.  C.  pail  it'll  lilt  a,  L'Herit.  Branches  grey,  erect;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  glaucous  beneath ;  cymes  paniculate ;  drupes  white. 
PANICLED  CORNUS.     White  Dog-wood. 

Stern  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high ;  branches  slender,  smooth.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long ; 
petioles  %  ^°  half  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  white,  in  thyrsoid  panicles,  which 
elongate  in  fruit.    Drupes  depressed-globose,  white,  with  a  leaden  tinge  when  ma- 
ture. 
Hob.  Thickets,  and  fence-rows :  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

f  f  Flowers  in  capitate  clusters,  with  a  Cleaved  involucre ;  fruit  oval. 

4.  C.  florida,  L.  Arborescent;  leaves  ovate,  pubescent  when 
young;  leaves  of  the  involucre  retuse  or  obcordate;  drupes  red. 
FLOWERING  CORNUS.     Common  Dogwood. 

Stem  15  to  20  (sometimes  30  to  40)  feet  high ;  the  young  branches  often  verticil- 
late  in  fours.  •  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  becoming  crimson  in  autumn ;  petioles 
about  %"an  inch  in  length.  Involucre  about  3  inches  in  diameter,  when  expanded, 
—the  leaves  in  opposite  pairs,  sessile,  white  and  petal-like,  sometimes  tinged  with 
purple.  Flowers  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  Woodlands :  very  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Septem. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  small  tree  is  very  close-grained  and  firm, 
and  valuable  for  many  purposes  in  mechanics.  Cabinet-makers 
sometimes  employ  it,  in  the  manufacture  of  small  articles  of  furni- 
ture,— in  which,  my  friend  Dr.  ELWYN  assures  me,  it  is  very  beauti- 
ful. The  woodman  selects  it  as  the  best  material  for  wooden  wedges. 
The  young  straight  stems  make  good  hoops,  for  the  cooper;  and  the 
slender  verticillate  branches  once  furnished  distaffs  for  Spinsters, — in 
the  "good  old  times,"  when  that  description  of  females  had  a  prac- 
tical existence  in  the  community.  The  bark  is  an  excellent  tonic, — 
almost  rivaling  the  Cinchona,  in  efficacy.  A  century  since,  accord- 
ing to  KALM,  there  was  so  much  faith  in  the  virtues  of  the  Dogwood, 
that  "when  the  cattle  fall  down  in  spring,  for  want  of  strength,  the 
people  tie  a  branch  of  this  tree  on  their  neck,  thinking  it  will  help 
them !"  Altogether — and  without  any  joke — it  is  a  valuable  as  well 
as  ornamental  little  tree, — worthy  of  a  place  in  lawns  and  yards. — 
Observing  farmers  have  remarked,  that  the  proper  time  to  plant 
Indian  Corn  (Zea  Mays,  L.)  is  when  the  involucres  of  the  Dogwood 
are  first  developed. 


112  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

DIVISION  II.    GAMOPET'ALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

FLORAL  ENVELOPES  usually  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  — 
the  petals  more  or  less  united.* 

ORDER  XLVII.    CAPRIFOLIAVCEAE. 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbaceous;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  and  without  stipules;  calyx- 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  stamens  usually  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
and  inserted  on  its  tube  ;  ovary  2-  to  5-  celled  ;  fruit  berrylike,  or  capsular  ;  embryo 
in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

TRIBE  1.    LONICE^REAE. 

Corolla,  tubular,  often  irregularly  lobed  ;  style  long,  filiform  ;  stigma  capitate. 


L. 

[Dedicated  to  the  memory  of  Adam  Lonicer,  an  old  German  Botanist.] 
Calyx-teeth  very  short.     Corolla  often  irregularly  5-lobed,  and  some- 
times gibbous  at  base.    Ovary  2-  or  3-celled.    Berry  several-seeded. 
Twining  or  upright  shrubs  :  leaves  often  connate  ;  flowers  axillary. 

J§SP"  TWINING  SHRUBS  :  leaves  entire,  upper  ones  connate  ;  flowers  in  axillary  v  erti- 
cils,  more  or  less  fragrant;  calyx-teeth  persistent  ;  corolla  ringent. 

1.  1,.  gr&tcl9  Ait.  Leaves  sub-perennial,  obovate,  2  or  3  upper 
pairs  connate,  the  lower  ones  subpetiolate  ;  corolla  not  'gibbous  at 
base,  tube  long. 
AGREEABLE  LONICERA.     American  Woodbine.  Wild  Honeysuckle. 

Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  long,  branching,  the  young  branches  often  pilose.  Leaves 
1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  rather  obtuse  and  often  slightly  emarginate,  glaucous  and 
reticulately  veined  beneath.  Flowers  in  verticils  of  about  6,  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  connate  leaves  ;  corolla  externally  red  or  purplish,  the  limb  at  first  nearly 
white,  soon  becoming  tawny  yellow,  —  the  tube  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  tapering 
to  the  base,  and  somewhat  resembling  a  Cornucopia,  smooth  within.  Stamens  ex- 
serted,  about  equalling  the  style.  Berries  orange  red,  at  maturity. 
Hah.  Moist,  rocky  woods  ;  along  streams  :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  the  common 
cultivated  species  (L.  Caprifblium,  L.),  —  though  the  flowers  have  a 
rather  stronger  and  less  agreeable  odor.  Honeysuckles  have  always 
been  favorite  plants,  for  decorating  arbors,  and  porticos;  and  are 
much  frequented  by  the  exquisitely  beautiful  little  Humming-bird. 
They  are  thus  alluded  to,  by  SHAKSPEARE  :  — 

"  And  bid  her  steal  into  the  pleached  bower, 

Where  Honeysuckles,  lipen'd  by  the  sun, 

Forbid  the  sun  to  enter  ;  —  like  favorites, 

Made  proud  by  Princes,  that  advance  their  pride 

Against  that  power  that  bred  it." 

*  Some  instances  of  dialypetalous  flowers  occur  in  this  Division,  in  ORDER  LIV. 
ERICACEAE  (viz  :  in  the  genus  Clethra,  and  Suborders,  PYROLEAE  and  MONOTROPE^). 
The  petols  are  also  nearly  distinct,  in  the  genera  Ilex  and  Prinos,  of  the  ORDERLY. 
AQUIFOLIACE^. 

The  plants  belonging  to  ORDER  XL.  CUCURBITACE^  although  often  gamopetalous, 
•will  be  found  in  the  dialypetaloos  division;  also  some  of  the  ORDER  XXXIV.  LEGU- 
MINOSJE,  —  as  in  Trifolium,  &c.  Our  native  species  of  Fraxinus  —  belonging  to  ORDER 
LXXIV.  OLEAC&E,  and  arranged  at  the  end  of  the  GAMOPETAJLE—  are  destitute  of  petals. 


CAPR1FOLIACEAE  113 

Doctor  DARWIN,  also,  refers  to  the  delightful  genus,  in  the  fol- 
lowing lines:  — 

"  Fair  LOMCERA  prints  the  dewy  lawn, 
And  decks  with  brighter  blush  the  vermil  dawn  ; 
Winds  round  the  shadowy  rocks,  and  pansied  vales, 
And  scents  with  sweeter  breath  the  summer  gales  ; 
With  artless  grace  and  native  ease  she  charms, 
And  bears  the  horn  of  plenty  in  her  arms." 

2.  ]j.  parviflora,  Lam.  Leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  upper  pair 

connate,  all  others  closely  sessile;  corolla  gibbous  at  base,  tube 

short. 

SMALL-FLOWERED  LONICERA. 

Stem  6  to  8  or  10  feet  long,  somewhat  twining,  branches  smooth.  Leaves  2  to  3 
or  4  inches  long,  obtuse,  very  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  generally  in  single  ter- 
minal pedunculate  heads,  which  are  composed  of  2  or  3  verticils  :  corolla  yellowish, 
with  tinges  of  purple  externally,  —  the  tube  about  half  an  inch  long,  gibbous  near 
the  base  on  the  lower  side,  hairy  within.  Stamens  somewhat  exserted,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  style.  Berries  reddish  orange,  when  mature. 
7/o6.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill  :  rare.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 


174.  DIERVII/L.AJ 

[Named  after  M.  Dieri-iUe,  a  French  Surgeon,  who  sent  it  to  Tournefort.] 
Calyx-tube  bibracteate  at  base,  tapering  at  summit;  segments  subu* 
late.  Corolla  nearly  regularly  5-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  2- 
celled,  2-valved,  septicidal,  many-seeded.  Upright  slender  shrubs  : 
leaves  petiolate,  serrate  ;  peduncles  cymose,  axillary  and  terminal. 

1.  1>.  trifida,  Moench.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  smooth  ;  pedun- 
cles subterminal,  mostly  3-flowered;  capsule  acuminate. 
D.  Canad6nsis,  Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  157. 
TRIFID  DIERVILLA.     Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branching  ;  branches  smooth,  often  slightly  quadrangular. 
Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  ciliate;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.    Peduncles 
in  the  axils  of  the  superior  leaves,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  2-  to  3-flowered; 
jvdicels  bracteate  at  base.     Corolla  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  llocky  woodlands  :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

175.  TRIOS'TEIIM,  L. 

[Gr.  Treis,  three,  and  Osteon,  a  bone  ;  from  its  3  bony  seeds,  or  nuts.] 
Calyx-tube  ovoid  ;  seg  ments  lance-linear,  foliaceous,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla gibbous  at  base,  nearly  equally  5-lObed.  Berry  drupaceous^ 
rather  dry,  3-celled,  with  3  bony  1  -seeded  nuts.  Perennial  hairy 
herbs  :  leaves  sub-connate,  entire,  tapering  at  base  ;  flowers  axillary, 
sessile,  bracteate. 

1.  T.  perfoliatum,  L.  Softly  hairy;  leaves  spatulate-ovate, 

abruptly   narrowed   at  base  ;  axils  1-  to  3-flowered  ;  flowers  dark 

brownish-purple. 

PERFOLIATE  TRIOSTEUM.     Horse  Gentian.  Wild  Coffee. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  simple,  somewhat  viscid  while  young.    Leaves  4  to  6 
or  7  inches  long,  and  2  to  3  or  4  inches  wide,  often  narrowed  almost  to  a  petiole  at 
base,  but  always  connate,  the  margin  ciliate-pubescent.    Corotta  about  half  an 
inch  long,  viscid-pubescent.   Berry  ova!,  orange  color  when  mature. 
Hub.  Rocky  woods;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

8 


114  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  plant  was  formerly  somewhat  noted,  as  an 
Indian  medicine;  but  is  now  neglected.  JOHN  BARTRAM  (in  the 
Appendix  to  SHORT'S  Medicina  J3ritannica,J  says,  it  is  "called  in  our 
Northern  Colonies  Dr.  Tinker's  Weed;  in  Pennsylvania,  Gentian; 
and  to  the  Southward,  Fever-root." 

3.  T.  angUStifftlilim,  L.  Bristly  hairy;  leaves  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  base;  axils  mostly  1-flowered;  flowers  greenish- 
yellow,  sometimes  tinged  Avith  purple. 
NARROW-LEAVED  TRIOSTETJM. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple,  rather  slender,  clothed  with  spreading  and  some- 
what bristly  hairs.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  and  %  to  1%  inches  wide,  the  long 
tapering  base  narrowed  almost  to  a  margined  petiole,  scarcely  connate, — the  mar- 
gins of  the  leaves,  bracts,  and  calyx-segments,  ciliate-hairy.  Corolla  about  %  an 
inch  long,  rather  slender,  glandular-pubescent. 
Hab.  East  Nottingham :  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  Collected  in  1852,  by  Mr.  EVAN  PUGH,  of  East  Nottingham. 
This  is  probably  the  northern  limit  of  the  species. 

TPJBE  2.    SAMBIPCEAE. 

Corolla  rotate,  regularly  and  deeply  5-lobed ;  stigmas  mostly  3,  sessile.    Inflores- 
cence cymose,  or  thyrsoid. 

176.  SAMBITCUS,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Sambuke,  a  musical  instrument,  said  to  have  been  made  of  Elder.] 
Calyx-segments  minute.     Fruit   a   globular   berry-like  juicy  drupe, 
containing  3  or  5  seed-like  nutlets.     Mostly  shrubs,  with  large  pith  ; 
leaves  odd-pinnately  dissected;  leaflets  serrate,  or  laciniate;  flowers 
white. 

1.  S.  CanadensiS,  L.  Leaflets   7   to   11,  oblong,  acuminate, 
smooth,  petiolulate ;  cymes  flat,  5-parted ;  fruit  purplish  black. 
CANADIAN  SAMBUCUS.     Elder-bush.  Common  Elder. 

Stem  5  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  suffruticose,  and  finally  woody,  nodose,  branching. — 
Leaflets  2  to  4  inches  long,  usually  3  pairs  and  an  odd  one. 
Hab.  Thickets;  fence-rows,  &c.:  common.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  a  rather  troublesome  plant,  to  the  farmer, — the 
long  roots  being  very  tenacious  of  life,  and  inclined  to  spread  ex- 
tensively along  fence-rows  and  hedges,  and  even  into  the  fields. 

3.  S.  pill>ens?  MX.  Leaflets  5  to  7,  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes 
pubescent  beneath ;  cymes  at  first  convex,  finally  conical,  or  thyr- 
Boid ;  fruit  bright  red. 
DOWNY  SAMBUCUS.     Red-berried  Elder. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  10  or  15  feet  high,  rather  more  woody  than  the  preceding,  branch- 
ing.   Leaflets  3  to  5  inches  long, — usually  2  pairs  and  an  odd  one ;  flowers  greenish- 
white,— often  purple,  externally. 
Hab.  Thickets;  W.  Nottingham:  rare.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

06s.  This  species — so  common  on  our  mountains,  and  so  remark- 
able for  its  thyrsoid  inflorescence,  and  scarlet  berries,  which  are 
ripe  by  the  time  the  other  is  in  flower — has  been  detected  in  the 
South-western  extremity  of  the  County,  by  Mr.  NATHAN  MILNER, — 
as  I  learn  from  my  friend  JOSHUA  HOOPES.  In  specimens  which  I 
have  growing,  the  leaflets  are  quite  smooth  on  both  sides. 


CAPBIFOLIACEAE  115 


inr.  TiBiiR'ivuroi  ,  L. 

[A  classical  Latin  name  ;  etymology  obscure.] 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  drupe,  with  scanty  pulp, 
and  a  crustaceous  more  or  less  flattened  nut.  Shrubs  :  leaves  sim- 
ple, petiolate  ;  flowers  usually  white,  in  flat  compound  mostly  ter- 
minal cymes. 

1.  V,  iiSHlimi,  L.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  thickish,  nearly  entire, 
ferruginous-dotted  beneath;    cymes  on  naked  peduncles;  drupes 
OToid,  acute. 

NAKED  VIBURNUM. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  slender,  branched.    Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long, 
varying  to  oval  and  obovate;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  long,  and,  with  the  pedun- 
cles, covered  with  a  ferruginous  scaly  pubescence.    Drupes  deep  blue  when  mature, 
punctate  with  white  scaly  dots. 
Hab.  Great  Valley,  and  Valley  hills  :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  variety,  Cassinoides,  of  TORREY  and  GRAY  (  V.  pyrifolium, 
Pursh.),  —  with  obovate-lanceolate  and  rather  smaller  leaves  —  was 
found  in  the  South-western  part  of  the  County,  in  1851,  by  Mr. 
JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

2.  V.  pniliifolium,  L.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  thhmish,  ser- 
rulate ;  petioles  with  narrow  even  margins  ;  cymes  sessile  on  lateral 
spurs;  drupes  compressed,  oblong-oval. 

PLUM-LEAVED  VIBURNUM.     Black  Haw. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  high,  much  branched.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  smooth 
and  shining  above  ;  petioles  %  to  half  an  inch  long.    Drupes  about  %  an  inch 
long,  bluish-black  when  mature,  sweetish  and  esculent. 
Hab.  Fence-rows,  and  thickets  :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  October. 

3.  V.  IrfClitJlg'O,  L.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate ;  petioles  with  wavy  margins  ;  cymes  sessile,  somewhat  corym- 
bose, terminal  ;  drupes  oval,  slightly  compressed. 

Stem  15  to  20  feet  high,  branching.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long;  petioles  half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  long,  dilated  at  base.    Drupes  larger  than  the  preceding,  bluish- 
black,  and  sweetish,  when  mature. 
Hab.  Chester  Creek;  Wynn's  meadows:  not  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

4.  V.  dentsktum,  L.  Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  coarsely  dentate  ; 
petioles   not  margined;    cymes  pedunculate;    drupes   subglobose, 
mucronate. 

DENTATE  VIBURNUM.     Arrow-wood. 

Stem  8  to  10  or  12  feet  high,  branching,  the  young  branches  virgate,  angular.  — 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  in  length,  and  generally  as  wide  as  long,  often  subcordate  at 
base;  petioles  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  and,  with  the  peduncles,  tomentose-pubes- 
ccnt  with  branching  hairs.    Drupes  dark  blue,  when  mature. 
Hab.  Low  grounds  ;  along  rivulets  :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Septem. 

5.  V.  acerif  ollum,  L.  Leaves  subcordate,  3-lobed,  unequally 
incised-dentate  ;  drupes  oval,  compressed,  mucronate. 
MAPLE-LEAVED  VIBURNUM.     Maple-leaved  Arrow-wood. 

Stem  2  or  3  to  5  feet  high,  slender,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches 
long,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  3-lobed  at  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  shorter  and  di- 


116  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

verging  ;  petioles  alxmt  an  inch  in  length,  with  2  filiform  stipuks  at  base.    Flowers 
often  tinged  with  red.    Drupes  purplish-black,  when  mature. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands:  very  common.     Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  slender  stems  of  this  shrub,  when  the  pith  is  removed, 
afford  good  fuse-sticks,  for  blasting  rocks  ;  and  are  much  used  for 
that  purpose.  A  species  of  this  genus,  commonly  cultivated  as  an 
ornamental  shrub,  is  the  Guelder-Eose,  or  "Snow-ball"  (  F.  Opulus, 
£.),  _  which  the  Poet  COWPER  so  beautifully  describes,  as  throwing 

up  its 

-  "  silver  globes,  light  as  the  foamy  surf, 
That  the  wind  severs  from  the  broken  wave." 

ORDER  XLVIII.    RUBIACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  connected  by  interposed  stipule*  ;  or  ver- 
ticillate  without  apparent  stipules;*  calyx-tube  mostly  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
corolla  regular,  3-  4-  or  5-lobed;  stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  and  inserted 
on  its  tube;  styles  mostly  2;  fruit  various;  seeds  with  copious  hard  albumen. 

This  Order  contains  a  number  of  important  plants.  Among  the  most  interest- 
ing, may  be  mentioned  the  Coffee  plant  (C<;ffea  Jralica,  L.)—  the  Peruvian  Baric 
tree  (Cinchona  officinalis,  X.)—  the  IpecacuanJia  (C.phadis  Ipecacuanha,  Rich.)—  and 
the  Madder  (Eubia  Tinctorum,  L.).  The  popular  vermifuge,  called  Carolina  Pink 
(Spigelia  Marilandica,  L.~)  —  and  the  well-known  beautiful  and  fragrant  Cape  Jessa- 
mine (Gardenia  florida,  L.~)—  are  also  referred  to  this  comprehensive  and  somewhat 
anomalous  Family. 

SUBORDER  I.    STELLAVTAE. 

Leaves  verticillate,  without  apparent  stipules  ;  calyx-tube  entirely  adherent  to  the 
ovary  ;  corolla-lobes  valvate  in  the  bud.  Plants  mostly  herbaceous. 


178.  GAV]LI1TM,  L. 

[Gr.  Gala,  milk  ;  which  some  species  were  used  to  curdle.] 
Calyx-teeth  obsolete.     Corolla  4-  (rarely  3-)  parted,  rotate.     Fruit 
smooth,  or  uncinately  hispid,  roundish,  dry  or  slightly  fleshy,  —  com- 
posed of  twin  1-seeded  indehiscent  carpels.     Slender  herbs  :  stems 
square,  often  retrorsely  aculeate  ;  jloicers  small,  cymose. 

§1.  ANNUAL:  Verticils  about  8-leaved;  peduncles  axillary,  few-flowered. 

1.  G.  Aparlne,  L.  Stem  procumbent,  aculeate  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  ; 
flowers  white;  fruit  rather  large,  uncinately  hispid. 

Common  Cleavers.     Goose-grass.  Robin-run-the-Hedge. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  long;  branches  short.  Leaves  about  an  inch  and  half  long,  ses- 
sile, tapering  to  the  base,  in  rather  distant  verticils  of  6  or  8.  Flowers  mostly  on 
axillary  elongated  peduncles. 

Hob.  Fence-rows,  and  shaded  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 
§2.  PEREXXIAL:    f  Verticils  mostly  &-leaved  ;  flowers  white. 

2.  Cr.  asprellUMl,  MX.   Stem   clambering,    aculeate,    usually 
much  branched  and  tangled  ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate  ;  flowers  very 
numerous  and  small  ;  fruit  usually  smooth. 


*  That  is,  the  "  interposed  stipules,"  in  this  case,  are  regarded,  by  some,  as  being 
developed  to  the  size,  and  in  the/wwi,  of  the  true  leaves,— -and  thus  forming  a  ver- 
ticil. Prof.  LINDLEY,  however,  does  not  concur  with  this  view;  but  considers  all 
the  members  of  the  verticils  as  genuine,  leaves. 


RUBIACEAE  117 


ROUGHISH  GALIUM. 

Stem  flaccid,  2  or  3  feet  long  (often  4  to  6  feet,  when  supported  on  bushes),  very 
rough  and  adhesive.    leaves  half  an  inch  to  3  quarters  in  length,  sometimes  4, 
mostly  6,  and  5,  in  a  verticil.    Flowering  branches  divaricate ;  peduncles  in  pairs, 
or  threes,  very  slender,  rather  short. 
ffab.  Swampy  thickets;  along  rivulets :  frequent    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  €J.  trifidum,  L.  Stem  ascending,  smooth  or  slightly  acule- 
ate; leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse;  corolla  often  trifid;  fruit 
smooth. 

Also,  G.  tinctorium,  L.  $  Fl  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  100. 
THREE-CLEFT  GALICM.     Ladies  Bed-straw. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  long,  slender,  branched.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
long,  in  verticils  of  5,  or  6, — often  in  fours  on  the  branches.    Peduncles  mostly  in 
threes,  axillary  or  subterminal,  slender,  spreading. 
Hub.  Low  grounds,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  G.  tinctorium,  L.  is  now  regarded  as  nothing  more  than 
a  variety  of  this.  The  roots  of  these  were  formerly  employed,  by 
the  Aborigines,  for  dyeing  porcupine  quills,  and  other  savage  orna- 
ments, of  a  red  color. 

4.  G.  tri  lift  I'll  in,  MX.  Stem  reclining  or  prostrate,  somewhat 
aculeate;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  cuspidate;    peduncles  elonga- 
ted, mostly  3-flowered ;  fruit  uncinately  hispid. 
THREE-FLOWERED  GALIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  long,  flaccid,  with  a  few  short  diverging  branches.    Leaves 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  somewhat  membranaceous,  narrowed  at  base,  mar- 
gins ciliate.    Flowers  greenish.    Fruit  small,  clothed  with  white  hooked  hairs. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  moist  shaded  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Verticils  <l-leaved.    *  Flowers  mostly  reddishrbrown ;  fruit  uncinately  hispid. 

•>.  Cr.  piltfSUIll,  Ait.  Stem  nearly   erect  and   simple,  hirsute; 
leaves  oval,  hairy,  pellucid-punctate,  obscurely  3-nerved;  pedun- 
cles elongated,  dichotomous,  the  branches  often  3-flowered;  flowers 
pedicellate. 
HAIRY  GALIUM. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  hirsute  on  the  angles.— 
Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  and  half  an  inch  wide,  obtuse,  hairy  and  ciliate. 
Hab.  Dry,  sterile  banks,  and  thickets:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

6.  €r.  Circ&ezans,  MX.  Stem  erect,  smoothish;  leaves  oval  or 
lance-ovate,  rather  obtuse,  distinctly  3-nerved;  peduncles  divari- 
cate ;  flowers  alternate,  subsessile ;  fruit  nodding. 
CIRCAEA-LIKE  GALIUM.     Wild  Liquorice. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  often  branched  near  the  base,  slightly  pubescent  on 
the  angles.    Leaves  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  and  half  an  inch  to  3  quar- 
ters wide,  the  lower  ones  often  roundish-obovate.    Peduncles  nearly  simple,  finally 
geniculatc.     Corolla  pale  purple,  or  purplish-white. 
Hab.  Rich  woodlands :  frequent    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  the  sweet  Liquorice-like 
taste  of  the  leaves.  There  seems  to  be  a  variety  of  it»  of  large* 
growth,  and  almost  as  hairy  as  G.  pilosum. 


118  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

•y.  G.  lanceol&tum,  Torr.  Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  smooth; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to   the  apex ;  peduncles  trichoto- 
mous,  finally  divaricate ;  fruit  sessile. 
LANCEOLATE  GALIUM. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  sparingly  branched,  quite  smooth  except  at  the  node?. 
Leaves  1%  to  2%  inches  long,  thinnish,  not  sweet  to  the  taste.    Peduncles  long, 
subterminal.     Corolla  brownish-purple,  or  sometimes  whitish. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.      FL.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Allied  to  the  preceding ;  but  probably  sufficiently  distinct. 
*  *  Flowers  white  ;  fruit  hispid,  the  hairs  short  and  scarcely  uncinate. 

8.  €r.  boresYlc,  L.  Stem  erect,  branched,  smooth ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  thyrsoid  panicles. 
NORTHERN  GALIUM. 

Plant  somewhat  glaucous.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  often  in  bunches,  or  a  number 
from  the  same  root.    Leaves  an  inch  to  1%  inches  in  length,  strongly  nerved,  ta- 
pering to  a  narrow  point,  but  rather  obtuse  at  apex.    Peduncles  frequently  trichot- 
omous. 
Hob.  Rocky  banks  of  Schuylkill :  rare.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  is  said  to  dye  a  red  color.  The  RUBIA 
TINCTORTJM,  L.  or  Madder, — a  plant  nearly  allied  to  Galium,  and  a 
well-known  Dye, — is  cultivated  in  the  West;  and  may  be  occasion- 
ally seen  in  gardens :  but  it  is  scarcely  entitled  to  a  place  in  our 
Flora. 

SUBORDER  II.    CINCHOVNEAE. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite,  with  stipules  between  them;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary,  or  partially  free  above. 

179.  DIOV»IA,  L. 

[Gr.  Diodos,  a  transit,  or  passage ;  from  its  growing  by  way-sides.] 
Calyx  2-  or  4-toothed.      Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed.     fruit  dry, 
2-celled,  splitting  into  2  crustaceous  1-seeded  carpels.     Low  herbs: 
leaves   opposite,  sublinear ;  stipules  bristly-ciliate ;  flowers  axillary, 
sessile. 

1.  D.  teres,  Walt.  Stem  terete,  branched  from  the  base,  pubes- 
cent; leaves  lance- linear,  rigid;  calyx  4-toothed ;  fruit  much  shorter 
than  the  stipular  bristles, 
TERETE  DIODIA.     Button-weed. 

Annual.    Stem  4  to  12  inches  high,  diffusely  branching.    Leaves  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  half  long,  the  margins  and  keel  aculeate-serrulate;  stipules  membrana- 
ceous,  fringed  with  6  or  8  long  bristles  on  each  side,  between  the  leaves.    Flowers 
pale  red,  opposite,  and  generally  solitary.    Fruit  quadrangular-obovoid,  hispid. 
Hob.  Sandy  banks,  and  roadsides:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

180.  CEPHALAllKTHirS,  L. 

[Gr.  Kephale,  a  head,  and  anthos,  a  flower ;  the  flowers  growing  in  heads.] 
Calyx-tube  angular,  tapering  downward ;  border  4-toothed.  Corolla 
tubular,  slender,  5-lobed.  Style  much  exserted.  Capsule  inversely 
pyramidal,  hard,  2-  4-celled,  separating  from  the  base  upward  into 
2  or  4  closed  1-seeded  portions.  Shrubs :  leaves  opposite,  or  some- 
times verticillate  in  threes,  entire ;  flowers  in  dense  globose  pedun- 
culate heads. 


EUBIACEAE  119 

1.  C.  OCCidentalls,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  peti- 

olate ;  peduncles  long,  terminal  and  axillary, 

WESTERN  CEPHALANTHUS.     Button-Bush.  Pond  Dogwood. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high  (some  old  plants  much  larger);  branches  opposite.    Leaves 
2  to  3  or  4  inches  long ;  petioles  about  %  an  inch  iu  length.    Heads  of  flowers  about 
an  inch  in  diameter;  peduncles  2  to  3  inches  long;  flowers  white. 
Hob.  Margins  of  pools,  and  swamps :  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

181.  JHITCHEI/LA,  L. 

[Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  John  Mitchell;  an  early  Virginian  Botanist.] 
Flowers  in  pairs,  with  their  ovaries  united.  Calyx  4-toothed.  Co- 
rolla funnel-fonn,  mostly  4-lobed ;  lobes  spreading,  densely  villous 
inside.  Style  slender ;  stigmas  4.  Fruit  a  rather  dry  berry-like 
double  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth  of  the  2  flowers, — each 
containing  4  bony  nutlets.  A  smooth  suffruticose  trailing  evergreen  : 
leaves  opposite,  petiolate. 

1.   M.   repens,   L.    Leaves  roundish-ovate,    subcordate,   dark 
green,  with  a  whitish  central  line ;  peduncles  2-flowered,  axillary 
and  terminal. 
CREEPING  MITCHELLA.     Partridge-Berry. 

Stem  prostrate,  G  to  12  inches  long,  branching  from  the  root,  and  spreading  in 
all  directions.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to  3  quarters  in  length;  petioles  %  to  half  an. 
inch  long,  connected  by  small  acuminate  stipules.    Flowers  white.    Berries  twin, 
subglobosc,  red  when  mature,  insipid,  persistent  until  flowers  come  again. 
JIab.  Moist  woods,  about  the  roots  of  trees :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  A  pretty  little  Evergreen, — well  adapted  for  a  covering  of 
the  earth,  in  boxes,  or  pots,  containing  large  shrubs,  in  conserva- 
tories. 

182.  HEDYOXTIS,  Lam. 

[Gr.  Hedys,  sweet,  and  Ous,  otos,  Ear ;  the  application  not  obvious.] 
Calyx  4-lobed, — the  lobes  persistent*  Corolla  mostly  funnel-form, 
or  salver-form ;  border  4-parted.  Stigmas  2.  Ovary  often  free  at 
the  top,  and  rising  above  the  calyx-tube*  Capsule  ovoid,  or  obcor- 
date,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  loculicidally  across  the  sum- 
mit. Mostly 'small  herbs,  with  minute  stipules  united  to  the  petioles. 

1.  II.  longifolia,  Hooker.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  not  ciliate;  cymules  2-  or  3-flowered;  corolla  funnel- 
form;  capsule  ovoid. 

LONG-LEAVED  HEDYOTIS. 

Perennial.    Stem  5  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  4-angled,  often  much  branched. — 
Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  2  inches  long ;  stem-leaves  sessile, — the  radical  ones  oblan- 
ceolate,  narrowed  at  base  almost  to  a  petiole.    Flowers  purple. 
Hub.  Hills,  above  Pugh-town :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  August. 

2.  II.  caerillea,  Ifooker.  Leaves  oblong-spatulate,  and  oblan- 
ceolate ;    peduncles   elongated,    1-flowered ;    corolla    salver-form ; 
capsule  obcordate. 

BLUE  HEDYOTIS.     Innocence.  Bluets.  Dwarf  Pink. 

Perennial  f  smooth.    Stems  numerous,  3  to  5  inches  high,  erect,  slender,  quad- 
rangular, dichotomous.    Radical  leaves  about  half  an  inch  long,  spatulate ;  stem- 
leaves  %  of  an  inch  long,  oblanceolate.    Flowers  blue,  with  a  yellow  throat. 
Hub.  Grassy  banks ;  woodlands,  &c. :  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr\  June. 


120  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

ORDER  XLIX.    VALERIANAVCEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  opposite,  without  stipules ;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  cm-diet 
tubular,  mostly  5-lobed;  stamens  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes  (usually  2  or  3),  in- 
serted on  the  tube;  stigmas  1  to  3;  fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1-  to  3-celled,  by  abor- 
tion 1-seeded;  seed  suspended,  destitute  of  albumen. 

183.  FEVDIA,  Gaertn. 

[Etymology  obscure;  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin,  Haedtu,  a  kid.] 
Calyx-teeth  3  to  5,  or  obsolete.   Fruit  3-celled, — 2  of  the  cells  empty, 
the  other  1-seeded,  cellular-gibbous  on  the  back.     Leaves  spatulate- 
oblong;  flowers  in  dense  cy mules. 

1.  F.  olitoria,  Vahl.  Fruit  compressed,    oblique, — the   fertile   cell 

with  a  corky  mass  at  the  back,  the  sterile   ones   often   confluent ; 

flowers  pale  blue. 

Valerianella  radiata.  DC.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  11. 

PQT-HERB  FEDIA.     Lamb's  Lettuce.  Corn-Salad. 

Annual.    Stem  4  to  12  inches  high,  dichotomously  branching.    Leaves  half  an 
Jnch  to  2  inches  long,  sessile,  subdentate,  somewhat  ciliate  on  the  margin.    Fruit 
finally  broader  than  long. 
Jfab.  Meadow  banks,  and  roadsides.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  A  similar  plant,  with  milk-white  flowers,  is  occasionally  seen, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  the  true  F.  radiata. 

ORDER  L.    DIPSAVCEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  without  stipules, ;  flowers  in  dense  involucrate  heads; 
calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,— the  border  entire,  or  toothed;  corolla  tubular, 
4-  or  6-lobed ;  stamens  mostly  4,  distinct ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  simple  ;  fruit  akene- 
like,  1-celled,  1-seeded ;  seed  pendulous :  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  fleshy  albu- 
tnen, 

184.  DIP'SACUS,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  dipsao,  to  thirst;  the  stem-leaves  holding  water  at  their  junction.] 
Involucre  many-leaved,  longer  than  the  bracts  (or  subfoliaceous 
ehaff)  of  the  receptacle :  Florets  each  with  a  4-sided  calyx-like  invol- 
ttcel  closely  investing  the  ovary  and  fruit.  Jlorder  of  the  calyx 
ininute,  cup-shaped,  entire.  Corolla  with  4  erect  lobes.  Stout  bien- 
Viials:  leaves  often  connate;  heads  ovoid-oblong, — the  florets  com- 
mencing to  open  in  a  ring  about  the  middle  of  the  head,  and 
proceeding  in  opposite  directions ! 

1.  D.  sylvgstris,  Mill.   Leaves  lance-oblong,  serrate ;  involucre  longer 
than  the  head ;  bracts  straight  and  flexible. 
WILD  DIPSAOUS.     Wild  Teasel. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  branched,  angular  and  prickly.  Radical  leaves  8  to  12 
inches  long,  crenate;  stent-leares  3  or  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  sessile,  subconnate; 
all  more  or  less  prickly  on  the  midrib,  and  sometimes  on  the  margin.  Leaves  of 
Uw,  involucre  unequal,  lance-linear,  curved  upward  and  inward,  pungent  at  apex. 
Heads  of  flowers  ovoid-oblong,  2  to  3  inches  in  length ;  corolla  pale  purple.  Bracts 
(or  chaff  of  the  receptacle}  oblong-cuneate,  keeled,  abruptly  tapering  into  a  straight 
flexible  awn-like  acumination,  longer  than  the  florets. 
Hab.  Roadsides ;  fence-rows,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  rather  abundant,  in  some  localities, — and 
g  a  coarse  worthless  weed,  requires  the  attention  of  the  farmer 


DIPSACEAE  121 

who  would  keep  his  premises  in  neat  condition.  Doctor  DARWIN 
thus  indulges  his  imagination,  in  reference  to  its  supposed  thirsty 
character: — 

"  When  droops  the  sickening  herb,  the  blossom  fades, 

And  parch'd  earth  gapes  beneath  the  withering  glades, — 

With  languid  steps  fair  DIPSACA  retreats,— 

'  Fall,  gentle  dews!'  the  fainting  nymph  repeats; 

Seeks  the  low  dell,  and  in  the  sultry  shade 

Invokes,  in  vain,  the  Naiads  to  her  aid." 

2.  D.  FTJLLOVNUM,  Mill.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  the  upper  ones  en- 
tire ;  involucre   shorter   than  the  head ;  bracts  recurved  at  apex, 
rigid. 
FULLERS'  DIPSACUS.     Fuller's  Teasel. 

Stem,  leaves,  and  general  character,  similar  to  the  preceding.    Heads  of  flowers 
elliptical;  bracts  (or  chaff  of  the  receptacle)  terminating  in  a  rigid  subulate  recurved 
acumination. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  lots.    Nat,  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species  is  sometimes  cultivated,  by  cloth  manufactu- 
rers, for  the  sake  of  the  heads;  the  rigid  recurved  points  of  the 
bracts,  on  the  mature  heads,  being  used  as  a  kind  of  card,  to  raise 
the  nap  on  woollen  cloth. 

ORDER  LI.    COMPOS'ITAE. 

Mostly  herbs ;  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  often  lobed  or  dissected,  never  truly 
compound,  and  not  stipulate;  flowers  in  close  heads, — composed  of  many  florets 
(perfect  or  imperfect)  upon  a  common  receptacle,  and  embraced  by  (mostly  numer- 
ous) leaflets,  or  scales,  which  form  a  general  involucre;  calyx-tube  closely  adherent 
to  the  ovary,— the  limb,  or  border,  of  the  calyx  (called  pappus),  consisting  ofJiairs, 
awns,  or  scales,  or  sometimes  obsolete;  corolla  either  tubular  and  5-lobed,  or  ligu- 
late  and  6-toothed ;  stamens  mostly  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla, — the  anthers  united, 
forming  a  tube  round  the  style,  which  is  2-cleft  at  summit,  with  stigmatic  glands, 
in  lines,  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  branches;  fruit  an  akene,  containing  a  single 
erect  seed  destitute  of  albumen,* 

SUBORDER  I.    TUBULIFLOVRAE. 

Florets  of  the  disk  tubular,  mostly  perfect,— -of  the  ray  (when  present)  ligulate, 
and  either  pistillate  or  neutral. 

TRIBE  1.    VERNONIAVCEAE. 

Beads  discoid  ;  florets  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular ;  style-branches  slender,  filiform 
or  subulate,  hairy  all  over, — the  stigmatic  lines  only  on  the  lower  part. 

185.  VERffOWIA,  Schreb. 

[Named  in  honor  of  William  Vernon,  an  English  Botanist.] 

Heads  many -flowered,  in  corymbose  cymes.     Involucre  shorter  than 

*  This  Order  is  so  natural,  and  at  the  same  time  BO  enormously  large  (containing 
between  800  and  900  genera,  with  species  almost  innumerable),  that  it  is  difficult 
to  discriminate,  satisfactorily,  among  such  kindred  multitudes.  The  Botanists, 
consequently,  have  been  obliged  to  seize  upon  any  features— however  small,  or 
inconspicuous — that  are  constant,  and  will  serve  the  purpose :  hence,  they  have  re- 
gorted  to  such  minute  characters  aa  are  afforded  by  style-branches,  stigmatic  lines, 
anther-tails,  Ac.  The  student  will,  therefore,  do  well  to  make  hhnself  familiar  with 
these  nice  distinctions. 


122  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

the  florets, — the  scales  imbricated  and  appressed.  Receptacle  naked. 
Akenes  clavate,  ribbed.  Pappus  double, — the  inner  of  numerous 
capillary  bristles,  the  outer  short  and  scale-like.  Perennials :  leaves 
alternate ;  flowers  mostly  bright  purple. 

1.   V.   Noyeboracensis,    Willd,    Leaves   oblong-lanceolate; 
scales  of  the  involucre  mostly  with  a  long  filiform  flexuose  point. 
V.  praealta.    mild.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  448.  not  of  DC. 
NEW-YORK  VERNONIA.     Iron-weed. 

Stem  2  or  3  to  6  or  7  feet  high,  sulcate-striate,  roughish-pubescent,  somewhat 
branching  above,  finally  hard  and  subJigneous.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long, 
subsessile,  serrate,  roughish  and  subcoriaceous.    Akenes  scabrous  with  short  hairs; 
pappus  dirty  white,  or  sometimes  purplish,  scabrous. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Ols.  This  is  a  worthless  and  rather  troublesome  weed,  in  low 
meadow  grounds. 

TRIBE  2.    EUPATORIAVCEAE. 

Style-lranches  obtuse  or  clavate,  usually  elongated,  pubescent  on  the  outside,— 
stigmatic  lines  below  the  middle  of  the  branches;  anthers  not  tailed  at  base. 

SUBTRIBE  1.    EUPATORIEVAE. 

Heads  discoid ;  florets  all  alike,  perfect  and  tubular,— usually  purple,  or  white, 
almost  never  yellow ;  receptacle  naked. 

186.   MAVTRIS,  Schreb. 
[A  name  of  unknown  derivation.] 

Heads  mostly  many-flowered,  in  long  racemes,  or  spikes.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricated  and  appressed.  Akenes  slender,  tapering 
to  the  base,  about  10-ribbed ;  pappus  of  many  plumose  or  scabrous 
capillary  bristles.  Perennials :  roots  often  tuberous ;  stems  usually 
simple;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  mostly  long  and  narrow;  flowers 
rose-purple. 

JOSi".  Corolla  smooth  inside ;  pappus  merely  scabrous,  or  barbellate. 

1.  I«.  SCariosa,  Willd.  Leaves  lanceolate, — the  radical  ones  ob- 
long; heads  subglobose;  scales  of  the  involucre  spatulate,  with 
broad  scarious  margins. 

SCARIOUS  LlATRIS. 

Stem,  1  or  2  to  5  feet  high,  rather  stout,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaves  3  to  6 
inches  long, — the  lower  ones  tapering  to  a  petiole.  Heads  of  flowers  half  an  inch 
to  near  an  inch  in  diameter,  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  spike;  scales  of  the  involucre 
with  conspicuously  scarious  and  often  colored  margins.  Alcenes  villous;  pappus 
subplumose. 
Hob.  Banks  of  streams :  rare.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  handsome  species  was  detected  near  Buck  Run,  in  this 
County,  in  1847,  by  Miss  SARAH  COATES, — a  lady  of  extraordinary 
Botanical  acumen,  and  attainments. 

3.  L.  spicskta,,  Willd.  Leaves  sublinear:  heads  oblong;  scales 
of  the  involucre  ovate  and  oblong,  obtuse,  with  narrow  scarious 
margins. 

SPIKED  LIATRIS.     Button  Snake-root.  Blue  Blazing  Star. 
Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  striate,  smoothish,  very  leafy.    Leaves  3  or  4  to  6  or  8 


COMPOSITAE  1 23 

inches  long, — the  upper  ones  very  short  and  almost  subulate.    Heads  of  flowers 
about  half  an  inch  long,  subcylindric,  crowded  in  a  terminal  spike  6  to  12  or  15 
inches  in  length;  outer  scales  ovate,  the  inner  ones  oblong,— the  margins  often  pur- 
ple.   Akenes  hirsute,  or  finally  smooth;  pappus  scabrous  or  barbellate. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods;  clearings,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  has  been  deemed  medicinal.  JOHN  BAR- 
TRAM,  in  his  Appendix  to  SHORT'S  Medicina  Jlritannica,  calls  the 
plant  "Jacea,"  and  "Throat-wort." 

187.  KlTHtf IA,  L . 

[Dedicated  to  Doctor  Adam  Kuhn,  of  Philadelphia;  a  pupil  of  Linnaeus.'] 
Heads  10-  to  25-flowered,  in  a  small  paniculate  corymb.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  few,  lanceolate,  loosely  imbricated.  Akenes^  cylindric, 
finely  striate ;  pappus  a  single  series  of  very  plumose  bristles.  Pe- 
rennials :  leaves  mostly  alternate,  resinous-dotted ;  floivers  white,  or 
ochroleucous. 

1.  K..  eupatorioides,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate  serrate  and  petio- 
late,  or  linear  entire  and  sessile ;  heads  of  flowers  cylindric. 
Also,  K.  Critonia.    Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  449. 

EUPATORIUM-LIKE  KUHNIA. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  slender,  somewhat  corymbosely  branched,  pubescent. — 
Leaves  1  or  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long.    Corymb  paniculate,  or  sometimes  rather  short 
and  dense.    Akenes  pubescent;  pappus  white,  or  often  tawny. 
Hob.  Dry  banks ;  Great  Valley :  rare.    FL  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  K.  Critonia,  Willd.  is  now  regarded  as  a  narrow-leaved 
variety.  It  is  rather  less  rare,  here,  than  the  other  form. 

188.  ElIPATCmiUM,  Tournef. 

[Dedicated  to  Eupator  Mithriclates, — who  brought  the  plant  into  notice.] 
Heads  3-  to  many-flowered,  mostly  corymbose.  Involucre  oblong; 
scales  imbricated  in  2  or  more  series,  or  sometimes  nearly  equal  in 
a  single  series.  Florets  tubular,  scarcely  dilated  at  throat.  Akenes 
5-augled;  pappus  a  single  row  of  slender  roughish  bristles.  Recep- 
tacle flat.  Perennials :  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  verticillate,  often 
resinous-dotted;  flowers  white,  or  purplish. 

f  Heads  5-  to  IQ-Jlowered ;  scales  closely  imbricated  in  several  series  of  unequal  length  ; 
leaves  verticillate,  petiolate  ;  flowers  purplish. 

1.  E.  purpiircuiii,  L.  Stem  stout,  simple;  leaves  3  to  6  in  a 
whorl,  lance-oblong  or  lance-ovate,  serrate;  corymb  large,  com- 
pound. 

Also,  E.  trifoliatum.  L.  $  Fl.   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  453. 
PURPLE  EUPATORIUM. 

Stem,  3  or  4  to  6  or  7  feet  high,  fistular,  smoothish  and  glaucous-purple,  or  some- 
times solid  with  pith,  spotted,  and  more  or  less  pubescent.    Leaves  3  or  4  to  8  or 
10  inches  long;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.    Heads  of  flowers  in  a 
terminal  corymb  of  varying  size,  and  shades  of  purple. 
Hab.  Moist  low  grounds,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Some  4  or  5  forms  of  this  plant,  heretofore  considered  as 
xpecies,  by  different  authors,  are  now  better  regarded  as  mere  varie- 
ties. 


124  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

ft  Heads  5-  to  20-flowered;  scales  8  to  15,  unequal,  more  or  less  imbi-icated ;  leayes 
mostly  opposite,  sessile,  sometimes  connate  ;  flowers  white. 

2.  E.  teucrif  olium,  Willd.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely 
incised-dentate  near  the  base ;  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  lance- 
oblong,  rather  acute,  but  not  acuminate. 

E.  verbenaefolium.  MX.  $  Fl.   Cestr.  ed.   2.  p.  450. 
TEUCRIUM-LEAVED  ETJPATORIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  corymboeely  hranched  at  summit,  roughish-pubescent. — 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  obtuse  at  base,  the  upper  ones  smaller  and  entire.  Heads 
of  flowers  somewhat  clustered. 
Hob.  Low  swampy  grounds;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  E.  rotundif olium,  L.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  subcordate 
at  base,  crenate-serrate ;  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear, 
abruptly  acuminate. 

BOUND-LEAVED  EUPATORIUM. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  slender,  corymbose  at  summit,  roughish-pubescent.— 
Leaves  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  subcordate  or  truncate 
at  base,  resinous-dotted.    Heads  of  flowers  in  a  dense  flat-topped  corymb. 
Hob.  Slaty,  hilly  woodlands :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  E.  sessilif  olium,  L.  Leaves  long-lanceolate,  acute,  rounded 
at  base,  and  gradually  tapering  to  the  slender  apex,  sharply  serrate, 
smooth ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-oblong,  obtuse. 
SESSILE-LEAVED  EUPATORIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  slender,  corymbose  at  summit,  smooth,  the  branches 
pubescent.    Leaves  2  or  3  to  6  inches  long,  the  base  often  subcordate  and  appa- 
rently somewhat  clasping,  the  under  surface  paler  and  minutely  dotted.    Heads 
of  flowers  clustered ;  scales  punctate  with  brown  dots. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

5.  E.   perfoliatum,  L.  Leaves   oblong-lanceolate,    connate- 
perfoliate,  rugose-veined,  crenate-serrate,  very  pubescent  beneath ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  acute. 

PERFOLIATE  EUPATORIUM.  Thorough-stem.  Bone-set.  Indian  Sage. 
Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  corymbose  at  summit,  hirsutely  pubescent, — 
the  branches  whitish  and  very  pubescent.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  more  or 
less  completely  united  at  base,  rarely  ternate,  minutely  resinous-dotted  beneath. — 
Heads  of  flowers  clustered,  in  large  corymbs. 
Hob.  Low,  swampy  grounds :  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species  is  generally  known  for  its  medicinal  properties, 
— which  are  valuable,  when  rightly  managed. 

t  ft  Heads  8-  to  30-  or  iO-flowered;  scales  in  a  single  series,  nearly  equal;  leaves  op- 
posite, petiolate ;  flowers  very  white. 

6.  E.  sicreratoicles,  L.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
and   acutely   serrate,  thin   and   smoothish;    petioles   rather   long; 
scales  of  the  involucre  smoothish. 

AGERATUM-LIKE  EUPATORIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  smooth,— the  summit  and  branches 
pubescent.  Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  the  base  dilated,  often  almost  truncate, 
BO  as  to  make  the  leaves  nearly  deltoid,  sometimes  abruptly  tapering  to  the  peti- 


COMPOSITAE  125 

oh,—  which  varies  from  %  an  inch  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length.    Heads  o  fflowcrs  in 

cymosc  corymbs. 

Hob.  Moist  woodlands,  and  thickets:  frequent    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

T.  E.  iiroiiiuticum,  L.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,   obtusely 
serrate,    thickish   and    somewhat   rugose-  veined  ;    petioles  rather 
short  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  pubescent. 
AROMATIC  EUPATORIUM. 

Stem  1%  to  2  feet  high,  nearly  simple,  or  corymbose  at  summit,  roughish-pubos- 
cent.    Leaves  an  inch  and  half  to  3  inches  long  ;  petioles  %  of  an  inch  to  near  an 
iuch  in  length.    Heads  of  flowers  in  small  erect  corymbs;  florets  rather  larger  than 
in  the  preceding, 
Hob.  Rocky  banks;  thickets  and  clearings:  frequent    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

189.  MIKA^MIA,  Willd. 

[Dedicated  to  Prof.  Joseph  Mikan;  a  Botanist  of  Prague.] 

ITcads  mostly  4-flowered  ;  involucre  of  4  or  5  nearly  equal  scales.  — 
Receptacle  small,  flat.  Florets  dilated  at  throat,  —  the  akenes  as  in 
Eupatorium.  Clambering  perennials  :  leaves  opposite,  petiolate  ; 
floivers  flesh-colored,  in  axillary  corymbs. 

1.  M.  SC<tn<len§,  Willd.  Stem  volubile,  or  clambering,  nearly 
smooth  ;  leaves  subhastate-cordate,  acuminate,  repand-dentate. 
CLIMBING  MIKANIA.     Climbing  Hemp-weed. 

Stem  3  to  5  or  6  f«et  long,  slender  and  volubile.  Leaves  an  inch  and  half  to  3  or 
4  inches  long,  resembling  those  of  the  common  Buckwheat  ;  petioles  1  to  2}/^  inches 
in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  in  clustered  cymope  corymbs,  on  axillary  branches  3 
to  6  inches  in  length,  —  the  branches  with  a  pair  of  leaves  near  the  corymbs;  scales 
of  the  involucre  roughish-pubescent 
Jlab.  Swampy  thickets  ;  along  rivulets  :  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


1»O.  COHrOCLIHT'nJM,  DO. 

[Or.  Konos,  a  cone,  and  kline,  a  bed;  referring  to  the  conical  receptacle.] 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  involucre  campanulate  ;  scales  subulate-linear, 
imbricated.     Receptacle  conical.     Florets  and  akenes  as  in  Eupatori- 
um.    Erect  perennials:  leaves   opposite,  petiolate;  flowers  bluish- 
purple,  in  crowded  terminal  corymbs. 

1.   C.   CCelcstinum,  DC.  Roughish-pubescent;  leaves  lance- 
ovate  and  deltoid-oblong,  obtusely  serrate,  somewhat  rugose-veined. 
Eupatorium  coelestinurn.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  452. 
HEAVENLY,  on  SKY-COLORED  COXOCLIKIUH. 

Ktp.m  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  branching,  often  growing  in  bunches,  roughish-pubes- 
cent.   Leaves  an  inch  and  half  to  3  inches  long,  hairy  on  the  nerves  beneath  ; 
pctMes  l/£  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Heads  of  flowers  in  rather  dense  cyiuoee 
corymbs,  showy  and  fragrant. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets  ;  Londongrove  :  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  pretty  plant  is  often,  and  deservedly,  introduced  iato 
gardens. 

TRIBE  3.    ASTEROPDEAE. 

Style-branchei  in  the  perfect  florets  flattish,  lance-linear,  smooth  up  to  wher»  the 
stigmatic  lines  terminate,—  prolonged  above  this  into  a  flattened  appendage,  wbich 
is  uniformly  pubescent  externally.  Leaves  mostly  alternate. 


126  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

SUBTRIBE  1.    ASTERIN'EAE. 

Heads  mostly  radiate, — the  disk-florets  perfect,  and  the  ray-florets  pistillate;  anthers 
not  tailed  at  base;  receptacle  not  chaffy,  mostly  flat,  and  alveolate,  or  punctate. 

§  1.  Rays  never  yellow. 

191.  SERICOCAR'PIIS,  Nees. 

[Or.  serikos,  silky,  and  Icarpos,  fruit;  descriptive  of  the  akenes.] 
Heads  rather  few-flowered ;  rays  about  5.  Involucre  oblong,  or  tur- 
binate ;  scales  imbricated,  whitish,  with  green  subsquarrose  tips. — 
Akenes  short,  inversely  pyramidal,  densely  silky-pilose;  pappus 
simple,  of  roughish  capillary  bristles.  Tufted  yellowish-green  pe- 
rennials :  leaves  mostly  sessile ;  heads  in  small  corymbose  clusters ; 
rays  white. 

1.  S.  SOliclalgilieus,  Nees.  Stem  angular,  smooth;  leaves  sub- 
linear,  obtuse,  entire ;  involucre  oblong ;  pappus  white. 

SOLIDAGO-LIKE  SERICOCARPUS. 

Stem  about  2  foot  high,  slender,  nearly  simple,  or  -with  a  few  corymbose  branches 
at  summit.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  linear  or  spatulate-linear,  obscurely  punc- 
tate and  3-nerved,  smooth  with  the  margin  scabrous.    Akenes  clothed  with  hoary 
shining  silky-looking  appre«sed  hairs. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  somewhat  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

2.  S.  COliyzoides,  Nees.  Stem  terete,  pubescent;  leaves  lance- 
oval,  rather  acute,  subserrate ;  involucre  turbinate ;  pappus  tawny- 
ferruginous. 

CONYZA-LIKE  SERICOOARPTTS. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  slender  but  rigid,  smoothish,  and  often  purple  be- 
low, corymbose  at  summit.    Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  ciliate, — the  radical  ones 
tapering  at  base  to  a  margined  ciliate  petiole  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaf.    AJcenes 
short,  silky-villous. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  clearings:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

192.  AS'TER,  L. 

[Gr.  Aster,  a  star;  the  radiated  heads  of  flowers  resembling  stars.] 
Heads  many  flowered;  rays  numerous  in  a  single  series.  Involucre 
sub-campanulate ;  scales  more  or  less  imbricated,  with  herbaceous 
or  subfoliaceous  tips.  Akenes  usually  compressed,  cuneate,  pubes- 
cent; pappus  simple,  scabrous.  Mostly  perennials:  radical  and 
lower  leaves  often  cordate  at  base ;  heads  of  flowers  corymbose,  pan- 
iculate, or  racemose ;  rays  white,  purple,  violet,  or  blue. 

f  Scale-tips  appressed,  slightly  herbaceous  ;  rays  white,  or  nearly  so. 

1.  A.  corymb  >SUS,  Ait.   Stem  rather  slender  and  flexuose, 
smooth ;  leaves  cordate  and  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  and  sharply 
serrate,  thin  and  smooth,  on  slender  petioles ;  corymb  rather  loose 
and  open,  on  slender  dichotomous  branches. 
Eurybia  corymbosa.   Cassini,  $•  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  469. 
CORYMBOSE  ASTER. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branched  at  summit,  often  purple.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5 
inches  long ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  usually  not  margined.    Heads  of 
flowers  middle  size,  often  few ;  involucre  smoothish. 
Hob.  Open  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


COMPOSITAE  127 

2.  A.  macrophyl'lUS,  L.  Stem  rather  stout,  mostly  roughish- 
pubescent;  leaves  roundish-cordate  and  ovate,  acuminate,  crenate- 
serrate,  thickish  and  rough,  hirsute  beneath,  on  margined  petioles, 
— the  radical  leaves  large ;  corymb  on  rigid  spreading  branches. 
Eurybia  macrophylla.   Cass.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  469. 
LAUGH-LEAVED  ASTER. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  corymbosely  and  stiffly  branched,  often  purple. — 
Radical  leaves  3  or  4  to  8  inches  long,  and  2  to  6  inches  wide,  cordate  at  base,  the 
lobes  often  large  and  overlapping;  petioles  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length  ;  stem-leaves 
much  smaller,  ovate,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  margined  petiole, — the  uppermost 
ones  sessile.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  large ;  involucre  roughish-pubescent ;  rays 
•white,  often  tinged  with  purple. 
Jfab.  Woodlands ;  clearings,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

t  f  Scale-tips  more  or  less  spreading  and  herbaceous. 
*  Rays  violet,  or  purplish-blue, ;  heads  rather  large,  showy. 

3.  A.  Rild  ilia,  Ait.  Stem  smooth,  corymbose  at  summit ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,   thickish   and   scabrous,  sessile ; 
heads   of  flowers  few,  on   naked  peduncles;   rays  violet-purple; 
akenes  smooth. 

A.  nudiflorus.  Nutt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  462. 
RASP  ASTER. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple.    Leaves  about  3  inches  long,  the  upper  ones  not 
much  smaller,  entire,  and  often  cuneately  tapering  at  base.    Heads  of  flowers  on 
naked  peduncles  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  often  somewhat  in  threes  at  the  summit 
of  the  branches,  the  lateral  ones  longest;  involucre  smooth. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  Great  Yallej  :  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Septem. 

4.  A.  paten§,  Ait.  Ptoughish-pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  entire, 
clasping  and  auriculate  at  base ;  rays  bluish-purple ;  akenes  silky- 
pilose. 

SPREADING  ASTER. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  slender,  branched'above, — the  branches  often 
elongated,  spreading,  and  clothed  with  minute  bract-like  leaves.  Leaves  half  an 
inch  to  2  or  three  inches  long,  scabrous  and  serrulate-ciliate.  Heads  of  flowers 
about  medium  size  (larger  in  the  var.  phlogifoUus},  subsolitary  on  the  slender 
branches ;  involucre  minutely  scabrous. 
Hah.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  There  is  a  variety  of  this, — with  largej1,  thinner  and  smoother 
leaves,  contracted  below  the  middle,  and  more  conspicuously  auric- 
ulate,— which  is  more  common  than  the  patens  proper.  Dr.  MUHLEN- 
BERG  considered  it  as  a  distinct  species,  and  called  it  A.  pldogifolim. 

5.  A.  la£vi§?  L.  Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  thickish  and  coriaceous, — the  upper  ones 
more  or  less  clasping;  akenes  smoothish. 

SMOOTH,  OR  POLISHED  ASTER. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  often  dark  purple  near  the  base,  more  or  less  branched  at 
gummit.  Radical  leaves  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long,  spatulate-ovate  or  oblong,  narrowed 
to  a  margined  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  leaf;  stem-leaves  2  to  5  inches  long, 
frarying  fn/m  lance-linear  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  or  the  broader  ones  abruptly 
farrowed  to  a  margined  petiole.  Heads  of  flowers  corymbose-paniculate ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  white,  with  green  keel  and  tip ;  rayg  long  and  showy,  mostly  deep 
triolet-purple,  sometimes  paler;  disk  yellowish. 


128  GAMOrETALOUS    EXOGENS 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  a  variable  plant, — and  a  number  of  species  have 
been  founded  on  its  several  features ;  but  they  are  all  so  essentially 
alike,  that  they  may  be  safely  regarded  as  mere  varieties. 

6.  A.  UlltluIatllS,  L.  Roughish-pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary ; 
leaves  cordate  and  ovate,  with  wavy  and  subserrate  margins,  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  to  margined  clasping  petioles,  which  are  dilated 
again  at  base, — the  upper  ones  sessile ;  involucre  obovoid,  pubes- 
cent; akenes  slightly  pubescent. 
WAVY  ASTER. 

Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  often  purple,  paniculate  and  frequently  bushy  at  sum- 
mit,— the  branchlets  leafy.  Radical  leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  oblong-cordate, 
sometimes  reniform ;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  long ;  stem-leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long, 
—those  on  the  branches  small  and  bract-like,  oblong,  eiliate.  Heads  of  flowers 
medium  size,  somewhat  racemose;  rays  pale  violet-purple,  or  bluish;  disk  yellow, 
becoming  purplish ;  akenes  finally  smoothish. 
Hab.  Dry  woodlands;  fence-rows,  &c.:  common.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  another  variable  species — as,  indeed,  there  are  many, 
— but  they  have  been,  generally,  well  and  judiciously  disposed  of, 
by  TORRE Y  and  GRAY. 

*  *  Rays  pale  purple,  or  whitish ;  heads  rather  small. 

*7,  A.  COrdif  Mills,  L.  Stem  with  pubescent  spreading  branches 
above,  smooth  below;  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate,  on  ciliate 
scarcely  margined  petioles ;  involucre  obconical,  smoothish ;  scales 
all  appressed;  akenes  smooth. 
HEART-LEAVED  ASTER. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  somewhat  flexuose,  paniculate  at  summit.    Leaves  1 
to  3  or  4  inches  long;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  long,  narrowly  margined;  upper  leares 
spatulatc-ovate.    Heads  of  flowers  racemose-paniculate,  with  small  bracts;  rays 
pale  purple,  or  sometimes  nearly  white. 
Hab.  Woodlands:  freqreat.    FL  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

8,  A.  saglttsef oliws,  Willd.  Stem  with   ascending  paniculate 
branches  ;  leaves  on  narrowly  margined  petioles, — lower   ones  sa- 
gittate-cordate, serrate, — upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
often  entire ;  involucre  oblong,  loosely  imbricated ;  scales  subulate- 
linear. 

A.  paniculatus.  Muhl.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  464. 
ARROW-LEAVED  ASTER. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  smooth,  with  numerous  erect  branches  above.  Rad- 
ical leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  on  petioles  2  to  6  inches  in  length;  stem-leaves  gradu- 
ally smaller,— those  on  the  branches  sessile.  Heads  of  flowers  numerous,  racemose- 
paniculate, — the  racemes  often  compound,  or  thyrsoid,  on  the  branches;  rays  pale 
purple,  or  bluish,  sometimes  nearly  white;  disk  yellow,  or  brown;  akenes  smooth. 
Hab.  Woodlands;  along  the  Brandywine:  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 
**  *  Rays  mostly  white:  heads  small  art'l  numerous. 

9.  A.  eriCOldes,  L.  Diifusely  branched ;  branchlets  subsecund ; 
leaves  spatulate-oblong  and  linear,  nearly  entire ;  involucre  some- 
what hemispherical,  loosely  imbricated ;  scales  linear-oblong,  acute. 
A.  tenuifolius.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  407.  not  of  Linn. 

ERICA,  OR  HEATH-LIKE  ASTER. 


COMPOSITAE  129 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  often  bushy  by  reason 
of  the  numerous  leafy  branches.  Radical  leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  sparingly 
serrate,  ciliatc,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaf;  stem-leave*  1  to  3 
inches  long, — those  on  the  branches  smaller,  subulate-linear  or  oblong,  acute  at 
each  end.  Heads  of  flowers  numerous,  small  (about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  in- 
cluding the  rays),  solitary  on  the  ascending  and  somewhat  secund  leafy  peduncles, 
or  branchlets ;  rays  sometimes  tinged  with  purple;  disk  yellow;  akenes  minutely 
pubescent 
Hob.  Old  fields;  roadsides,  Ac.:  very  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  plant,  in  some  of  its  various  forms,  is  more  abundant 
in  our  neglected  fields,  in  the  character  of  a  weed,  than  any  other 
species  of  Aster. 

1O.  A.  miser,  L  f  &  Ait.  More  or  less  hairy  and  branched; 
branches  often  slender,  spreading  or  pendent;  leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate, acute  at  each  end,  serrate  in  the  middle ;  heads  of  flowers 
racemose  or  scattered. 

Also,  A.  parviflorus.  Nees.  $  PL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  46&. 
MISERABLE,  OR  STARVED  ASTER. 

Stem  6  inches  to  3  or  4  feet  high, — in  the  dwarf  specimens  generally  simple,  the 
1  arger  ones  often  much  branched.  Radical  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  narrowed 
to  a  petiole  at  base :  stem-leai'es  1  to  3  or  4  inches  I6ng,  more  or  less  lanceolate  in 
form.  Heads  of  flowers  clustered  in  short  axillary  racemes,  or  in  loose  paniculate 
or  sometimes  pendulous  racemes ;  rays  short,  white  or  tinged  with  purple ;  disk 
brownish,  or  finally  purplish;  akenes  pubescent. 
Hab.  Sterile  old  fields;  thickets,  &c. :  frequent.  FL  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  A  numerous  list,  which  have  figured  in  the  books  as  species, 
are  now  reduced  to  varieties  of  this.  There  is  such  a  resemblance 
in  all  their  poor  starved  heads  of  flowers,  that  an  attentive  observer 
can  readily  recognize  them  as  belonging  to  A.  miser, 

f  f  f  Scale-tips  recurved  or  loosely  spreading,  subfoliaceous ;  rays  violetrpurple  ;  heads 
rather  large,  often  showy. 

I  9.  t.  simplex,  Willd.  Smoothish;  usually  tall;  branches  and 
heads   subcorymbose ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  subserrate, 
the  upper  ones  entire;  scales  of  the  involucre  lance-linear,  unequal. 
A.  salicifolius,  Ait.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  467. 
SIMPLE  ASTER. 

8U-tn  2  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  often  purple,  branched  above,  with  hairy  lines  decur- 
rent  from  the  base  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  1  to  4  inches  long;  radical  ones  oblong- 
xpotulate,  tapering  and  ciliate  towards  the  base;  stem-leaves  slender,  very  acute, 
r«iK>tely  and  sparingly  but  sharply  serrate;  branch-leaves  cuspidate,  entire.— 
J leads  of  flowers  medium  size;  involucre  smoothish;  rays  pale  bluish-purple; 
disk  yellowish,  finally  purplish-brown ;  akenes  pubescent. 
Jfijb.  Along  swampy  rivulets :  frequent.  J^._Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

12.   A.   puniceus,   L.    Hirsute;    rather  stout;    paniculately 
branched;   leaves  lance-oblong,  sessile   and  clasping,    appressed- 
serrate  in  the  middle;   scales  of  the  involucre  subulate4inear, 
nearly  equal. 
KED  (STALKED)  ASTER. 

Stem  3  to  6  feet  high,  rough  with  short  conic  bristles,  purple,  or  sometimes 
green.    Leaves  2  or  3  to  4  or  6  inches  long,  more  or  less  tapering  at  base,  often 


ISO  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGEN* 

sparingly  serrate.    Beads  of  flowers  paniculate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  with  a 

•white  membranaceous  margin,  minutely  ciliate. 

Bab.  Swampy  thickets,  and  low  grounds:  frequent.    Fl.  Sept.  JV..Octo. 

13.  A.  prenantllOicIes,  Muhl.  Hairy  in  lin.es ;  corymbose- 
paniculate;    leaves    spatulate-lanceolate,    auriculate-clasping,   in- 
eised-serrate  in  the  middle;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear  and 
squarrose. 

PRENANTHES-LIKE  ASTER, 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  smoothish,  or  sometimes  muricately  scabrous,  often 
purple,  the  branches  conspicuously  hairy  in  lines.  Leaves  2  or  3  to  6  or  8  inches 
long,  with  an  entire  acumination,  contracted  and  entire  below  the  middle,  dilated 
and  auriculate  at  base.  Heads  of  flowers  often  numerous,  in  a  spreading  corym- 
bose panicle;  rays  pale  violet-purple,  or  lilac,  sometimes  nearly  white;  akenes 
cuneate-oblong,  nerved,  hairy,  yellowish. 
Hob.  Moist,  shaded  grounds;  Brandy  wine:  frequent.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  generally  a  well-marked  species, — but  some  forms  of 
it  approach  pretty  near  to  the  preceding. 

14.  A.  Wovae-Angliae,  L.  Hirsute;    stout;    corymbose   at 
summit ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  auriculate-clasping ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  foliaceous,  lance-linear,  loosely  spreading. 
NEW-ENGLAND  ASTER. 

Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  scabrous,  mostly  dark  purple,  often  numerous  from 
the  same  root.  Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  tapering  nearly  from  base  to  apex, 
numerous,  the  upper  ones  mostly  purplish,  Heads  of  flowers  racemose-corymbose, 
numerous,  showy;  involucre  and  p&'uncles  glandular-pubescent,  somewhat  viscid, 
often  dark  purple ;  rays  bright  purple  with  a  tinge  of  violet ;  dislc  yellow ;  akenes 
hirsute;  receptacle  alveolate,  the  pits  with  dentate  margins. 
Hah.  Low  grounds;  Great  Valley:  rare.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  handsomest  of  our  native  Asters, — and 
is  frequently  cultivated  for  its  showy  autumnal  flowers. 

193.  ERI'C^EROtf ,  L. 

[Gr.  Er,  spring,  and  Geron,  an  old  man ;  the  plant  being  hoary  in  spring.] 
Meads  many-flowered;  rays  numerous,  in  more  than  one  series,  very 
narrow.  Involucre  mostly  hemispherical;  scales  narrow,  nearly 
equal,  and  almost  in  a  single  row.  Receptacle  punctate.  Akenes 
compressed,  2-nerved,  pubescent;  pappus  a  single  row  of  capillary 
rough  bristles, — and  often,  with  an  outer  row  of  short  bristles,  or 
chaffy  scales.  Leaves  alternate,  generally  sessile ;  heads  paniculate, 
or  corymbose,  sometimes  small ;  rays  white,  or  purplish. 

f  Pappus  single.    *  Rays  inconspicuous,  white. 

1.  E.  Canadense,  L.  Stem  hirsute,  paniculately  branching ; 
leaves  lance-linear,  mostly  entire;  heads   small,  numerous,  race- 
mose-paniculate. 
CANADIAN  ERIGERON.     Horse-weed.  Butter-weed. 

Annual.    Stem  6  inches  to  5  or  6  feet  high.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  hairy 
and  ciliate, — the  lower  ones  sparingly  dentate.    Heads  of  flowers  loosely  racemos* 
on  the  branches:  rays  capillary,  scarcely  longer  than  the  straw-colored  pappus; 
akenes  sparsely  hairy. 
Sab.  Fields,  and  roadsides :  every  where  common.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


*          COMPOSITAB  131 

Obs.  This  almost  universal  weed  is  very  variable  in  size.  In  rich 
soils  it  becomes  quite  stout ;  while  on  dry,  sterile  banks,  it  is  often 
a  very  dwarf,  or  starveling. 

*  *  Rays  crowded  and  rather  conspicuous,!  purplish. 

2.  E.  belli di  folium,  Muhl.  Hoary- villous ;  stem  simple  and 
few-leaved;  leaves  spatulate  and  lance-oblong;  heads  large,  few, 
corymbose;  rays  broadish. 

E.  pulchellus.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  not  of  DC. 
DAISY-LEAVED  ERIGERON.     Poor  Robert's  Plantain. 

Perennial :  stoloniferous.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high.  Radical  leaves  1  to  3  inches 
long,  spatulate  and  obovate,  contracted  to  a  margined  petiole ;  stem-leaves  sub-ser- 
rate,— the  upper  ones  entire  or  denticulate,  somewhat  clasping.  Heads  of  flowers 
2  or  3  to  5  (rarely  7  or  9),  in  a  loose  terminal  corymb,— the  lower  peduncles  axil- 
lary, long  and  flaccid ;  rays  pale  bluish-purple;  akenes  smooth. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

3.  E.  Pliiladelpliicum,  L.  Pubescent;  stem  simple,  leafy, 
leaves  lance-oblong,  subserrate, — the  upper   ones  clasping,    the 
lower  ones  spatulate  or  cuneate-oblong ;  heads  medium  size,  loosely 
corymbose ;  rays  very  narrow  and  numerous. 
PHILADELPHIAN  ERIGERON. 

Perennial  f    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high.    Radical  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  ctmeately 
tapering  to  a  margined  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  leaf;  stem-leaves  gradually 
smaller.    Heads  of  flowers  mostly  few;  rays  pale  purple  or  flesh-color;  akenes 
sparsely  hispid. 
Hob.  Woodlands ;  along  Brandy  wine :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

f  f  Pappus  double, — the  outer  row  of  minute  scales  ;  rays  white,  or  nearly  so. 

4.  E.  aimuiim,  Pers.  Radical  leaves  ovate,  coarsely  dentate, — 
stem-leaves  lanceolate,  serrate  in  the  middle;  rays  shortish,  tinged 
with  purple. 

E.  heterophyllus.  Muhl.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  472. 
ANNUAL  ERIGERON. 

Biennial  f  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  often  angular,  more  or  less  hirsute,  corym- 
bose at  summit.  Radical  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long; 
petioles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  narrow-margined,  dilated  at  base;  stem* 
leaves  gradually  smaller,— the  upper  ones  cuneafa  at  baseband  sessile,— the  lower 
ones  often  ovate,  and  on  margined  petioles.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  small,  or  me- 
dium size ;  akenes  hirsute. 
Hob.  Pastures,  and  waste  places :  frequent.  Fl,  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

$.  E.  strips  u  ill,  Muhl.  Radical  leaves  spatujate-lanceolate ; 

stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate, — all  nearly  entire;,  rays  longish, 

white. 

STRIGOSE  ERIGERON.     Flea-bane.  Daisy. 

Annual  f  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  angular  and  sulcate-striate,  more  or  less 
strigosely  hairy,  corymbose  above,  or  sometimes  simple.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches 
long,— the  radical  and  lower  ones  contracted  to  a  margined  petiole  nearly  as  long 
as  the  leaf.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  small;  akenes  sparsely  hirsute;  pappus 
scanty,  brittle. 
Hab.  Pastures,  and  upland  meadows :  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  a  very  common  weed, — especially  in  the  first  crop 
of  upland  meadows,  after  the  usual  routine  grain  crops. 


132  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

194.  OIPl.OPAP'PlJS,  Cassini. 
[Gr.  diploos,  double,  and  Pappos,  pappus;  it  being  in  two  rows.] 
Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  8  to  12,  in  a  single  series.     Involucre 
turbinate-campanulate ;  scales  imbricated,  lance-linear,  keeled,  the 
tips  not  herbaceous.     Akenes  flattish ;  pappus  double, — the   outer 
row  of  short  stiff  bristles.     Perennials:   leaves  alternate,  entire; 
heads  solitary,  or  corymbose. 

f  Rays  mold-purple ;  akenes  siUcywttous ;  inner  pappus  uniform. 

1.  I>.  liliariif  olius,  Hooker.  Stem   slender,  terete,  suffniti- 
cose;  leaves  linear,  rigid,  keeled,  serrulate-ciliate;  heads  solitary, 
large. 

LlNABIA-LEAVED  DlPLOPAPPUS. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  very  leafy,  roughish-puberulent,  often  purple,  simple, 
or  with  a  few  short  corymbose  branches  at  summit.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long, 
often  glaucous  beneath.    Heads  of  flowers  showy,  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant ; 
disk  yellow ;  pappus  white  or  slightly  tawny. 
Hob.  Hilly,  rocky  woodlands:  frequent.    Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

•)•  f  Rays  ochroleucous  ;  akenes  smoothish;  inner  pappus  unequal. 

2.  I>.  unifoellatus,  Torr.  $  Gray.  Stem  rather  stout,  striate- 
angular;  leaves  long-lanceolate,  acuminate;  heads  numerous,  in 
compound  flat  corymbs. 

D.  amygdalinus.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  473. 
UMBELLATE  DIPLOPAPPUS. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  smoothish,  or  scabrous  on  the  angles,  branched  above. — 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  slightly  rerolute  on  the  margin,  narrowed  to  a  short 
petiole.  Heads  of  flowers  medium  size,  on  slender  roughish-pubescent  peduncles ; 
pappus  whitish,  or  sometimes  reddish-tawny,— the  hairs  of  the  inner  series  slightl  j 
thickened  at  apex. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

3.  O.  eomiftilius,  Darlingt.  Stem  slender,  terete,  smoothish, 
sparingly   and    dichotomously   corymbose-paniculate    at   summit; 
leaves   elliptic   or  rhombic-ovate,  acute  at  both  ends;  heads  lew, 
middle  sized. 

COKNUS-LEAVED  DlPLOPAPPUS. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  often  flexuose,  pilose  in  lines.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long, 
Bubsessile,  fo'ughly  hairy  on  the  margin,  midrib,  and  veins  beneath.    Heads  of 
flowers  often  in  pairs,  or  the  branches  dichotomous ;  pappus  reddish-tawny, — the 
hairs  of  the  inner  series  thickened  at  apex. 
Hub.  Woodlands ;  clearings,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

§  2.  Rays  almost  always  yellow. 

195.  SOL,IDANC;O,  L. 

[Latin,  solido,  to  make  firm,  or  unite;  from  its  supposed  healing  virtues.] 
Heads  usually  small  and  few-flowered;  rays  about  5,  in  a  single 
series.  Involucre  oblong ;  scales  generally  appressed,  and  without 
herbaceous  tips.  Akenes  subterete,  many-ribbed ;  pappus  single,  of 
equal  capillary  bristles.  Receptacle  small,  mostly  naked.  Peren- 
nials: stems  commonly  virgate;  leaves  subsessile,  never  cordate,; 
heads  commonly  racemose-paniculate. 


COMPOSITAE  133 

2  1.  Scales  with  spreading  herbaceous  tips;  heads  in  a  leafy  interrupted  compound 
spike.    [CHRYSASTRCM.  Torr.  <£  Gray.] 

1.  S.  squarrosa,  Muhl.  Stem  stout,  striate,  smooth  below,  pu- 
bescent above ;  leaves  lance-oblong, — the  lower  ones  spatulate-oval, 
serrate ;  heads  many-flowered. 
SQUARROSE  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  simple.  Radical  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  contracted  to  a 
margined  petiole  2  to  4  inches  in  length;  stem-leaves  gradually  smaller;  all  sub- 
coriaceous,  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  large,  in  dense  axil- 
lary clusters,  forming  a  leafy  spike ;  involucre  puberulent ;  scales  oblong,  minutely 
lacerate-ciliate,  with  the  apex  spreading  or  reflexed;  rays  rather  long;  akenes 
smooth. 
Hob.  Along  Schuylkill :  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

£  2.  Scales  without  herbaceous  tips.    [VIRGAUREA,  Ifarnef.] 
f  Racemes  short,  dense,  terminal,  or  closely  axillary. 

"2.  S.  biCOlor,  L.    Hairy  and  greyish ;   leaves  lance-oval,  the 

lower  ones  serrate ;  racemes  terminal,  «rect,  leafy ;  rays  ochroleu- 

cous. 

TWO-COLORED  SOLIDAGO- 

Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  mostly  simple,  sometimes  with  leafy  branches  at  summit. 
Radical  leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  often  spatulate,  contracted  to  a  petiole  nearly  as 
long  as  the  leaf;  stem-leaves  gradually  smaller  and  less  serrate,  the  upper  ones  en- 
tire. Heads  of  flowers  in  a  compound  leafy  terminal  raceme ;  involucre  smooth- 
ish ;  rays  medium  size ;  akenes  striate,  sparsely  pubescent,  finally  smooth. 
Hob.  Woods,  clearings,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

3.  S.  lalHYilia,  L.  Smoothish;  stem  angular,  flexuose;  leaves 
broadly  oval,  acuminate  at  each  end,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate ; 
racemes  axillary,  oblong. 

S.  flexicaulis,  var.  latifolia.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  460. 
BROAD-LEAVED  SOUDAGO. 

Stem  18  inches  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  often  flexuose.    Leaves  3  or  4  inches  long, 
conspicuously  acuminate,  and  almost  laciniately  serrate,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a 
tapering  margined  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  acnmination  at  apex.    Heads  cf 
flowers  in  short  racemose  axillary  clusters;  involucre  smooth;  akenes  hairy. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent    Fl.  Septem.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  S.  flexicaulis,  L.  has  been  partly  referred  to  S.  caesia, — 
while  the  var.  latifolia  is  admitted  to  the  rank  of  a  species,  which 
may  be  readily  known  by  its  remarkable  leaves. 

4.  S.  cassia,  L.   Smooth;  stem  terete,   purple  and  glaucous; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  irregularly  serrate;  racemes  axillary,  sub- 
globose. 

GREY-BLUE  SOLIDAGO.     Golden  Rod. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  slender,  simple,  or  sometimes  considerably  branched* 
Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  scabrous  on  the  margin.    Heads  of  flowers  in  nu- 
merous axillary  and  mostly  subglobose  clusters ;  involucre  smoothish ;  akenes 
pubescent. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands,  and  thickets:  frequent.    Fl.  Septem.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  Solidaaines  are  all  known,  more  or  less,  by  the  name  of 
Golden  rod;  but  this  species  is  so  called  by  way  of  eminence,  in 


134  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Chester  County.  JOHN  BARTRAM,  in  Ms  Appendix  to  SHORT'S 
Medicina  Britannica,  says  this  is  the  Golden  Rod  "so  famous  for  the 
bite  of  a  Rattle-snake ;"  and,  like  many  other  "famous"  cures,  is 
probably  little  worth,  in  such  cases. 

1 1  Racemes  terminal,  erect.    *  Heads  small. 

5.  S.  puberula,  Nutt.  Minutely  hoary-pubescent;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, nearly  entire ;  racemes  dense,  leafy. 

PUBERULENT  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  striate,  often  purple.  Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches 
long,  the  lower  ones  rather  oblanceolate,  all  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Heads  of 
flowers  in  short  erect  axillary  racemes, — forming  altogether  a  kind  of  compound 
leafy  spike  4  to  8  or  10  inches  in  length;  involucre  puberulent,  yellowish;  ray  a 
middle-sized :  dkenes  minutely  pubescent. 

Hob.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds;  J.  D.  Steele's:  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo, 
*  *  Heads  rather  large. 

6.  S.  speciosa,  Nutt.  Stem  stout,  sulcate-striate,  smooth  j  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  thickish ;  racemes  thyxsoid ;  rays  large. 
HANDSOME,  OR  SHOWY  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  often  purple,  simple,  or  virgately  branched-.  Radical 
leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  ovate,  more  or  less  serrate,  on  margined  petioles  2  to 
4  or  5  inches  in  length ;  stem-leaves  gradually  smaller,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,-&[l 
smooth,  coriaceous,  and  scabrous  on  the  margin.  Heads  of  flowers  numerous, 
clustered  on  longish  axillary  branches,  which  form  a  kind  of  terminal  panicle  j 
involucre  smooth ;  akenes  striate,  smooth. 
Hob.  Copses;  banks  of  Schuylkill,  &c.:  rare.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

f  •}•  f  Racemes  secund,  spreading  or  recurved. 
*  Heads  and  leaves  rather  large. 

•y.  S,  patula,  Muhl.  Stem  striate-angled,  smooth ;  leaves  oval, 
acute,  serrate,  very  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath ;  racemes  pan- 
iculate, spreading. 
SPREADING  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  dark  green,  or  sometimes  purple.  Radical  leaves  3  to  6 
inches  long,  crenate-serrate,  subcoriaceous,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  margined 
petiole  about  as  long  as  the  leaf;  stem-leaves  gradually  smaller,  narrowed  at  base, 
sessile.  Heads  of  flowers  in  "secund  spreading  paniculate  racemes ;  involucre  mi- 
nutely pubescent ;  rays  middle-sized ;  akenes  slightly  puberulent  and  bristly. 
Hal).  Low  grounds;  thickets  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  the  remarkable  shagreen- 
like  roughness  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves. 

8.  S.  arg^ta,  Ait.  Smooth;  leaves  thickish,  elliptic-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sharply  and  unequally  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides, 
the  margins  scabrous-ciliate ;  racemes  dense,  smooth,  finally  elon- 

§ated  and  recurved. 
.  ciliaris.  Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  455. 
SHARP  (NOTCHED)  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high.  Radical  leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  subcoriaceous, 
tapering  to  a  margined  ciliate  petiole  2  to  4  inches  in  length ;  stem-leaves  varying 
to  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole.  Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  pani- 
culate racemes ;  involucre  smoothisb ;  akenes  somewhat  pubescent. 


)3a6.  Meadows,  fields,  and  woods:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 

9.  S.  Mllhlenbgrgii,  Torr.  $  Gray.    Smooth;  stem  striater- 
angled ;  leaves  thinnish,  lanc«-ovate  and  elliptic-lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate,  acuminate  at  both  ends ;  racemes  pubescent,  paniculate. 
S.  arguta.  Mtthl  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  3.  p.  458.  not  of  Ait. 
MUHLENBERG'S  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  or  virgately  branched.  Radical  leaves  3  to  6  inches 
long,  spatulate-ovate,  on  margined  petioles  ;  stemrleaves  narrowed  at  base,  subsessile ; 
all  thinnish  and  chartaceous.  Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  but  seldom  recurved 
racemes,  in  an  elongated  and  rather  slender  panicle ;  involucre  smoothish ;  rays 
spatulate-oblong ;  akenes  smooth,  or  minutely  puberulent. 
Hob.  Low,  shaded  grounds :  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

*  *  Heads,  and  (reticulate-veined)  leaves,  rather  small. 

10.  S.   alti§§ima,  L.    Hirsute;    leaves   ovate-lanceolate  and 
lance-oblong,  acute,  serrate,  rugose-veined  and  thickish;  racemes 
spreading,  or  recurved. 

HIGHEST  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  7  feet  high,  often  purple.    Leases  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  irregu- 
larly serrate,  sessile.    Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  spreading  racemes;  involucre 
smoothish ;  scales  linear ;  rays  6  to  9,  small ;  akenes  pubescent. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  variable  in  size,  and  in  some  of  its  features, — but 
constantly  rough  and  homely ;  and  quite  frequent  in  moist  thickets. 

11.  S.  iiliiiififliil,  Muhl.  Stem  smoothish,  striate, — the  branches 
hairy;  leaves  lance-oblong  and  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  tapering 
at  base,  coarsely  serrate,  thinnish,  ciliate,  hairy  beneath;  racemes 
paniculate. 

ELM-LEAVED  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  often  with  long  slender  branches  at  summit.    Leaves  2  to 
4  or  5  inches  long,  reticulately  veined,  finally  smoothish  above.    Heads  of  flowers 
in  secund  racemes,  often  on  long  slender  straggling  branches;  involucre  smooth; 
scales  lance-oblong,  rather  acute ;  rays  about  4,  short ;  akenes  hairy. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  woods  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

12.  S.  Odora,  Ait.   Stem  striate,   pubescent  in  lines ;   leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  smooth,  pellucid-punctate,  scabrous 
on  the  margin;  racemes  paniculate. 

ODOROUS,  OR  FRAGRANT  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  about  3  feet  high,  simple,  rather  slender.    Leaves  1  or  2  to  4  or  5  inches 
long,  scarcely  narrowed  at  base,  sessile.    Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  racemes,  which 
are  mostly  spreading  or  recurved,  and  form  a  terminal  pyramidal  panicle;  involur 
ere,  smoothish ;  scales  lance-linear;  rays  oblong  or  oblanceolate ;  alcenes  hairy. 
Hab.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  an  agreeably  fragrant-,  and  rather  pretty  species. 
*  *  *  Heads  middle-size ;  plant  cloOied  with  short  cinereous  pubescence. 

13.  S.  iieinorsVlis,  Ait.  Stem  often  corymbose  at  summit; 
leaves  spatulate-oblong  and  oblanceolate,  crenate-serrate)  or  eatirep 
roughish-pubescent. 

WOOD,  OR  GROVE  SOLIDAGO. 


136  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high.  Radical  leaves  1  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  tapering  to  S 
petiole  1  to  3  inches  in  length ;  stem-leaves  narrower,  tapering  almost  to  a  petiole< — 
Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  racemes,  on  recurved  branches  (often  in  axillary  clus- 
ters); involucre  smoothish;  scales  lance-oblong,  obtuse ;  rays  6  to  9,  gpatulate- 
oblong ;  akenes  pubescent  with  white  hairs. 
Hob.  Old  fields;  roadsides,  and  borders  of  woods:  common.  PL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  common  species  is  easily  known  by  its  ash-colored  or 
bluish-gray  aspect. 

****  Heads  small;  leaves  lanceolate,  %-ribbed. 

14.^8.  CanadensiS,  £.  Stem  roughish-pubescent ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  sublinear,  rather  obtuse ;  akenes  scabrous-pubescent. 
CANADIAN  SOLID  AGO. 

Stem  2  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  stout  and  simple,  somewhat  corymbose-paniculate  ut 
summit.    Leaves  2  or  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile,  roughish 
above,  softly  pilose  and  somewhat  hoary  beneath.    Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  ra- 
cemes, on  recurved  branches;  rays  inconspicuous. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

15.  S.  serotilia,  Ait  Stem  smooth,  often  purplish   and  glau- 
cous ;  scales   of  the  involucre  lance-oblong,  rather  acute,  ciliate ; 
akenes  finally  smoothish. 

S.  gigantea.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  455.  not  of  Ait. 
LATE  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  4  to  7  or  8  feet  high,  stout.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  acuminate,  roughish 
above  and  on  the  margin,  -subsessile.    Heads  of  flowers  in  secund  paniculate  ra- 
cemes; rays  rather  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

$3.  Stem  corymbosely  branched;  heads  smalt,  sessile  in  little  clusters;  receptacle 
JimbriUate.  [EUTHAMIA,  JVutt.] 

16.  S.  lanceolata,  L.  Leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  very  entire, 
somewhat  scabrous ;   corymbs  terminal,  flat-topped. 
LANCEOLATE  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  m-uch  bran«hed,  angular-striate,  with  green  and  yellow 
stripes,  roughish-pubescent.  Leaves  2  or  3  to  5  inches  long,  narrow,  sessile.  Heads 
of  flowers  aggregated  in  clusters  at  the  summit  of  tfee  corymbose  branches;  invol- 
ucre smoothishj  shining  and  slightly  viscid ;  scales  lance-oblong,  rather  obtuse, 
appressed,  deeper  green  at  apex ;  rays  15  to  20,  small ;  akenes  pubescent. 
Hob.  Moist  low  grounds ;  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

196.  CHRYSOP'SIS,  Nutt. 

[Gr.  Chrysos,  gold,  and  Opsis,  aspect ;  in  allusion  to  the  yellow  florets.] 
Heads  many-flowered;  rays  numerous.  Involucre  campanulate,  or 
turbinate;  scales  linear,  imbricated,  without  herbaceous  tips,  Akenes 
compressed,  obovate-oblong,  hairy;  pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of 
short  chafiy  bristles.  Receptacle  flat.  Chiefly  perennials:  silky  - 
villous,  or  hairy ;  heads  rather  large,  terminal,  corymbose. 

1.   C.    Mariana,  Nutt.  Silky-lanuginous ;  stem   rather   stout, 
leafy;  leaves   spatulate-lanceolate   and  elliptic-oblong,  nearly  en- 
tire. 
Diplopappus  Marianus.  Hook.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  475. 


COMPOS1TAE 


137 


MABYIAITO  CHRYSOPSIS. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple,  terete,  often  purple.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  incbet 
long,— the  radical  and  lower  ones  narrowed  to  a  petiole,— the  upper  ones  sessile.— 
Heads  of  flowers  few,  mostly  in  a  subumbellate  corymb;  involucre  glandular- 
pubescent,  viscid ;  rays  and  disk  yellow ;  akenes  hirsute,  reddish-brown. 
Hob.  Sandy  soils;  Oxford,  and  N.  Valley  hill:  rare.    Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

SUBTRIBE  2.    INULE^AE. 

Heads  radiate,  with  the  fiords  as  in  Asterineae;  antfiers  with  bristle-like  tails  at 
base;  receptacle  naked.  Leaves  alternate;  rays  and  disk  the  same  color. 

19T.  IN'ITE,A,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  riame;  of  obscure  meaning.] 

Heads  large,  many-flowered;  rays  in  a  single  series,  very  numerous, 
linear*  Involucral  scales  loosely  imbricated,  in  several  series,  the 
outer  ones  foliaceous.  Akenes  4-sided,  or  terete ;  pappus  of  capillary 
bristles.  Mostly  perennials :  leaves  often  clasping ;  heads  solitary, 
or  corymbose ;  florets  yellow. 

1.  /.  Helenium,  L.  Stout;    pubescent;   leaves  large,  oblong-ovate, 

those  of  the  stem  clasping ;  akenes  4-sided. 

Elecampane. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  gulcate,  branching  above.  Leaves  9  to  18  inches  long,  and 
4  to  6  or  8  inches  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  denticulate,  hoary-tomentose  beneath, 
— the  radical  ones  petiolate.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  tomentose.  An- 
ifiers  produced  at  base  into  2  tails,  or  bristle-like  appendages.  Akenes  smooth ; 
pappus  pale  tawny. 
Hob,  Roadsides.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  large  root  of  this  plant  is  mucilaginous ;  and  was  for- 
merly in  some  repute  as  a  popular  remedy  for  coughs,— and  even 
as  a  preventative  of  Hydrophobia,  among  the  credulous. 

TRIBE  4.    SENECIONID'EAE. 

Style-branches  linear,  externally  convex,  hairy  or  pencil-tufted  at  apex, — either 
truncate,  or  produced  into  a  cone,  or  hairy  appendage ;  the  stigmatic  lines  termi- 
nating at  the  base  of  the  cone  or  appendage,  and  not  confluent  Leaves  opposite, 
or  alternate. 

SUBTRIBE  1.    MELAMPODIN'EAE. 

Florets  all  imperfect  (i.  e.  staminate,  or  pistillate,  only),— either  in  the  same  head, 
•when  the  pistillate  are  in  the  border,— or  in  separate  heads;  anthers  without  tails 
atbasejjpopjpus  mostly  none,  sometimes  2-horned,  never  of  capillary  bristles; 
receptacle  mostly  chaffy. 

198.  POLYM'STIA.  L. 

[Dedicated  (with  little  taste  in  the  selection)  to  one  of  the  Muses.] 
Heads  rather  small,  many-flowered ;  rays  several,  in  a  single  series, 
pistillate  and  fertile;  disk-florets  apparently  perfect,  but  sterile. — 
Involucre  somewhat  hemispherical ;  scales  in  2  series, — the  outer 
about  5,  foliaceous,  large  and  spreading, — the  inner  numerous, 
small  and  membranaceous.  Akenes  obovoid,  subcompressed,  smooth. 
Receptacle  flat;  chaff  membranaceous.  Stout  perennials:  leaves 
mostly  opposite,  petiolate,  with  stipule-like  appendages. 

1.  P.  Caiiadensis,  L.  Viscid-pubescent ;  leaves  angulate  and 


138  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

hastate-lobed,  the  lower  ones  pinnatifid  ;  rays  small,  trifid,  whitish 
or  ochroleucous. 
CANADIAN  POLYMNIA. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  and  8  to  6 
inches  broad,  very  thin,  mostly  3-lobed  and  rather  dilated  towards  the  apex, 
deeply  hastate-lobed  at  base,  often  alternate,—  the  lower  ones  deeply  pinnatifid, 
with  clasping  stipule-like  appendages  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Heads  of  flowers 
small,  loosely  paniculate;  rays  scarcely  1  third  of  an  inch  tong.  Akenes  dark 
brown,  with  a  prominent  rib  on  each  margin,  and  one  on  the  inner  face  ;  crowned 
with  a  whitish  protuberant  ring. 
Hob.  Moist,  rich  woods  :  rare.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species,  formerly  indigenous  along  the  Brandywine,  is 
now  extremely  rare,  —  except  in  the  gardens  of  the  curious.  The 
recent  plant  has  a  considerable  odor,  —  something  between  that  of 
Yarrow  and  Tansey. 


2.  1".  Uvedaliifcj  L.  Roughish-pubescent;  leaves  broad-ovate, 
sinuate-lobed,   the  lower  ones   sub-palmate;    rays  elongated,  3- 
toothed,  deep  yellow. 
UVEDAL'S  POLYMNIA. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  stouter  than  the  preceding,  often  with  opposite 
axillary  branches  above.  Leaves  4  to  10  or  12  inches  long,  thin,  ciliate,  —  the 
lower  ones  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  3-  to  5-lobed,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  to  a 
tapering  winged  petiole  which  is  somewhat  sinuate-lobed,  and  2  to  4  inches  in 
length,  Heads  of  flowers  larger  than  in  the  preceding,  paniculate  ;  rays  about 
an  inch  long, 
Hob.  Great  Valley;  near  Brooke's  Mill:  rare.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

199.  AMBROSIA,  Tournef. 

[Poetically,  Food  of  the  Gods;  a  name  singularly  inappropriate  tt>  our  plant.] 
Heads  monoicous,  —  the  staminate  ones  5-  to  20-flowered,  in  terminal 
racemes,  —  the  pistillate  1-flowered,  in  bracteate  clusters  of  2  or  3 
to  5,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  racemes,  or  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  flattish  ;  scales  several, 
united  into  a  cup  ;  florets  all  funnel-form.  Involucre  of  the  pistillate 
florets  turbinate,  closely  embracing  the  akene,  like  a  utricle,  acumi- 
nate, with  4  to  8  (usually  5  or  6)  pointed  tubercles  near  the  sum- 
mit. Corolla  none.  Akene  obovoid.  Chiefly  annuals  :  leaves 
opposite  and  alternate,  petiolate,  lobed  or  pinnatifidly  dissected. 

1.  A.  trifiila,  L.  Stem  tall  and  stout,  rough-hairy;  leaves  pal- 
mately  3-  to  5-lobed,  lobes  oval-lanceolate. 
TRIFID  AMBROSIA. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  angular,  branched.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long, 
usually  3-lobed  (sometimes  undivided),  opposite,  hairy  and  scabrous,  on  slightly 
margined  ciliate  petioles  about  an  inch  in  length.  Staminate  heads  numerous,  in 
long  terminal  paniculate  racemes  ;  florets  whitish.  Involucre  of  the  pistillate  florets 
strongly  5-  or  6-ribbed,  —  the  ribs  with  as  many  acute  points  at  top. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  waste  places,  &c.  :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  A  coarse  homely  weed,  and  frequent  enough,  —  but  not  so 
abundant  as  the  following  species.  If  the  generic  name  has  refer- 
ence to  the  mythological  Ambrosia,  it  must  be  something  like  Lucus, 
a  non  lucendo  !  I  should  have  supposed  it  more  likely  to  have  been 


COMPOSITAB  139 

in  commemoration  of  some  obscure  Botanist,  named  Ambrose;  but 
the  authorities  are  otherwise. 

2.  A.  artemi§iae  folia,  L.  Stem  rather  slender  and  diffusely 

branched,  villous  and  roughish ;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  the  upper  ones 

simply  pinnatifid. 

A.  elatior.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  479. 

ARTEMISIA-LEAVED  AMBROSIA.     Bitter-weed.  Rag-weed. 

Stem  1  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  usually  bushy.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long;  petioles  % 
of  an  inch  tt>  an  inch  in  length,  mostly  ciliate  with  long  white  hairs.  Staminate 
Jieads  small,  in  terminal  slender  spicate  racemes.  Pistillate  florets  in  axillary 
bracteate  clusters,  below  the  staminate  racemes :  sometimes  the  heads  are  dimcous, 
— i.  e.  the  terminal  racemes  (or  rather  interrupted  spikes,  in  that  case,) — as  well  as 
the  clusters  beneath, — are  all  pistillate!  and  the  flowers  in  small  sessile  bracteate 
clusters.  Involucre  of  the  pistillate  florets  scarcely  ribbed.  Akene  mucronate,  dark 
brown. 
2 lab.  Cultivated  fields,  and  pastures :  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  worthless  weeH  is  apt  to  spring  up  wherever  the  ground 
is  broken  with  the  plough,— and  to  be  particularly  abundant  among 
the  stubble,  after  a  crop  of  wheat:  but,  if  the  land  be  good,  the 
plant  seems  to  be  smothered-  or  choked  out,  the  next  season,  by  the 
clover  and  grasses. 

2OO.  XA&'THIUM,  Tournef. 
[Qr.  JTanthos,  yellow ;  a  color  said  to  be  afforded  by  the  plant.] 
Heads  monoicous,  in  spicate  clusters, — the  staminate  above,  many- 
flowered.     Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  subglobose ;  scales  dis- 
tinct; florets  clavate.      Pistillate  heads   2-flowered, — the  involucre 
oblong,  closed,  coriaceous,  armed  with  hooked  prickles,  and  1  or  2 
strong  beaks  at  apex ;  corolla  filiform.     Akenes  oblong,  compressed. 
Annuals :  leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  lobed,  or  dentate. 

1.  X.  strumarium,  L.  Leaves  broad-ovate,  somewhat  3-lobed;  peti- 
oles not  spinose  at  base ;  pistillate  involucre  with  2  strong  straight 
beaks  at  apex. 

SCROFULOUS  XASTTHIUM.     Clot-weed.  Cockle-bur. 

Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  angular,  branching,  scabrous-pubescent.  Leaves  3  to  6 
inches  in  length,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  subcordate  at  base,  but  cuneately 
produced  in  the  centre,  at  the  junction  of  the  3  principal  nerves  ;  petioles  2  to  4 
i  aches  long.  Heads  of  flowers  in  axillary  racemose  clusters, — the  pistillate  ones  at 
the  base  of  the  racemes. 
Sab.  Farm-yards;  roadsides,  Ac.  Nat  of  Europe.  Fl.  Aug.  JFV.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  evidently,  I  think,  a  stranger,  here, — and  is  an  ob- 
noxious weed,  though  not  disposed  to  spread  rapidly.  The  burs 
are  a  great  annoyance,  in  the  fleeces  of  sheep. 

2.  X.  spindsum,  L.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  hoary-tomentose  be- 
neath; petioles   triply  spinose   at  base;  pistillate  involucre  with 
a  single  inconspicuous  beak  at  apex. 

SPINOSE  XANTHIUM.     Thorny  Clot-weed. 

Stem  2  or  3  feet  high,  terete,  striate,  pubescent,  branched.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches 
long,  sometimes  3-lobed,  or  with  a  lobe-like  tooth  on  each  side,  narrowed  at  base  to 
a  short  pubescent  petiole,— on  each  side  of  which  is  a  triple  or  3-forked  yellowish 


140  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

spine,  the  branches  about  an  inch  long,  and  very  sharp.    Heads  of  flowers  axillary, 

mostly  solitary. 

Hob.  Farm-yards,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  execrable  foreign  weed  has  found  its  way  into  our 
County,  but  is  happily  yet  rare ;  and  it  behooves  every  good  citizen 
to  extirpate  it,  wherever  it  may  appear.  Some  years  since,  the 
authorities  of  on.e  of  our  cities — where  it  was  becoming  a  great 
nuisance,  in  the  streets — enacted  an  ordinance  against  the  plant, — 
denouncing  it  by  the  name  of  Canada  Thistle!  The  misnomer 
probably  did  not  impair  the  efficacy  of  the  ordinance :  But  it  would 
be  more  reputable  to  all  concerned,  if  they  could  avoid  confounding 
objects  which  are  essentially  distinct, — -and  learn  to  designate  even 
weeds  by  their  proper  names. 

SUBTRIBE  2.    HELIAN'THEAE. 

Beads  mostly  radiate, — the  disk-florets  always  perfect;  anthers  blackish,  without 
tails  at  base;  pappus  none,  or  crown-form,  or  consisting  of  awns,  or  awn  like  chaff, 
— never  capillary,  nar  of  uniform  distinct  chaffy  scales.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Leaves 
often  opposite. 

2O1.  HEMOP'SIS,  Persoon. 
[Gr.  Helios,  the  sun,  and  opsis,  aspect;  resembling  the  sun,  or  sun-flowers.] 

Heads  many-flowered;  ray-florets  10,  or  more,  pistillate.  Involucral 
scales  in  2  or  3  series, — the  outer  ones  foliaceous,  and  somewhat 
spreading, — the  inner,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Akenes  of  the  disk 
4-angled,  smooth;  pappus  none,  or  a  mere  border.  Receptacle  con- 
vex ;  chaff  long,  linear.  Perennials :  resembling  Helianthus ;  leaves 
opposite,  petiolate;  flowers  yellow. 

1.  H.  laevis,  Pers.  Smoothish ;  leaves  lance-ovate   or   oblong- 
ovate,  serrate ;  involucre  pubescent,  the  outer  scales  lance-oblong, 
spreading,  subserrate  at  apex. 
SMOOTH  HELIOPSIS.     False  Sunflower. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  dl-or  tri-chotomously  branching  at  summit.  Leaves  2  or  3 
to  6  inches  long,  3-nerved,  obtuse  at  base,  or  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  petiole  half 
an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  m,iddle-sized,  pn  long  naked  term- 
inal peduncles;  rays  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Akenes  of  the  disk  4-an- 
gled, of  the  ray  3-angled,  with  the  outer  side  convex,— all  truncate  at  apex,  red- 
dish-brown. 
Hob.  Banks  of  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

202.  RUDBECK'IA,  L: 

[In  honor  of  Olaus  Rudbeck,  father  and  son;  Swedish  Botanists.] 
Heads  many-flowered ;  ray-florets  neutral.  Involucral  scales  in  about 
2  series,  foliaceous,  spreading.  Akenes  4-angled ;  pappus  a  minute 
crown-like  border.  Receptacle  more  or  less  conical ;  chaff  short, 
concave,  not  rigid.  Chiefly  perennials :  leaves  alternate ;  rays  yel- 
low, generally  long  and  drooping. 

f  Disk  oblong-conical,  greenish-yellow. 

1.  R.  laciniata,  L.  Stem  smooth ;  lower  leaves  pinnatifid, — 

upper  ones  3-  to  5-lobed,  or  lance-ovate   and  entire;  pappus  cre- 

nate. 

LACINIATE  RUDBECKIA.     Jagged-leaved  Cone-flower. 


COMPOSITAE  141 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  striate,  branching.  Radical  and  lower  leaves  4  to  8  or 
10  inches  long,  deeply  pinnatifid, — segments  about  5,  oval-lanceolate,  incised-serrate 
or  laciuiate,  the  terminal  one  trifid ;  petioles  2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length ;  upper 
leaves  trifid  or  entire,  subsessile.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  large,  corymbose-pani- 
culate ;  rays  1  to  2  inches  long.  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  cuneate-oblong,  concave 
and  keeled,  obtuse,  tomentose  at  summit. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Disk  broadly  conical,  or  hemispherical)  dark  purple. 

2.  R.  fiilgida,  Ait.  Stem  hairy ;  radical  leaves  ovate,  petiolate, 
— stem-leaves  spatulate-oblong  and  lanceolate,  sessile  and  somewhat 
clasping;  disk  hemispherical. 

SHINING  RUDBECKIA. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  virgately  branched,  or  sometimes  simple. 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  sparingly  denticulate,  the  radical  ones  on  petioles  1  to  2 
inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  small,  solitary  on  the  long  peduncle- 
like  branches.  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  spatulate-linear,  abruptly  acute,  nearly 
smooth. 
Hob.  Old  fields;  borders  of  thickets,  Ac. :  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  R.  llirta,  L.  Hirsute  ;  lower  leaves  spatulate,  petiolate, — up- 
per ones  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile;  disk  conical. 
ROUGH-HAIRED  RLDBECKIA. 

Perennial  f  Stem  18  inches  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  often  simple,  or 
branched  near  the  base.  Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long. — the  radical  ones  on  hirsute 
peMoles  1  to  2  inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  middle-sized,  on  long  stoutish 
atriate-sulcate  naked  peduncles.  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  sublinear,  rather  acute, 
hairy  and  ciliate  at  summit. 
Hab.  Fence-rows,  and  thickets :  not  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

2O3.  IIEMAIV'THtJS,  L. 

[Or.  Helios,  the  sun,  and  anthos,  a  flower;  from  its  radiate  flowers.] 
Heads  many-flowered,  sometimes  very  broad ;  ray-florets  numerous, 
neutral.  Involucral  scales  in  3  or  more  series,  imbricated,  folia- 
ceous,  subsquarrose.  Akenes  4-sided,  laterally  compressed,  not 
vringed,  embraced  by  the  folded  persistent  chaff  of  the  usually  flat 
receptacle ;  pappus  mostly  2  (sometimes  several)  unequal  chaff-like 
deciduous  awns,  or  acute  scales.  Chiefly  perennials :  heads  corym- 
bose, or  solitary ;  rays  yellow. 

f  Leaves  chiefly  opposite,  3-nerved. 

1.  II.  divaricatus,  L.  Leaves  sessile,  lance-ovate,  rounded  or 
truncate  at  base,  tapering  to  the  apex,  more  or  less  serrate,  thick- 
ish  and  rough. 

DIVARICATE  HELIANTHUS. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  slender,  smoothish,  di-  or  tri-chotomously  branched 
above,  often  nearly  simple.  Leaves  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  all  opposite  and  divari- 
cate. Heads  of  flowers  small,  and  few  (often  3,  the  middle  one  dichotomal) ;  rayt 
8  to  10  or  12,  yellow,  with  orange  veins,  about  %  of  an  inch  long.  Akenes  striate  ; 
pappus  subulate-chaffy,  ciliate. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept.. 

2.  H.  decap6talus,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  re- 


142  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

motely  but  sharply  and  sometimes  coarsely  serrate,  contracted  at 

base  to  a  cuneate  margined  petiole,  thinnish,  green  and  sparsely 

hairy  on  both  sides. 

H.  frondosus.  Hook.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  493, 

TEN-PETALED  HELIANTHUS. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  rather  slender,  somewhat  angular,  smooth  below,  with  al- 
ternate axillary  sc  ahrous  branches  at  summit.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long ;  petioles 
half  an  inch  to  near  2  inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  small ;  rays  8  or 
10,  pale  sulphur-yellow,  about  an  inch  in  length.  Akenes  compressed,  obovate- 
oblong. 
Hab.  Along  the  Brandywine :  frequent.  Fl.  August.  FT.  October. 

3.  H.  st  i  uiiiosus,  L.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  on  short  peti- 
oles, more  or  less  serrate  with   small   appressed  teeth,  scabrous 
above,  softly  pubescent  and  whitish  beneath. 
H.  mollis.    Willd.  $  Floral.  Cestr.  p.  92.  not  of  Lam, 
H.  decapetalus.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  483.  not  of  L. 
SCROFULOUS  HELIANTHUS. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  rather  slender,  roughish-pubescent  and  somewhat  branch- 
ed at  summit.  Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  to  a 
petiole  1  third  to  3  fourths  of  an  inch  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  middle-sized ; 
rays  about  10,  yellow,  with  orange  veins,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length. 
Akenes  sub-compressed,  obovate,  variegated,  hairy  at  summit ;  pappus  of  subulate- 
lanceolate  chaffy  scales  about  as  long  as  the  akene,  and  2  or  3  additional  smaller 
ones  which  are  ovate,  acute,  and  lacerately  fringed. 
Hab.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

f  f  Leaves  chiefly  alternate,  and  penninerved. 

4»  II.  srigaiiteus,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end, 
more  or  less  serrate,  thick  and  rough -hairy,  subsessile. 
GIGANTIC  HELIANTHUS.     Wild  Sunflower. 

Stem  5  to  8  feet  high,  rather  stout,  terete,  more  or  less  hirsute  and  scabrous,  co- 
rymbose-paniculate at  summit.  Leaves  2  or  3  to  6  inches  long,  narrowed  almost  to 
a  petiole  at  base ;  the  narrow  portion  ciliate, — the  lower  leaves  often  opposite. — 
Heads  of  flowers  rather  large ;  rays  12  to  20,  yellow,  with  orange  veins,  about  an 
inch  in  length.  Akenes  cuneate-oblong ;  pappus  of  2  lance-subulate  finely  lacerate 
chaffy  scales. 
Hab.  Borders  of  Thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

f  f  t  Leaves  alternate,  3-nerved. 

5.  H.  TUBERONSUS,  L.  Root  tuberiferous,  perennial ;  stem  branching ; 

leaves   subcordate  and  ovate,  serrate-dentate,  scabrous,  on  ciliate 

petioles. 

TUBEROUS  HELIANTHUS.     Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  stout,  terete,  branching,  hirsute  and  scabrous.  Leaves 
4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  abrubtly  contracted  at  base  to  a  narrow  cuneately-tapering 
margined  petiole  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length,— the  lower  leaves  subcordate,  and  often 
opposite  (rarely  ternate).  Heads  of  flowers  rather  large ;  rays  about  an  inch  long. 
Akenes  as  in  the  preceding. 
Hab.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  Brazil.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  often  cultivated  for  its  fleshy  tubers, — which  are 
used  for  pickles.     It  is  nearly  naturalized  in  some  places. 


COMPOSITAE  143 

6.  H.  dnnuus,  L.  Root  fibrous,  annual;  stem  stout,  nearly  simple; 
leaves   cordate   and  broadly  ovate,  petiolate;   heads  subsolitary, 
very  large. 
ANNUAL  HELIANTHUS.     Garden  Sunflower. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high.    Leaves  6  to  10  or  12  inches  long,  and  4  to  6  or  8  inches 
broad,  on  petioles  3  to  6  inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  4  to  8  or  10  inches  in  di- 
ameter, flat,  often  nodding  ;  rays  1  to  2  inches  long.    Akenes  obovate-oblong,  stri- 
ate,  somewhat  pubescent,  leaden  brown,  with  white  margins,  and  stripes. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Peru.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  species  is  almost  naturalized,  in  many  gardens,  —  being 
much  cultivated  as  a  showy  plant.  It  is  said  to  be  worth  cultiva- 
ting, for  the  oil  afforded  by  the  akenes.  Doctor  DARWIN  thus  sings 
of  the  Sunflower:  — 

"  Great  HELIAJTTHUS  guides  o'er  twilight  plains 

In  gay  solemnity  his  Dervise-trains  ; 

Marshal'd  in  Jives  each  gaudy  band  proceeds, 

Each  gaudy  band  a  plumed  Lady  *  leads  ; 

With  zealous  step  he  climbs  the  upland  lawn, 

And  bows  in  homage  to  the  rising  dawn; 

Imbibes  with  eagle  eye  the  golden  ray, 

And  watches,  as  it  moves,  the  orb  of  day."— 

204.  AC)TItf  OM'ERIS,  Nuttall. 

[Or.  Aktin,  a  ray,  and  merif,  a  part  ;  the  heads  being  but  partially  rayed.] 
Heads  many-flowered;  ray-florets  few,  distant,  neutral.  Involucral 
scales  in  1  to  3  series,  foliaceous.  Akenes  4-angled,  laterally  com- 
pressed, 2-  winged;  pappus  2  smoothish  persistent  awns.  Chaff  of 
the  small  convex  receptacle  embracing  the  outer  winged  margin  of 
the  akenes.  Tall  perennials  :  leaves  penninerved,  mostly  alternate, 
and  decurrent;  heads  corymbed;  flowers  chiefly  yellow. 

1.  A.  squarrosa,  Nutt.  Stem  winged  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 

acuminate  at  each  end  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  in  2  series,  finally 

reflexed;    disk  subglobos^,   in  fruit  squarrose;    akenes    broadly 

winged. 

SQUARROSE  AOTINOMERIS. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  rather  slender,  roughish-pubescent,  yellowish,  with 
green  wings  decurrent  from  the  leaves.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  serrate, 
narrowed  at  base  to  a  tapering  margined  petiole,  —  the  margin  decurrent  on  the 
stem.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  small,  in  a  terminal  leafy  corymbose  panicle  ;  rays 
3  to  5  or  6,  about  an  inch  long.  Akenes  much  compressed,  obovate,  somewhat 
hairy  ;  pappus  of  2  subulate  diverging  awns. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds;  along  streams:  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


205.  BrDEXS,  L. 

[Latin,  Udent,  having  2  teeth  ;  alluding  to  the  awns  of  the  fruit.] 
Heads  many-  (or  sometimes  few-)  flowered  ;  ray-florets  neutral,  often 
few  and  inconspicuous,  sometimes  wanting.     Involucral  scales  in  2 
series,  —  the  outer  commonly  large  and  foliaceous.     Akenes  obcom- 

*  In  reference  to  this  phrase,  Dr.  D.  remarks,  in  a  note,  that  "  the  seeds  of  many 
plants  of  this  class  are  furnished  with  a  plume,  by  which  admirable  mechanism, 
they  are  disseminated  by  the  winds  far  from  their  parent  stem,  and  look  like  a 
shuttlecock,  as  they  fly."  This  is  true  of  many  syngenesious  plants  ;  but  unluck- 
ily for  the  Poet's  Botany,  is  not  at  all  applicable  to  the  pappus  of  Hdianthus. 


144  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

pressed,  or  slender  and  4-sided ;  pappus  2  to  4  or  5  rigid  persistent 
retrorsely-hispid  awns.  Receptacle  flattish ;  chaff  deciduous.  Mostly 
annuals :  leaves  opposite,  penninerved ;  flowers  generally  yellow. 

f  Akenes^of,  with  ciliate  margins,  not  tapering  at  summit. 
*  Rays  usually  wanting. 

1.  11.  frondosa,  L.  Leaves  odd-pinnately  divided  in  fives  and 
threes,  the  leaflets  lanceolate,  serrate;  akenes  2-awned,  ciliate  with 
erect  hairs. 
FRONDOSE,  OR  FOLIACEOUS  BIDENS.     Bur-Marigold. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  angular,  branched,  sparsely  pilose,  often  dark  purple. 
Leaflets  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  with  short  margined  petioles  ;  common  petiole  1  to  3 
inches  long,  somewhat  margined.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  small,  on  long  slender 
naked  axillary  branches  ;  involucre  double, — the  outer  scales  8  to  10  or  12,  folia- 
oeous,  unequal,  much  longer  than  the  head,  ciliate  near  the  base  ;  rays  none. — 
Akenes  obovate-cuneate,  antrorsely  ciliate ;  awns  longer  than  the  florets. 
Hob.  Gardens;  fence-rows,  &c. :  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  A  homely,  troublesome  weed,  in  gardens,  and  lots.     The 
adhesive  akenes,  of  all  the  species,  are  a  well-known  annoyance. 

!2.  B.  COnnata,  Muhl.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  at 

base  to  margined  subconnate  petioles ;  akenes  3-  or  4-awned,  re- 

trorsely  hispid-ciliate. 

B.  petiolata.  Nutt.  &  FL  Cestr.  ed.  V.p.  486. 

CONNATE  BIDENS. 

fitfin  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  striate,  branched,  smooth,  often  purple.  Leaves  2  to 
5  or  6  inches  long,  with  a  long  entire  acumination,  smooth.  Heads  of  flowers 
middle-sized ;  involucre  double, — the  outer  scales  about  5,  foliaceous,  much  longer 
than  the  head;  rays  generally  wanting.  Akenes  striate,  retrorsely  hispid  on  the 
margins ;  pappus  3  or  4  retrorsely  hispid  awns, — the  2  middle  ones  shorter,  and  of 
these  the  inner  one  often  entirely  wanting. 
Hob.  Low,  swampy  grounds;  ditches,  <fec.:  frequent.  FL  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

*  *  Rays  numerous  and  conspicuous. 

3,  B.  dirysanthemoides,  MX.  Leaves   oblong-lanceolate, 
tapering  at  each  end,  dentate-serrate,  sessile  and  connate ;  akenes 
2-  to  4-awned,  retrorsely  aculeate-ciliate. 
CHRYSANTHEMUM-LIKE  BIDENS.     Beggar-ticks. 

t^tem  1  to  2  feet  high,  erect,  or  reclining  at  base,  often  angular,  smooth,  branch- 
ed, the  branches  opposite  and  axillary.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  smooth,  rough- 
ish  on  the  margin.  Heads  of  flowers  rather  large,  solitary  on  the  branches,  often 
woinewhat  nodding ;  involucre  double, — the  outer  scales  about  8,  foliaceous,  spread- 
ing, the  largest  ones  nearly  as  long  as  the  bright  yellow  rays.  Akenes  somewhat 
keeled  on  the  flatted  sides ;  pappus  usually  4  (sometimes  2,  or  3)  rctrorsely  hispid 
awns  about  as  long  as  the  disk  florets. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  swampy  rivulets:  frequent.  Fl  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

f  f  Akenes  ^sided,  long  and  slender,  tapering  at  summit. 

4.  B.  blpinnata,  L.  Leaves  bipinnately  dissected,  petiolate ; 
rays   about  3,  small;  akenes  3-  or  4-awned,   subliuear,  sulcate, 
smooth  ish. 

BJPLNNATE  BIDENS.    Spanish  Needles. 
Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  4-angled,  smooth,  blanched.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  .Inches 


COMPOSITAE  145 

long,  deltoid-orate  in  their  outline;  segments  lance-ovate,  mostly  cuneate  and  at- 
tenuate at  base;  petiole  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  small,  ob- 
long, on  long  naked  sulcate-angular  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles ;  involucre 
double, — the  scales  connate  at  base,  the  outer  ones  about  8,  rather  shorter  and  nar- 
rower than  the  inner  ones ;  rays  obovate,  yellow,  with  dark  veins.  Akenes  about 
%  of  an  inch  long,  sprinkled  with  short  erect  hairs;  pappus  of  3  or  4  retrorsely 
hispid  awns. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  lots:  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

SUBTRIBE  3.    HELENIEXAE. 

Disk-florets  apparently  perfect,  but  sometimes  sterile ;  pappus  composed  pf  sev- 
eral distinct  chaffy-scales;  receptacle  naked  or  chaffy. 

206.  Hi:  I,  i:  \  1 1  II .  L. 

[Said  to  be  named  after  Helen,  the  wife  of  Menelaus.] 

Heads  many-flowered;  ray-florets  numerous,  pistillate,  cuneate,  3- 
to  5-lobed  at  apex.  Involucral  scales  in  2  series, — the  outer  folia- 
ceous,  subulate-lanceolate,  reflexed,  the  inner  fewer  and  much 
shorter,  chaffy.  Akenes  turbinate,  ribbed;  pappus  of  5  to  8  thin  1- 
nerved  acuminate  or  awned  chaffy  scales.  Receptacle  hemispherical, 
nearly  naked.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile  and  decurrent ;  heads  ter- 
minal on  the  corymbose  branches ;  flowers  yellow. 

1*  II.  ;iiitiiiiinsilc,  L.  Stem  angular,  and  somewhat  winged; 

leaves    lanceolate,    acuminate,    serrate;    disk    subglobose;    rays 

drooping. 

AUTUMNAL  HELENIUM.     Sneeze-weed. 

Plant  pale  cinereous-green,  from  its  minute  pubescence :  perennial.    Stem  2  to  5 
feet  high,  corymbose-paniculate,  the  branches  angular  and  leafy.    Leaves  2  to  4 
inches  long,  narrowed  at  base.    Heads  of  flowers  middle-sized ;  peduncles  1  to  2 
inches  long,  thickened  near  the  involucre ;  rays  strongly  veined. 
Hob.  Margins  of  streams :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

SUBTRIBE  4.    ANTHEMID'EAE. 

Heads  radiate,  or  discoid,  never  dioicous ;  disk-florets  sometimes  abortive  ;  anthers 
without  tails  at  base;  pappus  none,  or  a  very  small  crown.  Leaves  alternate, 
often  much  dissected. 

21.  Heads  of  flowers  radiate. 

207.  MARIPTA,  Cassini. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray-florets  mostly  neutral.  Involucre  hemis- 
pherical. Akenes  obovoid,  ribbed ;  pappus  none.  Receptacle  prom- 
inently convex,  chaffy  all  over,  or  only  at  summit.  Fetid  annuals: 
leaves  bi-tri-pinnately  dissected. 

1.  M.  C6tula,  DC.  Involucral  scales  with  whitish  scarious  margins ; 

receptacle  chaffy  at  summit,  only. 

Anthemis  Cotula.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  489. 

Fetid  Chamomile.     Richardson's  Pink.  Dog's  Fennel. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  mostly  erect,  leafy,  and  bushily  branched.    Leaves  1  to 
2  inches  long,  subsessile,  green,  bipinnately  dissected ;  segments  linear,  acute.— 
Heads  of  flowers  terminal  on  leafless  peduncles ;  rays  white,  disk  yellow.    Recep- 
tacle oblong-conical ;  chaff  subulate,  shorter  than  the  florets. 
Sab.  Tarm  yards,  lanes,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 


c 

146  QAMOPETALOUS    EXOOENS 

Obs.  This  worthless  little  weed  is  extensively  naturalized  among 
us ;  and  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  Wild  Chamomile,  by 
its  strong  repulsive  odor. 

208.  Atf'THEMIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Anthemon,  a  flower ;  from  the  number  it  produces.] 
Heads  many-flowered ;  ray-florets  pistillate.  Involucre  campanulate. 
Akenes  terete,  or  obtusely  4-corned;  pappus  none,  or  a  minute 
crown.  Receptacle  conical,  with  membranaceous  chaff  among  the 
florets.  Annuals,  or  perennials:  sometimes  aromatic;  leaves  bipin- 
nately  dissected ;  heads  with  yellow  disks,  and  white  rays. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  Stem  erect,,  hairy ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  lance- 
olate,  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  florets ;  pappus   a  very  short 
crown-form  margin. 
FIELD  ANTHEMIS.     Wild  Chamomile. 

Annual;   nearly  inodorous.    Stem  9  to  15  inches   high,  etriate,  branched. — 
Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  clothed  with  cinereous  hairs ;  seg- 
ments flat,  lance-linear,  acute ;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.    Involucral 
scales  with  the  margins  and^apex  scarious  and  rather  tawny. 
Sab.  Cultivated  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

;J.  A.  NOB'ILIS,  L,  Stems  decumbent,  spreading,  villous ;  chaff  of 
the  receptacle  lanceolate,  not  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  florets ; 
pappus  nearly  obsolete. 
NOBLE  ANTHEMIS.     Garden  Chamomile. 

Perennial ;  aromatic.    Stem  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  branching  from  the  base, 
leafy.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  subsessile;  segments  subulate.    Heads  of  flowers 
rather  large ;  disk  convex,  finally  conical ;  rays  elliptic-oblong,  finally  reflexed. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  whole  herb  is  a  fine  aromatic  bitter, —-particularly  the 
heads  of  flowers.  It  is  an  old  and  still  prevalent  opinion,  that  this 
plant  thrives  better  for  being  trampled  upon,  or  kept  prostrate, — 
whence  it  was  popularly  called  ^the  Whig  Plant"  during  the  revo- 
lutionary contest,  in  the  United  States.  The  notion  is  thus  inciden- 
tally alluded  to,  by  SHAKSPEARE,  in  the  first  part  of  King  Henry 
IV. — "  For  though  the  Camomile,  the  more  it  is  trodden  on  the 
faster  it  grows — yet  youth,  the  more  it  is  wasted  the  sooner  it 
wears." 

209.  ACHIULITA,  L. 

[Named  after  Achilles;  a  medical  Greek,  who  first  used  the  plant.] 
Heads  several-flowered ;  ray-florets  few  and  short,  pistillate ;  tube 
of  the  disk-florets  obcompressed,  margined.  Involucre  obovoid- 
oblong.  Akenes  obcompressed,  oblong,  somewhat  margined;  pap- 
pus none.  Receptacle  small,  flattish,  chaffy.  Perennials:  leaves 
alternate,  often  pinnatifidly  dissected;  heads  small,  in  flat  dense 
corymbs. 

1.  A.  Mittefblium,  L.  Stem  mostly  simple ;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  the 
segments  linear,  incised-serrate ;  rays  4  or  5,  roundish-obovate. 
THOUSAND-LEAF  ACHILLEA.     Yarrow.  Milfoil. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  sulcate-striate,  hairy  and  somewhat  lanuginous,  leafy.— 
Leaves  2  or  3  to  6  inches  long— the  radical  ones  often  still  longer,— subsessile, 


COMPOSITAE  147 

more  or  less  pilose.    Heads  of  flowers  numerous,  fragrant;  invducralscal.es  with  a 
prominent  keel  or  midrib;  rays  white,  or  often  tinged  with  purple;  disk-florets 
whitish,— the  tube  green,  sprinkled  with  resinous  particles ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle 
lance-oblong,  acute. 
Hob.  Pastures,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.  '  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant,  also,  is  a  pleasant  aromatic  bitter — and  though 
spoken  of,  in  England,  as  of  some  value  in  pastures, — is  universally 
regarded,  here,  as  a  mere  weed. 

210.  I,EIJCA]VTIIE]JIirM,  Tournef. 
[Or.  Leukos  white,  and  anthemon,  a  flower ;  in  reference  to  its  white  rays.] 
Heads  many-flowered;    ray-florets  numerous,  pistillate;  disk-florets 
obcompressed.     Involucre  almost  flatly  spreading;  scales  with  sca- 
rious  margins.     Akenes   all   similar,  subterete,  striate  or  ribbed, 
smooth ;    pappus   none.      Receptacle   flattish,   naked.      Perennials : 
leaves  mostly  pinnatifid  or  incised-dentate ;  heads  rather  large,  soli- 
tary and  terminal ;  disk  yellow,  rays  white. 

1.  L.  vulgare,  Lam.  Stem  erect,  nearly  simple,  rather  naked  above ; 
radical  leaves  spatulate,  petiolate, — stem-leaves  oblong,  sessile  and 
clasping,  all  incised-dentate;  involucral  scales  with  narrow  russet- 
brown  margins. 

Chrysanthemum  leucanthemum.  L.  $•  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  490. 
COMMON  LEUCANTHEMUM.     Ox-eye  Daisy.  White  Weed. 

Stem  1  to  near  2  feet  high,  angular,  somewhat  hairy,  purplish  on  the  angles. — 
Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  near  2  inches  long ;  radical  leaves  on  petioles  1  to  3  inches 
long.  Heads  of  flowers  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  including  the  spreading  rays, 
which  are  about  equal  in  length  to  the  diameter  of  the  disk.  Akenes  dark  purple 
between  the  ribs. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  meadows.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  a  great  nuisance,  on  the  farms  in  Eastern 
Pennsylvania, — especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  where  it 
has  abounded  for  more  than  a  century,  and  seems  likely  still  to 
prevail.  JOHN  BARTRAM,  in  his  Correspondence,  speaks  of  it  as  "a 
very  destructive  weed,  in  meadow  and  pasture  grounds,  choking 
the  grass  and  taking  full  possession  of  the  ground,  so  that  the  fields 
will  look  as  white  as  if  covered  with  snow ;  but  (he  says)  the  hoe 
and  plough  will  destroy  this  weed."  No  doubt,  those  implements, 
adequately  .applied,  might  abate  the  nuisance ;  but  so  long  as  there 
are  negligent,  slovenly  farmers  among  us,  it  will  be  vain  to  hope 
for  its  thorough  extirpation. 

g  2.  Heads  of  flowers  aU  discoid,  or  nearly  so. 
211,  TAlVACE'TtJM,  L. 

[Corrupted  from  the  Gr.  Athanasia,  undying ;  from  its  durable  flowers.] 
Heads  many-flowered;  florets  all  perfect, — or  the  marginal  ones  pis- 
tillate, trifid,  and  obsoletely  radiate.  Involucre  campanulate; 
scales  dry.  Akenes  angular,  with  a  large  epigynous  disk;  pappus  a 
minute  crown.  Receptacle  more  or  less  convex,  naked.  Perennials  : 
leaves  alternate,  dissected;  heads  densely  corymbose,  yellow. 


. 

148  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

1.  T.  vulgare,  L.  Smoothish;  leaves  bipinnately  parted,  the  lobes 
and  rachis  incised-serrate  ;  rays  terete  ;  pappus  5-lobed. 
COMMON  TANACETUM.    Tansey. 

Stems  2  to  4  feet  high,  somewhat  branched  above,  usually  growing  in  clusters. 
Leaves  subsessile,  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  interruptedly  pseudo-pinnate,    Heads  of 
flowers  depressed-hemispherical;  involucre  smoothish  ;  florets  deep  yellow;  akmes 
5-angled,  smooth. 
Hob.  Gardens  ;  roadsides,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  FT.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  was  introduced,  as  a  popular  domestic  medicine,  —  and 
is  now  very  extensively  naturalized. 


ARTEMISIA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Artemis,—  the  Diana  of  the  Greeks.] 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered  ;  marginal  florets  pistillate,  or  some- 
times all  similar  and  apparently  perfect.  Involucre  subglobose; 
scales  dry,  with  scarious  margins.  Akenes  obovoid,  with  an  epigynous 
disk;  pappus  none.  Receptacle  small,  flattish,  naked,  or  hairy.  — 
Perennials  :  leaves  alternate,  usually  pinnatifid  ;  heads  in  panicled 
spikes,  or  racemes  ;  florets  yellowish,  inconspicuous. 

gl.  Receptacle  naked,    f  Central  florets  abortive  ;  stem  herbaceous. 

1.  A.  DRACUN'CULUS,  L.  Radical  leaves  trifid  at  apex,  stem-leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  subdentate  or  entire;  heads  racemose-paniculate. 
LITTLE-DRAGON  ARTEMISIA.     Tarragon. 

Plant  green  and  glabrous.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branching.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long,  lanceolate,  sessile,  mostly  entire,  narrowed  at  each  end,  those  on  the 
branches  smaller.    Heads  of  flowers  globose,  small,  racemose  on  the  spreading 
paniculate  branches. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Siberia.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  cultivated,  occasionally,  for  the  sake  of  its  aromatic 
herbage,  —  which  is  said  to  impart  a  fine  flavor  to  vinegar. 

f  f  Florets  all  fertile.    *  Stemfruticost. 

2.  A.  ABRO'TANUM,  L.  Lower  leaves  bipinnatifid,  —  upper  ones  sim- 
ply pinnatifid,  segments  capillaceous,  elongated;   heads  virgate- 

Smiculate. 
BATH-HINDERING  ARTEMISIA.     Southern-wood.  Old  Man. 
Plant  minutely  puberulent.    Stems  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  nearly  simple,  angular, 
eafy,  numerous  from  the  root.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long; 
petioles  about  %  an  inch  long.    Heads  of  flowers  hemispherical,  nodding,  numer- 
ous in  axillary  racemes,  forming  a  long  slender  leafy  racemose  panicle. 
Hab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Cultivated  as  one  of  the  popular  aromatic  bitter  herbs. 
*  *  Stem  herbaceous. 

3.  A.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  whitish-tomentose  beneath,  deeply  pin- 
natifid, the  segments  often  incised;  heads  in  leafy  spreading  spicate 
panicles. 

COMMON  ARTEMISIA.     Mug-wort. 

Stems  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  branching,  leafy,  often  purplish.    Leaves  subsessile, 
1  to  3  inches  long,  segments  linear-lanceolate,  %  a  n  inch  to  2  inches  in  length,— 


COMPOSITAE  149 

the  upper  leaves  entire.    Heads  of  flowers  ovoid,  nodding  or  finally  erect;  involu- 
cre hoary-tomentose. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  waste  places:    Native  of  Europe.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 

Obs.  Introduced,  and  naturalized,  in  a  few  localities. 
2  2.  Receptacle  hairy ;  stem  suffruticose. 

4.  A.  ABSINTHIUM,  L.  Silky-hoary;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  the  seg- 
ments lance-oblong,  obtuse ;  heads  in  leafy  paniculate  racemes. 
DISAGREEABLE  ARTEMISIA.     Worm-wood. 

Plant  hoary  with  a  short  and  rather  dense  silky  pubescence.    Stems  2  to  4  feet 
high,  numerous  from  the  root,  angular,  branching  above.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to 
2  inches  long  ;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Heads  of  flowers  hemispheri- 
cal, numerous.    Akenes  obconic-oblong.    Receptacle  very  hairy. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant — proverbial  for  its  bitterness — is  kept  in  many 
gardens,  for  its  medicinal  properties. 

SUBTBIBE  5.    GNAPHALIN'EAE. 

Heads  all  discoid,  sometimes  diaicous ;  involucral  scales  mostly  dry  and  scarious ; 
pistillate  florets  with  filiform  corolla ;  anthers  with  tails  at  base;  pappus  hair-like, 
or  bristly.  Floccose-woolly  herbs ;  leaves  alternate. 

213.  GtfAPHAXIUM,  L. 

[  Or.  Gnaphalon,  soft  down,  or  wool ;  with  which  the  plants  are  clothed.] 
Heads  many-flowered ;  central  florets  perfect;  marginal   ones  pistil- 
late, very  slender,  in  several  series.     Akenes  obovoid-oblong ;  pap- 
pus capillary,  in  a   single   series.     Receptacle  flat,  naked.     Leaves 
sessile,  sometimes  decurrent,  entire ;  heads  clustered,  or  corymbed. 

1.  O.  polyceplialimi ,  MX.    Stem   erect,   paniculate ;    leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  naked  and  green  above,  woolly  beneath;  heads 
ochroleuoous. 

MANY-HEADED  GNAPHALIUM.     Life-everlasting. 

Annual.    Stem,  1  to  2  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  above.    Leaves  1  to  3  in- 
ches long,  somewhat  wavy  on  the  margins.    Heads  of  flowers  rather  small,  nu- 
merous, ovoid-oblong,  in  dense  sub-corymbose  clusters  at  the  summits  of  the 
branches ;  florets  yellowish,  very  fragrant. 
Hob.  Old  fields,  and  pastures :  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

2.  O.  llligindsum,  L.  Stem  low,  diffusely  branched;  leaves 
sublinear,  woolly  on  both  sides;  heads  yellowish-tawny. 

MIRE,  OR  MARSH  GNAPHALIUM.     Marsh  Cud- weed. 

Annual:  plant  ash-colored.    Stem  3  or  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  bushy  or  much 
branched  from  the  base,  leafy  and  very  woolly.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long. — 
Heo.ds  of  flowers  small,  in  dense  clusters  in  the  bosom  of  the  leaves  at  the  summit 
of  the  branches ;  involucre  very  woolly  at  base. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  exsiccated  ponds,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

3.  O.  piirptlrcum,  L.  Stem  simple ;  leaves  oblong-spatulate, 
rather  obtuse,  green  above,  white  and  woolly  beneath ;  heads  pur- 
plish-tawny, or  leaden  color. 

PURPLE  GNAPHALIUM. 

Perennial?  plant  bluish  leaden  color.    Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high.    Leaves 
%  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,— the  upper  surface  somewhat  lanuginous, 


150  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

but  bluish-green,  —  the  Under  surface  densely  clothed  with  a  -white  tomentum.  — 
Heads  of  flowers  small,  in  compact  axillary  and  terminal  clusters  ;  involucre  some- 
what ventricose,  lanuginous  at  base  ;  scales  smooth  ;  florets  white,  with  a  minute 
purplish  limb. 
Hob.  Dry,  open  woods  ;  clearings,  &c.  :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Further  observation  has  led  me  to  doubt  whether  this 
species  be  really  perennial.  As  TORREY  and  GRAY  remark,  it  cer- 
tainly has  the  appearance  of  an  annual. 


214.  AtfTEWMA^RIA,  Gaertn. 

[The  sterile  pappus  resembling  the  Antenna  of  some  insects.] 
Heads  many-flowered,  dioicous  or  nearly  so  ;  pistillate  florets  very 
slender.  Akenes  oblong;  pappus  in  a  single  series,  filiform  in  the 
fertile  heads,  clavate  in  the  sterile  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  or  convex, 
not  chaffy.  Perennials:  leaves  sessile,  entire;  heads  corymbose; 
involucre  dry  and  scarious,  often  pearly  white;  florets  yellowish. 

1.  A.  margaritaeea,  R.  Br.  Stem  erect,  sub-simple,  corym- 
bose at  summit;  leaves  lance-linear,  lanuginous  above,  tomentose 
beneath  ;  involucral  scales  obtuse,  pearly  white. 

Gnaphalium  margaritaceum.  L.  §  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  494. 
PEARLY  ANTENNARIA. 

Stem  1  to  near  2  feet  high,  leafy  and  hoary-tomentose.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long. 
gublinear,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base.    Heads  of  flowers  rather  large,  roundish- 
ovoid,  crowded  in  a  terminal  corymb  ;  disk  tawny  ;  receptacle  flat,  pitted. 
Hob.  Slaty  hills,  near  West  Chester  :  rare.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species  —  so  remarkable  for  its  beautiful  pearly  heads  —  • 
is  occasionally  found  on  our  dry  hills  ;  but,  to  me,  it  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  stray  plant  among  us. 

2.  A.  plantagtnif  dlia,  Hook.  Stem  simple,  with  procumbent 
runners  at  base  ;  radical  leaves  spatulate,  or  elliptic  and  3-nerved  ; 
corymb  clustered;  involucral  scales  greenish. 

Gnaphalium  dioicum,  and  var.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  494-5. 
PLANTAIN-LEAVED  ANTENNARIA.     White  Plantain.  Cat-foot. 

Stem  2  or  3  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  hoary  with  a  bluish  tinge,  —  often  with  2  or  3 
procumbent  offsets  from  the  base,  which  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  upright  scape- 
like  stem.  Radical  leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  obvate-spatulate,  or  oval  and 
strongly  3-nerved,  narrowed  to  a  margined  petiole  ;  stemleaves  small,  lanceolate.  — 
Heads  of  flowers  few  (3  to  6  or  8),  oblong  or  subturbinate,  in  a  dense  terminal 
cluster.  Receptacle  convex,  pitted. 
Hob.  Sterile  knolls,  in  low  grounds  :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  species,  as  now  constituted,  certainly  presents  two 
strongly  marked  varieties,  —  one  of  which  nearly  approaches  the  A. 
dioica,  of  Europe,  in  appearance. 

215.  FIL.AVGO,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Filum,  a  thread;  from  the  cottony  hairs  that  cover  it.] 
Heads  many  -flowered  ;  central  florets  apparently  perfect,  but  abor- 
tive, —  the  others  pistillate.     Akenes  oblong;  pappus  of  the  central 
florets  capillary,  —  of  the  outer  ones  mostly  wanting,  or  caducous.  — 
Receptacle  columnar  or  turbinate,  naked  at  summit,  chaify  at  base, 


the  chaff  resembling  involucral  scales,  each  covering  a  pistillate 
floret.  Annuals  :  leaves  sessile,  entire  ;  heads  in  capitate  clusters. 

1.  F.  Germdnica,  L.  Stem  mostly  dichotomous  ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, erect  ;  heads  in  terminal  and  dichotomal  clusters  ;  involucral 
scales  cuspidate,  woolly  at  base. 

Gnaphalium  Germanicum.  L.  $  Fl.   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  493. 
GERMAN  FILAGO.     Common  Cud-weed. 

Stem  6  to  9  inches  high,  woolly,  mostly  dichotomous  above,  or  with  2  or  more 
proliferous  spreading  branches  arising  from  the  central  clusters  of  woolly  heads,  — 
sometimes  branching  from  near  the  root.  Leaves  half  an  inch  to  three  quarters 
in  length,  woolly  on  both  sides,  somewhat  clasping.  Heads  of  flowers  small,  in  dense 
roundish-ovoid  clusters. 
Hob.  Dry  hills  ;  roadsides,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  seems  clearly  to  be  an  introduced  plant,  —  and  has  only 
found  its  way,  as  yet,  into  the  northern  portion  of  the  County. 

SUBTRIBE  6.    SENECICMEAK 

Heads  discoid,  or  radiate,  never  di&icous;  marginal  florets  pistillate;  anthers 
without  tails  at  base  ;  pappus  capillary,  often  soft  and  white  ;  receptacle  mostly  nak- 
ed. Leaves  generally  alternate. 

216.  ERECHTrTES,  Rafin. 

[The  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  species  of  Senecio.'] 

Heads  many-flowered,  discoid,  —  the  florets  all  fertile.  Involucre  cyl- 
indric-oblong,  smooth  ;  scales  in  a  single  series,  linear,  acute,  with 
subulate  bractlets  at  base.  Akenes  oblong,  tapering  at  apex  ;  pappus 
copious,  soft  and  silky,  very  white.  Coarse  annuals  :  leaves  undi- 
vided ;  heads  corymbose-paniculate  ;  florets  whitish,  very  slender. 

1.  E.  hieracifolia,  Rafin.'  Smoothish;    stem  striate-sulcate, 
often  virgate  ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  acute,  sessile,  —  the  upper  ones 
auriculate  at  base  and  somewhat  clasping,  unequally  dentate, 
Senecio  hieracifolius.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  498. 

HlERACIUM-LEAVED  ERECHTITES.       Fire-WCed. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  stout,  succulent  and  tender  when  young,  planiculate- 
ly  branchedj  or  occasionally  subsimple  and  virgate.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long. 
Heads  of  flowers  in  small  cymose  corymbs  terminating  the  paniculate  branches. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds  ;  recent  clearings,  <fcc.  :  common.    JV.'July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  remarkable  for  its  prevalence,  in  and  around 
spots  where  brush-wood  has  been  burned;  —  whence  its  popular 
name  of  "fireweed." 


CACAXIA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  uncertain  meaning.] 

Heads  few-  or  many-flowered,  discoid  ;  florets  all  perfect.  Involucre 
ovoid-oblong  ;  scales  in  a  single  series,  with  a  few  bractlets  at  base. 
Akenes  oblong,  smoothish  ;  pappus  of  numerous  roughish  hair-like 
bristles.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  or  sometimes  with  a  conical  cluster 
of  concrete  chaff  in  the  centre.  Smooth  perennials  :  leaves  often 
petiolate  ;  heads  in  flat  corymbs  ;  flowers  whitish. 

1.  C.  atriplicif  t»lia,  L.  Lower  leaves  broad-cordate,  sinuate* 


152  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

angled  and  dentate, — upper  ones  rhomboid  and  cuneate,  coarsely 
dentate ;  heads  about  5-flowered. 
ATRIPLEX-LEAVED  CACALIA.     Indian  Plantain. 

Stem,  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  striate,  often  purplish,  but  glaucous  withal.  Leaves, 
conspicuously  nerved,  pale  or  yellowish  green  above,  glaucous  beneath, — the  radi- 
cal ones  4  to  6  inches  in  length,  and  about  as  wide  as  long,  on  striate  petioles  3  to  6 
or  8  inches  long, — stem-leaves  gradually  smaller,  the  uppermost  often  oblong  and 
entire,  and  the  petioles  gradually  shorter.  Heads  of  flowers  small,  numerous. — 
Receptacle  with  an  acute  membranous  column  in  the  centre,  longer  than  the 
akenes,  and  apparently  formed  of  connate  chaffy  scales. 
Hob.  "Woodlands,  and  moist  shaded  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

218.  SEIVEVCIO,  L. 

[Latin,  Senex,  an  old  man ;  the  pappus  resembling  a  white  beard.] 
Heads  many-flowered, — either  discoid  with  the  florets  all  perfect,  or 
radiate  with  the  ray-florets  pistillate.  Involucre  subcylindric ; 
scales  in  a  single  series,  or  with  bractlets  at  base.  Akenes  oblong, 
ribbed;  pappus  of  numerous  soft  slender  hairs.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Heads  mostly  corymbed ;  florets  chiefly  yellow. 

f  Heads  discoid :  Annuals. 

1.  S.  vulgaris,  L.  Leaves  pinnatifid  and  dentate, — the  lowest  petio- 
late,  the  upper  clasping ;  heads  nodding. 
COMMON  SENECIO.     Groundsel. 

Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  paniculately  branching,  angular,  mostly  smooth- 
ish.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long, — the  upper  ones  somewhat  auricled  and  clasping, — 
the  lower  ones  on  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Involucre  somewhat 
conical,  smooth ;  scales  often  sphacelate,  or  blackish,  at  apex,  bracteolate  at  base.— 
Akenes  pubescent  on  the  ribs. 
Hob.  West-Chester.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July,  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  homely  little  weed  was  detected  in  the  streets  of  West 
Chester,  in  1846,  by  Mr.  PENNOCK  PASSMORE;  and  in  1850  was  ex- 
ceedingly multiplied  in  the  same  locality, — though  scarcely  to  be 
seen,  the  succeeding  year.  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE  says  it  has  migrated 
almost  every  where,  with  European  men;  but  whether  it  is  likely  to 
become  troublesome  to  our  farmers,  is  not  yet  ascertained. 

f  f  Heads  radiate :  Perennials. 

*£.  S.  Siureu$?  L.  Radical  leaves  roundish-cordate,  obovate,  or 
lance-oblong, — stem-leaves  lyrate,  ox  lanceolate  and  pinnatifid; 
corymb  umbel-like. 

AUo,  S.  obovatus,  and  Balsamitae.  Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  497. 
GOLDEN  SENECIO.  Rag-wort.  Squaw-weed. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  striate,  smoothish,  or  floccose-woolly  when  young.    Radi- 
cal leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  varying  from  cordate  to  obovate,  and  lanceolate ;  petio- 
les 1  or  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  stem-leaves  sessile  and  often  clasping.    Heads  of 
flowers  on  peduncle-like  subumbellate  branches. 
Hob.  Banks  of  streams,  and  moist  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  TORREY  and  GRAY  have  reduced  two  of  MUHLENBERG'S 
species  (along  with  2  or  3  others)  to  the  grade  of  varieties ;  which 
may  be  well  enough,  whenever  practicable,  in  a  genus  that  com- 
prises near  600  species. 


COMPOSITAB  153 

219.  ARNICA,  L. 

[Name  supposed  to  be  corrupted  from  Ptarmica.] 

Heads  many -flowered,  radiate ;  ray-florets  pistillate.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate;  scales  somewhat  in  2  series,  lanceolate,  equal.  Akenes 
tapering  downwards,  somewhat  ribbed ;  pappus  a  single  row  of 
rough  bristles.  Receptacle  flat,  fimbrillate.  Perennials :  leaves  op- 
posite; heads  large,  single,  or  few  and  loosely  corymbed;  flowers 
yellow. 

1.  A.  nudicaftlis,  Ell.  Hirsute ;  stem  scape-like,  with  a  pair 
of  lance-ovate  sessile  leaves  near  the  middle ;  radical  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  clustered,  decussate. 
NAKED-STEM  ARNICA.     Leopard's  Bane. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple,  with  a  few  peduncle-like  branches  at  summit.— 
Radical  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  sessile,  nearly  entire,  usually  3  or  4  pairs,  spread- 
ing on  the  ground,  strongly  nerved.    Heads  of  flowers  large.    Akenes  sparsely  pi- 
lose, nearly  black  when  mature. 
Hab.  Moist  meadows ;  Penn  township :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Prof.  GRAY  seems  to  haye  overlooked  this  species,  when 
preparing  his  Manual.  It  appears  to  be  truly  indigenous,  in  the 
locality  named. 

TRIBE  5.    CYNA'REAE. 

Heads  discoid,  usually  large,  sometimes  diaicous;  involueral  scales  imbricated  In 
many  series ;  style,  in  the  perfect  florets,  often  nodosely  thickened  near  the  sum- 
mit ;  branches  distinct,  or  concrete,  puberulent  externally, — the  stigmatic  lines 
extending  to  their  apex,  and  there  confluent. 

220.  CEtfTAURITA,  L. 

[Named  from  the  Centaur,  Chiron ;  who,  it  is  said,  used  the  plant.] 
Heads  many-flowered ;  florets  unequal, — the  marginal  ones  mostly 
enlarged,  or  falsely  radiate,  and  neutral.  Involucre  roundish-ovoid ; 
scales  variously  margined,  or  appendaged.  Akenes  compressed ; 
pappus  one  or  more  series  of  rough  bristles,  or  sometimes  wanting. 
Receptacle  bristly.  Leaves  alternate ;  heads  solitary. 

1.  C.  Cy^anus,  L.  Hoary-lanuginous ;   leaves  lance-linear,    sessile> 
entire,  or  toothed  at  base ;  involueral  scales  fringe-margined ;  pap- 
pus very  short. 
BLUE  CENTAUREA.     Blue-bottle.  Ragged  Robbin.  Blue  Bonnets. 

Annual.    Stem  18  inches  to  3  feet  high,  much  branched.    Leaves  2  to  6  inches 
long,  sometimes  pinnatifid  near  the  base.    Heads  of  flowers  pedunculate ;  florets. 
mostly  blue,— the  marginal  ones  obsoletely  pistillate,  enlarged  and  funnel-form, 
with  a  long  tube.    Akenes  with  a  lateral  areola. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July,  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Partially  naturalized;  and,  if  not  attended  to,  may  become 
a  troublesome  weed, — as  it  is  in  Europe. 

221.  CYtfA^RA,  Vaill. 

[Gr.  Kyon,  kynos,  a  dog;  the  involucral  spines  resembling  dog's  teeth.] 
Heads  many-flowered;  florets  all   equal.     Involucre  ovoid;    scales 
coriaceous,  produced  into  a  lanceolate  appendage  which  is  spines- 
cent  at  apex.     Anthers  with  an  obtuse  appendage.     Style-branches 


154 


GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 


entirely  concrete.  Akenes  compressed,  obovate,  smooth, — the  areola 
broad,  and  somewhat  oblique;  pappus  in  several  series,  long, 
plumose.  Receptacle  flat,  fimbrillate.  Spinose  perennials:  leaves 
alternate,  mostly  pinnatifid-lobed,  not  decurrent ;  heads  very  large, 
with  a  thick  fleshy  receptacle;  florets  bright  violet-purple. 

1.  C.  SCOLYMUS,  L.  Stem   stout;   leaves  deeply  bipinnatifid,  sub- 
spinose,  tomentose  beneath;    involucral    scales   ovate,    thick  and 
fleshy  at  base. 
French  Artichoke. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  hranching  above,  striate  and  tomentose.    Leaves  1  to  near 
2  feet  long.    Heads  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter;  styles  conspicuously  exserted,— the 
concrete  branches  bright  purplish-blue. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  country  uncertain.    Fl.  Aug.  FT.  Sept. 

Obs.  Cultivated  occasionally,  by  the  curious,  for  the  sake  of  the 
fleshy  receptacle,  and  bases  of  the  involucral  scales. 

222.  CIR'SIITM,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Kirsos,  a  swelled  vein ;  for  which  it  was  a  supposed  remedy.] 

Heads  many-flowered ;  florets  all  similar  and  perfect,  or  rarely  im- 
perfectly dioicous.  Involucre  roundish-ovoid ;  scales  mostly  tipt  with 
a  spine.  Anthers  with  a  linear-subulate  appendage ;  .filaments  often 
hairy.  Style^branches  concrete  nearly  to  the  apex.  Akenes  oblong, 
compressed ;  pappus  of  many  hairs  united  in  a  ring  at  base,  plumose 
to  the  middle.  Receptacle  fimbrillate.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly 
sessile,  often  pinnatifid  and  prickly;  heads  usually  large,  termina- 
ting the  branches ;  flowers  generally  purplish. 

'  f  Involucral  scales  all  tipt  with  a  spreading  spine. 

1,  C.  lanceolatum,  Scop.    Leaves   pinnatifid,    decurrent,  forming  a 
prickly  winged  stem,  prickly-hispid  on  the  upper  surface,  cobwebby 
beneath,  the  segments  lanceolate. 

Carduus  lanceolatus.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  436. 
LANCEOLATE  CIRSIUM.     Common  Thistle. 

Biennial.    Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  stout,  branching.    Leaves  4  to  8  or  12  inch  es 
long, — the  radical  ones  (as  is  usual  with  biennials,}  much  larger  than  the  caidine. 
Heads  ovoid,  about  an  inch  in  diameter;  florets  purple ;  anthers  yellowish. 
Hob.  Pastures;  roadsides,  &c. :    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  A  troublesome  foreigner, — delighting  in  a  rich   soil;   and 
requiring  some  attention  to  keep  it  in  subjection. 

f  f  Inner  scales  unarmed,  appressed  ;  filaments  hairy. 
*  Leaves  white-wootty  beneath. 

2.  C.  dis'COlor,  Spreng.  Leaves  all  pinnatifid,  smoothish  and 
green  above,  densely  tomentose  and  bluish-white  beneath. 
Carduus  discolor.  Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  437. 
TWO-COLORED  CIRSIUM. 

Biennial.    Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  with  rather  slender  spreading  leafy  branches, 
pubescent  with  crisped  membranous  hairs.    Leaves  3  or  4  to  12  or  15  inches  long, 
those  on  the  branches  small.    Heads  ovoid-oblong,  1  to  2  inches  in  length ;  florets 
reddish-purple ;  anthers  whitish. 
Hdb.  Old  fields;  borders  of  thickets:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


COMPOSITAE 


155 


3.  C.  nlf  is  simnm.  Sprang.  Radical  leaves  pinnatifid,  petio- 
late,  stem-leaves  undivided,  lance-oblong,  dentate,  roughish  above, 
hoary -tomentose  beneath. 

Carduus  altissimus.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  439. 
TALLEST  CIRSIUM. 

Perennial  f  Stem,  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  branching  and  slender  above,  roughish- 
pubescent.  Radical  leaves  12  to  18  inches  long,  and  3  to  5  or  6  inches  wide,  den- 
ticulate, and  ciliate  with  spinescent  bristles.  Heads  oblong-ovoid,  about  an  inch  in 
diameter,  with  linear-lanceolate  spinescent-ciliate  bracts  at  base;  involucral  scales 
of  a  livid  color  near  the  apex,  terminating  in  a  subulate  spine.  Florets  purple, 
often  palish. 
Hob.  Borders  of  thickets;  fence-rows,  &c.:  not  common,  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  or  loosely  lanuginom  beneath  ;  pinnatifid. 

4.  C.  iiiiiticiim,  MX-  Stem  tall,  with  slender  paniculate  rather 
naked  branches;  heads   subglobose;    involucral  scales  unarmed, 
closely  appressed,  viscid  and  cobwebby. 

Carduus  muticus.  Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  438. 

MUTIC,  OB  POINTLESS  ClRSIUM. 

Perennial  f  Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  rather  slender,  angular-sulcate  and  stri- 
ate, pubescent;  branches  virgate,  few-leaved.  Leaves  4  to  12  inches  long ;  segments 
lanceolate,  spinulose.  Heads  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter ;  florets  purple. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  swampy  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  S«pt. 

5.  C.  pilmilum,  Spreng.  Stem  low,  stout;  leaves  partly  clasp- 
ing, with  irregular  undulate   very  prickly   segments;  heads  few, 
large,  conspicuously  bracteate ;  outer  involucral  scales  with  short 
spines;  florets  pale  red. 

Carduus  pumilus.  Nutt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  437. 
DWARF  CIRSIUM. 

Biennial  f  Plant  pale  greyish-green.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  thick  and  sparingly 
branched,  striate  and  hairy.  Leaves  4  to  12  or  15  inches  long  (the  radical  ones 
large),  densely  hairy  on  the  midrib  beneath.  .Heads usually  1  to  3,  roundish-ovoid, 

1  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  with  large  pinnatifid  spinose  fcrocteatbase ;  florets  often 

2  inches  in  length,  pale  reddish-purple,  with  whitish  anthers. 

Hob.  Sterile  old  fields,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  flowers  of  this  species  are  quite  fragrant,  and  the  heads 
rather  handsome, — being  the  largest  of  any  of  our  native  thistles. 

<J.  C.  horridulurA,  MX.  Stem  stout;  leaves  partly  clasping,  acutely 
lobed,  very  spinose  with  yellowish  prickles ;  heads  few,  large,  with 
a  verticil  of  pectinately-spinose  bracts  at  base ;  involucral  scales 
scarcely  spinose ;  florets  pale  yellow. 
Carduus  spinosissimus.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  438. 
RUGQED  CIRSIUM.     Yellow  Thistle. 

Perennial  f    Stem  18  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  mostly  simple,  striate,  lanugi  - 
nous.    Leaves  4  to  10  inches  long.    Heads  often  solitary,  sometimes  as  large  as  in 
the  preceding  species ;  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  involucre :  involucral  scales  ta- 
pering to  a  subulate  point. 
Hob.  Fields ;  Londongrove :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Ofa.  This  repulsive  plant  may  be  indigenous  to  the  U.  States, — 
but  it  is  evidently  a  stranger  in  this  County ;  and  our  farmers  would 
do  well  to  keep  it  such. 


156  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

f  f  t  Involucral  scales  att  unarmed:  heads  small,  imperfectly  dioicous. 
•7.  C.  arvtnse,  Scop.  Rhizoma  creeping;  stem  slender,  paniculate  at 
summit;  leaves  simiate-pinnatifid,  ciliate-spinose,  undulate;  heads 
numerous,  ovoid. 

Carduus  arvensis.  Sm.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  439. 
FIELD  CIRSIUM.     Canada  Thistle. 

JRhizoma  perennial,— creeping  horizontally  6  or  8  inches  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  sending  up  erect  biennial  branches,  or  aerial  stems,  which  are  18  inches 
to  3  feet  high.  Leaves  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  slightly  decurrent,  the  radical 
(mes  curled  or  wavy.  Heads  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  subpedunculate ;  in- 
volucral  scales  smoothish,  minutely  ciliate ;  florets  pale  lilac-purple ;  anthers  whit- 
ish, filaments  nearly  smooth.  Akenes  linear-oblong,  slightly  4-cornered ;  pappus 
finally  longer  than  the  florets. 
Bab.  Fields,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  (which,  from  the  common  name,  seems  to 
have  reached  us  by  way  of  Canada,)  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the 
vilest  vegetable  pests  that  has  yet  invaded  our  country.  It  is,  hap- 
pily, yet  rare  in  Chester  County;  and  ought  to  be  most  vigilantly 
watched,  and  promptly  extirpated  whenever  it  makes  its  appear- 
ance. 

223.  :LAP'PA,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  labein,  to  lay  hold;  from  its  hooked  tenacious  involucres.] 
Heads  many-flowered ;  florets  all  similar  and  perfect.  Involucre 
globose;  scales  coriaceous,  appressed  at  base,  spreading  and  ab- 
ruptly subulate  above,  with  a  rigid  incurved  point.  Anthers  with 
bristly  appendages  or  tips,  and  subulate  tails  at  base.  Style-branches 
free  and  divergent.  Akenes  oblong,  compressed,  transversely 
rugose ;  pappus  of  numerous  short  rough  deciduous  bristles.  Re- 
ceptacle bristly.  Biennials  ?  leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  large ;  heads 
rather  small ;  florets  purple,  with  bluish  anthers. 

1,  L.  major,  Gaertn.    Lower  leaves   cordate-oblong,   upper  ones 
ovate;  involucre  smoothish,  or  loosely  cobwebby. 
Arctium  Lappa.  L.  #  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  436. 
GREATER  LAPPA.     Burdock. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  6  feet  high,  paniculately  branching,  roughish-pubescent.  Leaves 
green  and  roughish  above,  paler  and  cobwebby-tomentose  beneath, — radical  ones 
1  to  2  feet  long,  wavy  and  erosely  dentate  on  the  margin  (sometimes  pinnatifid,  or 
deeply  and  coarsely  dentate) ;  petioles  9  to  18  inches  in  length ;  stem-leaves  gradual- 
ly smaller,  and  more  or  less  ovate.  Heads  roundish-ovoid,  %  an  inch  to  %  in 
diameter,  on  short  peduncles,  terminal  and  axillary. 
Hal>.  Waste  places.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Every  body,  that  has  been  in  contact  with  its  burs,  knows 
this  coarse  homely  weed;  but  every  body  does  not  take  care  to  keep 
it  in  due  subjection.  The  remarkable  variety,  with  pinnatifid  leaves, 
is  quite  frequent  about  the  streets  of  West  Chester. 

SUBORDER  II.    LIGULAEFLOVRAE. 

Florets  all  ligulate  and  perfect,  disposed  in  a  radiatiform  head. 

TRIBE  6.    CICHORA^CEAE. 

Style-branches  slender,  rather  obtuse,  uniformly  pubescent ;  stigmatic  lines  term!- 


COMPOS1TAB  157 

nating  near  the  middle.  Herbs  with  a  mUky  juice!  leaves  alternate;  receptacle 
generally  naked. 

224.  CICHOVRIU]*I,  Tournef. 
[Formed  from  CMcouryeh, — the  Arabic  name  of  the  plant.] 
Heads  many-flowered.     Involucral  scales  in  2   series, — the  outer 
about  5  in  number,  short  and  spreading— the  inner  8  or  10.  Akenes 
turbinate,  striate,  smooth ;  pappus  crown-like,  formed  of  numerous 
minute  chaffy  obtuse  scales. 

1.  C.  Intifbus,  L.  Radical  leaves  runcinate,  hispidly  scabrous  on 
the  midrib, — stem-leaves  oblong,  sinuate-dentate  or  entire,  partly 
clasping ;  heads  axillary,  subsessile,  mostly  in  pairs. 

Wild  Succory.  Chicory. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  virgate  roughish-pubescent  branches.— 
Radical  leaves  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long;  sternrleaves  smaller,  inconspicuous  on  the 
branches.    Heads  of  flowers  axillary  on  the  side  of  the  stem  and  branches,  in 
pairs,  or  often  solitary ;  florets  blue,  or  purplish,  sometimes  white. 
Hab.  Fields,  and  meadows.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  becoming  frequent  in  the  northern  side  of 
our  County, — and  is  justly  ranked  among  the  unprofitable  intruders. 

2.  C.  ENDIVIA,  Willd.  var.   SATIVA,  DC.    Radical  leaves  obovate- 

oblong,    sinuate-dentate,    or    pinnatifid,    smoothish, stem-leaves 

auriculately  dilated  at  base ;  heads  aggregated  in  twos  and  fours  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  or  solitary  on  elongated  branches.  4 
Garden  Succory.     Endive. 

Biennial,  or  sometimes  annual.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  fistu- 
lar,  smoothish,  or  sparsely  hirsute.    Radical  leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  tapering 
to  the  base,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid  with  the  margin  curled  and  lacerate.    Outer  in- 
volucral  scales  hispid-ciliate ;  florets  violet-purple,  sometimes  white. 
Hab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  cultivated  for  the  young  radical  leaves, — which  are 
etiolated  or  blanched  by  the  exclusion  of  light,  and  then  used  as  a 
Salad.  The  sort  with  crisped  leaves  is  considered  as  the  best  for  the 
table. 

225.  KRIG'IA,  Schreber. 
[Named  in  honor  of  David  Krieg;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Heads  several-  (15-  to  20-)  flowered.  Involucral  scales  several, 
somewhat  in  a  double  series.  Akenes  turbinate,  striate-angular ; 
pappus  double, — the  outer  of  5  rounded  chaffy  scales — the  inner  of 
as  many  alternating  slender  bristles.  Small  annuals :  leaves  mostly 
all  radical ;  heads  solitary,  small,  on  naked  elongating  simple  scapes  ; 
florets  yellow. 

1.  K.  Virginica,  Willd.    Leaves  mostly  lyrate,  smooth  and 
glaucous, — the  earlier  ones  rounded  or  spatulate. 
VIRGINIAN  KRIGIA.     Dwarf  Dandelion. 

Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  often  lanceolate  and  sinuate-dentate,  nar- 
rowed to  a  petiole  at  base.  Scape  3  to  9  inches  high,  slender,  usually  2  to  4  or  5 
from  the  root,  sometimes  solitary.  Involucral  scales  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  equal, 
spreading.  Akenes  reddish-brown,  crowned  with  5  cuneate-obovate  membranous 
scales,  and  5  scabrous  white  bristles. 
Hab.  Dry,  sandy  ground;  roadsides,  Ac. :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 


158  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Obs.  This  little  plant  varies  considerably,  in  the  different  stages 
of  its  progress  to  maturity.  • 

226.  CYtf'TIIIA,  Don. 

[Probably  from  Mount  Cynthus ;  which  was  sacred  to  Apollo  &  Diana.] 
Heads  many-flowered.  Involucral  scales  somewhat  in  2  rows. — 
Akenes  oblong,  striate ;  pappus  double, — the  outer  of  numerous 
minute  chaffy  scales — the  inner  of  many  elongated  deciduous  hairs. 
Smoothish  glaucous  perennials :  leaves  chiefly  radical ;  heads  few, 
terminal,  rather  large ;  florets  deep  yellow. 

1.  C.  Virginica,  Don.  Stem  mostly  bifid  or  trifid  at  sum- 
mit, few-leaved ;  radical  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  and  clasp- 
ing. 

C.  amplexicaulis.  Beck,  and  Fl.   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  441. 
VIRGINIAN  CYNTHIA. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  often  2  or  3  from  the  root,  somewhat  dichotomously 
branched  at  summit,  or  often  with  3  slender  naked  upright  peduncles,  and  with  a 
clasping  leaf  at  the  forks,  Radical  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  narrowed  to  a  petiole  at 
base.  Involucral  scales  lance-linear,  united  at  base,  arranged  alternately  somewhat 
in  a  double  series. 
Bab.  Meadows,  on  the  slaty  hills :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

22t.  TRAGOPOVCK>]V,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Tragos,  a  goat,  and  Pogon,  a  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  pappus.] 
Heads  many-flowered.     Involucral  scales  8  to  16,  in  a  nearly  single 
series,  somewhat  united  at  base,  finally  reflexed.     Akenes  striate, 
scabrous,  terminating  in  a  long  continuous  beak  ;  pappus  in  several 
series,  all  plumose  except  the  outer  ones,  which  are  longer  than  the 
rest.     Leaves  sublinear,  with  parallel  nerves. 

1.  T.  PORRIFOVLIUM,  L.  Root  fusiform,  fleshy ;  leaves  lance-linear, 
acuminate,  very  entire,    sessile  and  clasping ;  heads  on  terminal 
clavate  fistular  peduncles. 
LEEK-LEAVED  TRAGOPOGON.     Oyster-plant.     Salsify. 

Plant  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous;  biennial f  Stem  3  to  4  or  5  feet  high, 
somewhat  dichotomously  branching.  Leaves  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  distichously 
arranged,  ovately  dilated  at  base,  and  tapering  to  a  long  slender  acumination. — 
Involucral  scales  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  florets,  which  are  violet-purple  with  a 
fuscous  or  greenish-brown  tinge.  Akenes  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  a  smooth  slen- 
der beak  about  an  inch  in  length,  with  the  pappus  at  summit. 
Hob.  Gardens.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  its  fleshy  root, — which,  when  properly  cook- 
ed, has  something  of  the  flavor  of  fried  Oysters  ;  whence  one  of  its 
common  names. 

228.  HIERAXCIUIH,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Hierax,  a  hawk ;  being  supposed  a  sharpener  of  that  bird's  vision.] 
Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  ovoid-oblong ;  scales  more  or  less 
imbricated.  Akenes  oblong,  striate,  not  beaked;  pappus  a  single 
series  of  tawny  fragile  bristles.  Perennials:  leaves  entire,  or  den- 
tate, usually  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  stem ;  heads  panicled,  or 
single ;  florets  yellow. 


COMPOSITAE  159 

1.  H.  sctUn-mn,  MX.  Stem  rather  stout,  leafy,  hirsute;  leaves 
obovate   or  oval;  panicle  oblong;  peduncles  thickish,  divaricate, 
glandular-hirsute. 

H.  Gronovii,  var.  b.  foliosum.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  447. 
SCABEOUS  HIERACIUM.     Rough  Hawkweed. 

Stem  2  to  near  3  feet  high,  mostly  simple,  racemose-paniculate  at  summit— 
Leaves  1  to  5  inches  long,—  the  lower  ones  tapering  almost  to  a  petfofe  at  base; 
stem-leaves  sessile.    Heads  of  flowers  rather  small;  involucre  nearly  cylindrical, 
glandular-hirsute.    Akenes  not  tapering  at  summit. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  borders  of  thickets:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  II.  Grondvii,  L.  Stem  virgate,  leafy  and  very  hairy  below, 
nearly  leafless   above;    leaves   lance-oblong;    panicle   corymbose; 
peduncles  rather  slender,  glandular-pilose. 

H.  Gronovii,  var.  a.  nudicaule.  MX.  #  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  447. 
GRONOVIUS'  HIERACIUM. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high.    Leaves  2  to  6  inches  in  length,—  the  radical  and  low- 
er ones  somewhat  spatulate  or  obovate-oblong,  on  petioles  about  an  inch  long  ;  up- 
per stem-leaves  sessile  and  partly  clasping.    Heads  of  flowers  small.    AJcenes  taper- 
ing at  summit. 
Hob.  Open  woods  ;  sterile  meadows  :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This,  and  the  preceding  species,  are  nearly  related,  —  and 
have  been  regarded  as  varieties,  by  respectable  Botanists.  They 
seem,  however,  to  be  nearly  as  distinct  as  this  larSt  is  from  the  fol- 
lowing. 

3.  H.  y  ciit»Sillll,  L.  Stem  scape-like,  mostly  leafless,  smooth  ; 
leaves  obovate  and  ovate-oblong,  purple-veined;  peduncles  smooth- 
ish. 

VEINED  HIERACIUM.     Rattle-snake  weed. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  naked  or  with  few  leaves,  corymbose-paniculate  at  sum- 
mit.   Leaves  mostly  all  radical,  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  tapering  almost  to  a  petiole 
at  base,  sometimes  nearly  veinless.    Heads  of  flowers  in  a  loose  paniculate  corymb, 
rather  large  ;  involucre  smoothish.    Akenes  linear-oblong. 
Hob.  Open  woods;  clearings,  &c.  :  frequent.     Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Some  years  since,  this  plant  was  announced  as  an  antidote 
to  the  poison  of  the  Rattlesnake  ;  but  it  seems  to  have  shared  the 
fate  of  all  such  antidotes. 

4.  II.  paniculsktlim,  L.   Stem  slender,  leafy,  loosely  and 
paniculately  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  thin  and  smooth  ;  pedun- 
cles very  slender,  diverging. 

PANICULATE  HIERACIUM.     Panicled  Hawkweed. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  slender  and  diffusely  branched.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4 
inches  long,  acute  at  each  end,  remotely  denticulate,  sessile.    Heads  of  flowers 
email,  on  minutely  bracteate  pedicels  ;  involucre  smooth.    Akenes  short,  not  taper- 
ing. 
Hob.  Woodlands  ;  old  meadows,  &c.  :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 


229.  tfAB/ALlTS,  Cassini. 

[Perhaps  from  the  Gr.  Nabla,  a  harp  ;  in  allusion  to  its  sometimes  lyrate  leaves.] 
Heads  usually  few-flowered,  and  nodding.  Involucre  cylindric; 
scales  5  to  14,  in  a  single  series,  with  a  few  braciletsat  base.  Akenes 


160  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

linear-oblong,  striate,  not  beaked  ;  pappus  in  several  series  of  rough 
tawny  bristles.  Perennials  :  leaves  petiolate,  very  variable  ;  heads 
in  racemose-paniculate  fascicles  ;  florets  greenish-  white,  or  ochroleu- 
cous,  often  tinged  with  purple. 

1,  IV.  ctlbllS  j  Hook.  Rather  stout,  purplish  and  glaucous  ;  leaves 
angular-hastate,  palmate-lobed,  and  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  upper 
ones  ovate;  heads  purplish,  8-  to  12-flowered. 

Prenanthes  alba.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  444. 
WHITE  NABALUS.     Lion's  foot.  Rattlesnake-root.  Gall  of  the  earth. 
Stem  2  or  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  smooth,  sometimes  nearly  simple,  often  much 
branched.    Leaves  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  often  as  wide  as  long,  varying  from 
triangular-hastate    to  palmate-lobed  and  pinnatifid,  —  the    radical    ones  large; 
petioles  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long.    Florets  ochroleucous,  often  with  purplish  tinge. 
Halt.  Woods,  clearings,  and  copses  :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  is  said  to  be  intensely  bitter,  —  and  is  one  of 
the  many  Indian,  or  frontier,  remedies  for  the  bite  of  snakes. 

2.  HT.  altlSSimus,  Hook.  Rather  slender,  greenish;  leaves  del- 
toid, sub-cordate,  and  ovate,  dentate,  thin;  heads  greenish,  about 
5-flowered. 

TALLEST  NABALUS. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  paniculately  branched,  smooth.  Leaves  2  to  5  or  6  inches 
long  ;  petioles  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.  Heads  of  flowers  slender,  in  small  ax- 
illary and  loose  terminal  fascicles,  forming  a  long  leafy  panicle  ;  florets  yellowish. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  copses  :  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


.  TARAXACUM,  Halter. 
[Gr.  Tarasso,  to  stir,  or  disturb  ;  in  allusion  to  supposed  active  properties.] 
Heads  many-flowered.     Involucral  scales  in  two  series,  —  the  outer  or 
lower  ones  short,  the  upper  ones  long,  linear  and   erect.     Akenes 
oblong,  ribbed,  muricate  on  the  ribs  and  at  summit,  the  apex  finally 
produced  into  a  long  filiform  beak,  which  bears  at  summit  a  copious 
white  capillary  pappus.     Stemless  perennials  :  leaves,  consequently, 
all  radical,  pinnatifid  or  runcinate  ;  heads  large,  solitary  on  fistular 
scapes  ;  florets  yellow. 

1.  T.  Dens-lebnis,  Desf.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  unequally  and  acutely 
runcinate  ;  involucral  scales  not  corniculate  at  apex,  the  outer  ones 
reflexed;  akenes  spinellose  at  summit. 
Leontodon  Taraxacum.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  443. 
LION-TOOTH  TARAXACUM.     Dandelion  (from  Dent  de  Lion]. 

Plant  at  first  pubescent,  at  length  smooth.  Leaves  4  to  10  or  12  inches  long.— 
Scapes  several  from  the  root,  4  to  12  inches  high  (elongating),  terete.  Involucre 
oblong,  —  the  inner  scales  appressed,  with  scarious  margins  —  the  outer  reflexed, 
slightly  ciliate,  —  finally  the  entire  involucre  reflexed.  Akenes  terminating  in  a 
glender  beak,  which  is  short  at  first,  then  suddenly  elongating  about  %  of  an  inch, 
and  diverging,  with  the  pappus  at  summit,  so  as  to  form  a  globose  head. 
Hob.  Pastures;  roadsides,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  —  although  not  a  very  obnoxious  weed  —  is 
more  abundant  than  welcome  ;  and  is,  moreover,  difficult  to  get  rid 
of,  —  as  myriads  of  seeds  are  annually  wafted  over  the  country  by 
means  of  the  pappus.  The  young  radical  leaves,  when  blanched, 
are  said  to  make  a  good  substitute  for  Endive,  as  a  salad. 


COMPOSITAE  161 

231.  L.ACTITCA,  Tournef. 
[Latin,  Lac,  milk;  in  reference  to  its  milky  juice.] 

Heads  several-flowered.  Involucre  subcylindric ;  scales  unequal, 
imbricated  in  2  to  4  series.  AJcenes  flatly  obcompressed,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  filiform  beak,  which  bears  a  copious  and  fugacious 
pappus  of  fine  white  soft  hairs.  Smooth  leafy-stemmed  herbs ;  heads 
small,  numerous,  paniculate ;  florets  of  various  colors — yellow,  blue, 
purple  or  changeable. 

Florets  mostly  yeUow. 

1.  It,  t'lonariitfl,  Muhl.  var.  a.  longifolia,   Torr.   $•  Gr.  Lower 
leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  clasping, — upper  ones  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  sessile;  heads  racemose-paniculate. 

ELONGATED  LACTUCA.     Wild  Lettuce. 

Biennial  t  Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  sparingly  branched.  Lower  leaves  6  to  12 
Inches  long,  variable  in  form— runcinate,  sublyrate,  or  long-lanceolate  with  2  or  3 
conspicuous  lanceolate  divaricate  segments  on  each  side  near  the  middle ;  upper 
leaves  gradually  smaller.  Heads  of  flowers  in  a  long  racemose  panicle.  Scenes 
oval,  rather  longer  than  the  beak. 
Hob.  Fence-rows ;  thickets,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

2.  L.  SATIXVA,  L.  Leaves  entire, — radical  ones  erect,  oval,  wavy,— 
stem-leaves  cordate,  clasping;  heads  corymbose-paniculate. 
CULTIVATED  LACTUCA.     Garden  Lettuce.  Common  Salad. 

Annual;  yellowish-green  and  glaucous, — sometimes  fuscous,  and  tinged  with 
dark  puiple.    Stem  2  to  4  feet  high ;  branches  clothed  with  numerous  small  leaves, 
Lower  leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  upper  ones  gradually  smaller.    Heads  of  flow- 
ers terminal.    Akenes  lance-obovate,  about  half  as  long  as  the  leak. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

.  Obs.  This  plant— called  "Salad,"  par  excellence — is  universally 
known,  and  cultivated.  The  forms  known  as  "  Curled,"  and  "Head  " 
Salad,  are  considered  as  distinct  species,  by  Prof.  DE  CANDOLLE. 

232.  MUI,GEVDIUM,  Cassini. 

[Latin,  mulgeo,  to  milk;  in  reference  to  its  copious  milky  juice.] 
Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre,  &c.  nearly  as  in  Lactuca ;  scales 
often  tinged  with  dark  purple.  Akenes  ancipitally  compressed, 
ribbed,  contracted  at  summit  to  a  very  short  thickish  beak,  which  is 
expanded  at  apex  into  a  ciliate  disk  bearing  a  copious  deciduous 
pappus  of  soft  yet  rather  brittle  hairs. 

t  Pappus  white;  florets  Urn. 

1.  M.  ac'iimintitiini,  DC.  Radical  leaves  slightly  runcinate; 
stem-leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  sinuate-denticulate,  petiolate. 
Sonchus  acuminatus.   Willd.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  446. 
ACUMINATE  MULGEDIUM. 

Biennial.    Stem  3  to  6  feet  high,  terete,  smooth,  paniculate  at  summit.    Leaves 
3  to  6  inches  long,  sometimes  nearly  deltoid,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  to  a 
•winged  tapering  petiole  1  or  2  inches  in  length.    Heads  of  flowers  email,  in  a  rather 
loose  panicle,  sometimes  racemose  on  the  branches. 
Hob.  Woods,  and  thickets:  frequent    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept, 


162  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

f  f  Pappus  tawny  ;  florets  pale  blue,  or  ochroleucous. 

2.  IH.  leucopll&eiim,  DO.  Leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,— 

radical  ones  on  long  petioles,  cauline  sessile  or  contracted  to  winged 

petioles. 

Sonchus  Floridanus.  Ait.  $  Fl.  Cestr,  ed.  2.  p.  445.  not  of  L. 

WHITISH-BROWN  or  GREY  MULGEDIUM. 

Biennial.    Stem  4  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  smoothish,  paniculate  at  summit.    Leaves 
3  to  9  or  12  inches  long,— radical  ones  on  petioles  2  to  5  or  6  inches  in  length  ;  stem- 
leaves  sessile,  or  the  lower  ones  contracted  to  winged  petioles.    Heads  of  flowers 
rather  small,  in  an  oblong  terminal  panicle ;  involucre  ovoid-oblong. 
Hob.  Fence-rows;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

233,  SOUJKCHUS,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  meaning.] 

Heads  many-flowered,  tumid  at  base.  Involucral  scales  more  or  less 
imbricated.  Akenes  compressed,  ribbed,  not  beaked ;  pappus  copi- 
ous, of  very  white  soft  fine  silky  hairs.  Smoothish  and  glaucous 
herbs;  florets  yellow. 

1.  S.  oleraceus,  L.  Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  dentate,  sagittate 
and  clasping ;  akenes  transversely  rugose. 

POTHERB  SONCHUS.     Common  Sow-thistle. 

Annual.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branched,  fistular,  tender,  glandular-pilose  above. 
Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long, — the  lower  ones  runcinate,  on  petioles  1  to  2  inches 
in  length,— Cupper  ones  clasping.  Heads  of  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  cymose 
panicles;  peduncles  thickish,  clothed  when  young  with  a  loose  flocculent  white  to- 
mentum ;  involucre  tumid  and  orbicular  at  base,  abruptly  contracted  above  to  an 
acumination. 
Hub.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  S.  dsper,  Vill.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  wavy,  or  slightly  runcinate, 
spinulose-dentate,  auriculate-clasping ;    akenes  margined,  3-nerved 
on  each  side,  smooth. 

S.  spinulosus.  Bigel.  $  Fl.  Cestr,  ed,  2.  p.  445. 
SHARP  SONCHUS. 

Annual.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branched,  slightly  glandular-pilose  above.— 
Leaves  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  with  numerous  and  somewhat  prickly  teeth  on  the 
margin, — the  lower  ones  sometimes  pinnatifid,  on  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length, — 
upper  ones  with  rounded  auricles  at  base,  clasping  the  stem.  Heads  of  flowers  in 
terminal  subumbellate  panicles. 
Hob.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill:  rare.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  supposed  to  be  indigenous — at  least  in  the  South ; 
but  it  is  unquestionably,  I  think,  a  stranger  in  Chester  County. 

ORDER  LIT.  LOBELliCEAE. 

Herbs,  often  with  milky  juice ;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules;  flowers  scattered 
(i.  e.  not  in  heads) ;  calyx-tube  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary;  corotta  tubular, 
irregularly  5-lobed,  mostly  slit  longitudinally  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base;  stamens 
5,  free  from  the  corolla,— with  the  anthers  completely,  and  the  .filaments  more  or 
leaa,  united  into  a  tube;  seeds  numerous,  with  fleshy  albumen. 


LOBELIACEAB  163 

234.  M> it  i ;  r  1 1 .  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Matthias  de  Label,  a  Flemish  Botanist.] 

Calyx  5-cleft, — the  sinuses  sometimes  aurieulate ;  tube  short,  tumid. 
Corolla  sub-bilabiate;  upper  lip  smaller,  2-lobed  and  erect;  lower 
lip  spreading,  3-lobed ;  tube  slit  on  the  upper  side.  Style  1 ;  stigma 
mostly  2-lobed,  fringed  with  a  pilose  ring.  Capsule  half  superior, 
2-celled,  thin,  opening  at  the  top.  Seeds  minute,  oblong,  scabrous. 
Leaves  (of  the  following)  subsessile;  flowers  usually  in  terminal 
bracteate  racemes. 

t  Flowers  bright  crimson. 

1 .  \*.  csirdiiialf  s,  L.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  denticulate ;  raceme  elongated,  rather  secund,  leafy  below. 
CARDINAL  OR  CHIEF  LOBELIA.     Cardinal-flower. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  usually  simple  but  growing  in  bunches,  pu« 
bescent.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long.    Raceme  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long ;  flowers 
rather  large,  very  brilliant,  opening  in  succession,  or  few  at  a  time ;  anthers  grey- 
ish-blue ;  pedicels  hirsute. 
Hub.  Along  swampy  rivulets :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  superb  plant  would  be  in  the  collection  of  every  ama- 
teur gardener,  if  it  had  to  be  imported  at  a  high  price ;  whereas 
now — like  most  of  our  native  floral  beauties — it  is  generally  neg- 
lected. 

ft  Flowers  mostly  bright  Uw,  and  large. 

2.  I*.  Nypllilit  lea,  L.  Hairy ;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  sinuate-serrulate;  calyx-lobes  short,  the  auricles  reflexed, 
shorter  than  the  tube. 

SYPHILITIC  LOBELIA. 

Perennial.    Stem  1  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  angular,  nearly  simple.    Leaves  2  to  4 
inches  long.    Raceme  4  to  10  or  12  inches  long;  calyx-segments  bristly-ciliate,  with 
the  margins  of  the  sinuses  folded  back.    Corolla  nearly  an  inch  long,  sometimes 
tinged  with  purple,  rarely  milk-white. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds ;  along  rivulets :  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  also  a  showy  plant,  when  in  bloom, — next  in  rank, 
among  our  indigenous  species,  to  the  preceding.  It  was,  formerly, 
a  famous  Indian  Nostrum, — and  had  such  repute,  that  the  secret  was 
purchased  of  the  Aborigines :  but,  when  once  known,  it  soon  shared 
the  usual  fate  of  purchased  Nostrums ;  and  possibly — like  all  exag- 
gerated reputations — its  character  may  have  been,  thereafter,  un- 
duly disparaged. 

3«  L.  pub^rula,  MX.  Pubescent ;  stem  simple ;  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  mostly  obtuse,  glandular-denticulate ;  calyx-lobes  long,  the 
auricles  scarcely  reflexed,  about  as  long  as  the  densely  hairy  short 
tube. 

PUBERULENT  LOBELIA. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  striate,  rather  slender,  strictly  simple.  Leaves 
1  to  2  inches  long,  varying  from  obovate  to  lance-ovate,  the  upper  ones  smaller 
and  acute.  Raceme  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long;  caly&segments  about  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  corolla;  corolla  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  often  tinged  with  purple. 
Hab.  Moist  meadows ;  Penn  Township :  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


164  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

Obs.  This  species  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  South  Western 
portion  of  the  County.  It  is  quite  abundant  in  some  of  the  moist 
meadows  of  Penn  Township. 

f  f  t  Flowers  pale  blue,  and  smatt. 

4. 1«.  iilflilta.  L.  Hirsute;  stem  paniculately  branched;  leaves 

lance-ovate,  crenate-dentate ;  calyx-lobes  without  auricles ;  capsule 

inflated. 

INFLATED  LOBELIA.     Indian  Tobacco. 

Biennial?  lactescent.    Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  sometimes  wing-angled  by  the 
decurrence  -of  the  leaves ;  branches  axillary.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  rather 
acute.    Racemes  leafy ;  flowers  rather  inconspicuous ;  capsules  ovoid,  or  oval,  thin 
and  membranaceous,  smoothish. 
Hob.  Pastures ;  roadsides,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  harsh,  acrid  plant,  is  somewhat  noted  for  the  use  made 
of  it  by  a  tribe  of  modern  Empirics, — whose  successful  impostures, 
at  this  time  of  day,  would  almost  excuse  the  impatient  adage — si 
vulgus  vult  decipi,  decipiatur  ! 

5.  Ij.  spicsita,  Lam.  Pubescent,  or  sometimes  smoothish;  stem 
simple  and  slender ;  leaves  oblong,  the  radical  ones  often  spatulate ; 
raceme  somewhat  spiked,  virgate  and  naked. 
L.  Claytoniana.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  154. 
SPIKED  LOBELIA. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  somewhat  angular-sulcate,  often  2  or  3  from 
the  root.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long, — the  radical  ones  nearly  entire, — the 
upper  ones  smaller,  acute  and  denticulate.    Raceme  6  to  10  or  12  inches  long; 
bracts  lance-linear. 
Hob.  Fields,  meadows,  and  open  woods :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  LIIL    CAMPANULACEAE. 

Herbs,  with  a  milky  juice ;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules ;  flowers  scattered  ; 
calyxJube  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  corolla  more  or  less  campanulate,  regularly  5- 
lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  stamens  mostly  5,  free  from  the  corolla,  and  from  each 
other;  seeds  numerous,  with  fleshy  albumen. 

235.  CAMPAtf'IJI^A,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  diminutive  of  Campana,  a  bell;  from  the  shape  of  the  corolla.] 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  distinct;  filaments  dilated  connivent  and 
valve-like  at  base.     Stigmas  mostly  3 ;  capsule  with  as  many  cells, 
each  cell  opening  by  a  lateral  parietal  valve,  which  lifts  upward. 

1»  C.  aparinoides,  Pursh.  Stem  slender,  weak  and  straggling, 
acutely  angular ;  angles  retrorsely  scabrous ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late ;  pedicels  terminal,  filiform ;  flowers  small. 
APARINE-LIKE  CAMPANULA. 

Annual?    /Stem  12  to  18  inches  long,  somewhat  3-angled,  branching,  limber  and 
straggling,  supported  by  other  plants.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to  1%  inches  in  length, 
sessile.    Pedicels  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long ;  flowers  whitish,  with  purple  veins , 
nodding ;  style  about  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  wet  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 
2.  C.  Americana,  L.  Stem  erect,  virgate ;  leaves  ovate-lance- 
,olate,  acuminate;  flowers  in  a  terminal  leafy  raceme;  pedicels 
short,  clavate. 


CAMPANULACEAE  165 

AMERICAN  CAMPANULA. 

Perennial?  Stem  2  to 4  feet  high,  sometimes  branched.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches 
long,— upper  ones  contracted  and  tapering  at  base  to  a  kind  of  winged  petiole  near 
an  inch  long.  Flowers  rather  distant,  in  a  long  terminal  raceme,  which  is  leafy 
below,  and  often  with  2  or  3  flowers  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf ;  corolla  pale  purplish  blue, 
spreading ;  style  much  exserted. 
Hob.  Woods,  and  moist  shaded  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

236.  SPECUlcANRIA,  Heister. 

[From  Speculum  Veneris;  the  ancient  name  of  an  European  species.] 
Calyx  5-  (rarely  3-  or  4-)  lobed.     Corolla  subrotate.     Stamens  5, 
distinct ;  filaments  dilated  and  connivent  at  base,  hairy,  shorter  than 
the  anthers.     Stigmas  3.     Capsule  oblong,  prismatic,  3-celled,  each 
cell  opening  by  a  lateral  valve.     Annuals :  flowers  axillary,  sessile. 

1.  S.  perfoliAta,  Alph.  DC.  Stem  simple,  angular;  leaves 
roundish  or  reniform-cordate,  crenate-dentate,  clasping  and  con- 
cave. 

Campanula  amplexicaulis.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  156. 
PERFOLIATE  SPECULARIA. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  rarely  branched;  angles  hispid  with  spreading  or  re- 
trorse  bristles.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length,  and  nearly  an  inch  wide.    Flow- 
ers bluish-purple,  1  to  3  or  4  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf.    Seeds  lenticular. 
Hob.  Pastures,  and  grain-fields:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

ORDER  LIV.    ERICACEAE.. 

Chiefly  shrubs ;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules ;  flowers  regular,  or  nearly 
so ;  corolla  4-  or  5-lobed  (rarely  4-  or  <j-petaled) ;  stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many, 
as  the  lobes  or  petals ;  anthers  often  with  awn-like  appendages,  and  frequently 
opening  by  pores  at  summit ;  style  1 ;  ovary  4-  to  10-celled ;  fruit  a  berry,  or  cap- 
sule ;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

This  is  an  interesting  Order,— comprising  some  plants  of  a  medicinal  character, 
and  a  number  that  are  exceedingly  beautiful — especially  the  Azaleas,  Rhododen- 
drons, Kalmias,  and  many  species  of  the  multitudinous  genus  (Erica}  which  is  the 
type  of  the  Family.  The  Rhododendrons  recently  collected  on  the  Himalaya 
mountains,  by  that  enterprising  and  accomplished  Botanist,  Doctor  J.  D.  HOOKEB, 
are  among  the  most  magnificent  of  ornamental  trees  and  shrubbery. 

,&§="  The  prevailing  under-shrubs  in  our  forests,— namely,  the  Gaylussacias,  Vac- 
ciniums,  and  Andromedas,— seem  to  take  the  place,  on  this  Contineni>-and  may 
be  regarded  as  the  Phytognostic  Equivalents — of  the  Ericas  of  the  Eastern  hemis- 
phere. 

SUBORDER  I.    VACCINIFAE. 

Galyoc-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  which  becomes  a  berry,  or  berry-like  fruit, 
crowned  with  the  calyx-teeth. 

237.  GAYIUSSAC'IA,  H.  B.  K. 

[Dedicated  to  M.  Gay-Lussac;  a  French  Chemist,  and  Savant.] 
Corolla  ovoid,  or  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Stamens  10;  anthers  awn- 
less, — the  cells  tapering  and  tubular  above,  opening  by  a  pore,  or 
chink,  at  summit.  Ovary  10-celled,  with  a  single  ovule  in  each 
cell,  fruit  a  drupe-like  berry,  containing  10  nutlets.  Leaves  mostly 
deciduous,  entire,  and,  with  the  flowers,  resinous-dotted;  flowers 
racemose. 


166  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

1.  €r.  dllttlosa,  Torr.  $  Gr.  Somewhat  hairy  and  glandular; 
leaves  obovate-oblong,  nmcronate,  green  on  both  sides,  thickish  and 
shining  when  old  ;  racemes  elongated  ;  bracts  oval,  longer  than  the 
pedicels  ;  pedicels  with  a  pair  of  lanceolate  bractlets  above  the  mid- 
dle ;  corolla  campanulate  ;  ovary  glandular-hirsute. 
BUSHY  GAYLUSSACIA.  Dwarf  Huckleberry. 

Stem  often  creeping  at  base,  bushy-branched;  branches  12  to  18  inches  high.  — 
Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  roughish,  the  margin  entire,  slightly 
revolute,  and  pubescent-ciliate,  rounded  at  apex,  or  often  rather  acute,  somewhat 
cuneate  at  base,  subsessile.  Flavors  white.  Berries  rather  large,  black  and 
shining  when  mature. 
Hob.  Sandy  woodlands  ;  West  Nottingham  :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  My  Chester  County  specimen  —  for  which  I  am  indebted  to 
the  kindness  of  an  acute  and  sagacious  observer  (Mr.  NATHAN  MIL- 
NEB,)  —  was  received  while  this  edition  was  passing  through  the  press. 
It  appears  to  be  the  var.  hirtella,  of  GRAY  (  Vaccinium  hirtellum,  Ait. 


2.  €r.  froildosa,  Torr.  $  Gr.  Smooth  ;    leaves   obovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  glaucous  beneath  ;  pedicels  long,  bracteolate  near  the  mid- 
dle ;  corolla  ovoid-campanulate. 

Vaccinium  frondosum.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  256. 

LEAFY  GAYLUSSACIA.     Blue-tangles.  Huckleberry.  Dangle-berry. 

<SUcm  3  to  5  feet  high,  branching;  branches  rather  slender.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches 
long,  tapering  at  each  end,  but  rather  obtuse  at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  on  very 
short  petioles.  Racemes  lateral,  loose  and  few-flowered  ;  pedicels  half  an  inch  to 
an  inch  long,  with  2  minute  subulate  sub-opposite  bractlets  near  the  middle  ;  corolla 
white,  tinged  with  red.  Berries  rather  large,  globose,  dark  blue  with  a  glaucous 
"bloom,  when  mature. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  thickets  :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  berries  of  this,  and  most  of  the  other  species,  are  escu- 
lent and  palatable  ;  but  rather  uncomfortable  to  eat,  on  account  of 
the  nutlets,*  —  being  what  are  commonly  called  "seedy  Huckle-berries." 

3.  G.  resinusa,  Torr.  $  Gr.  Pubescent  while  young;    leaves 
oblong-oval,  at  first  ciliate  and  viscid;  pedicels  short,  bracteolate 
near  the  base  ;  corolla  ovoid-conical. 

Vaccinium  resinosum.  Ait.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  256. 
RESINOUS  GAYLUSSACIA.     Black  Huckleberry. 

Stem  18  inches  to  3  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  thickly 
sprinkled  with  atoms,  and  flat  shining  patches,  of  yellow  resinous  matter  beneath; 
petioles  short,  but  distinct.  Racemes  numerous,  with  the  flowers  crowded  ;  pedicels 
1  to  3  lines  long,  with  very  small  lanceolate  bractlets  at  or  near  the  base  ;  corolla 
mostly  reddish,  with  tinges  of  pale  yellowish-green.  Berries  depressed-globose, 
smaller  than  the  preceding,  black  and  shining  when  mature. 
Hob.  Dry  woods;  slaty  hills:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

238.  VACCIIV'IIJM,  L. 

[An  ancient  Latin  name,  of  obscure  etymology.] 

Corolla  campanulate,  or  ovoid-oblong,  4-  or  5-cleft,  the  lobes  more 
or  less  revolute.  Stamens  8  or  10;  anthers  sometimes  2-awned  on 
the  back,  —  the  cells  separate  and  tubular  above,  opening  by  a  pore 
at  summit.  Berry  4-  or  5-celled;  cells  several-seeded. 


ERICACEAE  16? 

21.  Leaves  evergreen;  corolla  deeply  ^-parted ;  anthers  awnUss;  berries  red,  acid. 
CRANBERRY* 

1.  T.  marrocftrpon,  Ait.  Stems  slender,  creeping,  with  as- 
cending branches ;  leaves  oblong,  obtuse ;  peduncles  lateral. 
Oxycoccus  macrocarpus.  Pcrs*  $•  fL  Ceftr.  ed.  2.  p.  241. 
LARGE-FRUITED  VACCINIUM.     American  Cranberry* 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  long,  sending  up  short  slender  branches.  Leaves  about 
half  an  inch  long,  slightly  revolute  on  the  margin;  petioks  very  short.  Peduncks 
about  an  inch  long,  1-flowered,  bi-bracteolate  near  the  nodding  flower.  Corolla  pale 
purple ;  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  reflexed  or  revolute.  Berry  globose,  half  an  inch 
in  diameter. 
Hob.  Wet,  or  swampy  meadows:  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  Well  known,  and  highly  prized  for  its  fine  acid  fruit, — which 
experience  shows  may  be  cultivated  to  advantage.  I  have  followed 
Dr.  GRAY,  and  others,  in  reducing  this  to  a  section  of  Vaceinium, — 
though  I  think  there  are  many  admitted  Genera,  based  on  more 
slender  foundations. 

§  2.  Leaves  deciduous:    f  Corolla  campanulate,  5-Zo&erf;  anthers  Pawned;  berries 
greenish,  mawkish.    DEER-BERRY.  BILBERRY. 

2.  V.  staiiiiiiciun.  L.  Bushy;  leaves  lance-oval,  acute,  glau- 
cous beneath;    anthers  conspicuously   exserted;    racemes  leafy; 
berries  large. 

STAMINEOUS  VACCINIUM*     Squaw  Huckleberry* 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  diffusely  branching.  Leaves  1  to  near  3  inches  long ; 
petioles  very  short.  Flowers  in  lateral  leafy  pubescent  racemes  2  to  3  inches  in 
length;  pedicels  %  of  an  inch  long,  naked;  corolla  white,  spreading;  lobes  ovate; 
anthers  each  with  2  subulate  spreading  awns  at  the  back.  Berries  often  near  half 
an  inch  in  diameter,  bitterish  and  inedible* 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands,  and  thickets:  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

ft  Corolla  ovoid-oblong,  b-toothed;  anthers  awnless;  berries  bluish-Mack,  with  a 
glaucous  bloom,  sweet  or  subacid.    BLUE-BERRY. 

3.  V.  PennsylV&niCUin,  Lam.  Dwarfish;  branches  yellow- 
ish-green;   leaves  lance-oblong,  mucronate-serrulate,   smooth  and 
shining;  racemes  subfasciculate. 

PENNSYLVANIAN  VACCINIUM.     Sugar  Huckleberry. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  much  branched;  branches  more  or  less  angular,  with  a 
green  verrucose  bark.  Leaves  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  mostly  acute  at  each  end, 
nearly  sessile.  Racemes  4-  to  8-flowered,  terminal  and  lateral,  numerous,  from 
buds  without  leaves,  and  often  on  leafless  branches ;  pedicels  1  to  3  or  4  lines  long, 
with  small  lanceolate  bracttets  at  or  near  the  base ;  corolla  pale  red,  or  greenish- 
white  tinged  with  red.  Berries  middle-sized,  sweet. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  fruit  of  this  is  very  pleasant— comes  early,  and  is  much 
sought  after,  in  its  season. 

4.  V.  corymb jsum,  L.  Tall;  young  branches  pubescent? 
leaves   oval   or  obovate,  entire;  racemes   short,  subcorymbose  on 
naked  branchlets. 

CORYMBOSE  VACCINIUM.     Swamp,  or  Tall  Huckleberry.  Blue-berry. 
Stem  5  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  often  stout,  with  irregular  straggling  branches,— the 


168  GAMOPETALOTJS  EXOGENS 

young  leafing  branches  pubescent,—  the  flower-bearing  ones  short,  naked,  and  of 
a  greenish-bronze  color.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  generally  oval,  with  a  short 
obtuse  callous  point  at  apex  ;  petioles  very  short.  Racemes  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
long,  6-  to  10-  or  12-flowered  ;  pedicels  %to%of  an  inch  long,  with  purplish  bract- 
lets,  at  base,  which  resemble  bud  scales  ;  corolla  white,  mostly  tinged  with  purple, 
nearly  cylindrical.  Semes  rather  large  (often  1  third  of  an  inch  in  diameter), 
sub-acid,  and  very  agreeable  to  the  taste. 
Bab.  Shaded  swamps,  and  rivulets  :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  the  ^Blue-berry  so  much  admired  in  the  Philadelphia 
market,  —  -and  so  abundantly  supplied  from  the  swamps  of  New 
Jersey.  It  is  comparatively  scarce  in  Chester  County. 

SUBORDER  II.    ERICIN'EAE. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary;  corolla  sometimes  nearly  or  quite  dialypetalous  !  seed- 
coat  mostly  thin  and  close-fitting. 

TRIBE  1.    ANDROMEDEVAE. 

Fruit  a  capsule,  opening  loculicidaUy. 

t  Calyx  becoming  berry-like  in  fruit,  inclosing  the  capsule. 


239.  GAUI/nHTRIA,  Kalm. 

[Dedicated  to  Dr.  Gaulthier,  or  Gautier;  a  French  Botanist,  of  Quebec.] 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bibracteolate  at  base.  Corolla  ovoid-oblong,  5- 
toothed.  Stamens  10,  included;  anther-cells  each  2-aumed  at  sum- 
mit, opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Capsule  depressed-globose,  5- 
celled,  many-seeded,  inclosed  in  the  red  berry-like  calyx  I  Suffruti- 
cose  humble  evergreens  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

1.  O.  procumbent,  L.  Stem  creeping,   root-like  ;   branches 
ascending,  leafy   at  summit;    leaves   cuneate-obovate,    obscurely 
serrate;  flowers  few,  nodding. 
PROCUMBENT  GAULTHERIA.     Tea-berry.  Spicy  Wintergreen. 

Stem  rhizoma-like,  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  ;  branches  simple,  3  to  5 
inches  high,  naked  below,  or  with  a  few  lance-ovate  scales.  Leaves  few  (4  to  6),  an 
inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length,  rather  crowded  ;  petioles  very  short.  Flowers 
white,  1  to  3  or  4,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  on  recurved  peduncles  %  to  % 
an  inch  long  ;  fruit  persistent. 
Hob.  Woods;  Brandy  wine  hills  :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  This  spicy  little  plant  —  though  rare  here  —  is  very  abundant 
in  New  Jersey  ;  and  is  much  used  in  the  preparation  of  medicated 
syrups,  and  popular  diet-drinks. 

f  f  Calyx  dry  and  unchanged  in  fruit. 
240.  EPIGAE^A,  L. 

[Gr.  Epi,  upon,  and  Ge,  the  earth  ;  alluding  to  its  trailing  habit.] 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  3-bracteolate  at  base.     Corolla  salver-form. 
Stamens  10;  anthers  oblong,  awnless,  opening  lengthwise.     Capsule 
depressed-globose,  5-angled,  5-celled,  many-seeded.     Suffruticose 
trailing  evergreens  ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

1.  E.  repciis,  L.  Hirsute;  leaves  cordate-oblong,   entire,   on 
rather  long  petioles  ;  corolla-tube  cylindrical,  villous  within. 
CREEPING  EPIGAEA.     Ground  Laurel.  Trailing  Arbutus. 


. 

ERICACEAE  169 

Stem  prostrate,  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  branching.    Leaves  1  to  near  3  inches 
long,  reticulately  veined;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  in 
gmall  fasciculate  racemes,  very  fragrant;  pedicels  1  or  2  lines  long;  coroUa  pale 
red  or  reddish-white,  the  tube  ^  to  half  an  inch  in  length. 
HaJb.  Hilly  woods,  of  northern  exposure :  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

241.  AlVDROM'EDA,  L. 

[So  named,  in  allusion  to  the  classic  story  of  Andromeda.] 
Calyx  5-parted,  sometimes  bracteolate  at  base.  Corolla  ovoid,  or 
subcylindric,  mostly  5-toothed.  Stamens  usually  10,  included;  an- 
thers awnless,  or  awned,  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  slits.  Cap- 
sule 5-celled,  many-seeded.  Shrubs :  leaves  (of  the  following  species) 
deciduous ;  flowers  racemose,  or  fasciculate. 

g  1.  Calyx  without  bractlets ;  anthers  awnless. 
f  Corolla  globular ;  capsule  subglobose. 

1.  A,  liarustriiia,  Muhl.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,   acuminate; 
racemes  paniculate,  mostly  naked ;  flowers  small. 
PRIVET-LIKE  ANDROMEDA.     Pepper-bush. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  with  numerous  rather  erect  branches.  Leaves  1  to 
near  3  inches  long,  obscurely  serrulate;  petioles  1  to  3  lines  in  length.  Racemes 
%  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  often  a  little  compound,  arranged  panicujately 
on  the  terminal  branches  of  the  preceding  year ;  pedicels  %to%of  an  inch  long, 
often  in  fascicles  of  2  to  5;  corotta  white. 

Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  thickets  i  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 
f  f  Corolla  ovoid-oblong ;  capsule  pyramidal. 

2.  A.  Mariana,  L.  Leaves   oval,  entire,  thickish  and  subco- 
riaceous ;    racemes  short,   sessile ;    pedicels   fasciculate ;    flowers 
rather  large. 

MARYLAND  ANDROMEDA.     Stagger-bush. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  with  erect  branches,  and  a  cinereous  black-dotted  bark. 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  shortly  and  bluntly  mucronate ;  petioles  about  }£  of  an 
i  nch  in  length.  Flowers  fasciculate  on  the  old  branches,  from  terminal  and  lat- 
eral buds,  unaccompanied  with  leaves ;  pedicels  about  half  an  inch  long  (of  the 
fruit,  near  an  inch),  with  ovate  bracts,  like  bud-scales,  at  base ;  corolla  white,  or 
tinged  with  pale  red. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands :  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  shrub  is  somewhat  rare,  here ;  but  is  very  common  in 
New  Jersey, — where  the  farmers  think  it  is  injurious  to  sheep,  when 
eaten  by  them.; — producing  a  disease  called  the  staggers. 

g  2.  Calyx  bibracteolate ;  anthers  tipt  with  4  erect  awns. 

3.  A.  racemosa,  Lf  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  serrulate,  thin ; 
racemes  longish,  secund,  mostly  simple. 

RACEMOSE  ANDROMEDA. 

Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  slender  straggling  branches,  and  a  cinereous  exfolia- 
ting bark.  Leaves  \%  to  3  inch.es  long,  mucronate,  rather  obtuse  at  base;  petioles 
about  a  line  in  length.,  Racemes  numerous,  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  leafless,  t*» 
minal  on  short  spreading  branchlets ;  flowers  nodding,  or  ranged  along  the  under 
aide,  on  short  ihick&h pedicels ;  'calyx  purple;  coroUa  white  (purple  in  the  bud)i 
nearly  cylindric;  capsule  small,  depressed-globose,  umbilicate. 
Hob.  Moist  thicket*:  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr. 


170 


GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 


242.  CUEVTHRA,  L. 

[Klethra,  the  Greek  name  for  the  Alder ;  which  it  resembles.] 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  of  5  obovate-oblong  distinct  petals  !  Sta- 
mens 10,  often  exserted ;  anthers  inversely  sagittate,  reflexed  in  the 
bud,  opening  by  terminal  pores,  or  chinks.  Style  slender ;  stigmas 
3.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  inclosed  by  the  calyx.  Shrubs: 
leaves  deciduous ;  flowers  racemose,  white. 

1.  C.  <ll iiif'olia,  L.   Leaves  cuneate-obovate,   acute,    coarsely 
serrate,  green   on  both   sides;  racemes  mostly  simple,  bracteate, 
hoary -tomentose. 
ALDER-LEAVED  CLETHRA.     Sweet  Pepper-bush.  White  Alder. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  branched.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  %  to  % 
of  an  inch  in  length.    Racemes  3  to  6  inches  long,  sometimes  with  2  or  3  branches 
from  the  base,  bearing  numerous  fragrant  flowers :  pedicels  short,  each  with  a 
lance-linear  bract  at  base  longer  than  the  pedicel. 
Hob.  Wet  thickets;  E.  Marlborough :  not  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

TRIBE  2.    RHODO^REAE. 

Fruit  a  capsule,  opening  septicidaUy. 

243.  AZAXEA,  L. 

[Gr.  azaleas,  arid;  from  a  mistaken  idea  that  it  belongs  to  a  dry  soil.] 
Calyx  6-parted,  minute  and  hairy.  Corolla  funnel-form,  irregularly 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  5,  with  long  exserted  fila- 
ments, which  are  declined,  or  curved,  along  with  the  similar  style ; 
anthers  short,  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Capsule  oblong,  5-celled, 
6-valved,  many-seeded;  seeds  minute,  scale-like.  Shrubs:  leaves 
deciduous ;  flowers  in  umbelled  clusters,  from  large  ovoid  terminal 
buds. 

1.   A.   Vise  lisa,   L.    Young  branches  bristly;    leaves  oblong- 
obovate ;  flowers  glandular-hairy  and  very  clammy,  appearing  after 
the  leaves ;  stamens  a  little  exserted 
Rhododendron  viscosum.  Torr.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  263. 
CLAMMY  AZALEA.     Sweet  Wild  Honeysuckle. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  with  short  spreading  and  often  crooked  branches  above. — 
Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  the  margins  and  midrib  bristly ;  petioles  1  to  2  lines  in 
length.  Corolla  white,— the  tube  much  longer  than  the  lobes. 

Hob.  Rocky  woods;  N.  Valley-hill;  New  Red  Lion:  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr. 
Obs.  This  species  is  readily  known  by  its  white,  clammy,  sweet- 
smelling  flowers.  The  large  terminal  buds,  which  are  formed  in 
autumn,  on  the  Azaleas,  and  some  other  members  of  this  family, 
contain  the  flowers  of  the  ensuing  year,  perfectly  formed — though  in 
miniature.  Something  like  this  seems  to  be  the  fact,  in  all  trees  in 
which  the  branches  have  a  definite  annual  development  of  wood, 
leaves,  and  flowers ;  such  as  the  Horse-Chestnut,  &c.  The  buds  of 
the  Firs,  also,  contain  the  undeveloped  branches  of  the  succeeding 
year,  with  all  their  tiny  leaves  completely  formed,  and  closely 
packed  together.  The  phenomenon  is  happily  noticed  by  the  Poet, 
COWPER: — 

"  The  beauties  of  the  wilderness  are  His, 
That  make  so  gay  the  solitary  place, 
Where  no  eye  sees  them.    And  the  fairer  forms, 
That  cultivation  glories  in,  are  His. 


ERICACEAE  171 

HE  sets  the  bright  procession  on  Its  way, 

And  marshals  all  the  order  of  the  year; 

HE  marks  the  bounds  which  Winter  may  not  pass, 

And  blunts  his  pointed  fury ;  in  its  case 

Russet  and  rude,  folds  up  the  tender  germ, 

Uninjured,  with  inimitable  art ; 

And  ere.  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies, 

Designs  the  blooming  wonders  of  the  next" 

2.  A.  micliflura,  L.   Young  branches  hairy;    leaves  lance- 
oblong  ;  flowers  somewhat  hairy  and  slightly  clammy,  rather  pre- 
ceding the  leaves;  stamens  much  exserted. 
Khododendron  nudiflorum.  Torr.  £  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  262. 
NAKED-FLOWERED  AZALEA.     Wild  Honeysuckle. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  6  feet  high,  much  branched  toward  the  summit.    Leaves  2  to  3 
inches  long,  crowded  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  margins  hairy,  pubescent 
beneath ;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.    Corotta  varying  firm  pale  flesh-color 
to  pink,  and  bright  purple, — the  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  lobes. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  thickets:  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  pretty  shrub  is  a  striking  ornament  of  our  forests,  in 
spring.  It  was  rather  carelessly  stated,  in  the  preceding  edition  of 
this  Flora,  that  "the  leaves"  of  this  shrub  "are  subject  to  large 
green  succulent  excrescences,  produced  by  the  puncture  of  insects." — 
In  1842,  Mr.  BENJAMIN  V.  MARSH,  then  of  Haverford  School,  Del. 
County,  satisfied  me  that  I  was  incorrect,  and  that  those  "excres- 
cences" are  formed  of  the  flowers  of  the  plant,  instead  of  "the 
leaves."  A  closer  observation  has  also  led  me  to  doubt  whether 
"insects"  have  any  agency  in  their  production.  I  find  those  suc- 
culent masses  invariably  to  consist  of  what  seem  to  be  a  sort  of 
dropsical  enlargement  of  calyx,  corolla,  stamens  and  pistil, — by  which 
the  floral  organs  are  all  consolidated,  or  blended  together;  and 
their  original  individuality,  and  character,  entirely  lost, — except 
some  vestiges  of  anthers  and  stigma. 

244.  RHODODENDRON,  L. 

[Gr.  Rhodon,  a  rose,  and  Dendron,  a  tree ;  the  flowers  being  in  rose-colored  clusters.] 
Calyx  deeply  6-parted.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  somewhat  irreg- 
ularly 5-lobed.  Stamens  mostly  10,  declined,  scarcely  exserted; 
anthers,  &c,  as  in  Azalea.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong.  Often  stout 
shrubs,  or  low  trees :  leaves  evergreen,  entire ;  flowers  in  dense  ter- 
minal corymbs, — or  thyrsoid,  or  globose  clusters. 

1.  R.  maximum,  L.  Stout;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  thick,  cori- 
aceous and  glabrous,  with  somewhat  revolute  margins. 
LARGEST  RHODODENDRON.     Mountain  Laurel.  Rose-Bay. 

Stem  6  to  10  or  12  feet  high,  with  stout  irregular  branches.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches 
long,  with  a  short  acumination,  often  cuneately  tapering  at  base,  green  above, 
pale  or  ferruginous  beneath ;  petiole*  thick,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length. — 
Flowers  in  dense  thyrsoid  or  corymbose  racemes ;  pedicels  an  inch  to  an  inch  and 
half  long ;  corolla  pale  rose-color,  with  greenish  tinges,  and  yellow  or  orange-colored 
epots. 
Sab.  Banks  of  Schuylkill :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  is  a  noble  shrub ;  but  LINNAEUS  was  unfortunate  in 
calling  it  maximum, — inasmuch  as  Dr.  J.  D.  HOOKER  has  found  a 
species,  in  the  Himalaya  mountains,  40  to  60  feet  in  height. 


172  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

245.  KAL.IU'IA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Peter  Kalm,—a  Swedish  Botanist.] 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  between  rotate  and  campanulate,  5-lobed, 
furnished  with  10  depressions,  in  which  the  10  obliquely  bifid  an- 
thers are  severally  held  until  they  begin  to  shed  their  pollen.  Cap- 
sule depressed-globose,  5-celled,  5-valved;  seeds  numerous,  minute. 
Evergreen  shrubs:  leaves  entire;  flowers  in  umbel-like  corymbs. 

1.  EL.  latif  olia,  L.  Leaves  scattered  and  ternate,  oval-lanceo- 
late, green  on  both  sides ;  corymbs  terminal. 

BROAD-LEAVED  KALMIA.     Common  Laurel,  Calico-bush. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  with  irregular  crooked  straggling  branches. — 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch  wide ;  petioles  %to%  of  an  inch  in 
length,    flowers  rather  large,  pale  red  (sometimes  white),  in  spreading  corymbs; 
pedicels  about  an  inch  long,  viscid-pubescent,  with  3  bracts  at  base. 
Hob.  Shaded,  rocky  hills;  along  streams:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  KALM  says  the  Swedes  called  this  "Spoon  tree," — because 
the  Indians  made  spoons  from  its  wood.  With  great  deference  to 
the  decision  of  LINNAEUS,  this  genus  of  beautiful  Evergreens  is  the 
one  which,  in  my  humble  opinion,  ought  to  have  commemorated 
the  merits  of  JOHN  BARiRAM,-r-the  Botanical  Patriarch  of  our 
country. 

2.  K.  ail£listif olia,  L.  Leaves  opposite  and  ternate,  linear- 
elliptic,  paler  or  slightly  russet  beneath ;  corymbs  lateral. 
NARROW-LEAVED  KALMIA.     Sheep  Laurel.  Dwarf  Laurel. 

Stems  about  2  feet  high,  slender,  somewhat  branching.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches 
long,  and  about  half  an  inch  wide ;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers 
small,  bright  deep  crimson,  in  lateral  corymbs,  in  the  axils  of  the  ternate  leaves, 
and  thus  appearing  verticillate ;  pedicels  filiform,  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length, 
with  3  unequal  bracts  at  base. 
Hob.  Woods,  and  thickets ;  Great  Valley :  rare.  Fl  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

SUBORDER  III.    PYROLEVAE. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  5-parted,  persistent;  petals  5,  distinct!  or  nearly  so, 
concave,  deciduous;  capsule  3-  to  5-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent;  seed-coat  loose, 
cellular  and  translucent.  Suffruticose  humble  Evergreens. 

246.  PYR'Ol-A,  L. 

[Lat.  diminutive  of  Pyrus,thQ  pear-tree;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  foliage.] 
Petals  more  or  less  converging,  obovate  or  oblong.  Stamens  10 ; 
filaments  subulate,  naked ;  anthers  partly  4-celled,  inverted  in  the 
bud,  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  scarcely  2-horned  summit.  Style 
long,  mostly  declined  or  curved;  stigmas  5, — often  with  a  distinct 
ring  beneath, — or  confluent  with  the  ring,  and  peltate.  Capsule  de- 
pressed-globose, 5-celled,  5-valved  from  the  base  upward,  many- 
seeded;  valves  woolly  on  the  edges.  Leaves  mostly  radical;  flowers 
racemose,  on  a  scaly-bracted  scape. 

f  Style  curved;  stigmas  exserted  beyond  the  ring. 

1.  P.  rotuiicli  folia,  L.   Leaves  orbicular,  thick,  coriaceous 
and  shining,  usually  shorter  than  the  margined  petiole. 
ROUND-LEAVED  PYROLA. 


ERICACEAE  173 

Leaves  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter,  obscurely  serrulate,  reticulately  veined.  Scape 
5  to  10  inches  high,  with  clasping  bracts  at  base,  and  2  or  3  distant  ovate-lanceolate 
ones  above;  raceme  2  to  3  inches  in  length;  pedicels  %  of  an  inch  long,  with  a 
lanceolate  bract  at  base  of  the  same  length;  flowers  white,  often  with  a  reddish 
tinge,  nodding,  fragrant. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  Juno,  Fr.  August. 

2.  P.  elliptica,  Nutt.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  thinnish  and  not 
shining,  usually  longer  than  the  winged  petiole. 

ELLIPTIC  PYROLA.     Shin-leaf. 

Leaves  1%  to  near  3  inches  long,  plicately  serrulate,  decurrent  on  the  petiole.— 
Scape  4  to  6  inches  high,  acutely  angular,  naked,  or  with  a  single  slender  bract: 
raceme  1  to  2  inches  long;  pedicels  2  or  3  lines  in  length,  shorter  than  the  subulate 
bract  at  base;  flowers  white,  with  a  greenish  tinge. 
Hob.  Woodlands:  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  August. 

Obs.  The  leaves  are  a  popular  application  to  sores, — as  the  com- 
mon name  would  indicate. 

tf  Style  straight;  stigmas  confluent  with  (lie peltate  ring. 

3.  P.  scciuula,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  thinnish,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  narrow  petiole ;  raceme  secund. 

ONE-SIDED  PYROLA. 

Root  stoloniferous.  Stem  decumbent,  1  to  2  or  3  inches  high,  leafy  above,  with 
pmall  lanceolate  scales  below.  Leaves  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  mucro- 
nate,  serrate.  Peduncle  terminal,  scape-like,  3  to  6  inches  in  length,  with  2  or  3 
lanceolate  bracts  at  base,  and  distant  appressed  ones  above ;  raceme  1  to  2  inches 
long ;  pedicels  2  to  3  lines  long,  all  turned  to  one  side,  each  with  a  lanceolate  bract 
at  base  scarcely  as  long  as  the  pedicel;  flowers  greenish  white ;  petals  oblong. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands :  not  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

247.  C  HIM A'PHIL-A,  Pursh. 

[Or.  Cheima,  winter,  &ndphileo,  to  love;  being  bright  green  all  winter.] 
Petals  spreading,  broadly  and  roundish-obovate.  Stamens  10 ;  fila- 
ments dilated,  hairy ;  anthers  2-celled,  inverted  in  the  bud,  somewhat 
2-horned  at  apex.  Style  very  short,  obconic,  immersed  in  the  de- 
pressed summit  of  the  ovary ;  stigma  peltate,  broad,  orbicular,  with 
the  margin  5-lobed.  Capsule  depressed,  orbicular,  5-celled,  5- 
valved  from  the  summit  downward,  many-seeded ;  valves  not  woolly 
on  the  edges.  Leaves  crowded  at  or  near  the  summit  of  the  stem, 
coriaceous  and  shining ;  flowers  terminal,  corymbose. 

1.  C.  umbellata,  Nutt.  Leaves  cuneate-oblong,  acute  at  base, 
sharply  serrate,  of  a  bright  uniform  green. 
Pyrola  umbellata.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  260. 
UMBELLATE  CHIMAPHILA.    Pipsissawa.  Winter-green. 

Stem  ascending,  3  to  6  inches  long.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  subverticillat* 
(often  in  2  or  3  verticils),  tapering  at  base  to  a  short  petiole.  Peduncle  terminal, 
mostly  solitary,  3  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length,  bearing  an  imperfect  or  corymbose 
umbel  of  4  to  6  flowers;  pedicels  about  %  an  inch  long;  petals  reddish  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  violet. 
Hob.  Hilly  woods,  of  northern  exposure :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Bept 

Obs.  This  half-shrubby  little  Evergreen  is  moderately  bitter  and 
•  astringent, — and  has  been  long  noted  as  an  Indian  medicine,  under 
the  aboriginal  name  of  Pipsissawa. 


174  GAMOPETALOTTS  EXOGENS 

95.  C.  liiaculiita,  Pursh.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse   at 
base,  incised-dentate,  whitish-maculate  above,  purplish  beneath. 
Pyrola  maculata.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  267. 
SPOTTED  CHIMAPHILA.     Spotted  Winter-green. 

Stem  2  to  4  inches  high.  Leaves  1  to  near  3  inches  long,  tapering  to  an  acute 
point,  dull  green  above,  and  marked  with  a  whitish  line  along  the  midrib  and 
nerves;  petioles  1  to  2  or  3  lines  in  length.  Peduncle  terminal,  mostly  solitary,  3 
to  4  or  5  inches  long,  bearing  2  or  3  flowers  (sometimes  but  1) ;  pedicels  %  an  inch 
to  1%  inches  in  length,  often  with  a  minute  subulate  bract  near  the  middle;  petals 
white,  with  a  tinge  of  purple. 
Hob.  Woodlands :  common.  FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

SUBORDER  IV.    MONOTROVPEAE. 

Calyx  free,  5-parted, — or  of  distinct  (!)  bract-like  deciduous  sepals;  corolla  mostly  of 
distinct  persistent  petals ;  capsule  4-  or  5-celled,  4-or  5-valved,  loculicidally  dehiscent, 
many-seeded ;  seed-coat  loose,  arillus-like.  Fleshy  herbs,  p  arasitic  on  roots,  never 
green ;  stems  simple ;  leaves  mere  scales ;  flowers  the  color  of  the  plant,  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme,  or  solitary. 

248.  HYPO'PITYS,  Dillen. 

[Gr.  Hypo,  under,  and  Pitys,  a  Pine  tree ;  often  its  place  of  growth.] 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  bract-like  sepals.  Petals  4  or  5,  fleshy,  erect,  with 
a  nectariferous  pit  at  base.  Stamens  8  or  10;  anthers  reniform,  be- 
coming 1-celled,  opening  by  a  continuous  line  into  2  very  unequal 
valves.  Stiff  ma  disk-like,  with  a  bearded  margin.  Capsule  roundish- 
ovoid,  4-  or  5-celled. 

1.  H.  laimginosa,  Nutt.  Plant  tawny,  softly  pubescent ;  flow- 
ers racemose,  secund,  nodding,  finally  erect. 
Monotropa  lanuginosa.  MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  267. 
WOOLLY  HYPOPITYS.     Pine-sap.  False  Beech-drops. 

Whole  plant  tan-color,  and  of  a  musky  odor;  perennial?  Stems  4  to  6  (sometimes 
12  or  15)  inches  high,  growing  in  clusters,  smoothish  below :  scales  lance-ovate, 
crowded  and  imbricated  at  base,  more  distant  above,  becoming  bracts  to  the  pedi- 
cels, in  the  raceme  at  summit.  Racemes  1  or  2  to  6  inches  long,  at  first  recurved  or 
oircinnate,  erect  in  fruit ;  pedicels  1  line  to  an  inch  or  more  in  length ;  stamens 
mostly  8. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

249.  MOIVO'TROPA,  Gronov. 

[Gr.  monos,  one,  and  trepo,  to  turn;  the  flower  being  turned,  or  bent  on  one  side.] 
Calyx  none,  or  of  2  to  4  scale-like  bracts  a  little  distant  from  the 
corolla.  Petals  5,  fleshy,  erect,  narrowed  below,  with  a  nectarifer- 
ous pit  at  base.  Stamens  10 ;  anthers  short,  2-celled,  opening  by 
transverse  chinks.  Stigma  orbicular,  not  bearded.  Capsule  ovoid, 
5-angled,  5-celled. 

1.  M.  tin iilora,  L.  Plant  white,  smooth ;  flower  solitary,  ter- 
minal, nodding;  fruit  erect. 
ONE-FLOWERED  MONOTROPA.     Indian  Pipe. 

Whole  plant  white,  fleshy,  and  scentless;  perenniall  Stem  5  to  8  or  12  inches 
high,  often  growing  in  clusters ;  scales  lance-ovate.    Flower  large ;  petals  concave, 
spatulate-cuneate,  truncate,  gibbous  at  base.    Stigma  overtopping  the  stamens, 
concave. 
Bab.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent.    Fl.  June,  Fr.  Sept. 


AQUIFOLIACEAE  175 

I       ORDER  LV.    AQUIFOLIACEAE. 
or  shrubs;  leaves  (in  our  genera)  alternate ;  stipules  none ;  flowers  axillary, 

small,  of  4  to  6  parts,  often  pdygamodioicous ;  calyx  minute,  free  from  the  ovary  ; 
petals  nearly  distinct ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  attached  to  their  base; 
fruit  a  berry -like  drupe,  with  4  or  6  nutlets;  albumen  fleshy. 

250.  IXEX,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Holly  Oak;  applied  here.] 
Dioicously  polygamous:  Flowers  tetramcrous, — i.    e.    the  parts  in 
fours.     Petals   ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  connected   at  base. — 
Drupe  with  4  or  5  striate  or  grooved  nutlets.     Leaves  mostly  coria- 
ceous, evergreen,  and  spiny-toothed. 

1.  I.  op&ca,  Ait.  Leaves  oval,  the  margins  wavy  and  sharply 
spinose-dentate ;  flowers  scattered,  or  loosely  fasciculate,  along  the 
base  of  the  young  branches. 
OPAQUE  ILEX.     Holly.  American  Holly. 

Stem  15  to  30  feet  high;  branches  spreading.    Leaves  2  to  near  3  inches  long; 
petiole*  %  of  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  whitish  ochroleucous,  small ;  pedicels 
with  minute  bracts  at  base.    Berries  small,  roundish-ovoid,  red  when  mature,  per  - 
sis  tent. 
Hdb.  Woods ;  Brandywine ;  slaty  hills :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  becomes  a  handsome  little  tree  under  cultivation ;  but 
is  small,  and  scarce,  in  its  wild  state,  here.  The  European  Holly 
(/.  aquifolium,  L.)  is  a  more  showy  species, — with  the  leaves  and 
berries  of  which,  says  SirW.  J.  HOOKER,  "  our  houses  and  churches 
are  adorned  at  Christmas,  a  relic  probably  of  Druidism."  Dr. 
DARWIN  thus  notices  the  formidable  character  of  its  foliage,  in  his 
Botanic  Garden: — 

"  Four  of  the  giant  brood  with  ILEX  stand, 
Each  grasps  a  thousand  arrows  in  his  hand ; 
A  thousand  steely  points  on  every  scale 
Form  the  bright  terrors  of  his  bristly  mail." 

251.  PRriVOS,  L. 

[The  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Holly.] 

Dioicously  polygamous :  Flowers  hexamerous,  or  the  parts  mostly  in 
sixes.  Corolla  subrotate,  deeply  lobed.  Drupe  with  6  smooth  nut- 
lets. Leaves  mostly  deciduous,  serrate. 

1.  P.  verticill£tos,  L.  Leaves  oval  and  obovate,  acuminate; 
flowers  on   short  peduncles, — the  sterile  subumbellate,  the  fertile 
in  subsessile  clusters ;  berries  red. 
VERTICILLATE  PRINOS.     Black  Alder.  Winter-berry. 

Stem  6  to  8  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  about 
half  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  greenish  white, — the  sterile  umbels  pedunculate, 
the  fertile  clusters  smaller,  and  nearly  sessile;  pedicels  about  %  of  an  inch  in 
length.  Berries  globose,  in  small  axillary  clusters  (2  or  3,  often  1,  in  an  axil.) 
appearing  somewhat  verticillate,  bright  red  when  mature,  persistent. 
Hob.  Low,  swampy  grounds,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  An  evergreen  species,  with  black  fruit  (P.  glaber,  L.),  is 
common  !JQ  New  Jersey ;  but  has  not  been  found  in  Chester  County. 
This  genus  is  nearly  allied  to  Ilex, — and  Mr.  ELLIOTT  suggested  the 
propriety  of  uniting  them.  ENDLICHER  uses  nearly  the  same  words, 


176  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

in  describing  the  two, — and  DE  CANDOLLE  asks,  under  Prinos,  "an 
ab  llice  satis  differt?" — The  bark  of  the  species  here  described,  used 
in  decoction,  has  long  been  a  popular  remedy  for  ill-conditioned 
sores, — administered  both  externally  and  internally. 

ORDER  LVI.    EBENACEAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs;  leaves  mostly  alternate  and  entire,  without  stipules ;  flowers 
regular,  often  pdlygamo-dioicous ;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary  ;  stamens  twice,  to  four 
times,  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes ;  fruit  a  several-celled  berry;  seeds  1  in  each 
cell,  large  and  flat,  with  hard  albumen. 

252.  DIOS'PYROS,  L. 

[Gr.  Dis,dios,  Jupiter,  and  Pyros,  fruit;  a  rather  fanciful  name  for  such  fruit.] 
Dioicously  polygamous:  Calyx  4-  6-parted.  Corolla  urceolate,  4- 
6-lobed.  Stamens,  in  the  sterile  flowers,  usually  16, — in  the  fertile, 
8  imperfect  ones.  Berry  4-  to  8-celled,  large,  globular, — the  per- 
sistent calyx  mostly  adhering  to  its  base.  Flowers  axillary,  sub- 
sessile, — fertile  ones  solitary,  sterile  ones  mostly  in  threes, 

1.  D.  Vi  rt^i  n  i  alia ,  L.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtusely  acuminate ; 
parts  of  the  flower  chiefly  in  fours ;  corolla  subcoriaceous. 
VIRGINIAN  DIOSPYROS.     Persimmon.  Date  Plum. 

Stem  20  to  50  or  60  feet  high,  irregularly  hranched.    Leaves  2  or  3  to  5  inches 
long,  subcoriaceous ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  in  length*     Corotta 
jochroleucous,  obtusely  4-angled.    Berry  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  reddish-orange 
when  mature. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  streams:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  November. 

Obs.  The  fruit,  when  ripe,  is  sweet  and  luscious,  after  being  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  frost, — but  is  remarkably  harsh  and  astrin- 
gent, in  its  green  state.  The  bark  of  the  tree  is  astringent  and 
tonic.  The  well-known  hard  black  wood,  called  Ebony,  is  furnished 
by  D.  Ebenum,  and  some  other  species  of  this  genus. 

ORDER  LVII.   PLANTAGINACEAE. 

Chiefly  stemJess  herbs;  leaves  mostly  all  radical  and  rosulate,  strongly  ribbed; 
flowers  spiked,  on  naked  scapes,  regular, — the  parts  usually  in  fours;  calyx  free 
from  the  ovary;  corolla  membranaceous  and  dry;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla- 
tube,  alternate  with  its  lobes;  capsule  membranaceous,  circumscissed,  2-cclled; 
cells  1-  or  several-seeded ;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

253.  PL.AN TAVGO,  L. 

[The  Latin  name  of  the  Plantain ;  meaning  obscure.] 

Sepals  persistent,  slightly  connected  at  base,  the  margins  scarious. 
Corolla  tubular,  with  reflexed  lobes,  marcescent.  Stamens  4,  much 
exserted.  Flowers  whitish  or  ochroleucous,  small,  bracteate. 

t  Capsule  6-  S-seeded. 

1.  P.  major,  L.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  on  long  channelled  petioles ; 
scape  terete,  smooth ;  spike  long,  cylindric. 
GREATER  PLANTAGO.    Common,  or  Great  Plantain. 

Perennial.  Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  5-  to  7-ribbed,  with  an  elastic  filament 
ta  each  rib,  generally  smoothish  (sometimes  quite  hairy) ;  petiole  about  as  long  a« 
the  leaf.  Scapes  usually  several,  6  to  18  inches  high  (including  the  spike  of  flow- 


TLANTAGINACEAB  177 

ers,  which  varies  from  2  to  12  or  15  inches  in  length).  Brads  lanceolate,  keeled, 
appressed,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  twice  the  length  of  the  corolla. 
JIab.  Moist  grounds;  along  foot-paths,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.Aug. 
Obs.  A  naturalized  foreigner, — remarkable  for  accompanying 
civilized  man;  growing  along  his  footpaths,  and  flourishing  around 
his  settlements.  The  leaves  are  a  convenient  and  popular  dressing 
for  blisters,  and  other  sores ;  a  fact  which  seems  to  have  been  known 
in  the  time  of  SIIAKSPEARE, — as  we  may  learn  from  his  Romeo  and 
Juliet,  Act  1.  Sc.  2. 

"Rfm.  Your  Plantain  Ifnf  is  excellent  for  that. 
lien.    For  what,  I  pray  thee  ? 
Rom.  For  your  broken  shin.'' 

The  Plantain  leaf  continued  in  vogue,  for  that  purpose,  from  the 
Elizabethan  age  down  to  our  own  times, — when  a  substitute  vfus  fur- 
nished by  the  officious  Empirics  who  undertook  to  reform  and  regu- 
late our  national  Currency  ! 

f  f  Capsule  2- f  ceded. 

«£.  P.  lanceolata,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate ;  scape  snicate-angled,  long 
and  slender;  spike  short,  ovoid-cylindric,  dense-flowered. 
LANCEOLATE  PLANTAGO.     English  Plantain.  Buckhorn  Plantain. 

Perennial.  Leaves  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  about  5-ribbed,  hairy,  narrowed 
gradually  at  base  to  &  petiole  2  to  5  or  6  inches  in  length.  Scapes  several,  1  to  2 
feet  high ;  spike  of  flowers  1  to  2  inches  long, — at  first  ovoid-oblong,  finally  nearly 
cylindric.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate, — the  slender  point  finally  reflexed.  Calyx 
apparently  of  3  sepals, — two  being  united  into  one.  Stamens  several  times  longer 
than  the  corolla ;  anthers  greenish-white.  Xeeds  oblong,  convex  on  one  side,  con- 
cave on  the  other,  shining,  brown  or  amber-colored. 
JIab.  Pastures,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species,  also,  is  extensively  naturalized,— and  more 
abundant  than  welcome,  in  our  upland  meadows  and  pastures.  Al- 
though eaten  by  Stock,  generally,  it  is  much  disliked  by  the  farm- 
ers: yet,  I  apprehend,  it  will  be  found  a  very  difficult  plant  to  get 
rid  of,  where  once  fully  introduced. 

3.  P.  Virginica,  L.  Hoary  -pubescent;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
on  short  margined  petioles ;  spike  cylindric ;  flowers  rather  distant. 
VIRGINIAN  PLANTAGO. 

Anniutl  f  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  3-  to  5-ribbed ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length. 
Scajtes  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  very  hairy ;  Kptte  at  first  short,  finally  elongated  to 
2,  3,  or  4  inches.  Bracts  lanceolate,  about  a«  long  as  the  calyx.  Corolla  yellowish, — 
in  fruit  the  lobes  involute,  converging  into  a  sort  of  beak.  Stamens  rather  longer 
than  the  corolla;  anthers  mostly  large.  Capsule  ovoid. 
JIab.  Sterile,  stony  old  fields :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  August. 

ORDER  LVIII.    PRIMULACEAE. 

Htrbt;  Itavet  simple,  often  verticillntc.  or  opposite,  without  stiputeg;  flowers  regu  - 
lar,  perfect;  culyx  mostly  free  from  the  imtry;  stamens  as  many  as  thefofe*  of  the 
corolla,  and  inserted  opposite  them  on  the  tube;  capsule  1-celled,  opening  by 
talves,  or  circumscissed ;  seals  several,  with  fleshy  albumen. 

TRIBE  J.    PRIMULFAE. 

Capsule  opening  by  taleet;  tienu  leafy  ;  corolla  rotat*. 


178  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

254.  TRIElVTAi;iS,  L. 

[Latin,  Triens,  the  third  of  a  foot;  referring  to  the  height  of  the  plant.] 
Calyx  mostly  7-parted;  segments  lance-linear.  Corolla  mostly  7- 
parted.  Filaments  united  in  a  ring  at  base ;  anthers  oblong,  revo- 
lute  after  flowering.  Capsule  few-seeded.  Low,  smooth  perennials : 
stem  simple,  very  slender ;  leaves  collected  at  summit ;  peduncles  ax- 
illary, few  and  filiform. 

1.  T.  Amcricsiiici,  Pursh.  Leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each 
end,  subverticillately  aggregated;  corolla-lobes  acuminate. 
AMERICAN  TRIENTALIS.     Chickweed  Wintergreen. 

Stem  4  to  8  inches  high.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  mostly  acuminate  (sometimes 
obtuse  and  emarginate  at  apex),  subsessile,  aggregated  in  a  terminal  whorl,  with 
2' or  3  small  straggling  ones  on  the  stem.    Peduncles  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half 
in.  length;  powers  white. 
Nab.  Shaded  rivulets,  on  slaty  hills :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

255.  L,YSOIAVCIIIA,  L. 

[Gr.  Lysis  Mache,  literally  loose  strife;  application  obscure.] 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  5-parted.     Filaments  often  united  in  a 
ring  at  base.     Capsule  globose,  mucronate,  5-  to  10-valved,  few-  or 
many-seeded.     Perennials :  leaves  entire ;  flowers  racemose,  or  axil- 
lary, mostly  yellow,  often  streaked  with  purple. 

g  1.  Leaves  opposite,  or  verticillate,  subsessile,  dotted ;  filaments  forming  a  ring  at 
base,  without  interposed  sterile  ones. 

1.  Li.  stricta,  Ait,   Smooth;  leaves   opposite,  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end ;  flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme. 
UPRIGHT  LYSIMACHIA. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  4-angled,  with  a  few  axillary  branches.    Leaves 
about  3  inches  long,  marked  with  oblong  blackish  dots,  often  bearing  bulbs  in  the 
axils.    .Raceme  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  pedicels  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  with 
each  a  lance-linear  bract  at  base. 
Hob.  Low,  swampy  grounds:  not  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

"2.  Li.  quadrif  olia,  L.  Somewhat  hairy ;   leaves  verticillate, 
ovate-lanceolate;  peduncles  long,  axillary  and  solitary. 
FOUR-LEAVED  LYSIMACHIA.     Loose-strife. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  marked  with  oblong 
dark  purple  dots,  in  verticils  of  3  to  6,  but  usually  in  fours  or  fives.    Peduncles 
long  and  slender,  but  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  fence-rows,  thickets,  &c.:  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

$  2.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  on  ciliate  petioles,  not  dotted;  filaments  with,  interposed 
sterile  rudiments. 

3.  It.  ciliiYtil,  L.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  subcordate  at 
base ;  peduncles  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs. 
CILIATE  LYSIMACHIA. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  square,  grooved,  with  a  few  axillary  branches.    Leaves  3 
to  6  inches  long;  ftctioles  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length,  conspicuously  cili- 
ate.   Flowers  somewhat  nodding ;  filaments  short,  with  intermediate  teeth  en  the 
ring ;  anthers  linear,  finally  recurved. 
Ifdb .  Borders  of  woods  ;  along  rivulets,  &c.:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 


PEIMULACEAE  179 

4,  L.  lanceolata,  Walt.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  nar- 
roAved  at  base  to  a  short  petiole;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary. 
L.  hybrida.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  125. 
LANCEOLATE  LYSIMACHIA. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  angular  and  grooved,  branching  from  the  axils.    Leaves 
2  to  3  inches  long,  mostly  opposite,  those  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  sometimes 
in  fours ;  petioles  %  to  ^  an  inch  in  length,  somewhat  margined  and  ciliate.    Pe- 
duncle* 1  to  2  inches  long. 
Hob.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  not  common.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  seems  very  much  like  a  hybrid,  as  MICHAUX  (or 
rather  RICHARD)  supposed;  and  presents  some  striking  varieties, 
with  long  sublinear  leaves. 

TRIBE  2.    ANAGALLID'EAE. 

Capsule  circumscissed,— the  top  falling  off  like  a  lid. 

256.  AN  AGAI/LIS,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Anagelao,  to  laugh ;  from  its  supposed  exhilarating  virtues.] 
C'lJifx   5-parted.     Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-parted;    lobes  broad. — 
Filaments  hirsute.     Capsule  globose,  many-seeded.     Mostly  procum- 
bent smooth  annuals:  leaves  chiefly  opposite;  peduncles  axillary, 
solitary. 

1.  A.  arvensis,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  sessile,  blackish-dotted  beneath, 
shorter  than  the  peduncles;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  crenulate  and 
srlandular-ciliate,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
FIELD  ANAGALLIS.     Red  Chickweed.  Scarlet  Pimpernel. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  branching  near  the  root,  acutely  4-angled,  or  slightly 
winged.    Leaves  about  %  of  an  inch  long.    Flowers  orange-red,  or  brick-dust 
color,  with  a  purplish  centre ;  filaments  purple, — the  hairs  (under  a  lens)  jointed, 
or  uioniliform. 
ll.ib.  Fields ;  roadsides,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.    Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  humble  foreigner  is  gradually  extending  itself  through 
our  country.  It  has  been  remarked,  in  Europe,  that  if  the  flowers 
are  expanded  in  the  morning,  the  day  will  prove  fine, — if  shut,  the 
contrary  ;  and  hence  it  has  been  named  the  "  Shepherd's  Weather* 
glass."  Popular  credulity  has  given  to  this  inert  little  herb  some 
notoriety,  as  a  medicine.  It  is  one  of  the  old  specifics  for  Hydropho- 
bia ;  and  so  late  as  the  year  1802,  grave  Senators  of  Pennsylvania 
requested  their  Speaker  to  present  the  thanks  of  the  Senate  to  an 
aged  German,  for  communicating  to  that  body  sundry  particulars 
about  the  plant,  and  its  virtues,  which  had  been  published  to  the 
world,  over  and  over  again — in  that  Farrago  of  Trumpery,  the 
Jfnteria  Medica  of  the  olden  lime — long  before  any  of  those  worthies 
were  born! 

TRIBE  3.    SAMOLEVAE. 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  capsule  opening  at  summit  by  valves  . 

257.  SADf'OLITS,  L. 

[From  the  island  of  Samos;  where  it  is  said  to  have  been  first  found.] 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  subcampanulate,  5-lobed,  with  a  sterile  fila- 
at  each  cleft.    Stamens  included,  inserted  on  the  short  tube  of 


180  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGEXS 

the  corolla.  Capsule  5-valved  at  summit,  many-seeded.  Smooth 
sub-agruatics :  leaves  alternate,  entire;  flowers  racemose,  white. 

1.  S.  floribundUS,  Kunth.   Leaves   obovate-oblong,    or  spatu- 

late ;  racemes  long,  loose,  paniculate ;  pedicels  bracteolate  near  the 

middle. 

S.  Valerandi.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  595. 

MANY-FLOWERED  SAMOLUS.     Water  Pimpernel. 

Perennial.  Stem  8  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  with  slender  spreading  brunches. — 
Leaves  half  an  inch  to  2  inches  long,  varying  from  obovate  to  spatulatc-oblong,  and 
rhombic-lanceolate,  slightly  fleshy  in  texture, — those  on  the  stem  and  branches 
sub-sessile,  the  radical  or  lower  ones  petiolate.  Flmvers  small,  in  slender  racemes 
(2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length)  terminating  the  branches ;  pedicels  %  an  inch  to  % 
in  length,  filiform,  with  a  minute  subulate  bractlet  above  the  middle. 
Jfab.  Wet,  low  grounds ;  Great  Valley:  rare.  FL  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  now  considered  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  S.  Vale- 
randi, of  Europe. 

ORDER  LIX.   LENTIBIJLAVCEAE. 

Small  aquatics,  or  marsh  herbs ;  leaves  mostly  radical,  often  much  dissected ;  calyx 
2-lipped,  free  from  the  ovary;  corolla  personate,  or  2-lipped,  spurred  at  base;  sta- 
mens 2 ;  anthers  1-celled ;  capsule  1-celled,  bursting  irregularly ;  seeds  numerous, 
•without  albumen. 

258.  1TTRICUL,AVRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Utriculus,  a  little  bottle;  from  the  bladdery  sacs  on  the  leaves.] 
Calyx-lips  nearly   equal,    entire.      Corolla   personate, — the  palate 
prominent;  upper  lip  erect.     Leaves   submersed,  or  floating,  often 
capillaceously  dissected,  and  bearing  little  air-vessels  ;  scapes  emerg- 
ing, ascending;  flowers  racemose. 

1.  I  .  VHlif ill-is,  L.  Stem  submersed;  leaves  decompound,  seg- 
ments capillaceous ;  bladders  numerous;  scape  many-flowered. 
U.  macrorhiza.  Le  Conte,  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  7. 
COMMON  UTRICULARIA.     Bladder-wort.  Hooded  Milfoil. 

Perennial.    Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  long,  leafy,  immersed  and  slightly  attached  by 
radicles  to  the  mud,  at  bottom.    Leave*  1  to  2  inches  long,  pinnately  decompound. 
teapes  5  to  10  inches  long;  fancer*  yellow,  with  brown  stripes  on  the  palate,  4  to  8 
or  10  in  a  raceme;  pc.dicf.l-s  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  bracteate  at  base. 
Jfab.  Pools,  and  sluggish  streams:  not  very  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  The  views  of  Major  LE  CONTE— that  the  multifid  append- 
ages to  the  stem  are  genuine  roots,  and  that  our  plant  is  specifically 
distinct  from  the  U.  vulgaris  of  Europe — do  not  appear  to  be 
adopted  by  later  writers. 

ORDER  LX.    OROBANCHAVCEAE. 

ffrsbis,  destitute  of  verdure  (n>ftt-para*itcg) ;  leurt*  and  bract*  mere  scales ;  JJmvers 
didynamous;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent;  corolla  ringent.  withering- 
persistent;  capsuJc.  1-celled,  2-valved;  valvei  each  bearing  1  or  2  phicentw;  seeds 
numerous,  with  transparent  albumen. 


OROBAXCHACEAE  181 

t  Flowers  monoicously  polygamous. 

259.  EPIPIIITGUS,  Nutt. 

[Gr.  Epi,  upon,  and  Phegos,  the  beech ;  because  it  grows  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.] 
Flowers  racemose  on  the  branches;  upper  ones  abortive,  with  a  com- 
pressed bilabiate  corolla,  long  filaments  and  style ;  lower  ones  fer- 
tile, the  corolla  rarely  opening,  but  pushed  off  by  the  growing 
ovary.  Calyx  5- toothed.  Capsule  obovoid,  obtuse,  or  truncate. 

1.  E.  Virgilliilll<l,   Bart.    Purplish  brown;  somewhat   pubes- 
cent in  lines ;  much  branched ;  flowers  rather  distant,  subsessile. 
E.  Americanus.  Nutt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  376. 
VIRGINIAN  EPIPHEGUS.     Beech-drops.  Caneer-root. 

Perennial  f  Boot  tuberous,  fleshy,  with  numerous  short  coarse  fibres  inter- 
mingled with  scales.  Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  angular,  striate,  with  nu- 
merous slender  branches.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  lance-ovate  scales ;  corolla  of  the 
abortive  ones  about  half  an  inch  long,  whitish,  with  purple  stripes, — of  the  fertile 
ones,  short,  not  opening,  apparently  circumscissed  below.  Stamens  of  the  abortive 
flowers  free, — of  the  fertile  ones  short,  the  anthers  cohering  with  the  stigma,  in  the 
apex  of  the  unexpanded  corolla. 
Hob.  Wood-lands,  under  Beech  trees :  frequent.  FL  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  singular  plant  is  remarkable  for  being  found  (like  VIR- 
GIL'S Shepherd)  "sub  tegmine  Fagi" — and  seems  to  be  confined  to 
the  roots,  or  immediate  vicinity,  of  Beech  trees.  MICHATJX  says  of 
its  habitat — "inradice  FAGI,  nee  aliae  plantae";  nor  have  I  ever 
seen  it  growing  elsewhere.  It  is  considerably  astringent, — and 
was  formerly  in  some  repute,  in  the  hands  of  cancer  Doctors,  and 
other  dealers  in  infallibles. 

f  f  Flowers  all  perfect. 
260.  COIVOPH'OMS,  Wallrotn. 

[Gr.  Konos,  a  Fir-cone,  and  Pholis,&  scale;  from  its  imbricated  scales.] 
Flowers  in   a   thick   scaly-bracted  spike :   Calyx  irregularly  5-cleft, 
with  2  bractlets   at  base.     Corolla  ventricose  below,  unequally  5- 
lobed,  and  ringent;  upper  lip  arched.     Stamens  exserted.      Capsule 
with  4  placentae,  which  are  approximated  in  pairs  on  each  valve. 

1.  C.  Americana,   Wallr.    Yellowish  brown;  smooth;  stem 
simple,  thick,  covered  with  ovate-lanceolate  imbricated  scales. 
Orobanche  Americana.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  376. 
AMERICAN  CONOPHOLIS.     Squaw-root. 

Perennial.    Stem  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length,  mostly  in  clusters,  thick  and 
fleshy,  bearing  a  thick  dense  spike  2  to  5  inches  long ;  flowers  subsessile,  in  the 
axils  of  lance-ovate  acuminate  bracts;  corolla  dirty  white,  or  pale  brown. 
Hub.  Rich  woodlands;  along  Brandy  wine:  not  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

261.  APIIYI/LOHr,  Mitchell. 

[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Phyllon,  a  leaf;  from  its  naked  stalks.] 
Flowers  solitary,  on  long  scape-like  peduncles:  Calyx  regularly  5- 
cleft,  without  bractlets.  Corolla  with  a  rather  long  curved  tube, 
somewhat  bilabiate, — the  upper  lip  deeply  bifid,  the  lobes  similar 
to  the  3  of  the  lower  lip.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  with  4  equi- 
distant placentae. 


182  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGEXS 

1.  A.  llllifluruni,  Torr.  4"  Gr.  Pale  tawny;  pubescent;  stem 
very  short,  rhizoma-like,  scaly;  scapes  1  to  3,  slender,  naked. 
Orobanche  uniflora.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  377. 
ONE-FLOWERED  APHYLLON.     Naked  Broom-rape. 

Perennial?  Stem  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  often  branched,  or  sev- 
eral from  the  same  root,  covered  -with  a  few  oblong  scales.  Peduncles  scape-like,  2 
to  4  or  5  inches  high,  mostly  2  or  3  on  each  short  stem.  Corolla  yellowish  white, 
veined,  tinged  with  purple;  palate  with  2  yellow  ridges,  and  corresponding  grooves 
beneath. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

ORDER  LXI.    BIGNONIA^CEAE. 

Woody,  or  sometimes  herbaceous  plants;  haves  mostly  opposite;  stipules  none; 
flowers  didynamous  (sometimes  diandrous,  by  abortion) ;  calyx  2-lipped,  or  5-cleft; 
corolla  subcampanulate,  unequally  5-lobed,  deciduous;  ovary  free,  2-celled  by  the 
projection  of  the  placentae;  capsule  coriaceous,  or  woody,  2-valved,  many-seeded; 
seeds  large,  flat,  often  winged,  destitute  of  albumen. 

SUBORDER  I.    BIGNONIEVAE. 

Capsule  coriaceous,  dehiscent;  seeds  winged.    Trees,  or  woody  vims. 

262.  CATAI/PA,  Scop. 

[A  name  said  to  have  been  derived  from  our  Southern  Indians.] 
Calyx  deeply  2-lipped.     Corolla  somewhat  ventricose,  sub-bilabiate. 
Stamens  mostly  2  perfect,  and  3  abortive.     Capsule  very  long  and 
slender,  nearly  cylindrical,  2-celled, — the  partition  contrary  to  the 
valves.     Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  winged  and  fringed  at 
each  end.     Trees :  flowers  in  terminal  panicles. 
1.  C.  bignonioldes,  Walt.  Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  entire,  petio- 
late;  panicles  pyramidal. 

C.  cordifolia.  Duham.  #  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  363. 
BIGNONIA-LIKE  CATALPA.     Catawba.  Bean  tree. 

Stem  15  to  25  feet  high,  with  irregular  spreading  branches.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8 
inches  in  length,  and  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  opposite  or  ternate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  petioles  2  to  6  inches  long.  Panicles  trichotomously  branched,  rather  large ; 
corolla  whitish,  tinged  with  violet-purple,  the  throat  spotted  with  purple  and  yel- 
low. Capsule  6  to  12  inches  in  length,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  pendu- 
lous and  persistent. 
Hob.  Roadsides;  about  houses,  &c.:  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs..  This  tree  is  showy  and  handsome,  when  in  flower,— and  has 
become  naturalized  in  several  localities  ;  though  I  think  it  is  clearly 
not  indigenous,  here, — but  was  probably  introduced  from  the  South, 
as  an  ornamental  shade-tree. 

SUBORDER  II.    SESAMEVAE. 

Capsule  sometimes  fleshy  and  finally  woody,  or  of  a  drupaceous  structure,  imper- 
fectly dehiscent,  somewhat  4-celled;  seeds  not  winged.  Herbs;  upper  leaves  often 
alternate. 

263.  MARTYIV'IA,  /,. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Martyn,  Prof,  of  Botany  at  Cambridge,  England.] 
Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  base.     Corolla  irregular,  cam- 
panulate,  gibbous  at  base.     Stamens  mostly  4,  didynamous.     Cap- 


BIGNONIACEAE  183 

sule  woody,  with  a  fleshy  or  coriaceous  deciduous  con t,  ovoid-oblong, 
with  a  long  beak  which  splits  into  2  hooked  claw-like  horns;  seeds 
covered  with  a  spongy  coat,  finally  tuberculate-rugose. 
1.  M.  PROBOSCID'EA,  Gloxin.  Viscid-pubescent;    leaves  orbicular- 
cordate,  entire,  petiolate;  beak  longer  than  the  capsule. 
LONG-BEAKED  MARTYXIA.     Unicorn  Plant. 

Plant  pale  green,  fetid,  annual.  Stem  leaning  or  sem {procumbent,  1  to  2  feet 
long,  branching,  fistular.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long;  petioles 2  to  6  inches  in  length. 
Flowers  axillary,  large ;  peduncles  1  to  3  inches  long;  corolla  ochroleucous,  with 
orange-colored  and  brownish  spots  within.  Capsule  2  to  3  inches  long,  somewhat 
sulcate  in  front,  with  a  bipartible  crest  along  the  suture  in  the  broad  shallow 
groove,  tapering  to  a  beak  which  is  2  to  4  inches  long,  finally  *plit,  and  rigidly  in- 
curved. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.  Nat.  of  the  S.  Western  States.  Fl.  July.  FT.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  cultivated  for  its  singular  fruit,— which,  in 
its  young  state — before  it  becomes  hard  and  woody — is  used  for 
making  pickles. 

ORDER  LXIL    ACANTHA^CEAE. 

Chiefly  Tierbs;  leaves  opposite,  pimple,  without  stipules ;  flowers  diandrous,  or  di- 
dynamous;  corolla  irregularly  5-lobed,  more  or  less  bilabiate,  the  lobes  convolute 
in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  capsule  2-celled,  loculi- 
cidal,  few-seeded ;  seeds  without  albumen. 

264.  DIANTTIIITRA,  Gronov. 

[Gr.  dis,  double,  and  anthera;  the  separated  cells  appearing  like  2  anthers.] 
Calyx  5-parted,  with  2  or  3  bractlets  at  base.  Corolla  deeply  bila- 
biate; upper  lip  erect,  notched, — lower  Up  3- parted,  spreading. — 
Stamens  2 ;  anther-cells  separated,  not  opposite  each  other.  Capsule 
compressed,  tapering  to  a  short  stipe  at  base,  4-seeded.  Perennial 
subaquatics :  flowers  in  axillary  pedunculate  heads,  or  short  spikes. 

1.   I>.   Americana,  L.    Glabrous;    leaves  linear-lanceolate  j 
spikes  oblong,  dense-flowered,  on  long  peduncles. 
Justiciapedunculosa.  MX.  §  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  591. 
AMERICAN  DIANTHERA. 

Rtem  about  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched  from  the 
axils.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole.    Spikes  %  to 
%  of  an  inch  long,  on  slender  peduncles  1  to  4  inches  in  length;  corolla  pale  violet- 
purple.    Capsule  about  half  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Margins  of  streams ;  Schuylkill :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  LXIII.    SCROPHULARIA^CEAE. 

Chiefly  herbs;  leaves  alternate,  opposite,  or  verticillate,  without  stipules ;  flowers 
pentandrous,  didynamous,  or  diandrous;  corolla  irregularly  5-lobed,  subrotate, 
personate,  or  bilabiate, — the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  inserted  on  the 
tube  of  the  corolla;  capsule  2-celled,  mostly  2-valved,  usually  many-seeded;  pla- 
centae  united  in  the  axis ;  embryo  small,  in  copious  albumen. 

This  Order  comprises  nearly  150  genera,^affording  many  curious  and  rather 
handsome  powers — some  troublesome  weeds — and  a  few  plants  of  considerable  me- 
dicinal power,  especially  the  purple  Ibxglove  (Digitalis  purpurea,  L.).  The  Fau- 
lotvnia  imperialis,  of  SIEBOLD  and  ZUCCARJNI — recently  introduced  from  Japan,  as 


184  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGEXS 

an  ornamental  sliade-tree — belongs  here;  though  its  general  habit, or  aspect,  would 
lead  one  to  look  feu  it  beside  the  Catalpa.  It  is  scarcely,  yet,  entitled  to  a  place  in 
our  Flora. 

SUBORDER  I.    ANTIRRHINID'EAE. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  outermost,  covering  the  lobes  of  the  lower,  in  the  bud; 
capsule  usually  septicidal. 

f  Corolla  subrotate  ;  leaves  all  alternate. 

265.  VERB AS'CIIM,  L. 

[Quasi  Barbascum:  Latin,  Burba,  beai-d;  from  its  bearded,  or  woolly  habit.] 
Calyx  5-parted.      Corolla  nearly  equally   5-lobed,  concave-spread- 
ing.    Stamens  5,  declined;  filaments  unequal,  all   (or   the   3    upper 
ones)   hairy.     Capsule   ovoid,    or   globose;    seeds  rugose- pitted. — 
Chiefly  biennials :  flowers  in  dense  spikes,  or  paniculate  racemes. 

1.  V.  Thdpsus.,  L.  Densely   hoary-tomentose ;    stem  stout,  simple; 
leaves  lance-oval,  entire,  the  cauline  ones  decurrent;  flowers  in  a 
thick  dense  terminal  spike;  2  lower  filaments  smooth. 

THAPSUS  VERBASCUM.     Common  Mullein. 

Plant  pale  greyish-green ;  pubescence  much  branched.    Stem  3  to  6  feet  high. — 
Radical  leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  entire,  subsessile;  stem-leares  smaller.    Spike  6 
to  12 or  15  inches  long,  cylindric,  about  an  inch  in  diameter;  flowers  subsessile, 
bracteate,  bright  yellow. 
Hab.  Neglected  fields ;  roadsides,  &c.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  (common  throughout  Europe,  though  named 
as  if  originating  in  the  isle  of  Thapws,)  is  abundantly  naturalized 
in  all  our  older  settlements  ;  and  its  prevalence  is  one  of  the  certain 
signs  of  a  negligent  slovenly  farmer.  The  plant  seems  apt  to  hy- 
bridize,— or,  at  least,  subject  to  some  remarkable  varieties;  as  I 
have  occasionally  found  it  with  the  spike  less  dense,  the  bracts 
larger,  the  stem-leaves  ovate  and  acuminate,  with  one  or  more 
pedunculate  flowers  in  the  axil  of  nearly  every  leaf:  possibly  a  cross- 
breed from  V.  Lychnitis,  L.  which  is  frequent  around  Philadelphia. 

2.  V.  Blattaria,  L.  Smoothish   and   green;  stem   rather   slender, 
often  branched;  leaves  oblong,  serrate,  not  decurrent;  flowers  ra- 
cemose ;  filaments  all  hairy. 

MOTH  VERBASCUM.     Moth  Mullein. 

Biennial?  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  angular.  Learns  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,— the 
loioer  ones  petiolate,  often  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  clasping. 
Kacune  6  to  18  inches  long,  leafy  or  bracteate,  glandular-pubescent;  pedicels  %  an. 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length ;  flowers  greenish-white  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  or  bright 
yellow. 
Hjb.  Pastures;  road  sides,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  variety  with  whitish,  purple-tinged  flowers,  has  become  a 
common  weed  in  Chester  County ;  the  other  is  more  rare.  It  ap- 
pears, by  the  Bartram  Correspondence,  that  about  the  year  1735, 
PETER  COLLINSON  sent  the  seeds  of  the  "  Yellow  Moth  Mullein"  to 
JOHN  BARTRAM,  as  a  curiosity — among  many  others;  and  that  is  no 
doubt  the  way  the  yellow  variety  came  to  be  so  common  around 
Philadelphia.  This  species  was  named  under  the  notion  (which 
requires  confirmation,)  that  it  possessed  the  virtue  of  expelling 
Moths  from  among  clothing. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE  185 

ft  Corolla  personate,  with  a  spur,  or  sac,  at  base;  capsule  opening  ly  chinks,  or 


266.  UL\AVRIA,  Tournef. 
[Latin,  Linum,  flax;  from  a  resemblance,  in  some  species.] 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  with  a  prominent  palate  closing  the  throat  ; 
upper  lip  bifid,  the  lobes  folded  back.     Stamens  4,  didynamous,  with 
a  minute  rudiment  of  a  fifth.     Capsule  ovoid,  or  globose,  thin,  open- 
ing by  1  or  2  chinks,  and  by  several  teeth  at  apex  ;  seeds  often  mar- 
gined.    Leaves  mostly  alternate  ;  Jloieers  racemose. 
1.  L.  vulgaris,  Mill.  Smooth   and  glaucous;  stem   erect,  slender, 
often  simple;  leaves,  lance-linear,  acute,  numerous;  raceme  termi- 
nal, crowded;  corolla  spurred  at  base. 
COMMON  LINARIA.     Toad-flax.  Ranstead-weed.   Butter-and-eggs. 

Perennial.  Root  creeping,  subligneous.  Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  terete,  leafy, 
sometimes  branched,  especially  near  the  summit,  usually  growing  in  bunches  or 
small  patches.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long.  Flowers  in  a  bracteate  raceme  termi- 
nating the  stem,  and  branches;  corolla  pale  greenish-yellow,  —  the  palate  bright 
orange-color;  throat  villous;  spur  subulate,  about  half  an  inch  long.  Capsule 
ovoid-oblong;  seeds  with  a  dilate!  orbicular  margin. 
Hub.  Pastures;  fence-rows,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Europe.  .FZ.June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  showy,  but  worthless,  and  prevalent  weed,  is  said  to 
have  been  sent  from  Wales,  as  a  garden  flower,  to  a  Mr.  Ranstead, 
of  Philadelphia.  JOHN  BARTRAM,  writing  of  the  troublesome  plants, 
in  Pennsylvania,  near  a  century  since,  says  —  "The  most  mischiev- 
ous of  these,  is  the  stinking  yellow  Linaria.  It  is  the  most  hurtful 
plant  to  our  pastures  that  can  grow  in  our  northern  climate.  Neith- 
er the  spade,  plough,  nor  hoe,  can  eradicate  it,  when  it  is  spread  in 
a  pasture.  Every  little  fibre  that  is  left,  will  soon  increase  prodigi- 
ously; nay,  some  people  have  rolled  great  heaps  of  logs  upon  it, 
and  burnt  them  to  ashes,  whereby  the  earth  was  burnt  half  a  foot 
deep,  yet  it  put  up  again,  as  fresh  as  ever,  covering  the  ground  so 
close  as  not  to  let  any  grass  grow  amongst  it;  and  -the  cattle  can't 
abide  it,"  This  is  rather  stronger  testimony  than  I  am  prepared  to 
bear  against  the  plant  ;  but  it  is  certainly  a  monopolizing  and  most 
unwelcome  intruder,  on  our  farms,  —  and  requires  persevering  efforts 
to  get  rid  of  it.  Specimens  of  that  remarkable  form  of  the  flower, 
known  by  the  name  of  Peloria  —  with  a  regular  5-lobed  corolla,  5 
spurs,  and  5  perfect  stamens  —  are  occasionally  to  be  met  with.  — 
They  are  frequently,  if  not  always,  late  flowers,  —  situated  at  the 
summit  of  the  raceme  of  full-grown  capsules,  and  apparently  the 
latest  floral  developments  of  the  plant.  Sometimes  these  Pelorias 
are  tetranierous  ;  i.  e.  the  corolla  is  4-lobed,  with  4  spurs,  and  4 
stamens.  Altogether,  the  phenomenon  is  an  interesting  illustration 
of  the  curious  metamorphoses  to  which  the  organs  of  plants  are  sub- 
ject. 

•f-  f  f  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate,  witliout  spur  or  sac  at  base  ;  capsule  2-  to  -i-valwd. 
*  Stamens  i  perfect,  mostly  wiUi  a  conspicuous  riulimtnt  of  a  fifth. 


SCROPHUXA^RIA,  Tournef. 

[So  named  from  its  supposed  virtue  in  curing  ficrujj/nila.'] 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla-tube   globular-ventricose  ;  border  irregu- 


186  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

larly  bilabiate,  —  the  upper  lip  longer,  2-lobed,  —  lower  lip  3-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  reflexed.  Stamens  didynamous,  with  a  scale-like  ru- 
diment of  a  fifth  at  the  base  of  the  upper  lip.  Capsule  ovoid,  acute  ; 
seeds  ovoid,  rugose.  Leaves  mostly  opposite;  flowers  cymose,  in  a 
contracted  oblong  terminal  panicle. 

1.  S.  11O«1  v*Sfcl,  L.  Smoothish;  stem  square,  tall,  branched  above; 

leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  incised-serrate,  rounded  at  base. 

S.  Marilandica.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  370. 

NODOSE  SCROPHULARIA.     Fig-wort.  Carpenter's  Square. 

Perennial.  Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  with  a  slight  wing  or  ridge  on  the  angles, 
by  the  decurrence  of  the  petioles.  Leives  3  to  5  inches  long,  the  upper  ones  lance- 
olate; petioles  %  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.  Panicle  9  to  18  inches  long  (those 
terminating  the  branches  shorter),  sprinkled  with  glandular  or  capitate  hairs; 
corolla  dull  purplish-brown  tinged  with  green,  contracted  at  throat;  stamens  con- 
spicuous in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  —  the  abortive  one  a  green  spatulate  scale. 
Hob.  Woods;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  now  regarded  as  not  sufficiently  distinct  from  the  S, 
nodosa,  of  Europe. 

268.  CHELOWE,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Chelone,  a  Tortoise;  the  flower  resembling  the  head  of  that  animal.] 

Calyx  of  5  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  —  the  upper 
lip  broad  and  arched,  emarginate,  —  lower  lip  villous  within,  3-lobed 
at  apex.  Stamens  didynamous,  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament  shorter 
than  the  others  ;  filaments  woolly  ;  anthers  cordate,  very  woolly.  — 
Capsule  ovoid;  seeds  membranaceously  margined.  Smooth  perenni- 
als: leaves  opposite;  flowers  imbricated  in  crowded  bracteate 
spikes. 

1.  C.  glftlfora,  L.  Leaves   oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  subcoria- 

ceous,  on  very  short  petioles. 

GLABROUS  CHELONE.     Shell-flower.  Tortoise-head.  Snake-head. 

Stf.m  2  to  3  feet  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  simple  or  sparingly  branched.    Leaves 
2  to  4  or  5  inches  long.    Spikes  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  thick  and  crowded  ; 
bracts  ovate-oblong  ;  flowers  white;  sterile-  filament  smooth  at  summit. 
Hdb.  Along  swampy  rivulets:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 


269. 

[Gr.  Pente,  five,  and  Stemon,  a  stamen;  from  the  fifth  abortive  stamen.] 
Calyx  of  5  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  inflated-tubular,  con- 
tracted below;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  loiocr  lip  8-cleft.  Stam  ens  didyna- 
mous, smooth,  declined  at  base,  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament  usually 
as  long  as  the  others,  and  the  upper  half  often  bearded  on  one  side, 
Capsule  ovoid,  acute  ;  seeds  angular-ovoid,  not  margined.  2'erenni- 
als  :  leaves  opposite  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  thyrsoid  panicle. 

1.  IP.  putltSCens,  Soland.  More  or  less  hairy;  radical  leaves 
ovate-oblong,  petiolate  ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  clasping. 
PUBESCENT  PENTSTEMON. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  erect  or  decumbent,  nearly  simple,  or  branching  from 
the  base.  Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  tapering  to  the  apex,  but  rather  obtuse, 
serrulate,  or  nearly  entire.  Panicle  di-  or  tri-chotomous,  viscid-pubescent;  corolla 
about  an  inch  long,  palish  violet-purple,  pubescent,—  the  tube  contracted  below, 


SCROPHULARIACEAE  187 

inflated  above;  sterile  filament  longer  than  the  others,  densely  bearded  on  the  up- 

per  side  from  the  apex  more  than  half  way  to  the  base. 

JEIab.  Hills,  along  Schuylkill  :  not  common.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  P.  laevigatus,  of  SOLANDER,  is  now  regarded  as  a  variety 
of  this;  though,  as  I  have  been  accustomed  to  see  it,  in  gardens, 
it  appears  to  be  pretty  distinct,  —  and  every  way  a  much  finer 
plant. 

*  *  Stamens  4  perfect,  and  no  rudiment  of  a  fifth. 


270.  MIM'iriJJS,  L. 

[Or.  Mimo,  an  Ape;  in  allusion  to  its  grinning  flowers.] 
Calyx  tubular,  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular, 
somewhat  personate;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  reflexed  at  the  sides,  —  lower 
lip  3-lobed,  with  the  palate  prominent.  Stamens  didynamous,  in- 
cluded. Stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  lance-ovoid  ;  seeds  acute  at  each 
end.  Mostly  smooth  perennials:  stem  square;  leaves  opposite; 
flowers  on  axillary  solitary  peduncles.  A  species  from  Oregon  (M. 
moschatus,  Dougl.)  is  remarkable  for  exhaling  a  strong  odor  of 
musk. 

1.  M.  ringens,  L,  Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate;  peduncle  longer 
than  the  flower;  calyx-teeth  lance-ovate,  acuminate. 

GRINNING  MIMULUS.     Monkey-flower. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  somewhat  branched.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long. 
sharply  serrate,  somewhat  clasping.    Peduncles  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in 
length.    Calyx-tube  about  half  an  inch  long.    Corolla  pale  violet-purple.  —  the  tube 
%  to  yA  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Hub.  Moist,  low  grounds:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Septem. 

2.  M.   alatus,  Ait.  Leaves  petiolate,    oblong-ovate;  peduncle 
shorter  than  the  flower  ;  calyx-teeth  rounded,  mucronate. 
WINGED  MIMULUS. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  slightly  winged  on  the  angles,  sparingly  branched.— 
Leaves  2  or  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  somewhat  obtusely  sinuate-serrate,  or  dentate, 
thin,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiols,  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Peduncles  %  to 
half  an  inch  long.     Corolla,  pale  violet>purple. 
Hob.  Low  grounds  ;  along  rivulets  :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

*  *  *  Stamens  only  2  perfect,  posterior,  included;  often  with  rudiments  of  otliers. 

271.  GRATTOL-A,  L. 

[Latin,  Gratia,  grace,  or  favor;  from  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.] 
Calyx  5-parted;  segments  narrow,  nearly  equal;  mostly  2  bractlets 
at  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Corolla  tubular,  sub-bilabiate.  Sterile 
filaments  anterior,  simple,  sometimes  wholly  wanting.  Capwle  4- 
valved,  many-seeded.  Leaves  opposite  ;  peduncles  axillary,  1  -flow- 
ered. 

1.  O.  Yirginlana,  L.  Stem  terete;  leaves  lance-oblong,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  sessile;  sterile  filaments  wanting. 
VIRGINIAN  GRATIOLA.     Hedge  Hyssop.        / 

Annual  f    Stem  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  decumbent  or  oblique,  branching  from 
the  base.    Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long,  varying  from  lance-oblong  to 


188  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

epatulate,  often  nearly  entire,  somewhat  clasping.    Peduncles  %  an  inch  to  an 

inch  long;  corolla  pale  yellow,  with  tinges  of  red. 

JIab.  Miry  places;  along  rivulets :  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr,  July. 

212.  IL.YSA1VTII1ES,  Rafin. 

[Gr.  Ilys,  mire,  and  anthos,  a  flower;  from,  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 
Calyx  nearly  equally  5-parted,  naked  at  base.  Corolla  tu- 
bular, bi-labiate ;  upper  lip  short,  erect,  2-lobed.  Sterile  filaments 
anterior,  forked, — one  branch  obtuse  and  glandular,  the  other 
acute,  short  and  tooth-like.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  2-valved? — 
Smooth  annuals :  leaves  opposite ;  peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered. 

1.  I.  gratiololdes,  Benth.  Stem  square;  leaves  ovate  and  ob- 
ovate,  narrowed  at  base,  the  upper  ones  partly  clasping. 
Lindernia  attenuata.  Muhl.  $  FL  Ccs-tr.  ed.  2.  p.  364. 
GRATIOLA-LIKE  ILYSANTHES.     False  Pimpernel. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  erect,  or  decumbent  and  radicating  at  the  lower 
nodes,  often  diffusely  branching.  Leaves  ]/z  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  the  lower 
ones  obovate,  or  spatulatc,  nearly  entire,  narrowed  almost  to  a  petiole  at  base. — 
Peduncles  shorter  (or  the  upper  and  later  ones  often  longer)  than  the  leaves,  4- 
angled ;  corolla  pale  bluish-purple,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
HaJb.  Low,  swampy  grounds :  not  very  common.  FL.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

SUBORDER  II.    RHINANTHID'EAE. 

Lateral  lobes  of  the  corolla,  or  one  of  them  (never  the  upper  lip),  outermost  in  the 
bud;  capsule  mostly  loculicidal. 

a.  Corolla  with  the  lobes  spreading  and  flat. 

273.  VERONICA. 

[Etymology  obscure;  perhaps  the  flower  of  St.  Veronica."] 
Calyx  5-  or  4-parted.  Corolla  tubular  with  a  spreading  border,  or 
sub-rotate,  unequally  4-lobed, — the  lateral  lobes,  or  the  lower  one, 
usually  narrower.  Stamens  2,  one  on  each  side  of  the  upper  or  pos- 
terior corolla-lobe,  exserted ;  anther-cells  confluent  at  apex.  Capsule 
ovoid,  or  obcordate  and  compressed  at  apex,  2-celled,  many-  or  few- 
seeded. 

§  1.  PERENNIAL,    f  Leaves  verticillate. ;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spttes ;  corolla-tube 
longer  than  the  calyx ;  capsule  ovoid. 

1.  V.  Virgintca,  L.  Stem   tall   and  straight;  leaves  on  short 

petioles,  lanceolate,  serrate;  spikes  long,  panicled  or  aggregated; 

stamens  much  exserted. 

Leptandra  Virginica.  Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  6. 

VIRGINIAN  VERONICA.     Tall  Speedwell. 

Stem  2  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  simple,  obtusely  angled.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  point,  glaucous  beneath,  and  hairy  along  the  nerves, — usually 
in  verticils  of  4  or  5, — occasionally  6,  and  sometimes  only  3.  Spikes  3  to  6  inches 
long,  on  peduncles  2  to  3  inches  in  length ;  flowers  white,  subsessile ;  bracts  small, 
acuminate. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  borders  of  woods :  frequent.  FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  now  referred  back  to  Veronica,  by  the  high 
authority  of  BENTIIAM,  DE  CANDOLLE,  and  A.  GRAY;  though  it 
seems  to  me,  that  many  genera  are  permitted  to  stand  on  quite  as 
blender  a  foundation  as  Mr.  NUTTALL'S  Leptandra. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE  189 

tf  Leaves  opposite;  corolla  rotate;  capsule  mostly  obcordate. 
*  Flowers  in  opposite  axillary  racemes. 

2.  V.  Anagftllis,  L,  Stem  erect,  rooting  near  the  base ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  denticulate,  sessile  and  clasping. 

Water  Speedwell. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  simple,  rather  coarse  and  fleshy,  somewhat  roughish- 
pubesrent,  with  verticils  of  slender  radicle*  from  the  lower  nodes.  Leaves  2  to  3 
inches  long.  Racemes  2  to  4  inches  long,  on  stout  succulent  peduncles  1  to  2  inches 
in  length;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  corolla  pale  blue  with 
purple  stripes ;  capsule  tumid. 
Hub.  Brooks,  and  ditches:  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  August. 

3.  V.  Americ&na,  Schweinitz.  Stem  decumbent  at  base ;  leaves 
lance-ovate,  or  oblong,  serrate,  on  short  petioles. 

V.  Beccabunga.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  4. 
AJIERICAN  VERONICA.     Brooklime. 

"Whole  plant  glabrous.    Stem  9  to  15  inches  long,  simple,  radicating  from  the 
lower  nodes.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  rather  acute,  of Urn  subcordate  at  base ; 
jx-tioles  1  line  to  ]/2  an  inch  in  length.    Ifacemcs  2  to  4  inches  long,  on  peduncles 
about  an  inch  in  length ;  corolla  bright  blue. 
Hal).  Muddy  springs,  and  rivulets:  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Allied  to    F.  Beccalunga,  of  Europe;  but  probably  suffi- 
ciently distinct. 

*  *  Flowers  in  alternate  arittary  racemes. 

4.  V.  SClltell&ta,  L.  Stem   ascending,   slender;  leaves  lance- 
linear,  acute,  denticulate,  subsessile ;  racemes  slender,  loosely  few- 
flowered. 

SHIELD-LIKE  VERONICA.     Scull-cap  Speedwell. 

Plant  smooth.    Stem  8  to  15  inches  long,  often  branched.    Leave*  2  to  3  inches 
long,  narrow,  sometimes  nearly  entire.    Racemes  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  flaccid, 
on  pelunde*  1  to  2  inches  in  length;  pedicels  filiform;  corolla,  purplish- blue,  or 
flesh-colored. 
JIab.  Low,  swampy  grounds:  not  common.     FL  June.  Fr.  July. 

5.  F.    cffficinitlis,   L     Stem  prostrate;  leaves   ovate   and   cnneate- 
obovate,  serrate,  oil   short  petioles;    racemes  assurgent,    densely 
many-flowered. 

OFFICINAL  VERONICA.     Common,  or  Male  Speedwell. 

Plant  hairy.    Stem  (5  to  12  inches  long,  diffuse,  with  ascending  branches.    Leaves 
%  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long,  pale  green,  or  somewhat  hoary.    Racemes 
2  to  4  inches  in  length,  on  peduncles  about  an  inch  long:  flowers  nearly  sessile; 
arrolla  pale  blue,  with  darker  veins;  ctipsule  pubescent,  yellowish. 
Hub.  Dry  banks;  open  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  species  is  supposed  to  be  indigenous  on  the  Southern 
Mountains ;  but  I  think  our  plant  has  been  introduced  from  Europe. 

*  *  *  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, — t)u.  lower  bracts  retemUiHg  the  stem-leares. 

6.  F.  serpifllifblia,  L.  Smooth:  stem  prostrate  nt  base:  branches 
ascending;  leaves  roundish-ovate;  racemes  conspicuously  bracteate. 
THYMK-LHAVKD  VERONICA.     Paul's  Betony. 

,y/-.?H  o  to  C  or  8  inches  long  (including  the  raceme),  radicating  at  the  prostrate 


190  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

diffusely  branching  base.    Leaves  %  to  half  an  inch  long,  somewhat  fleshy  in  tex- 
ture, —  the  lower  ones  on  short  petioles.    Raceme  erect,  rather  loose  ;  flowers  solitary, 
in  the  axils  of  elliptic  leaf-like  bracts;  corolla  pale  blue  (sometimes  nearly  white), 
with  deeper  blue  stripes;  capsule  broadly  obcordate,  ciliate. 
Hab.  Moist,  grassy  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

g  2.  ANNUALS  :  lower  leaves  opposite,  upper  alternate. 
f  Flowers  subsessile,  in  the  axils  of  leaf  -like,  bracts. 

T.  T'.  peregrina,  L.  Smooth  ;  stem  erect  ;  leaves  orate,  and  obleag, 
rather  obtuse,  dentate-serrate;  capsule  orbicular,  slightly  notched. 
FOREIGN  VERONICA.  Purslane-leaved  Speedwell.  Neckweed. 

Stem  3  to  6  inches  high,  often  branched  at  base.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  near  an 
inch  long,  fleshy,  —  tipper  ones  sessile,  lower  ones  petiolate.    Calyx-lobes  resembling 
the  small  upper  leaves,  or  bracts.    Corolla  white,  small  and  caducous,  —  the  lobes 
nearly  equal. 
Iftb.  Gardens,  and  lots.    FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  Mr.  BENTHAM  (in  DC.  Prodr.)  seems  to  think  this  is  an 
American  plant,  and  has  been  carried  hence  to  Europe.  However 
that  may  be,  it  has  every  appearance  of  a  stranger,  in  Chester 
County.  It  \vas,  at  one  time,  supposed  to  possess  medicinal  vir- 
tues, in  scrofulous  affections,  —  which  acquired  for  it  the  name  of 


S.    V.  arvensis,  L.  Hairy;  rather  erect;  lower  leaves  cordate-ovate, 
incised-crenate,  petiolate,  —  upper  ones  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile; 
capsule  broadly  obcordate,  much  compressed,  ciliate. 
FIELD  VERONICA.  Corn  Speedwell. 

Stem  2  or  3  to  6  inches  high,  erect  or  assurgent,  simple  or  often  much  branched 
at  base.    Leaves  %  to  half  an  inch  long.    Calyx-lobes  unequal.    Corolla  pale  blue, 
shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Hab.  Dry  banks;  roadsides,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

t  f  Flowers  pedunculate,  axillary  and  solitary. 

5).     I",  hcderaefolia,  L.    Hairy;   prostrate;   leaves   roundish-ovate, 
8-  or  5-lobed,  petiolate;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves. 
IVY-LEAVED  VERONICA. 

Mem  5  to  10  inches  long,  flaccid,  diffuse,  pnbesccntin  lines.    Leaves  half  an  inch 
in  length,  and  as  wide  as  long;  lowest  pair  (primordial?  or  seminal?)  roundish- 
oval.  entire,  on  long  petioles  ;  lower  stem-leaves  mostly  5-lobed.  upper  ones  3-lobed. 
Cffralla  blue,  shorter  than  the  calyx.    Capsule  turgid,  rugose. 
Hab.  Banks  of  Ridley  creek.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  pretty  little  species  is  yet  quite  rare,  with  us.  Two 
other  procumbent  species  are  partially  naturalized  in  the  U.  States. 
viz:  V.  agresti^  L.  in  the  South,  —  and  V.  JBuxbaumii,  Ten.  in  and 
around  the  old  Bartram  Garden',  but  they  have  not  yet  reached 
Chester  County. 

274.  BUCIIIVE^RA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Gottfried  ttuc/tncr  ;  an  early  German  Botanist.] 
Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  o-toothed.     Corolla  salver-form;  tube  slender, 
slightly  curved;  border  nearly  equally  o-lobed;    lobes  cuueate-obo- 
vate.     Stamens  didynanious,  included;  anthers  1-celled.     Style  clu- 


SCROPHULARIACEAE  191 

vate,  entire  at  summit.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong.  Roughish-hairy 
perennial*,  —  turning  greyish-black  in  drying:  leaves  opposite,  or  the 
upper  ones  alternate;  flowers  opposite,  in  a  terminal  bracteate  spike, 
with  lateral  bractlets. 

I.  15.  Amerir.iiisi,  L.  Stem  simple;    lower  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  the  others  oblong  and  lanceolate,  denticulate,  sessile  ;  spike 
elongating,  interrupted. 

AMERICAN  BUCHNERA. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  terete,  virgate  at  summit.  Leaves  1  to  2  Inches 
long,  scabrous  with  hairs  enlarged  at  base.  Spike  finally  2  to  4  inches  in  length  ; 
liruds  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate;  corolla  deep  purple,  the  tube  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  hairy.  Capside  somewhat  oblique  and  gibbous  at  base,  compressed  at  apex. 

II.  ib.  Meadows,  and  moist  sterile  banks  :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 


GERARD  14,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Gerard;  an  early  English  Botanist.] 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed,  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  sub-campanulate, 
or  somewhat  funnel-form,  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  didynamous, 
hairy,  included;  anthers  2-celled;  cells  parallel,  often  pointed  at 
base.  Capsule  ovoid,  acute.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  entire,  or 
pinnatifid;  flowers  large,  axillary,  often  racemose,  or  spiked,  purple, 
or  yellow. 

§1.  ANNUALS:  flowers  purple  ;  anthers  pointless;  leaves  sm#e. 
f  Calyx-teeth  sliort  ;  leaves  narrow,  entire. 

1  .  G.  tenuif  olia,  Vahl.  Smoothish,  slender  and  bushy;  leaves 
linear  ;  peduncles  filiform,  longer  than  the  flowers. 
SLENDER-LEAVED  GERARDIA. 

Stem.  9  tg  12  or  15  inches  high.    Leaves  %  °f  an  *ncn  to  1%  inches  long,  very 
narrow,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface.    Calyx  with  minute  teeth.    Co- 
rnlht  palish  purple. 
Hal.  Woodlands,  and  old  fields:  common.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

•-2.  Cr.  purpftrea,  L.  lloughish;  branches  spreading,  rigid; 
leaves  lance-linear;  peduncles  subclavate,  shorter  than  the  flowers. 
PURPLE  GERARDIA. 


to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  4-angled.    Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  \%  inches 
long,  very  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface.    Culyx  with  subulate  teeth.    Corolla 
deep  purple;  lobes  villose-ciliate. 
//«/>.  Swampy,  low  grounds  :  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

ft  Calyx  5-deft;  leaves  broadi&h,  auriculate-lobed  at  base. 

3.   G.   ciiiriciiB.'il&i,    MX.    Rough-hairy;   stem  nearly  simple; 

leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  with  lance-oblong  lobes  at 

base. 

AURICULATE  GERARDIA. 

Xicm  9  to  18  inches  high,  terete,  retrorsely  hirsute.  L".avts  an  inch  to  1%  inches 
long,  scabrous  on  both  sides.  Flowers  axillary,  forming  an  interrupted  leafy  spike. 
Ciilyx-xegments  ovate-lanceolate.  Corolla  purple  (rarely  milk-white)  ;  lobes  ciliate. 
Hal.  Fields,  and  low  grounds;  W.  Chester:  rare.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  species  is  remarkable  for  making  a  transient  appear- 
ance, here,  at  long  intervals.     It  was  first  discovered  in  1810;  neit 


192  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS  ' 

in  1827,  when  it  was  rather  abundant;  but  it  has  been  rarely  seen, 
since. 

2  2.  PERENNIALS:  flowers  yellow;  anthers  awn-pointed  at  base;  leaves  all,  or  tJte 
lower  one  f,  pinnatifid,  more  or  less  petiolate. 

4.  G.  11  siva,  L.   Finely  pubescent;    stem  mostly  simple,  "Father 

tall ;  leaves  lance-oblong, — the  lower  ones  sinuate-dentate,  w  pin- 

natifid. 

YELLOW  GERARDIA. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  sub-terete,  clothed  with  a  short  cinereous  'pubescence. 
Leaves  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  roughish-pubescent,— upper  ones  lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile  and  nearly  entire,  the  lower  ones  lance-oblong,  often  somewhat  pinnatifid, 
narrowed  at  base  to  a  distinct  petiole.  Flmvers  opposite,  subsessile,  op$¥oximated 
in  a  terminal  leafy  spike  4  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length. 
Hub.  Hilly  woodlands :  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  SeptenK 

«5.  G.  quercif  vliSly  Pursh.  Smooth  and  glaucous;  stem  usual- 
ly tall  and  branching ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,—  thfe  lower  ones  deeply 
pinnatifid. 

G.  glauca.  Eddy.  $FL  Cestr.  ecL  2.  p.  806. 
OAK-LEAVED  GERAUDIA. 

Stem  3  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  often  purplish,  but  bluish-glaucous 
withal.  Leaves  2  to  6  or  7  inches  long,  conspicuously  veined ;  lower  ones  sometimes 
bipinnatifid;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  toothed,  or  entire;  all  narrowed  at  base  to  a 
distinct  slender  petiole.  Flmvers  on  subclavate  peduncles  %  to  near  ]/2  an  inch 
long. 
Hab.  Rich,  rocky  woodlands:  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

6.  O.    pedicul&ria,    L.    Pubescent;    stem   bushy-branched; 
leaves  lance-oblong,  all  pinnatifid,  or  doubly  incised- serrate. 
PEDICULARIS-LIKE  GERARDIA.  . 

Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  subferete,  paniculately  branching,  glandular  and  viscid- 
pubescent  at  summit.    Leartv  1  to  3  or4  inches  long,  subsessile;  segments  crcnatt- ly 
incised-serrate.    P&ltincles  \£  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  subclavate,  glandular-villous; 
calyx-segments  foliaceous,  crenately  incised,  longer  than  the  tube. 
Hab.  Woodlands,  on  slaty  hills:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This,  and  the  preceding  species,  are  handsome  enough  to 
claim  a  place  in  our  flower-gardens,  and  borders. 

b.  Corolla  ringent,—the  upper  lip  erect,  arched,  including  the.  stamens. 
f  Anther-cells  unequal,  and  separated. 

276.  CASTIUJETJA,  Mmi*. 

[Dedicated  to  a  Spanish  Botanist,  at  Cadiz,  named  flistillrjo.} 
Calyx  ovoid-tubular,—  the  border  compressed,  bifid,  or  4-cleft.  Co- 
rolla-tube included  in  , the  calyx;  upper  Up  long,  linear,  laterally 
compressed;  lower  lip  short,  3-lobed.  Stamens  didynamous ;  anther- 
cells  oblong-linear, — the  outer  one  fixed  by  the  middle,  the  inner  one 
pendulous.  Capsule  compressed,  elliptic-ovate,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
pyriform;  seed-coat  loosely  reticulated.  Leaves  mostly  alternate, 
deeply  incised,  or  entire,  the  floral  ones  (bracts)  often  colored  at 
summit;  flowers  in  a  terminal  leafy  epike. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE  193 

1.  C.  COCCiliea,  Spreng.     Hairy;    stem  simple;   leaves  linear- 

oblong,  sessile,  pinnatifidly  incised  ;  bracts  trifid,  crimson  at  sum- 

mit; calyx  bifid. 

Euchroma  coc^inea.  Nutt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  375. 

CRIMSON  CASTILLEJA.     Painted  cup.  Ked  Robin. 

Annual?  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  erect,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  fre- 
quently dark  purple.  leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  —  the  radical  ones  often  spatulate- 
linear,  entire  on  the  margin,  and  incised  at  apex,  —  the  stemrleaves  linear,  with  2 
or  3  long  linear  diverging  segments  on  each  side.  Bracts  cuneate,  villous  an£ 
ciliate,  crowded  at,  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Calyx-segments  tipt  with  crimson.  — 
Corolla  dull  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  Low  grounds:  margins  of  swamps:  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

f  f  Anther-cells  equal.    *  Capsule  several-seeded. 


PEI>ICUI,4VRIS,  Tournef. 
["Latin,  Peflicuhts,  a  louse;  from  a  supposed  efficacy  in  destroying  those  insects.] 
Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  or  campanulate,  2-  3-  or  5-cleft.     Corolla  with 
the  upper  lip  arched,  laterally  compressed,  often  toothed  at  apex; 
lower  lip  erect  at  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe 
narrower.     Stamens  didynamous  ;  anthers  transverse  ;  cells  pointless. 
Capsule   compressed,  obliquely    ovate,    or  lanceolate.     Perennial*  : 
leaves  chiefly  alternate,  often  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  in  terminal  bracte- 
ate  spikes. 

1.  P.  CanadsnsiS,  L.  Hairy;  stems  clustered,  oblique;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  pinnatifid;  calyx   obliquely  truncate;  upper  lip  of 
the  corolla  with  2  setaceous  teeth  at  apex. 

CANADIAN  PEDICULARIS.     Wood  Betony.  Common  Louse-wort. 

(Stems  6  to  12  inches  long,  mostly  decumbent,  simple.  Leaves  1  to  4  or  5  inches 
long,  villous  when  young,  finally  smoothish;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  2  inches  in 
length  (radical  petioles  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long).  Fpikes  capitate,  leafy  at  base, 
finally  elongating;  bracts  oblong,  crenate-dentate  at  apex.  Corolla  yellowi.-h, 
often  tinged  with  brownish  purple,  fltpsule  with  a  long  ensiform  acumination. 
Jfab.  Woods;  knolls  in  swamps,  <fec.:  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

2.  P.  laraceol^ta,  MX.    Smoothish;    stem   erect;    leaves   sub- 
opposite,  lanceolate,  doubly  and  crenately  incised;  calyx-segments 
foliaceous,  rounded  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  with  a  short  truncate 
beak. 

P.  pallida.  Punk.  £  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  374. 
LANCEOLATE  PEDICULARIS.     Tall  Louse-wort. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  terete  below,  obtusely  4-anglod  above. 
lAiave-S  2  to  4  inches  long,  subeoriaceous,  rugose-veined;  ]/eHnlc*  ^  to^  of  an  inch 
in  length,  fiirii'sex  1  to  2  inches  in  length  ;  Irract-st  lance-ovate,  crennte-scrrate,  often 
incised  below  the  middle,  ami  fringed  with  membranaceous  cilia.  Corolla  pale 
greenish-yellow.  C,tpi>ulc  short,  ovate. 
7/,i&.  Low  grounds;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

**  Capsul 


,  Tournef. 

[Gr.Mt'lnx.  black,  and  /'//m<,  wheat;  the  seeds  resembling  grains  of  wheat.] 
Calyx  4-cleft  ;  segments  slender,   bristly-pointed.      Corolla-tube  en- 
larging above  ;  upper   Up   laterally  compressed,  with   the   margins 

13 


194  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

folded  back;  lower  lip  grooved,  nearly  equally  3-lobed.  Stamens 
didynamous  ;  anthers  nearly  vertical  ;  cells  minutely  pointed  at  base. 
Capsule  membranaceous,  compressed,  oblique,  1-  to  4-seeded;  seeds 
cylindric-oblong.  Annuals:  leaves  opposite;  flower*  axillary,  in 
terminal  leafy  racemes. 

1*  M.  pratense,  L.  var.  Americanum,  Benth.  (in  DC).  Leaves 

lance-ovate,  and  lance-linear,  —  the  floral  ones  setaceously  sinuate- 

dentate  at  base. 

M.  Americanum.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  373. 

MEADOW  MELAMPYRTJM.     Cow-wheat. 

Stem  8  to  15  inches  high,  sub-terete,  brachiately  branching,  pubescent  in  linee. 
Leaves  1  to  2  Inches  long,  smoothish  ;  lower  ones  sub-linear,  obtuse,  entire,  —  those 
above,  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  acuminately  tapering,  —  the  floral  ones  ovate- 
lanceolate,  whitish  at  base,  with  a  few  slender  divaricate  teeth  on  each  side  ;  peti- 
oles ^s  to  J^  of  an  inch  in  length.  Corolla  ochroleucous,  with  tinges  of  yellow  and 
purple. 
Hob.  Dry  woods  ;  slaty  hills  :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  LXIV.    VERBENACEAE. 

Herbs  (or  shrubs,  and  even  trees,  within  the  tropics)  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  with- 
out stipules;  corolla  irregular,  often  bilabiate  ;  stamens  mostly  didynamous  ;  ovary 
free,  entire,  with  the  style  terminal  ;  fruit  dry  (sometimes  drupaceous),  1-  to  4- 
celled,  usually  splitting  into  as  many  1-seeded  nutlets;  seeds  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men. —  An  Order  furnishing  but  few  and  unimportant  plants,  in  this  region.  — 
though  comprising  many  that  are  highly  interesting  to  the  florist  ;  such  as  the 
showy  Verbenas,  the  fragrant  Lantanas,  &c.  The  tree  which  supplies  the  "  ever- 
during  Teak,"  of  India(Tecfo«a  grandis,  L.f.}  —  so  celebrated  in  ship-building  —  also 
belongs  to  this  Order. 


.  VERBENA,  L. 

[The  Latin  name  for  the  leaves  of  any  sacred  herb  ;  etymology  obscure.] 
Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  —  one  tooth  often  shorter.  Corolla  tubu- 
lar, often  curved,  salver-form,  —  the  border  rather  unequally  5-lobed. 
Stamens  included,  —  the  upper  pair  sometimes  without  anthers.  — 
Fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets.  Flowers  in  terminal,  often  paniculate, 
bracteate  spikes. 

1.  V.  liastata,  L.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  doubly 
incised-serrate,  —  the  lower  ones  often  hastate-lobed  ;  spikes  fasci- 
cled or  corymbose-paniculate,  dense-flowered. 
HASTATE  VERBENA.     Blue  Vervain.  Simpler's  Joy. 

Perennial.  Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  roughish-pubescent,  mostly  purple,  with 
rather  short  erect  axillary  branches  above.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long;  petioles 
half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Spikes  1  or  2  to  5  inches  long,  erect,  thickish, 
purple;  flowers  somewhat  imbricated;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  corolla  bluish  purple,  pubescent. 
Hab.  Swampy  meadows  ;  along  streams  :  frequent.  FL  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  There  is  a  variety  of  this,  —  with  longer,  more  slender  and 
spreading  spikes  —  the  flowers  smaller  and  less  crowded,  —  which  oc- 
curs along  the  Brandywine. 

fc.  T.  urticaef  olia,  L.  Leaves  limce-ovate,  acute,  coarsely 


VERBENACEAB  195 

serrate;  spikes  loosely  paniculate,  very  slender,  elongating;  flow- 
ers rather  distant,  small. 
NETTLE-LEAVED  VERBENA.     Common  Vervain. 

Perennial.  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  hirsutely  pubescent,  with  slender  axillary 
spreading  branches  above.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  abruptly  narrowed  at  base 
to  a,  petiole  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length.  Spikes  1  or  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  green, 
filiform  and  rather  flaccid;  flowers  distinct,  and  finally  a  little  distant;  brads 
lance-ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  CoroUa  white,  very  small,  the  throat  filled 
with  a  delicate  white  villus. 
Hob.  Pastures,  road  sides,  Ac.:  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Towards  autumn,  this  plant  generally  becomes  covered  'with, 
a  glaucous  pulverulent  matter,  resembling  mould.  It  is  regarded 
as  a  weed,  in  our  pastures ;  and  Dr.  GRAY  suggests  that  it  may 
have  been  introduced.  It  is  true,  I  have  never  observed  it,  except 
in  our  old  cultivated  settlements,  where  foreign  weeds  are  chiefly 
naturalized;  but  I  cannot  learn  that  it  has  been  found  in  any  other 
country. 

3*  V,  ailgustifolia?  MX.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to 
the  base,  remotely  toothed ;  spikes  few  or  solitary,  the  flowers  at 
first  crowded,  rather  large. 
NARROW-LEAVED  VERBENA. 

Perennial.  Plant  scabrous  with  short  hairs.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  often  somewhat  crowded  above,  1  to  2  or  3  inches 
long,  narrow,  tapering  gradually  almost  to  a  petiole  at  base.  Spikes  1  or  2  to  5  or 
6  inches  long;  bracts  subulate-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  purplish 
blue. 
Hob*  Sandy  grounds ;  E.  Marlborough :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Collected  by  Mr.  BENJAMIN  F.  PASKER,  in  1849. 
280.  PHRYvTtt A,  L. 

[A  name  of  unknown  derivation.] 

Calyx  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  of  3  subulate  teeth  j  lower  lip  of  2,  shorter. 
Corolla  bilabiate;  upper  lip  short,  emarginate;  lower  Up  much 
longer,  3-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Fruit  oblong,  1-celled,  1-seeded! 
Perennial :  flowers  opposite,  in  slender  terminal  spikes ;  fruit  re- 
flexed. 

1.  P.  leptostachya,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate- 
serrate,  on  rather  long  petioles. 
SLENDER-SPIKED  PHRTSMA.     Lop-seed. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  pubescent,  with  a  few  opposite  axillary 
vtrgate  branches  above.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  thinnish,  rounded  at  base,  or 
abruptly  contracted  to  &  petiole  half  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.  Spikes  3  to  6 
or  8  inches  in  length ;  flowers  with  3  small  subulate  ciliate  persistent  bracts  at 
base;  corolla  pale  rose-color,  small ;  fruit  inclosed  in  the  closely  retlexcd  calyx. 
Hub.  Borders  of  woods ;  copses,  &c. :  frequent.  FL  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

281.  MP'PJA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Augustin  Lippi;  a  French  Naturalist,  of  Italian  descent.] 
Calyx  2-  to  4-toothed,  often  compressed,  and  becoming  bilabiate.-*- 
Corolla  unequally  5-lubod,  more  or  less  bilabiate.     Stamens  inclu- 


196  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGEXS 

ded.     Style  slender  ;  stigma  obliquely  capitate.     Fruit  2-celled,  2- 
eeeded.     Flowers  in  axillary  bracteolate  pedunculate  heads,  or  spikes. 

1.  It.  HOdifl«>ra,  MX.  Procumbent  and  radicating;  appressed- 
hairy;  leaves  cuneate-ovate,  serrate  above,  subsessile;  spikes  cap- 
itate, 'solitary,  on  long  slender  peduncles. 
Zapania  nodiflora.  Lam.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  604. 

KXOT-FLOWERIXG  LlPPIA. 

Perennial?  (annual,  DC.}  Stem  6  to  10  or  12  inches  long,  branching,  obtusely 
4-angled  and  striate-sulcate.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  varying  from  lanceolate 
to  cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  serrate  above  the  middle,  tapering  below  to  a  very 
short  petiole.  Flowers  closely  imbricated  with  cuneate-ovate  bracts,  in  conical  or 
roundish  heads,  on  peduncles  1  to  3  inches  long.  Corolla  bluish  or  purplish  white, 
the  tube  as  long  as  the  bracts. 
Hob.  Margin  of  Schuylkill  :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  L.  citriodora,  Kunih.  (Verbena  triptiylla,  L'Herit.),  —  a 
shrubby  species,  native  of  South  America,  —  is  often  and  deservedly 
cultivated,  for  the  delicious  fragrance  of  its  leaves. 

ORDER  LXY.    LABIATAE. 

Chiefly  herbs;  stems  square;  leaves  simple,  opposite,  or  sometimes  verticillate, 
generally  aromatic;  stipules  none  ;  jtoivers  in  axillary  cymules,  or  aggregated  in 
terminal  spikes;  corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate;  anthrr-cdls  parallel,  or  often 
divaricate,—  sometimes  separated  by  a  long  filiform  connective,  ;  m-ary  4-lobed,—  Tic- 
coming,  in  fruit,  4  little  seed-like  nutlets,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style,  in  the 
bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx  ;  each  lobe,  or  nutlet,  containing  a  single  *w7. 
with  little  or  no  albumen.—  An  interesting  and  valuable  Order,—  remarkable  for 
the  aromatic  fragrance,  and  stomachic  properties,  of  many  of  the  species. 

TRIBE  1.    OCIMOPDEAE. 

Corolla  sub-bilabiate;  lobes  of  the  upper  lip  flat;  stamens  declined,  didynamou*.— 
the  lower  pair  longer. 

2S2.  O'CIMIiaf  ,  L. 

[Supposed  from  the  Or.  ozn,  to  smell  ;  in  reference  to  its  fragrance.] 
Calyx  5-cleft,  the  upper  segment  broad,  orbicular-ovate.     Corolla 
with  the  upper  Up  4-lobed,—  the  lower  lip  scarcely  longer,  declined, 
fiattish,  entire.      Stamens  mostly   exserted.      Nutlets   ovoid,   often 
minutely  punctate.     Flowers  in  terminal  interrupted  racemes. 
1.  0.  BASII/ICUM,  L.  Leaves  ovaie-oblong,  subdentate,  smooth,  with 
ciliate  petioles;  calyx  reflexed  after  flowering. 
ROYAL  OCIMUM.     Sweet  Basil. 

Annual    Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  often  much  branched.    Leaves  half  an  inch 
to  an  inch  long;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length.    Bracts  ovate,  acuminate, 
petiolate.     Corolla  bluish  white. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  India.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Usually  cultivated  for  culinary  purposes. 


.  UL,A,   Tonrnef. 

[Latin,  larare,  to  wash;  the  distilled  water  being  used  for  that  purpose.] 
Calyx  ribbed,  ovoid-tubular,  with    5    short   teeth,  —  the   upper  <>m> 
sometimes  dilated.     Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  2-lobed,  —  loiar  /')<  o- 


•17  LABIATAE  197 

lobed ;  lobes  all  nearly  equal,  and  spreading.  Stamens  included. — 
Nutlets  adnate  to  4  fleshy  scales  on  the  margin  of  the  disk.  Peren- 
nials :  often  suffniticose  ;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

1.  L.   VERA,  DC.  Suffruticose ;  hoary;  stem  leafy  below,   naked 

above;  leaves  lance-linear,  entire,  with  revolute   margins;    spikes 

interrupted. 

L.  Spica.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  112. 

TRUE  LAVAXDULA.     Garden  Lavender. 

Plant  clothed  with  a  short  hoary  tomentum.    Stem  branching  from  the  base ; 
branches  erect,  12  to  18  inches  high.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  crowded  near  the 
base  of  the  branches,  often  with  fascicles  of  young  leaves  in  the  axils.    Spike 
about  an  inch  in  length,  with  1  or  2  distant  cymules  below.    Corolla  blue. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Southern  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  compound  tincture  of  this  herb  (or,  as  the  good  ladies 
term  it,  "Lavender  Compound")  is  deservedly  popular,  for  its  cor- 
dial and  stomachic  properties.  The  distilled  water  is  also  highly 
esteemed  for  its  pungent  and  grateful  fragrance. 

TRIBE  2.  SATUREJEXAE. 

Corolla  4-  or  5-lobed ;  lobes  mostly  flat,  and  spreading ;  stamens  4,  or  2,  straight, 
diverging,  or  connivent  under  the  upper  lip. 

gl.  MENTHOIDEAE  :  corolla  with  the  lobes  nearly  equal ;  stamens  diverging. 
a.  Fertile  stamens  4,  scarcely  didynamous. 

2S4.  MEUDTHA,  L. 

[From  Mintlie ;  a  nymph,  fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  the  plant.] 
Calyx  campanulate,  or  tubular,  nearly  equally  5-toothed.  Corolla 
with  a  short  included  tube ;  border  campanulate,  4-cleft, — the  upper 
lobe  broader  and  usually  emarginate  (being  probably  2  united  lobes). 
Stamens  nearly  equal.  Perennials :  spreading  by  creeping  rhizomas  ; 
cymules  many-flowered,  in  terminal  spikes,  or  axillary. 

f  Cymules  in  terminal  spikes. 

1.  M.  viridis,  L.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile ;  spikes  some- 
what panicled,  elongated,  tapering  upward  to  a  point. 
GREEN  MENTHA.     Spear-Mint.  Common  Mint. 

Smoothish,  and  rather  pale  green.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  branching.    Leaves  1 
to  2  or  3  inches  long,  very  acute,  incised-serrate.    Spikes  of  cymules  2  to  4  inches 
long,  often  numerous ;  corolla  pale  purple. 
.  Hob.  Moist  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  pleasant  aromatic  herb  is  extensively  naturalized, 
about  old  settlements, — and  is  valuable  as  a  domestic  medicine,  in 
relieving  nausea,  &c.  It  is  the  species  employed  in  the  preparation 
of  that  seductive  beverage,  known  as  the  "Mint  Julep"  of  old  Vir- 
ginia,— in  which  its  value  is  more  equivocal. 

a.  M.  PIPERI^TA,  L.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate ;  spikes  sol- 
itary, rather  short,  cylindric  and  obtuse. 
PEPPERY  MEXTHA.     Pepper-mint. 

Smoothish,  and  purplish.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  long,  decumbent,  branching.  Leavci 
1  to  2  inches  long,  rather  acute,  serrate;  petioles  %  to  %  &a  incl1  in  length. 


198  GAMOPETALOtTS   EXOGENS 

half  an  inch  to  an  Inch  in  length, — the  cymules  crowded,  except  the  lower  pair 

which  are  often  a  little  distant ;  corolla  purple. 

Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  most  grateful  aromatic  is  generally  allowed  a  place  in 

gardens,  or  about  houses, — and  is  apparently  naturalized,  in  many 

localities.     The  essential  oil,  and  distilled  water,  are  well  known 

for  their  stomachic  properties,  and  deservedly  held  in  high  esteem. 

f  f  Cymules  axillary . 

3.  M.  arvtnsis,  L.  Stem  mostly  erect ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  rounded 
or  often  cuneate  at  base ;  bracts  subulate. 

FIELD  MENTHA.     Corn  Mint. 

Plant  hirsute.    Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  brachiately  branching,  retrorsely  hairy. 
Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  serrate,  punctate;   petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  long. 
Cymules  on  common  peduncles  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  flavors  often  sterile; 
corolla  pale  bluish-purple. 
Hob.  Road  side,  near  West-Chester:  rare.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  has  been  long  naturalized,  at  an  old  settlement,  near 
West  Chester.  It  has  a  general  resemblance  to  the  following  na- 
tive species;  but  is  remarkable  for  its  peculiar  odor, — which  has 
been  compared  to  decaying  cheese. 

4.  M.  Canadensis,  L.  Stem  ascending,  or  decumbent ;  leaves 
oval-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end ;  bracts  lance-linear. 
CANADIAN  MENTHA.     Wild  Mint. 

Plant  greyish-green,  pubescent.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  long,  simple,  or  often  with 
numerous  long  branches,  retrorsely  hairy  on  the  obtuse  angles.  Leaves  1  to  3 
inches  long,  serrate,  resinous-dotted;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length, 
slightly  margined.  Oymules  on  common  peduncles  1  to  3  lines  long  ;  corolla  pale 
purple,  or  purplish  white. 

Hob.  Moist  grounds ;  Brandy  wine :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 
b.  Fertile  stamens  2. 

285.  LiY'COPtTS,  L. 

[Gr.  Lykos,  a  wolf,  &  Pous,  a  foot ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  leaves.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4-  or  5-toothed.  Corolla  tubular, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  equally  4-lobed.  Stamens 
with  the  upper  pair  either  sterile  rudiments,  or  wholly  wanting. — 
Nutlets  obliquely  truncate,  smooth,  with  thickened  margins.  Pe- 
rennials :  cymules  axillary,  dense ;  flowers  small. 

1.  L,.  VirginicUS,  L.  Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  producing  slen- 
der runners  at  base ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate-dentate;  calyx- 
teeth  4,  blunt. 
VIRGINIAN  LYCOPUS.     Bugle-weed. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched,  roughish-pubescent. 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  coarsely  serrate,  with  a  long  tapering  entire  base, 
snioothish,  and,  with  the  stem,  often  dark  purple.  Corolla  white.  Nutlets,  when 
mature,  projecting  above  the  calyx. 

Hob.  Moist,  shaded  places :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 
$.  JL.  Slnuatus,  Ell.  Stem   sharply  4-angled;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  or  pinnatifid ;  calyx-teeth  5,  spinescent. 
SINUATB  LYCOPUS.     Water  Horehound. 


LABIATAE 


199 


SUm  1  to  2  feet  high,  branching,  smoothish.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to  3  inches  long, 
tapering  to  a  petiole  at  base,  punctate.    Corolla  white,  often  tinged  with  purpl*. 
ffuttets  triquetrous-cuneate,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds  :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr»  Sept. 

2  2.  TUYMEAE  :  corolla  more  or  Uss  bilabiate  ;  stamens  distant,  or  diverging. 
a.  Fertile  stamens  2. 


286.  CUffri^A.  L. 

[A  name  borrowed  from  the  ancient  Roman  Naturalists.] 
Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  10-  to  13-nerved,  equally  5-toothed,  hairy  in 
the  throat.  Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  emarginate  ; 
lower  lip  spreading,  nearly  equally  3-lobed.  Stamens  erect,  ex- 
serted,  distant;  sterile  filaments  none.  Perennials:  cymules  corym- 
bose, axillary  and  terminal. 

1.  C.  Mariflna,  L.  Stems  tufted,  corymbosely  branched  ;  leaves 
ovate,  serrate,  subsessile. 
MARYLAND  CUNILA.     Dittany. 

Stems  8  to  12  inches  long,  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  purple.    Leaves  about  an 
inch  long,  rounded  and  often  subcordate  at  base,  pellucid-punctate.    Pedicels 
trichotomous,  with  subulate  bracts  at  base;  calyx  resinous-dotted;  corotta  pale 
purple,  nearly  twice  as  long  &s  the  calyx. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty,  woodland  hills  :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  infusion  of  this  herb  is  a  popular  and  pleasant  bever- 
age, in  fevers.  In  the  beginning  of  winter,  after  a  rain,  very  curious 
ribbands  of  ice  may  often  be  observed,  attached  to  the  base  of  the 
stems,  —  produced,  I  presume,  by  the  moisture  from  the  earth  rising 
in  the  dead  stems  by  capillary  attraction,  and  then  being  gradually 
forced  out  horizontally,  through  a  slit,  by  the  process  of  freezing. 
The  same  phenomenon  has  been  observed  in  other  plants.  See 
obs.  on  Helianthemum,  p.  27» 

b.  Fertile  stamens  4,  more  or  less  didynamous. 

28?.  PYCtfAtf'THEMUM,  MX. 

[Gr.  Pyknos,  dense,  and  Anthemon,  a  flower;  from  its  dense  cymosc  heads.] 
Calyx  ovoid-oblong,  about  13-nerved,  sub-bilabiate,  or  equally  5- 
toothed;  throat  naked.  Corolla  with  the  upper  Up  nearly  flat  and 
entire  ;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens  distant,  the  lower  pair  rather 
longer;  anther-cells  parallel.  Perennials:  floral  leave*  often  whi- 
tened ;  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  heads,  with  many  involucre-like 
bracts. 

f  Calyx  bilabiate,  the  3  upper  teeth  somewhat  united  ;  leaves  petiohte. 

1.  P,  iiicsiiunii,  MX.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  hoary-pubescent,  — 
the  upper  ones  whitened  on  both  sides;  cymules  compound,  pedun- 
culate, rather  loose  ;  bracts  subulate-linear. 
HOARY  PYCNANTHKMUM.     Mountain  Mint. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  mostly  several  from  the  same  root,  branching  above,  Tery 
pubescent,  especially  at  summit.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  sparingly  serrate  ; 
petioles  %to%&n  inch  in  length.  Bracts  longer  than  the  calyx,  bearded  at  the 
points.  OalyxJeeth  acuminate.  Corolla  whitish,  or  pale  red,  with  purple  spote. 
Stamens  exserted.  Nutlet*  hispid  at  apex. 
Hob.  Woodlands;  slaty  hills:  frequent.  JH.July.  JV.Sept. 


200 


GAMOrETALOUS    EXOGENS 


ft  Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed;  leaves  subsessile. 

2.  P.  Biikticum,  Pers.    Leaves   ovate-lanceolate,— the  upper 
ones  hoary-pubescent;  cymules  rather  dense;  bracts  lanceolate. 

MUTIC,   OE  AWNLESS    PYCXANTHEMUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  at  summit.    Leaves  1  to  3  inches 
long,  denticulate,  or  sometimes  entire.    Flmvers  in  terminal  heads,  sometimes 
with  a  compact  verticil  in  the  first  axil  below.    Bracts  ciliate.     Calyx-teeth  short. 
Corolla  reddish  white,  with  purple  dots.    Stamens  included.    Nutlets  smooth. 
Hab.  Hilly  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept, 

3.  P.  laiiceolsituin,  Pursh.  Stem  pubescent;  leaves  lanceo- 
late,   and  lance-linear,   penninerved;  cymules  compact,  terminal 
and  sub  terminal. 

LANCEOLATE  PYCNANTHEMUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  corymbosely  branched,  often  purplish.  Leaves  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long,  sometimes  quite  narrow,  mostly  entire.  Flowers  in  dense  flattish 
heads.  Bracts  imbricated,  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  rigid,  hirsute- 
ciliate.  Corolla  reddish  white,  with  dark  purple  dots.  Stamens  scarcely  as  long 
as  the  corolla. 
Hab.  Borders  of  thickets;  old  fields,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  P.  linif  olilim,  Pursh.   Stem   smoothish ;  leaves   narrowly 
linear,  crowded,  3-  to  5-nerved;  cymules   compact,  hemispherical, 
terminal. 

FLAX-LEAVED  PYCXANTHEMUM.     Virginia  Thyme. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  often  purple,  with  erect  branches  forming  a  compact  corymb. 
Leaves  %  an  inch  to  2  inches  long,  often  in  small  axillary  fascicles.  Bracts  im- 
bricated, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rigid,  pubescent-ciliate.  Corolla  white,  or 
slightly  tinged  with  red,  and  dark  purple  dots  within.  Stamens  a  little  exserted. 
Hab.  Thickets;  exsiccated  swamps :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

288.  ORIGANUM,  L. 

[Gr.  Oros,  a  mountain,  and  Ganos,  delight ;  alluding  to  its  native  locality.] 
Calyx  ovoid-campanulate,  about  13-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed, 
or  bilabiate  with  the  upper  lip  entire  or  3-tootned,  the  lower  lip  2- 
toothed,  truncate,  or  wanting.  Corolla  sub-bilabiate;  upper  lip 
emarginate;  lower  lip  longer,  3-lobed  and  spreading.  Stamens 
exserted,  somewhat  didynamous ;  anther-cells  diverging,  or  divari- 
cate. Mostly  perennials :  flowers  in  dense  corymbose  clusters,  or  ob- 
long spikes,  imbricated  with  colored  bracts. 

1,  0.  vulgcire,  L.  Corymbosely  branched  at  summit ;  leaves  round- 
ish-ovate ;  flowers  in  corymbose-paniculate  clusters ;  bracts  lance- 
ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

COMMON  ORIGANUM.     Wild  Marjoram. 

Stems  12  to  18  inches  high,  usually  growing  in  bunches.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to 
an  inch  long,  entire,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath ;  petioles  }/±  to  near  %  an 
inch  in  length.     Calyx  pubescent,  with  5  equal  lance-ovate  segments;  throat  hairy . 
Corolla  pale  purple. 
Hab.  Sandy  banks.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  yet  rare,  in  Chester  County.     It  is  plenti- 
ful on  the  road  side,  about  7  miles  west  of  Philadelphia. 

2.  0.  MAJORANA,  L.  Somewhat  branched;  leaves  elliptic-obovate ; 


LABIATAE 


201 


flowers  in  terminal  oblong  clustered  spikes;  bracts  orbicular-ovate, 

about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Majorana  hortensis.  Moench.  $  Fl.  Ccstr.  ed.  2.  p.  347. 

Sweet  Marjoram. 

Annual,  in  gardens  (perennial  in  its  nathe  localities.  Senth.).  Stem  9  to  15 
inches  high,  subterete.  Leaves  YA  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  entire,  downy  and 
canescent;  pdiolts  %  to  %  an  inch  long.  Spikes  Y±  to  half  an  inch  in  length, 
obtusely  4-cornered,  iu  sessile  terminal  clusters  of  threes,  or  on  short  axillary 
peduncle-like  branches.  Bracts  quadrifariously  and  closely  imbricated, — the  mar- 
gins, at  base,  involute.  Calyx  resinous-dotted;  upper  lip  (or  sepal?)  dilated, 
obtuse,  mostly  denticulate  at  apex,  narrowed  below,  with  the  margins  intlexed ; 
lower  lip  (or  sepal?)  very  small,  ovate.  Corolla  white. 
Hob.  Gardens.  Nat.  of  Africa  and  Asia.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  One  of  the  fragrant  culinary  Herbs,  commonly  cultivated. 
289.  THYNMU§,  L. 

[The  ancient  Greek  name;  from  thyo,  to  burn  perfumes.] 
Calyx  ovoid-tubular,  10-  to  13-nerved,  bilabiate;  upper  Up  trifid ; 
lower  lip  bifid;  throat  hairy.  Corolla  short,  sub-bilabiate;  upper 
Up  straight,  flattish,  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed, — the 
middle  lobe  larger.  Stamens  mostly  exserted,  sub-equal,  or  didy- 
namous;  anther-cells  finally  diverging.  Suffruticose,  humble, 
spreading  perennials:  leaves  small,  entire,  veiny,  punctate,  the  mar- 
gins often  revolute. 

1.  T.  VULGARIS,  L.  Erect,  or  decumbent;  leaves  lance-ovate,  with 
the   margins   slightly  revolute;  cymules  in  terminal   interrupted 
leafy  spikes. 

COMMON  THYMUS.     Garden  Thyme.  Standing  Thyme. 

Stems  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  numerous,  roughish-pubescent,  branching  and 
matted  together  at  base.    Leaves  l/i^o]/2  an  inch  long,  tapering  at  base  to  upetiolt 
whirh  is  scarcely  a  line  in  length,  and  somewhat  ciliate  with  long  hairs.    Calyx 
hirsute,  strongly  ribbed,  corolla  pale  purple. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Southern  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  well-known,  and  highly  fragrant  plant,  is  to  be  seen  in 
almost  every  well-ordered  kitchen  garden. 

2.  T.    Serpyl'lum,   L.     Procumbent,    with    ascending   flowering 
branches;  leaves   elliptic-ovate,  obtuse,  flat;  cymules   crowded  in 
ovoid-oblong  terminal  heads. 

Wild  Thyme.     Creeping  Thyme. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  slender,  branching  and  entangled  at  base,  retrorsely 
pubescent  on  the  angles.    Leaves  %  to  near  half  an  inch  long,  on  short  jietioles, — 
the  fcase  and  petiole  more  or  less  ciliate.    Calyx  hairy.    Corolla  purple,  with  red 
and  white  spots. 
Hob.  Dry,  sandy  banks.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding,  in  appearance  and  proper- 
ties,— and  naturalized  in  many  places.  There  is  a  silly  old  notion, 
still  entertained  by  some  ignorant  and  unthinking  people,  that  this 
plant  springs  up,  spontaneously,  in  spots  where  human  blood  has 
been  spilled  by  any  casualty,  or  violence ! 


202  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOOENS 

5  3.  MEUSSEAB:  Corolla  bilabiate;  stamens  ascending,  diverging  at  summit,  or  con- 

nivent  under  the  upper  lip. 
a.  Fertile  stamens  4,  didynamous. 

290.  SATITREVJA,  L. 

[A  name  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabic.] 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed, 
or  obscurely  bilabiate  ;  throat  naked,  or  nearly  so.  Corolla  with 
the  upper  Up  erect,  flat  ;  lower  Up  spreading,  nearly  equally  3-lobed. 
Stamens  diverging,  scarcely  exserted. 

1.  S.  HORTE'NSIS,  L.  Stem  erect,  much  branched;   leaves  oblong- 
linear,  acute,  entire;  cymules  axillary,  pedunculate,  few-flowered, 
snb-secund,  remote,  or  the  upper  ones  somewhat  spiked. 
GARDEN  SATUB.EJA.     Summer  Savory. 

Annual.    Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  branched  so  as  to  appear  bushy,  roughish- 
pubescent,  mostly  dark  purple.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  narrow, 
tapering  at  base  to  a  very  short  petiole.    Cymules  about  3-flowered.    Corolla  pale 
violet-purple. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Southern  Europe.    Fl.  July.    Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Much  cultivated  as  a  culinary  herb. 

5591.  CAL-AMIIV'TIIA,  Benth. 

[Gr.  Kalos,  beautiful,  and  Mintfie,  Mint  ;  an  ancient  name.] 
Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  3-toothed;  lower  Up 
bifid.     Corolla  mostly  inflated  in  the  throat  ;  upper  lip  erect,  Cat- 
tish; lower  lip  spreading,  3-parted,  —  the  middle  lobe  usually  broad- 
est,    Anthers  approximated  in  pairs,  —  the  cells  diverging. 

1.  C.  Clinopddium,  Benth.  in  DC.  Hoary-villous  ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  petiolate  ;  cymules  in  dense  flat-topped  involucrate 
heads,  terminal  and  subterminal. 

Melissa  Clinopodium.  Benth.  Lab.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  351. 
BED-POST  CALAMINTHA.     Wild  Basil.  Field  Thyme. 

Perennial.  Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  mostly  several  from  the  same  root,  simple, 
or  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  denticulate,  or  nearly  entire  ; 
petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.  Cymules  few,  very  hairy,  mostly  terminal,  in 
compact  orbicular  flat  heads  about  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  bracts  subulate.  Corolkt 
pale  purple,  or  rose-color,—  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Hob.  Sandy  banks.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


MEMS'SA,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Melissa,  the  honey-bee;  the  flowers  being  a  favorite  with  that  insect.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  slightly  gibbous   at  base,  13-nerved, 
bilabiate.     Corolla-tube  recurved-ascending,  dilated  above,     $ta- 
mens  connivent;  anther-cells  finally  divaricate.     Cymules  axillary, 
loosely  few-flowered,  pedunculate. 

1.  M.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  Stem  erect,  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves 
ovate,  coarsely  crenate-  serrate,  petiolate  ;  cymules  secund. 
OFFICINAL  MELISSA.     Common  Balm. 

Perennial.    Stems  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  numerous  from  the  root,  branching. 
Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long  ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  1>£  inches  in  length.  Cymutes 


LABIATAB  203 

3-  to  6-flowered.    Calyx  dry,  hairy.    Cbrotta  -white,  or  ochroleucous,— sometimes 

tinged  with  purple. 

Sab.  Gardens,  Ac. :    Nat.  of  Southern  Europe.    PL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  popular  medicinal  herb  has  strayed  from  the  gardens, 
and  become  partially  naturalized,  in  some  localities.  Dr.  DARWIN, 
in  his  Botanic  Garden,  makes  the  following  allusion  to  its  didyna- 
mous  character: — 

"  Two  knights  before  thy  fragrant  altar  bend, 
Adored  MELISSA!  and  two  squires  attend." 

b.  Fertile  stamens  2,  (by  abortion). 

293.  HEDEOVIHA,  Penoon. 

[Greek,  Hedeia  Osme,  a  pleasant  odor;  from  its  fragrance.] 
Calyx  ovoid- tubular,  13-nerved,  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  near  the 
base,  bilabiate ;  throat  hairy.     Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat, 
emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading,  nearly  equally  3-lobed.     Stamens 
2,  ascending, — the  upper  pair  being  mere  rudiments,  or  wanting. 

1.  H.  pulegioides,  Pers.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  sub-serrate, 

narrowed  at  base,  petiolate ;  cymules  axillary,  each  about  3-flow- 

ered. 

PULEGIUM-LIKE  HfiDEOMA.     American  Penny-royal. 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  hoary-pubescent,  branched.  leaves  %  an 
inch  to  an  inch  long;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.  Cymules  somewhat  ap- 
proximated in  terminal  leafy  racemes;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  pedicels;  corolla  pale  blue,  with  purple  spots.  Stamens  scarcely  exserted,— 
the  sterile  filaments  tipt  with  abortive  anthers. 
Hob.  Slaty  hills;  old  fields,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  A  warmly  aromatic  little  herb, — in  frequent  use  as  a  popu- 
lar diaphoretic,  carminative,  &c.  This  is  not  the  "Penny-royal," 
of  Europe ;  but  has  been  so  called  because  of  its  resemblance  to 
that  plant, — which  is  a  species  of  Mint — viz.  Mentha  Puleaium,  L. 

\  4.  ANOMALOUS  GENERA,    f  Stamens  didynamous. 

294.  HYSSONPUS, 

[Latinized  from  Ezob ;  an  ancient  Hebrew  name.] 

Calyx  tubular,  15-nerved,  equally  5-toothed ;  throat  naked.  Corolla 
bilabiate;  upper  lip  erect,  flat,  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading,  3- 
lobed, — the  middle  lobe  larger,  bifid.  Stamens  exserted,  divergent, 
the  lower  pair  longer;  anther-cells  linear,  divaricate. 

1.  H.  OFFICINALIS,  L.   Leaves  linear-lanceolate,   sessile;  cymulo 
secund,  racemose,  or  approximated  in  a  terminal  spike. 
OFFICINAL  HYSSOPUS.     Garden  Hyssop. 

Perennial.    Stem  18  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  shrubby  and  much  branched  at 
base;  branches  virgate.    Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long.    Cymules  sub- 
sessile,  crowded  above :  Cbrotta  bright  blue,  or  sometimes  purplish. 
ffab.  Gardens.    Nat  of  Southern  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Often  cultivated  as  a  medicinal  herb, — and  used  as  a  popu- 
lar febrifuge. 

ft  Stamens  mostly  2  (by  abortion). 


204  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 


295.  COLM^S©V1¥IA,  L. 

[In  honor  of  Pder  CoUinsmi,  of  London;  an  eminent  promoter  of  Natural  Science.] 
Calyx  declined  in  fruit,  ovoid-campanulate,  about  10-nerved,  bila- 
biate; upper  lip  flattisk,  truncate,  3-toothed;  lower  lip  bifid;  throat 
somewhat  hairy.  Corolla  elongated,  dilated  at  throat,  sub-bilabi- 
ate ;  upper  Up  nearly  equally  4-lobed  ;  lower  lip  longer,  declined, 
dentate,  or  lacerately  fringed.  Stamens  usually  2,  much  exserted, 
diverging,  —  the  upper  pair  being  shorter  and  imperfect,  or  wholly 
abortive.  Nutlets  often  solitary  by  abortion,  and  then  globular  and 
rather  large.  Perennials:  leaves  large;  flowers  solitary,  in  panicu- 
late racemes. 

1.  C.  CaiaadeilSis,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, petiolate,  thin  and  smoothish;  racemes  elongated,  many-flow- 
ered ;  flowers  pedicellate,  axillary  and  opposite. 
CANADIAN  COLLINSONIA.     Knot-root.  Horse-Balm. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  smoothinh  below,  pubescent  above. 
Leaves  4  or  5  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  and  3  to  5  inches  wide,  resinous-dotted  beneath  ; 
petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,—  the  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  panicle  smaller,  and 
sub-sessile.  Flowers  loosely  racemose;  pedicels  %  to  %  an  inch  long,  with 
minute  lance-ovate  acuminate  brads  at  base;  cm-olla  greenish  yellow,—  the  lower 
lip  fringed. 
Halt.  Rich  woodlands:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  was  formerly  a  popular  febrifuge.  The 
odor  of  the  flowers  has  much  resemblance  to  that  of  Hops,  —  a  fact 
which  was  noticed  by  JOHN  BARTRAM,  in  his  Appendix  to  SHORT'S 
Medicina  Britannica,  a  century  since.  This  interesting  plant,  —  which 
commemorates  one  of  the  most  diligent  correspondents  of  LINNAEUS, 
and  the  early,  indefatigable,  and  devoted  friend  of  JOHN  BARTRAM,  — 
is  thus  fancifully  referred  to,  in  Dr.  DARWIN'S  Poem,  the  Botanic 
Garden:  — 

"  Two  brother  swains,  of  COLLIN'S  gentle  name, 
The  same  their  features,  and  their  forms  the  same, 
With  rival  love  for  fair  COLLINIA  sigh, 
Knit  the  dark  brow,  and  roll  the  unsteady  eye. 
With  sweet  concern  the  pitying  beauty  mourns, 
And  soothes  with  smiles  the  jealous  pair  by  turns." 

TRIBE  3.  MONA^RDEAE. 

Corolla  mostly  bilabiate  ;  stamens  2  (the  upper  pair  usually  wanting,  or  mere 
rudiments  ;)  anther-cells  widely  separated  by  a  long  connective,  —  or  divaricate,  with 
an  inconspicuous  one. 

296.  SAI/VIA,  L. 

[Latin,  salvare,  to  save  ;  on  account  of  supposed  medicinal  properties.] 
Calyx  subcampanulate,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  mostly  3-toothed,  the 
lower  bifid  ;  throat  naked.  Corolla  ringent  ;  upper  lip  erect,  straight, 
or  falcate.  Anther-  cells  separated  by  a  long  linear  thread-like  con- 
nective, which  is  transversely  articulated  with  the  filament.  Cymules 
in  interrupted  racemes. 

1.  S.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  Suffruticose  ;  hoary-tomentose  ;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  crenulate,  rugose  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  as  long  as  the 
lower,  and  somewhat  vaulted. 
OFFICINAL  SALVIA.     Garden  Sage. 


LABIATAE  205 

Perennial    Stems  1  to  2  foot  high,  proving  in  bunches,  branching  from  the 
base,  leafy.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  rather  obtuse,  sometimes  lobcd  near 
the  base,  greyish  green.  —  the  upper  or  floral  leaves  sessile,  the  others  on  petioles 
about  an  inch  in  length.     Cy  mutes  3-  to  6-flowered;  corolla  mostly  violet-purple. 
ILib.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Southern  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Generally  cultivated,  for  culinary  purposes.  The  in/union 
of  the  leaves  is  a  popular  and  useful  gargle,  in  cases  of  sore  mouth. 

2.  S.  lyrata,  L.  Herbaceous;  somewhat  hairy;    leaves   chiefly 
radical,  lyrate,  or  sinuate-dentate  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  short, 
and  straight. 
LYRATE  SALVIA.     Meadow  Sage. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  nearly  leafless,  square,  with  concave  sides 
nnd  obtuse  angles,  retrorsely  hairy,  somewhat  branched  near  the  summit,  and  at 
the  root.  Radical  Iwtrt'.g  '2  to  4  inches  long,  on  hirsute  petioles  1  to  3  inches  in 
length;  stem-leav/'s  mostly  a  single  subsessile  pair,  near  the  base  of  the  raceme. 
Cy  nudes  about  3-flowered,  distant,  in  a  terminal  raceme  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long  ; 
cnrntta  bluish,  or  violet-purple,  pubescent,  the  tube  much  exsertcd. 
Hub.  Meadows;  woodlands,  &c.  :  frequent.  /'/.May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  often  abundant  on  dry  meadow  banks,  —  where  it  is 
regarded  as  a  worthless  weed. 

297.  MONAR'DA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Xickokis  Mi»tardeJ!\  a  Spanish  Botanist.] 

Ct'tlijx  tubular,  elongated,  15-ncrved,  nearly  equally  5-toothed; 
throat  usually  villous.  Corolla  ringent;  upper  lip  linear,  entire,  or 
emarginate,  erect,  embracing  the  filaments;  lower  lip  broader,  re- 
flexed,  3-lobed;  tube  elongated,  the  throat  slightly  dilated.  Anther- 
cdis  divaricate,  confluent  at  their  contiguous  points.  Cymules  ill 
Hat-topped  compact  terminal  heads,  with  involucre-like  bracts. 

1.  M.  fistttll^sa,  L.    Leaves   ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  dentate, 
petiulate;  bracts   somewhat   colored;  calyx   slightly  curved,  very 
hairy  in  the  throat. 
FISTULOCS  MOXARDA.     Horse  Mint.  Wild  Burgamot. 

Perennial.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branched,  mostly  hairy,  sometimes  solid  with 
pith.  Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  hairy,  punctate  beneath  ;  petioles  half  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Heads  of  Jlnwvrts  1  to  near  2  inches  in  diameter,  some- 
times proliferous;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  to  lame-linear,  partially  colored,  purplish, 
or  often  greenish-white;  corolla  varying  from  violet-purple  to  flesh-color,  and 
greenish  white. 
Hab.  Borders  of  thickets  ;  fence-rows,  &c.  :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  pleasantly  odorous  plant  presents  several  rather  striking 
varieties,  here  ;  but  they  arc  all  referred,  by  Mr.  BEXTHAM,  to  the 
above-named  species. 


.  RLEPIZIL'IA,  Rafm. 

[Or.  Rlrpltnris.  tin  eye-lash:  in  reference  to  the  t-iiiate  bracts.] 
Culjix  ovoid-  tubular,  13-nerved,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  with  3  bristle- 
pointed  teeth;  lower  lip  shorter,  bidendate;  throat  naked.  Corolla 
inflated  in  the  throat,  ringent;  lips  nearly  equal  ;  upper  lip  erect, 
oblong,  entire;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  —  the  middle  lobe  nar- 
rower, oblong,  emarginate.  Anther-cells  as  iu  Monarda.  Peren- 


206  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

nials  :  cymules  in  axillary  globose  clusters,  distinct,  but  somewhat 
approximated  into  a  terminal  leafy  spike  ;  flowers  rather  small,  pale 
bluish  purple. 

1.  lit  ciliata,  Rafin.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  often  narrowed  at 

base,  subsessile  ;  outer  bracts  ovate,  ciliate,  colored,  as  long  as  the 

calyx. 

CILIATE  BLEPHILIA. 

Stem  1  to  near  2  feet  high,  simple,  often  geveral  from  the  same  root,  hairy  at  the 
nodes,  and  retrorsely  pubescent  on  the  angles.  Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long, 
serrate-denticulate,  —  the  upper  ones  subsessile,  the  lower  ones  on  petioles  near 
half  an  inch  in  length.  Cymules  opposite,  approximated  into  a  spike  above,—  the 
lower  pair  distant  ;  bracts  greenish  white  ;  corolla  violet  or  bluish-purple. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  roadsides  ;  near  W.  Chester  :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant  looks  like  a  stranger,  here;  and  I  incline  to 
think  it  must  have  been  introduced  into  Chester  County,  from  the 
West. 

TRIBE  4.  NEPETE\A.E. 

Calyx  15-nerved,  tubular,—  the  orifice  obliquely  (or  sometimes  equally)  5-toothed; 
corolla  bilabiate,—  the  upper  Up  somewhat  vaulted,  lower  lip  spreading,  throat 
mostly  inflated;  stamens  ascending,  or  diverging,  didynamous,  —  the  upper  pair 
longer  ! 


299.  IrfOPHAlV'THUS,  Benth. 

[Gr.LopTios,  a  crest,  and  Anthos,  a  flower;  in  allusion  to  the  flowers.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate  ;  upper  teeth  rather  longer.  Corolla 
with  the  upper  lip  nearly  erect,  2-lobed;  lower  lip  3-lobed,  —  the 
middle  lobe  broader  and  crenate.  Stamens  exserted,  —  the  upper 
pair  declined,  the  lorver  ascending;  anther-cells  nearly  parallel,  or 
finally  somewhat  diverging.  Stout  branching  perennials:  cymules 
crowded  in  terminal  cylindric  spikes. 

1.  JL.  SCropimlariaef  olillS,  Benth.  Stem  pubescent,  obtuse- 
angled;    leaves    cordate-ovate,  crenate-serrate  ;    petioles    ciliate; 
spikes  purplish. 

SCROPHULARIA-LEAVED  LOPHANTHTJS.       Giant  HySSOp. 

Stem  3  to  5  or  0  feet  high,  often  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  mostly  dark  purple 
Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long  ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Spikes  2  to  6  inches 
long,  interrupted  at  base  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate.    Corolla  pale  purple. 
Hob.  Thickets  ;  fence-rows,  Ac.  :  frequent.    Fl,  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  Li.  nepetoides,  Benth.  Stem  smooth,   acute-angled;  leaves 
lance-ovate>  acutely  serrate;   petioles  smooth;  spikes  yellowish- 
green. 

NEPETA-LIKE  LOPHANTHUS. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  pale  green.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long  ;  petioles  1  to  2 
inches  in  length.    Spikes  2  to  5  inches  long,  somewhat  interrupted  at  base;  bracts 
lance-ovate,  conspicuously  acuminate.    Corolla  pale  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods;  fence-rows,  &c.  :  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

300.  WE'PETA,  L. 

[Supposed  to  be  named  from  Wepete,  —  a  tcrwn  in  Italy.] 
Calyx  tubular,  sometimes  ovoid,  often  incurved,  obliquely  5-toothed. 
Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  eomewhat  concave,  bifid;  lower 


LABIATAE  207 

lip  spreading,  3-lobed, — the  middle  lobe  largest.     Stamens  ascend- 
ing under  the  upper  lip ;  anthers  approximated  in  pairs, — the  cells 
diverging,  finally  divaricate,  sometimes  presenting  the  figure  of  a 
cross.     Perennial  herbs. 
2 1.  CATAKIA  :    Cymules  densely  many-flowered,  in  interrupted  terminal  raceme. 

1.  N.  Catdria,  L.  Erect;  hoary-villous ;  leaves  oblong-cordate, 
coarsely  crenate-serrate ;  racemes  paniculate ;  calyx  ovoid-tubular. 
CAT  NEPETA.  Cat-mint.  Cat-nep. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  mostly  several  from  the  same  root. 
leaves  2  to  4  inches  long ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  1%  inches  in  length.    Bracts 
small,  subulate.    Corolla  ochroleucous,  with  a  reddish  tinge  and  purple  dots. 
Hob.  Fields,  fence-rows,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr,  July. 

Obs.  Becoming  a  rather  too  common  weed,  on  our  farms.  The 
dried  Herb,  in  infusion,  is  a  highly  popular  medicine,  with  the 
good  ladies  who  deal  in  simples.  DE  THEIS,  in  his  Glossaire  de  Bo~ 
tanique,  has  the  following: — "Le  gout  des  Chats  pour  cette  plante 
est  tres-remarquable ;  ils  la  mordent,  1'arrachent,  et  se  roulent  des- 
gus  avec  transport.  II  est  cependant  singulier  qu'ils  ne  s'attaquent 
qu'a  celle  que  Ton  plante,  et  nullement  a  celle  qui  n'a  point  6t6 
deplace'e.  De  la  le  proverbe  anglois — 

"  If  you  set  it,  the  Cats  will  eat  it ; 
If  you  sow  it,  the  Cats  wont  know  it." 

I  doubt,  however,  whether  our  American  Cats  have  yet  learnt  to 
make  the  distinction, — or  even  acquired  "le  gout  pour  cette  plante." 

§  2.  GLECHOMA:  Cymules  loosely  few-flowered,  axillary  and  distant. 

St.  N.    Glechbma,  Benth.    Procumbent;    retrorsely  hairy;    leaves 
cordate-reniform,  rounded,  crenate;  calyx  cylindric. 
Ground  Ivy.  Ale-hoof.  Gill. 

Stem  6  to  18  inches  long,  slender,  radicating ;  flowering  branches  ascending,  4  to 
8  or  10  inches  high,  flaccid.  Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  1]^  inches  in  length,  and 
rather  wider  than  long ;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  long.  Floral  leaves  similar  in  form 
to  the  cauline.  Corolla  purplish-blue  (rarely  white).  Anther-cells  presenting  the 
figure  of  a  cross. 
Hob.  Waste  places.  Nat.  of  Europe,  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Naturalized  about  many  old  settlements.  The  Herb  was 
employed,  in  England,  to  clarify  and  give  a  flavor  to  Ale  (whence 
one  of  its  common  names),  until  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,- — at  which 
period  Hops  were  substituted. 

TRIBE  5.  STACHYDE'AE. 

Calyx  usually  campanulate,  5-  to  10-nerved, — the  orifice  regular,  or  oblique,  3-  to  10- 
toothed,  or  sometime*  bilabiate;  corolla  bilabiate,— the  upper  lip  arched,  or  flat, 
entire,  or  emarginate,— lower  lip  variously  3-lobed ;  stamens  ascending,  didynam- 
ous,-~the  upper  pair  shorter ;  nutlets  erect,  free  at  base. 

g  1.  SCCTELLARIEAB  :  Calyx  bilabiate,  not  inflated  ;  lips  dosed  in  fruit. 

3O1.  BRUNEI/LA,  Benth,  in  DC.  [Prunella,  L.~\ 

[German,  Brunelle,  from  Die  Braeune,  the  quinsy ;  said  to  be  relieved  by  it.] 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate ;    upper  lip  flat,   broad,    truncate,   3- 

toothed;  lower  Up  bifid.     Corolla  with  the  upper  lip  erect,  arched, 


208  GAMOrETALOUS    EXOGEXS 

entire;  lower  lip  depending,  3-lobed,  —  the  middle  lobe  rounded, 
concave,  crenulate;  tube,  a  little  contracted  at  throat.  Filaments 
bidentate  at  apex,  —  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther.  Peren- 
nials: cymules  few-flowered,  crowded  into  imbricated  oblong  termi- 
nal heads,  or  spikes. 

1.  B.  vulgflris,  L.  ktem  erect,  or  ascending;  leaves  petiolate,  ovate- 
oblong,  entire,  or  dentate,  sometimes  piunatind. 
Prunella  vulgaris.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  352. 
COMMON  BRUXELLA.     Heal-all.  Self-heai. 

Sftm  8  to  12  inches  long,  somewhat  branching,  especially  at  base,  usually 
purplish  brown.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long;  petioles  %  an  incn  *°  -  inches  (those 
of  the  radical  or  lower  leaves  often  3  or  4  inches)  in  length.  Spikes  1  to  3  inches 
long;  bracts  orbicular-cordate,  or  sub-reniform,  with  a  short  abrupt  acuminatiou, 
hairy  and  ciliate;  corolla  violet-purple  —  rarely  pale  purple,  or  whitish. 
Ifab.  Roadsides;  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  virtues,  indicated  by  the  common  names,  are  not  recog- 
nized at  the  present  day.  It  may  seem  rather  late  to  be  rectifying 
the  orthography  of  the  generic  name  ;  but  perhaps  the  high  author- 
ity of  Mr.  BEXTHAM  can  accomplish  it. 


3O2.  SCUTEUL.ViriA,  L. 

[Latin,  Scutella,  a  little  dish  ;  from  the  form  of  the  appendage  to  the  calyx.] 
Calyx  campanulate,  gibbous,  finally  dividing  to  the  base  ;  lips  en- 
tire, —  the  upper  one  with  a  concave  galeate  process  on  the  'back, 
deciduous.  Corolla  with  an  elongated  tube,  dilated  at  throat  ; 
upper  lip  arched,  nearly  entire;  lower  lip  dilated,  convex,  —  the  lat- 
eral lobes  often  connected  with  the  upper  lip.  Stamens  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip;  anthers  approximated  in  pairs,  ciliate,  —  those 
of  the  lower  pair  halved.  Chiefly  perennials  :  bitter  instead  of  aro- 
matic; flowers  racemose,  or  solitary,  terminal,  or  axillary.  This 
remarkably  natural  genus  is  easily  recognized,  by  the  concave  disk- 
like,  or  galeate,  appendage  of  the  calyx. 

j"  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 

1.  S.  pi!  ">sa,  MX.  Hairy;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  crenate-serrate  ; 
raceme  mostly  simple,  rather  short;  bracts  elliptic-ovate. 
HAIRY  SCUTKI.LARIA.     Scull-cap. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  nearly  simple,  more  or  less  hairy,  often  purplish. 
Lea  res  3  to  5  distant  pairs,  1  to  2>£  inches  long,  cunentely  tapering  to  a  jwtinle  at 
base.    Raceme  few-flowered  ;  pclicds  hirsute;  corolla  purplish-blue,  the  tube  nearly 
white. 
Jf.ib.  Open  woodlands  ;  clearings,  &c.:  common.     Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

"2.  S.  Integra  Olia,  L.  Minutely  hoary  pubescent;  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  or  sublinear,  mostly  entire  ;  racemes  often  branched  ;  bracts 
lanceolate;  flowers  large. 
ENTIRE-LEAVED  SCUTELLAUIA.     Large-flowered  Scull-cup. 

Stem\  to  2  feet  high,  nearly  simple,  —  the  lower  axils  often  with  short  abortive 
branches  bearing  a  tuft  of  small  leaves.  LAWS  1  to  'J  indies  long,  tapering  at  base 
to  a  short  petiole.  Racemes  loose,  terminal  and  subterminal  ;  branches  and  pedi- 
ceJs  densely  hoary-pubescent;  corolla  about  an  inch  long,  bright  blue  at  summit, 
pale  below. 
Hab.  Meadows,  and  moist  thickets:  fre-iuent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 


LABIATAE  209 

Obs.  This  rather  showy  species  is  intensely  bitter, — and,  no 
doubt,  might  be  usefully  employed  as  a  tonic. 

f  f  Flowers  axillary,  and  mostly  solitary. 

3.  S.  galerlculata,  L.    Leaves  lance-ovate,  crenate-serrate, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  subsessile;  flowers  rather  large, 
and  turned  to  one  side. 

CAPPED,  OR  HELMETED  SCUTELLARIA. 

Stem.  12  to  18  inches  high,  with  slender  spreading  branches  above,  slightly 
pubescent.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  on  very  short  petioles,  resinous-dotted 
beneath.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  opposite,  but  turned  to  the  same  side;  pedicels 
rather  longer  than  the  petioles;  corolla,  about  half  an  inch  long,  much  dilated 
above,  blue  at  summit,  paler  below. 
Hob.  Marshy  grounds ;  Wynn's  meadows :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  S.  nervosa,  Pursh.  Lower  leaves  roundish-cordate,  petiolate ; 
middle  ones  broad-ovate,  crenate-dentate,  sessile ;  upper  ones  lance- 
ovate,  entire. 

NERVED  SCUTELLARIA. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  square,  with  angles  acute  and  almost  winged,  often 
decumbent,  sparingly  branched,  slender  and  smooth ish.  Leaves  %  an  inch  to 
1%  inches  long,  prominently  nerved, — the  lower  ones  purplish  beneath.  Pedicels 
solitary,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  galeate  appendage  of  the  calyx  finally 
much  enlarged;  corolla  pale  blue,  %  to  %  an  inch  long;  nutlets  rugose-tubercu- 
late,  elevated  on  a  common  pedicel. 
Hob,  Banks  of  Schuylkill:  rare.  FL  May.  Fr.  July, 

5.  S.  |»  I r villa,  MX.  Stem  slender,  decumbent  and  spreading; 
leaves   ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  prominently  nerved,  mostly  entire, 
subsessile;  flowers  small. 

DIMINUTIVE  SCUTELLARIA. 

Rhizoma  creeping,  moniliform,  with  verticils  of  radicles.    Stem  4  to  8  or  10 
inches  long,  generally  branched  from  the  base,  purplish,  finally  rather  rigid, 
angles  minutely  scabrous.    Leaves  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  margin  mostly  entire 
and  revolute,  under  surface  often  dark  purple ;  lower  leaves  roundish-cordate,  on 
short  petioles, — upper  ones  oblong-ovate,  sessile.    Pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx; 
galeate  appendage  prominent ;  corolla  violet-purple,  about  %  of  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Serpentine  ridge,  West  Chester:  rare.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 
Iff  Flowers  in  axillary  leafy  racemes. 

6.  S.  laterlfldra,  L.  Stem  rather  erect,  much  branched;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate. 
LATERAL-FLOWERED  SCUTELLARIA.     Mad-dog  Scull-cap. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  smooth,  angles  slightly  scabrous,  sides  concave.  Leaves 
1  to  3  inches  long,  diminishing  as  they  ascend,  thin  and  smooth,  on  petioles  %  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  small,  in  leafy  racemes  which  terminate  th« 
slender  axillary  branches;  pedicels  solitary,  opposite,  in  the  axils  of  the  small 
leaves,  each  with  a  minute  filiform  pubescent  bract  at  base ;  corolla  %  to  %  of  an 
inch  long,  pale  violet-purple  (rarely  milk  white);  nutlets  tuberculate. 
Hob.  Swamps ;  ditch  banks,  Ac. :  frequent  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Some  years  since,  this  plant  had  much  notoriety,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  assertions  of  Empirics,  and  some  of  their  partizan 
newspaper-editors,  that  it  was  a  sovereign  remedy  for  Hydrophobia  • 
and  those  contemporaries  who  ventured  to  doubt,  were  unsparingly 


210  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

denounced  for  their  want  of  faith.  Like  its  numerous  predecessors, 
of  similar  pretensions,  the  vaunted  Specific  had  its  day  of  importance 
among  the  credulous, — and  then  sank  into  the  oblivion  which  neces- 
sarily awaits  all  such  preposterous  claims  upon  the  public  confi- 
dence. 

\  2.  MELITTEAE  :  Calyx  inflated  after  flowering. 

303.  PHYSOSTEVGIA,  Smth. 

[Gr.  Physa,  a  bladder,  and  Stege,  a  covering ;  alluding  to  the  inflated  flowers.] 
Calyx  nearly  equally  5-toothed, — at  first  tubular,  finally  inflated- 
campanulate.  Corolla-tube  much  exserted, — the  throat  inflated; 
tipper  lip  nearly  erect,  entire;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed, — the 
middle  lobe  larger  and  emarginate.  Stamens  ascending  under  the 
upper  lip ;  anthers  approximated  in  pairs,  naked, — the  cells  parallel. 
Smooth  perennials:  stem  virgate;  leaves  sessile;  flowers  large,  in 
terminal,  mostly  crowded,  leafless  spikes. 

1.  P.  Virginiana,  Smth.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  and  obo- 
rate-lanceolate,  serrate  above  the  middle;  bracts  lance-ovate,  acu- 
minate, shorter  than  the  calyx. 
VIRGINIAN  PHYSOSTEGIA.     False  Dragon-head. 

Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches 
long,  tapering  and  entire  at  base,  often  pellucid-punctate.  Flowers  in  dense  four- 
rowed  spikes  (pr  sometimes  rather  distant,  and  racemose),  of  2  to  6  or  8  inches  in 
length ;  corolla  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  pale  purple,  or  flesh-colored,  sometimes 
variegated ;  nutlets  smooth. 
Hob.  Banks  of  Schuylkill :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

g  3.  MABKUBIEAE  :  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  oftJie  corolla. 

3O4.  MARRITBIUM,  L. 

[Said  to  be  derived  from  the  Hebrew,  Marrob ;  meaning  a  bitter  juice.] 
Calyx  tubular,  5-  to  10-nerved,  nearly  equally  5-  or  10-toothed, — 
the  teeth  subspinose,  finally  spreading.  Corolla-tube  included; 
upper  Up  erect,  flattish,  often  bifid ;  lower  lip  longer  and  spreading, 
3-lobed.  Anther-cells  divergent.  Hoary-tomentose  perennials: 
leaves  rugose ;  cymules  axillary,  mostly  dense  and  many-flowered. 

1.  M.  vulgare,  L.  Stems  ascenling;  leaves  roundish-ovate,  crenate- 
dentate,  petiolate ;  calyx  with  10  subulate  recurved  teeth. 
COMMON  MABRUBIUM.     Common  Hoar-hound. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  cespitose,  or  branching  from  the  base.    Leaves  about  2 
inches  long;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Cymtdes  distant,  sessile; 
bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  with  a  smooth  subulate  recurved  point. — 
Corolla  white,  small. 
Hob.  Stony  banks.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  has  been  introduced  as  a  medicinal  Herb, — and  is  par- 
tially naturalized,  about  many  old  settlements.  It  is  a  valuable 
tonic;  and  is  much  employed  in  the  preparation  of  medicated 
syrups  and  candies. 

§  4.  LAMIEA.E  :  Stamens  exserted  from  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
t  Nutlets  obtuse,  not  truncate  at  apex* 


1ABIATAB  211 

305.  STA^CHYS,  L. 

[Or.  Stachys,  a  spike ;  in  reference  to  its  mode  of  flowering.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-  or  10-nerved,  5-toothed,  or  the  3 
upper  teeth  united  into  a  lip.  Corolla  not  dilated  at  throat;  upper 
lip  erect,  often  arched;  lower  Up  longer  and  spreading,  3-lobed. — 
Stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  often  reflexed  over  the  sides 
of  the  throat  after  flowering.  Cymules  few-  or  many-flowered,  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, — often  forming  terminal  leafy  racemes, 
or  spikes. 

1.  S.  dspera,  MX.  Stem  retrorsely  hispid  on  the  angles ;  leaves 

oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  on  short  petioles;    cymules  about  3- 

flowered. 

Also  ?  S.  sylvatica.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  360. 

ROUGH  STACHYS.     Hedge-Nettle. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  tg  2  or  3  feat  high,  more  or  less  branched.  Leaves  2  to  4  or  5 
inches  long,  often  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  more  or  less  hairy ;  petioles  %  to 
%  of  an  inch  in  length.  Bracts  subulate,  ciliate.  Calyx  more  or  less  hirsute  on 
the  nerves,— the  teeth  often  ciliate,  finally  spinescent.  Corolla  purple,  or  pale 
violet,  often  spotted,  pubescent  externally,  and  with  a  hairy  ring  within  the  tube. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets;  along  streams:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  There  seems  to  be  some  varieties  of  this,  which  are  calcula- 
ted to  puzzle  a  young  Botanist ;  but  I  am  not  satisfied  that  we  have 
more  than  one  species,  here. 

f  f  Nutlets  truncate  at  apex. 

306.  L-EOJVinEUJS,  L. 

[Gr.  Lean,  a  lion,  and  Oura,  a  tail ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance.] 
Calyx  turbinate,  5-nerved, — the   border  truncate,   5-toothed;  teeth. 
subulate,  finally  spinose  and  spreading.     Corolla  with  the  upper  Up 
oblong,  entire,  somewhat  arched;  lower  lip   3-lobed, — the  lateral 

lobes  oblong,  the  middle   one   entire,  or  sometimes   obcordate. 

Anthers  approximated  in  pairs,  incumbent;  cells  mostly  parallel, 
opening  transversely  by  little  valves ;  valvelets  naked  on  the  mar- 
gin. Nutlets  triquetrous,  with  the  angles  acute.  Mostly  perennials: 
leaves  incisely  lobed ;  cymules  dense  and  closely  axillary. 

1.  L.  Cardiaca,  L.  Lower  stem-leaves  palmate-lobed,  upper  ones 
ovate-  and  cuneate-oblong,  mostly  trifid;  corolla  longer  than  the 
calyx-teeth,— the  tube  with  a  villous  ring  within  at  base;  upper 
lip  flattish,  densely  villous  above ;  lower  lip  spreading,  with  the 
middle  lobe  entire. 
CARDIAC  LEOXURUS.  Mother-wort. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  branched  at  base,  and  above,  retrorsely  pubescent,  with  a 
hairy  ring  at  the  nodes,  often  purple  at  base.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  rugose,— 
the  lower  or  radical  ones  nearly  orbicular  in  the  outline ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in 
length.  Oymidf-s  3-  to  &•  or  8-flowered,  sessile,  forming  a  terminal  interrupted 
leafy  spike  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long;  bracts  subulate;  ctrroUa  pale  purple. 
Hob.  Waste  places.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  worthless  weed  is  completely  naturalized ;  and  is  apt 
to  occupy  the  farm-yards,  waste  places,  and  fence-rows,  of  all 
slovenly  farmers. 


212  GAMOPETALOUS    EXOGENS 

2.  L.  Marrubidstrum,  L.  Stem-leaves  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  serrate ; 
corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx-teeth, — the  tube  naked  within;  upper 
lip  somewhat  arched,  the  lower  rather  erect. 
MARRUBIUM-LIKE  LEONURUS. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  long  ascending  branches,  clothed  with  a  short  retrorse 
cinereous  pubescence.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long, gradually  smaller  above;  radical 
leaves  ovate,  crenate,  on  long  petioles  ;  lower  stem-leaves  deeply  and  coarsely  serrate, 
on  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length ;  upper  or  floral  leaves  lanceolate,  sparingly  in. 
cised-dentate.  Cymules  many-flowered,  subsessile,  forming  interrupted  leafy 
spikes  6  to  18  inches  long ;  bracts  terete,  needle-like ;  corolla  whitish,  tinged  with 
red. 
Bab.  Roadsides.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  has  probably  escaped  from  the  Garden  of  the 
late  HUMPHRY  MARSHALL  ;  and  seems  likely  to  become  one  of  those 
unprofitable  additions  which  Botanic  Gardens  do  sometimes  make 
to  the  vegetation  of  a  country.  In  truth,  some  caution  is  required, 
in  introducing  worthless  plants  into  Agricultural  districts, — other- 
wise much  mischief  may  be  done. 

307.  1,AVMIIJM,  L. 

[Gr.  Laimos,  the  throat ;  in  allusion  to  its  gaping  corolla.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  5-nerved,  with  5  subulate  teeth. 
Corolla  dilated  at  throat,  ringent ;  upper  lip  oblong,  arched ;  lower 
lip  with  the  middle  lobe  broad,  obcordate,  sub-stipitate, — the  lateral 
lobes  small,  at  the  margin  of  the  throat.  Stamens  ascending  under 
the  upper  lip ;  anther-cells  divergent.  Cymules  axillary,  compact. 

1.  L.   amplexicaule,  L.    Leaves  rounded,    crenately  incised, — the 
lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  ones  sessile  and  clasping. 
STEM-CLASPING  LAMIUM.     Dead  Nettle.  Hen-bit. 

Annual'.  Stems  several,  or  much  branched  from  the  base,  decumbent,  or  ascend- 
ing, 6  to  12  inches  long,  smoothish  and  generally  purplish.  Leaves  half  an  inch 
to  3  quarters  in  length,  and  mostly  wider  than  long, — the  lower  ones  on  petioles  % 
an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Cymules  many-flowered, — lower  ones  distant,  upper  ones 
rather  approximated.  Corolla  bright  purple ;  tube  naked  within ;  upper  lip  nearly 
entire,  clothed  with  a  purple  villus.  Anthers  hirsute. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  little  weed  is  abundantly  naturalized  in  gardens  and 
cultivated  lots, — often  flowering  in  midwinter,  when  the  weather  is 
mild.  The  corolla  in  the  lower  cymules  is  often  minute,  or  Avanting. 

2.  L.  purpureum,  L.  Leaves  roundish,  or  oblong-cordate,  crenate- 
serrate,  all  petiolate,  upper  ones  crowded. 

PURPLE  LAMIUM. 

Annual.  Stem  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  branched  at  base;  branches  ascending, 
retrorsely  scabrous,  dark  green,  or  purplish.  Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long, 
rugose,  hairy;  lower  ones  orbicular-cordate,  onpetiolesl  orl%  inches  long;  upper 
ones  oblong-cordate,  on  shorter  petioles.  Cymules  approximated  in  a  sort  of  leafy 
head, — sometimes  the  lower  pair  a  little  distant.  Corolla  violet-purple,  the  lower 
lip  spotted ;  tube,  with  a  hairy  ring  at  base  within;  lateral  lobes  toothed.  Antfiert 
hirsute. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  April.  Fr.  June. 


LABIATAB 


213 


Obs.  This  foreigner  is  yet  rare;  but  is  naturalized  in  a  few 
localities. 

TRIBE  6.  AJUGE'AE. 

Corolla,  with  the  upper  Up  sometimes  very  short,—  sometimes  deeply  cleft,  with  the 
lobes  depending,—  rarely  erect  and  arched  ;  lower  lip  elongated  ;  stamens  mostly 
didynamous,  and  much  exserted;  nutlets  reticulately  rugose,  obliquely  affixed,  and 
eubconnate  at  base. 

SOS.  TRICHOSTEW  A,  L. 

[Or.  Thrix,  trickos,  hair,  and  Sterna,  stamen  ;  from  its  long  hair-like  stamens.] 
Calyx  depressed-campanulate,  oblique,  resupinate,  unequally  5- 
cleft;  the  3  tipper  teeth  (becoming  the  lower  ones,  by  the  twisting  of 
the  peduncle)  elongated,  and  partly  united  ;  the  lower  (finally  upper) 
teeth  very  short.  Corolla  5-lobed  ;  lobes  oblong,  declined.  Stamens 
much  exserted,  declined  and  then  curved  upward  ;  anther-cells 
divergent,  finally  confluent.  Annuals:  leaves  entire;  flowers  axil- 
lary, —  the  inflorescence  finally  elongated  into  brachiate  leafy  racemes. 

1.  T.  dicliotomuni,  L.  Stem  bushy;  leaves  lance-oblong,  or 
rhombic-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  petiolate;  flowers   solitary,  in 
the  axils  of  leaf-like  bracts. 
DICHOTOMOUS  TRICHOSTEMA.     Bastard  Pennyroyal.  Blue  Curls. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  brachiately  branched,  clothed  with  a  short  cinereous 
ronghish  pubescence.  Leaves  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole 
%  to  %  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers  on  peduncles  %  to  %  an  inch  long,  —  the  ter- 
minal ones  di-  or  tri-chotomous  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles; 
corolla  bright  blue,  rarely  purplish. 
Hob.  Sandy  old  fields  :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  herb  has  a  resinous  odor,  much  resembling  that  of  the 
ripe  kernels  of  the  Jualans  niara,  or  black  Walnut. 


309. 

[From  Teucer,  King  of  Troy  ;  who,  it  is  said,  first  used  one  of  the  genus.) 
Calyx  tubular,  slightly  ventricose,  nearly  equally  5-toothed,  or  the 
upper  ones  a  little  broader.  Corolla  with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly 
equal,  oblong  and  declined,  —  the  lower  lobe  largest,  mostly  concave. 
Stamens  exserted  from  the  fissure  on  the  upper  side  of  the  corolla  ; 
anther-cells  confluent.  Cymules  few-flowered,  in  a  terminal  rather 
crowded  greyish-green  spike. 

1.  T.  Canadense,  //.  Greyish-pubescent;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 

late, acute,  serrate,  on  short  petioles. 

CANADIAN  TEUCRIUM.     Wood  Sage.  American  Germander. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched,  square  with  the 
sides  concave  and  the  angles  obtuse,  retrorsely  pubescent.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches 
long;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length.  Cymules  2-  or  3-flowered.  in  a  simple 
tpteate  raceme  2  to  6  inches  in  length  (often  an  opposite  pair  of  such  racemes  from 
the  axils  of  the  first  leaves  beneath)  ;  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  coroOa 
pale  purple. 
Bab.  Moist,  shaded  grounds  :  frequent  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  An  intelligent  practical  farmer,  a  few  years  since,  brought 
to  me  specimens  of  this  plant,  —  as  one  which  he  had  found  to  be  a 
very  pernicious  weed,  and  difficult  to  get  rid  of.  Whether  others 


214  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

have  had  a  similar  experience  of  it,  I  am  not  informed.  So  far  as 
I  have  observed,  the  plant  is  generally  confined  to  fence-rows,  and 
the  low  shaded  grounds  along  streams. 

ORDER  LXVL    BOR'AGINACEAE. 

Chiefly  hirsute  herbs;  stems  round;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  not  aromatic ;  stipules 
none;  flowers  usually  regular,  and  nearly  symmetrical,  mostly  in  one-sided 
racemes,  or  spikes,  which  are  revolute  (circinnate,  or  scorpioid)  before  development ; 
calyx  5-parted ;  coroUa  5-lobed,  with  5  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube ;  ovary  deeply 
4-parted,  becoming  in  fruit  4  seed-like  nutlets,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  style ; 
seeds  single,  pendulous,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

An  order,  for  the  most  part,  of  rough  homely  plants, — some  of  them  very  ob- 
noxious weeds.  Several  species  have  showy  flowers;  and  some  of  the  Heliotropt* 
are  admired  for  their  fragrance. 

g  1.  Nutlets  fixed  to  the  receptacle  (free  from  the  base  of  the  style.') 
f  Corolla  irregular. 

310.  EXCHIUM,   Tournef. 

[Gr.  Echis,  a  viper ;  the  nutlets  somewhat  resembling  a  viper's  head.] 
Corolla  subcampanulate,  unequally   and   obliquely  lobed;    throat 
expanded,   naked.      Stamens  mostly   exserted,   unequal.      Nutlets 
rugose  or  tuberculate,  with  a  small  flat  scar  at  base.     Flowers  in 
panicled  spikes,  at  first  purplish,  finally  bright  violet-blue. 

1.  E.  vulgdre,  L.  Stem  tuberculate-hispid ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate ; 

flowers  in  short  lateral  spikes. 

COMMON  ECHIUM.     Blue-Weed.  Viper's  Bugloss. 

Biennial.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branched  above.    Radical  leaves  5  to  8  inches 
long,  petiolate;  stem-leaves  smaller,  acute,  sessile.    Spikes  axillary,  numerous.— 
Nutlets  subovoid,  angular  on  the  inner  side,  keeled  on  the  back,  acuminate  and  a 
little  incurved,  rough  with  greyish-brown  tubercles. 
Sab.  Fields,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  showy,  but  pernicious  weed,  is  gradually  making  ita 
way  into  various  sections  of  our  County.  It  was  detected  in  the 
vicinity  of  West  Chester,  during  the  past  summer  (1851),  by  Misa 
HARRIET  HARLAN,  a  Teacher  of  Botany  in  PRICE'S  Female  Seminary. 
The  Farmers — as  well  as  the  Lady  Botanists — will  do  well  to  keep  a 
vigilant  eye  upon  it. 

f  f  Corolla  regular.    *  Nutlets  excavated  at  base. 

311.  SYM'PHYTIJM,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Symphyo,  to  join;  from  its  supposed  healing  virtues.] 
Corolla  tubular,  with  short  revolute  lobes ;  throat  ventricose,  closed 
by  5  lanceolate  scales.     Stamens  included;    anthers  elongated.— 
Coarse  perennials:  flowers  in  nodding  hispid  racemes,  yellowish- 
white. 

1.  S.  OFFICINALE,  L.  Stem  winged  above  by  the  decurrence  of  the 
sessile  leaves ;  lower  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  petiole. 
OFFICINAL  SYMPHYTUM.  Garden  Comfrey. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  branched,  grooved  or  angular,  and  hispidly  pilose.  Learea 
8  to  12  inches  long,  rugose  and  scabrous ;  petioles  of  the  lower  ones  3  to  5  inches  in 


BOBAGINACEAB  215 

length.  Racemes  without  bracts,-* the  flowers  rather  crowded ;  Corolla  ochroleucous, 
rarely  purplish ;  scales  of  the  throat  glandular-dentate. 
Hub.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  was  formerly  found  in  many  of  our  gardens, — and  is 
yet,  occasionally,  to  be  seen, — for  the  sake  of  its  mucilaginous 
root, — which  was  reputed  medicinal,  for  wounds,  and  internal  com- 
plaints. It  is,  doubtless,  about  as  sovereign  as  "Parmaceti,  for  an 
inward  bruise." 

*  *  Nutlets  with  a  small  flat  scar  at  base. 

312.  OtfOSMO'DIVM,  MX. 

[So  named,  from  its  resemblance  to  Onosma, — a  kindred  genus.] 
Corolla  tubular,  with  erect,  or  connivent,  acute  lobes ;  throat  naked. 
Anthers  sagittate,   subsessile,   included.     Style  much  exserted. — 
Nutlets  ovoid,  glabrous.     Hirsute  perennials :  flowers  ochroleucous, 
in  terminal  one-sided  leafy  racemes. 

1.  O.  Virgin! stnum,  Alph.  DC.  Plant  clothed  with  appressed 
bristles;  leaves  lance-oblong,  nerved,  sessile, — the  lower  ones 
narrowed  at  base ;  corolla-lobes  subulate-lanceolate. 

0.  hispidum.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  119. 
VIBGINIAN  ONOSMODIUM. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  branched.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long.    Racemes  at  first 
recurved  and  nodding,  finally  erect ;  corolla  rather  longer  than  the  calyx ;  nutlets 
with  numerous  depressions  on  the  surface,  grey,  shining. 
Hob.  Great  Valley:  not  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

313.  MTHOSPERM1JM,  Tournef. 

[Or.  Lithos,  a  stone,  and  Sperma.  seed;  from  the  stony  hardness  of  the  nutlets.] 
Corolla  funnel-form,  or  salver-form,  with  rounded  lobes;  throat 
naked,  but  mostly  with  5  small  gibbous  projections.  Anthers  oblong, 
subsessile,  included.  Style  not  exserted.  Nutlets  ovoid,  rugose,  or 
smooth.  Flowers  axillary,  crowded  at  summit  in  leafy  racemes,  or 
clusters. 

a.  Corolla  funnel-form,  white:  nutlets  rugose. 

1.  L.  arvSnse,  L.  Hairy ;  branched  from  the  base ;   leaves  lance- 
linear,   rather  acute,   nerveless;   flowers  small, — the  lower  ones 
rather  distant. 

FIELD  LITHOSPERMTJM.     Stone-weed.  Gromwell. 

Annual.    Plant  greyish-green,  with  short  appressed  hairs.  /Stems  12  to  18  inches 
high,  often  branched  near  the  summit.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  with  a  midrib 
but  no  lateral  nerves,  sessile.    Flowers  solitary,  subsessile;  nutlets  brown  when 
mature. 
Hob.  Fields.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  A  worthless  little  weed, — extensively  naturalized, 
b.  Corolla  salver-form,  orange-yellow :  nutlets  smooth. 

2.  L<.  caiiesceiis,  Lehm.  Villous;  stem  nearly  simple;  leaves 
lance-oblong,  rather  obtuse;   flowers  rather  large,  clustered  at 
summit. 

Batschia  canescens.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  118. 
HOABY  LITHOSPEBMUM.    Puccoon.  Alkanet. 


216  OAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Perennial.    Root  large,  red.    <Sfem  about  a  foot  high,  several  from  the  same  root, 
Sometimes  trichotomously  branched  above,  hoary  with  spreading  hairs.    Leave* 
•bout  an  inch  and  half  long,  clothed  with  appressed  hairs.    Cm-Ma  with  a  slight 
pubescent  ring  on  the  inside,  at  bottom. 
Hob,  Great  Valley :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  pretty  little  plant  is  quite  rare,  here.  The  root  was 
used,  by  the  Aborigines,  for  staining  red. 

314.  MYOSOVTIS,  L 

[Gr.  Mys,  myos,  a  mouse,  and  ous,  otos,  an  ear ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves.] 
Corolla  salver-form;  lobes  rounded,  convolute  in  the  bud!  tub* 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  throat  with  5  short  arching  appendages 
opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  included.  Nutlets  smooth,  somewhat 
compressed.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal  racemes,  mostly  without 
bracts. 

1.  IH.  liixa,  Lehm.  Biennial ;  stems  ascending,  rooting  near  the 
base,  terete,  branching ;  leaves  lance-oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  pedicels 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

M.  palustris.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  120.  not  of  Withering. 
LOOSE  MYOSOTIS.     Scorpion-grass.  Forget-me-not. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  long,  slender,  smoothish.    Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long, — upper  ones 
geefiile,  lower  ones  often  petiolate.    Racemes  terminating  the  branches,  sometimes 
in  pairs,  elongating,  secund,  at  first  recurved.    Corolla  bright  blue,  the  throat 
closed  with  yellow  connivent  scales ;  border  nearly  flat. 
Hob.  Swampy  rivulets,  and  springs:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  seems  to  have  been  generally  mistaken  for  the  M. 
palustris,  With,  or  true  "  Vergiss  mein  nicht,"  of  the  Germans, — to 
•which,  indeed,  it  bears  a  close  resemblance. 

2.  lH.  Stricta,  Link.  Annual ;  stem  erect,  nearly  simple ;  leaves 
oblong,  or  oval-lanceolate,  rather  acute ;  pedicels  about  as  long  as 
the  calyx. 

M.  arvensis.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  120. 
UPRIGHT  MYOSOTIS. 

Plant  greyish-pubescent.  Stem  at  first  nearly  simple,  at  length  branching,  3  *o 
6  (and  finally  sometimes  12)  inches  high.  Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long, 
sessile,  scabrous, — the  lower  ones  often  lance-obovate,  obtuse,  and  petiolate. — 
Racemes  terminal,  at  first  short,  and  the  flowers  crowded,  finally  much  elongated, 
bifarious  (not  secund).  Corolla  very  small,  white,  or  sometimes  pale  blue;  border 
somewhat  erect. 
Hob.  Dry  hills,  and  serpentine  rocks :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  is  usually  very  diminutive,  when  the  flowers 
begin  to  appear;  but  the  racemes  finally  stretch  up — sometimes  to 
the  height  of  12  or  15  inches. 

315.  MERTEtfS'IA,  Roth. 

[Dedicated  to  Prof.  F.  C.  Mertens,  of  Bremen.] 

Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  border 
obscurely  lobed;  throat  naked,  or  with  5  small  folds  therein. — 
Stamens  and  style  rather  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Nutlets  ovoid, 
smoothish,  fixed  obliquely  by  the  internal  angle.  Smooth  perennials : 
flowers  purplish-blue,  large,  in  terminal  (at  first  corymbose)  racemes. 


BORAGINACEAE  217 

1.  M«  Yirgfnica,  DC.  Stem  nearly  erect;  upper  leaves  lance- 
oblong,  lower  ones  finally  roundish-obovate ;  racemes  elongated  in 
fruit ;  corolla  naked  in  the  throat. 
Pulmonaria  Virginica.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  117. 
VIRGINIAN  MERTENSIA.     Virginia  Cowslip.  Smooth  Lung-wort. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  angular,  succulent,  a  little  branched  at  summit.  Lower 
leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  on  petioles  2  to  5  inches  long;  upper  leaves  gradually 
smaller,  and  becoming  subsessile.  Corolla,  near  an  inch  long,  with  an  annular  tuft 
of  hairs  on  the  inside,  near  the  base.  Disk  hearing  2  glands  as  long  as  the  ovaries. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  streams:  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  plant — glabrous  among  the   asperifoliae ! — is  rather 
showy,  and  pretty, — often  finding  a  place  in  flower-gardens, 
g  2.  Nutlets  affixed  laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style. 

316.  CYtfOGL-OS'SIIM,  Tournef. 
[Or.  Kyon,  a  dog,  and  Gtossa,  a  t9ngue ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves.] 
Corolla  funnel-form;    lobes  rounded;  tube  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx ;  throat  closed  by  5  obtuse  scales.     Stamens  included.     Nutlets 
depressed,  or  convex,  more  or  less  covered  with  short  barbed  or 
hooked  prickles.     Flowers  mostly  in  paniculate,  or  corymbose,  naked 
racemes. 

f  Racemes  not  bracteate, 

1.  C.  offidnale,  L.  Softly  pubescent;  stem  paniculate  above,  leafy; 
tipper  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile ;  nutlets  depressed. 

OFFICINAL  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Hound's-tongue. 

Biennial.    Stem  about  2  feet  high.    Radical  leaves  9  to  12  inches  in  length,  lance- 
oblong,  petiolate ;  stem-leaves  3  to  6  inches  long.    Pacemes  2  to  5  inches  long,  mostly 
erect,  secund ;  pedicels  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length ;  corolla  reddish  or  purplish' 
brown  (sometimes  milk  white). 
Hob.  Waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Naturalized  about  old  settlements.  The  disagreeable  odor 
of  this  species  has  been  compared  to  that  of  nests  of  young  mice. 

2.  C.  VirginiCUIIl,   L.    Hirsute ;    stem   simple,    few-leaved ; 
stem-leaves  oblong,  clasping,  and  sub-auriculate  at  base;  racemes 
corymbed,  on  a  long  naked  peduncle. 

VIRGINIAN  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Wild  Comfrey. 

Perennial.  Stem  about  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  mostly  leafless  for  6  or  8 
inches  below  the  corymb.  Radical  leaves  about  6  inches  long,  oval  or  lance-obovate, 
narrowed  at  base  to  &  petiole  about  3  inches  in  length ;  stem-leaves  1  or  2  to  6  inches 
long,  diminishing  as  they  ascend.  Flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  corymbose  panicle, 
of  2  or  3  principal  pedunculate  racemes  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length;  pedicels  %  to 
%  of  an  inch  long ;  corotta  pale  blue,  or  rather  bluish-white. 
Bah.  Rich  woodlands :  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  root  of  this  is  a  popular  medicine, — similar  to  that  of 
the  Garden  Comfrey, — and  about  as  efficacious. 

f  f  Racemes  bracteate,  but  the  pedicels  extra-axillary. 

3.  C.  91  orisunl,  DC.  Stem  hairy,  leafy,  divaricately  branched 
above ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  racemes  slender,  paniculate,  forked. 
Echinospermum  Virginicum.  Lehm.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  121. 
MORISON'S  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Beggar's  Lice. 


218  GAMOPETALOU8   EXOGEN8 

Annual.  Stem  2  to  4  feet  high.  Leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end, 
scabrous,  —  the  lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  ones  subsessile.  Racemes  pedunculate, 
1  to  2  or  3  inches  long,  terminating  the  slender  divaricate  branches,  mostly  dichotom- 
ous  ;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  fruit  ;  corolla  bluish-white  ;  nutlets  convex, 
densely  covered  with  barbed  prickles. 
Hob.  Borders  of  thickets;  fence-rows,  &c.  :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  troublesome  weed  is  well  known  to  the  farmers,  —  by 
reason  of  its  adhesive  bur-like  fruit  entangling  and  matting  the 
manes  of  their  horses,  and  the  fleeces  of  their  sheep. 

ORDER  LXVII.    HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  and  lobed,  without  stipules;  flowers  regular, 
pentamerous  and  pentandrous  ;  corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud  ;  stigma  bifid  ; 
ovary  entire,  ovoid,  mostly  hairy,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae;  capsule  globose, 
2-valved,  few-seeded;  seeds  reticulated  or  pitted  ;  embryo  minute,  in  cartilaginous 
albumen.  ''/  •  ' 

317.  IIYDROPHYI/MJM,  L. 

[Gr.  Hydor,  water,  and  Phyllon,  a  leaf;  the  application  not  obvious.] 
Calyx  5-parted,  rarely  with  a  small  appendage  in  each  sinus.  — 
Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft,  —  the  tube  with  5  linear  grooved  ap- 
pendages inside,  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  exserted;  filaments 
more  or  less  hairy.  Ovary  with  the  placentae  expanded  so  as  to 
line  the  cell,  like  an  interior  pod.  Capsule  spherical,  1-  to  4-seeded. 
Perennials  :  flowers  in  cymose  clusters. 

1.  H.  Virginicum,  L.   Leaves  pinnately  dissected;    lobes 
oval-lanceolate,  deeply  serrate,  the  lowest  ones  distinct. 
VIRGINIAN  HYDROPHYLLUM.    Water-leaf. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  often  dichotomously  branched  near  the  base,  nearly 
naked,  with  one  or  two  leaves  at  summit.  Leaves  irregularly  dissected,  about  5- 
lobed,  the  2  lower  lobes  distinct,  and  somewhat  distant  ;  petioles  of  the  radical  and 
lower  leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,—  those  at  summit  shorter.  Flowers  in  clus- 
tered corymbs;  common  peduncles  2  to  5  inches  long,  axillary,  or  opposite  to  the 
petioles  of  the  upper  leaves;  calyx-segments  hispid-ciliate,  —  the  sinuses  without 
appendages;  corolla  white,  with  purplish  veins. 
Hob.  Moist,  shaded  grounds:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

ORDER  LXVIII.    POLEMONIACEAE. 

Eerbs;  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite,  without  stipules  ;  powers  regular,  pentamerous 
and  pentandrous;  corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  s^Ze  3-lobed  ;  capsule  3-celled, 
3-valved,  loculicidal,—  the  valves  usually  breaking  away  from  the  central  column; 
seeds  few,  or  many,  with  copious  albumen. 

A  small  Order;  but  comprising  some  plants  which  are  admired  by  Florists,— 
such  as  the  Cobaea  scandens,  Cav.  and  several  species  of  Phlox,  and  Gttia. 


318.  POMMO^IUM,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Polemos,  war;  an  ancient  name,  of  obscure  meaning.] 
Calyx  loosely  campanulate.      Corolla    sub-rotate-campanulate.  — 
Stamens  declined;  filaments  with  the  base  dilated,  ciliate,  connivent 
and  valve-like.     Capsule  roundish-ovoid,  several-seeded.      Leaves 
odd-pinnately  dissected  ;  fiowers  in  terminal  corymbose  clusters. 


POLEMONIACEAE  219 

1.  P.   reptaiis,  L.    Smooth,   and   succulent;    branched  and 

leaning;  leaflets  6  to  11,  lance-ovate,  acute;  corymbs  few-flowered, 

nodding. 

CBAWLINO  POLEMONIUM.    Jacob's  Ladder.  Greek  Valerian. 

Perennial.  Stem  12  to  18  inches  long.  Leaflets  usually  7  or  9,  about  an  inch 
long,  mostly  opposite,— the  terminal  one  lance-obovate;  common  petiole  half  an 
Inch  to  2  inches  in  length  below  the  leaflets,  slightly  -winged,  pubescenteiliate.— 
Corolla  blue,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,— the  lobes  short,  obovate,  rounded. 
Capsule  on  a  short  stipe,  in  the  enlarged,  persistent,  veined,  green,  and  somewhat 
membranous  calyx. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  Our  plant  so  much  resembles  the  European  species  (P. 
caeritieum,  £.),  that  it  has  received  the  same  common  names. 

319.  PHL.OX,  L. 

[Gr.  Phlox,  a  flame  of  fire ;  from  the  color  of  the  numerous  flowers.] 
Calyx  5-ribbed,  somewhat  prismatic.  Corolla  salver-form;  tube 
slender,  more  or  less  curved;  lobes  cuneate-obovate.  Stamens 
included,  unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube.  Capsule  ovoid; 
cells  1-seeded.  Mostly  perennials :  leaves  generally  opposite,  sessile, 
entire;  flowers  usually  purple,  or  pink,  more  or  less  corymbose- 
paniculate. 

f  Flowers  in  a  thyrsoid  or  oblong  corymbose  panicle. 

1.  P.  maculata,  L.  Stem  roughish,  spotted  with  dark  purple; 
upper   leaves    ovate-lanceolate,    acuminate;    lower    ones    linear- 
lanceolate. 

SPOTTED  PHLOX.    Wild  Sweet- William. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  mostly  simple.    Leaves  1  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  usually 
opposite,  rarely  ternate.    Bracts  subulate-linear,  near  an  inch  long.    Corotta  bright 
purple,  rarely  white;  the  tube  near  an  inch  long. 
Sab.  Low  grounds;  margins  of  rivulets:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

f  f  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.    *  Corolla-lobes  entire. 

2.  P.  pilosa,  L.  Slender,  villous,  and  slightly  viscid;  leaves 
lance-linear,  acute;  calyx-teeth  slender,  subulate,  with  awn-like 
points. 

P.  aristata.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  123.  not  of  MX. 
HAIRY  PHLOX. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  sometimes  branched.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long, — the 
Tipper  ones  occasionally  somewhat  ovate-lanceolate.    Bracts  subulate,  or  lanceo- 
late, about  half  an  inch  in  length.    Corolla  pale  red, — the  tube  %  of  an  inch  long, 
nearly  straight. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

3.  P.  reptan§9  MX.  Stem  erect,  with  procumbent  runners  at 
base  bearing  roundish-obovate  and  rather  fleshy  subsessile  leaves ; 
upper  stem-leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  corymb  few-flowered. 
CRAWLING  PHLOX. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high;  runners  branching  off  in  all  directions  from  the 
base,  2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  more  or  less  pilose 
and  ciliate, — the  lower  ones  spatulate-obovate,  tapering  to  short  margined  petioles. 


220  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

Corolla  deep  purplish-red, — the  tube  about  an  inch  long,  a  little  curved. 
Hub.  Woodlands;  nearPcwZi:  very  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  pretty  species  is  occasionally  seen  in  the  gardens  of 
persons  of  taste.  I  have  not  met  with  it,  myself,  growing  wild. 

*  *  Corolla-lobes  emarginate. 

4.  P.  divariCiYta,  L.  Stems  ascending,  loosely  branched  from 
the  base;    leaves  lance-oval  or  oblong,  acute,  thinnish;  corymb 
loosely  paniculate. 

DIVARICATE  PHLOX. 

Stems  9  to  15  inches  long,  numerous,  straggling,— some  of  them  nearly  procum- 
bent and  runner-like,  with  erect  branches.  Leaves  1  to  \%  inches  long,  the  upper 
pairs  distant,  subcordate  and  clasping  at  base, — those  on  the  runner-like  branches 
nearly  acute  at  base,  becoming  thick  and  coriaceous.  Corymb  di-  or  tri-chotomously 
and  somewhat  divaricately  branching;  corotta  pale  lilac,  or  bluish-purple,— the 
tube  %  of  an  inch  long,  slightly  curved. 
Hob.  Damp  thickets ;  along  Schuylkill :  rare.  FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

5.  P.  Sllblllata,  L.    Stems  prostrate,   with  numerous  short 
assurgent  branches ;  leaves  subulate-linear,  rigid. 

SUBULATE  PHLOX.     Mountain  Pink.  Ground  Pink. 

Stems  8  to  12  or  18  inches  long, — the  assurgent  branches  2  to  4  inches  high.— 
Leaves  about  half  an  inch  long,  cuspidate,  crowded,  with  axillary  clusters  of 
smaller  ones.  Corymbs  3-  to  6-flowered;  corolla  pink-purple,  with  a  dark  purple 
centre,— the  tube  about  %  an  inch  long,  a  little  curved ;  sometimes  the  flowers  are 
white. 
Hob.  Rocky  hills;  Serpentine  ridges :  abundant.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  Serpentine  rock,  with 
ns ;  and  when  it  is  in  full  bloom,  the  hills,  at  a  distance,  appear  as 
if  covered  with  a  sheet  of  flame. 

ORDER  LXIX.    CONVOLVULA^CEAE. 

Mostly  trailing  or  twining  herbs,  often  with  a  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate  (rarely 
none!),  entire  or  lobed,  without  stipules ;  flowers  regular,  often  large;  calyx  of  5 
Imbricated  persistent  sepals ;  corotta  5-plaited,  or  4-  or  5-lobed,  twisted  or  convolute 
in  the  bud ;  stamens  mostly  5 ;  capsule  1-  or  2-  to  4-celled,  often  septifragal,  few- 
seeded;  seeds  with  a  little  mucilaginous  albumen;  cotyledons  sometimes  (i.  e.  in  the 
leafless  plants)  wanting! 

An  interesting  and  rather  anomalous  Family  of  plants ;  comprising  some  valu- 
able,— some  nuisances, — a  number  beautiful, — and  several  which  are  singularly 
curious  in  their  structure  and  habit. 

SUBORDER  I.    CONVOLVULEVAE. 

Green  and  leafy  plants ;  cotyledons  large  and  foliaceous,  crumpled  or  corrugated ; 
eoroUa  large,  plicate,  obscurely  lobed. 

320.  CAL.YSTE\GIA,  R.  Br. 

[Gr.  Kalos,  beautiful,  and  Siege,  a  covering ;  in  allusion  to  the  bracts. 
Calyx  covered  by  2  large  opposite  subcordate  bracts.  Corolla 
campanulate.  Stamens  included.  Stigmas  2,  oblong.  Ovary  im- 
perfectly 2-celled.  Capsule  1-celled,  4-seeded.  Perennials:  leave* 
entire,  sagittate-cordate  at  base ;  flowers  solitary,  on  long  axillary 
peduncles. 


CONVOLVULACEAE  221 

1.  C.  sepiuili,  R.  Br.  Stem  long,  trailing  or  twining,  smoothish; 
leaves  sagittate,  with  the  lobes  obliquely  truncate. 
Convolvulus  sepium.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  130. 

HEDGE  CALYSTEQIA.     Hedge  Bind-weed. 

SUm  3  to  5  or  6  feet  long,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  oblong,  or 
often  somewhat  triangular;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  long.  Peduncles  4  to  6  or  8 
inches  long ;  bracts  oblong-cordate,  nearly  %  the  length  of  the  corolla,  and  almost 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  about  3  inches  long,  white,  tinged  with  rose- 
color. 
llaJb.  Meadows,  along  the  Brandy  wine :  not  common.  Fl.  June.  FT.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  generally  regarded  as  an  indigenous  plant ;  but  its 
localities  seem  to  be  quite  restricted,  and  it  looks  like  a  stranger,  in 
Chester  County. 

2.  C.  spitliamaea,  Fursh.    Stem   short,    erect,    or  oblique, 
pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  auriculate-cordate  at  base. 
Convolvulus  spithamaeus.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  130. 
SPAN-LONG  CALYSTEGIA. 

Perennial  f  Stem  8  to  12  inches  long,  erect  and  simple,  or  sometimes  nearly  pro- 
cumbent, with  assurgent  branches.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  often  rounded  at 
apex,  sometimes  acute  or  acuminate;  petioles  %  to  %  of  &n  inch  in  length. — 
Peduncles  2  to  4  inches  long ;  bracts  cordate-ovate,  about  %  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
corolla  about  an  inch  and  half  in  length,  white. 
Hob.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  species  (of  the  perennial  character  of  which,  I  am  not 
quite  satisfied)  presents  two  pretty  striking  varieties,  in  habit  and 
features ;  but  they  are  probably  nothing  more  than  varieties. 

321.  COIVVOI/VUL.US,  L. 

[Latin,  convolvo,  to  entwine,  or  wind  about ;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Calyx  naked  (the  bracts  being  remote  from  the  flower,  and  small). 
Corolla  campanulate,  or  funnel-form.  Stamens  mostly  included. — 
Stigmas  2,  rarely  3,  linear,  globular,  or  capitate.  Chiefly  trailing 
or  twining  plants, — often  with  milky  juice:  leaves  more  or  less  cor- 
date; peduncles  axillary,  1-  or  few-flowered;  flowers  usually  large. 

g  1.  CONVOLVULUS  PROPER  :  Stigmas  2,  linear. 

1.  C.  arvSnsis,  L.  Stem  procumbent,  or  sometimes  twining,  rather 
short;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  hastate-sagittate  at  base. 
FIELD  CONVOLVULUS.     Field  Bind-weed. 

Perennial.  Stem  about  2  feet  long,  slender,  branching,  angular  and  ptriate, 
somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  1  to  1%  inches  long, — the  smaller  ones  rather  acute — 
the  larger  ones  obtuse,  and  often  emarginate, — all  with  a  minute  cusp  at  the  end 
of  the  midrib ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Peduncles  1  to  2  or  3 
inches  long,  with  2  small  bracts  situated  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  below  the  flower ; 
cnrnUa  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  pale  red,  or  reddish-white, 
//aft.  Cultivated  lots.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  gradually  extending  itself  among  us, — and 
will  probably  give  our  farmers  much  trouble,  if  they  do  not  care- 
fully guard  against  it.  Incessant  vigilance  is  said  to  be  the  condition, 
on  which  alone  the  rights  of  Freemen  can  be  maintained;  and  I 


222  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

believe  the  Farmer  will  find  a  similar  condition  annexed  to  the 
preservation  of  his  premises  from  the  inroads  of  pernicious  weeds. 
This  plant  has  proved  to  be  a  most  obstinate  nuisance,  in  the  culti- 
vated grounds  of  England;  and  I  may  add,  that  I  have  not  yet 
Seen  it  thoroughly  extirpated  from  any  locality,  here, — where  it  had 
once  got  possession  of  the  soil. 

g2.  IPOMAEA.:  Stigmas  2,  globular,  or  united  in  one. 

2.  C.  pandur&tus,  L.  Stem  trailing,  long ;  leaves  cordate, 
acuminate, — or  often  fiddle-shaped ;  flowers  white,  with  pink  tube. 
FIDDLE-FORM  CONVOLVULUS.  Wild  Potato-vine. 

Perennial.  Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  smoothish.  Leaves  about  3  inches  long, 
varying  from  roundish-cordate,  to  broadly  sinuate  and  sub-lobed,  on  the  sides, 
approaching  a  fiddle-shape;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length.  Peduncles  2  to  4  or  5 
Inches  long,  often  branched  at  summit,  generally  bearing  2  or  3  to  5  flowers,  in 
fascicles ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  peduncles,  small,  resembling  stipules ;  corotta 
about  2  inches  long. 

Hob.  Old  fields,  and  borders  of  woods :  frequent    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 
3*  C.  BATATAS,  L.  Rhizomas  thick,  oblong,  terete,  tapering  at  each 
end;  stems  creeping;  leaves  subhastate-cordate,  often  somewhat 
3-lobed. 
POTATO  CONVOLVULUS,     Sweet  Potato. 

Perennial.  Rhizomas  4  to  8  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  diameter, 
purple,  or  yellowish-white,  externally, — yellowish  within.  Stems  several,  4  to  8 
feet  long,  slender,  pilose,  prostrate  and  often  radicating,— sometimes  remarkably 
dilated,  forming  a  kind  of  monstrosity.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long;  petioles  about 
2  inches  in  length.  Corolla  purple  (fide  CHOISY,  in  DC.). 
Sab.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  the  Indies.  Fl. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  cultivated  to  some  extent,  in  Chester  County, 
for  its  sweet  tuberous  rhizomas  ;  but  the  sandy  soil  of  New  Jersey 
seems  best  adapted  to  their  perfection.  I  believe  it  has  never 
/Lowered,  in  this  region, — but  is  always  propagated  by  cuttings,  or 
buds,  of  the  tuberous  rhizomas.  It  is  said  to  be  the  Potato,  spoken 
of  by  writers  of  the  Elizabethan  age ;  the  Solanum  tuberosum,  L. 
or  "Irish  Potato,"  so  called  (and  now  so  common),  being  then 
scarcely  known  in  the  old  world.  KALM  states, — "that  species  of 
Convolvulus  which  is  commonly  called  .Batatas,  has  here  [viz.  Penn- 
sylvania,, in  1748,]  the  name  of  Bermudian  Potatoes."  That  name 
is  certainly,  now  (1852),  quite  obsolete.  CHARLES  BRYANT,  in  his 
Flora  Diaetetica,  published  in  1783,  says — "The  Batatas  is  a  native 
of  both  Indies,  but  has  been  a  long  time  cultivated  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  whence  the  roots  are  annually  imported."  And  he  adds, 
"these  are  certainly  the  same  species  of  roots  as  those  which 
COLUMBUS'S  Sailors  were  treated  with  by  the  inhabitants  of  Cuba, 
and  which  they  said  were  very  sweet,  and  when  boiled  tasted  like 
Chestnuts." 

g  3.  PHARBITIS  :  Stigmas  mostly  3,  united  and  subcapitate.. 

4.  C.  purpiireus,  L.  Stem  twining ;  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acumi 
nate ;  peduncles  2-  or  3-flowered ;  pedicels  clavute. 
PURPLE  CONVOLVULUS.     Morning  Glory. 


CONVOLVULACEAE  223 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  12  or  15  feet  long,  hairy.  Leaves  2  to  6  inches  in  length,  and 
as  wide  as  long;  petioles  2  to  5  inches  long.  Peduncles  1  to  3  inches  long  (some- 
times very  short  and  1-flowered),  with  2  or  3  subulate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the 
pedicels;  calyx  conspicuously  hairy;  corolla  about  2  inches  long,  purple,  blue, 
variegated,  or  entirely  white  ;  capsule  globose,  mucronate,  3-celled. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat.  of  S.  America.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  rather  ornamental  plant  is  naturalized  in  almost  every 
garden  ;  and  is  quite  a  favorite  for  training  about  humble  doorways, 
and  arbors. 

SUBORDER  II.  CUSCUTFNEAE. 

Plants  parasitic,  smooth,  orange-colored  ;  stems  twining  (against  the  aun),  filiform  ; 
leaves  none,  or  represented  by  minute  -scales  ;  flowers  clustered;  corolla  4-  or  5-lobed  ; 
embryo  filiform  ;  cotykdons  none  ! 


CtTS'CITTA,  Tournef. 
[A  name  of  uncertain  derivation  ;  supposed  to  be  Arabic.] 
Calyx  4-  or  5-cleft.     Corolla  globose-urceolate.     Stamens  4  or  5, 
attached  to  the  tube,  and  alternate  with  the  lobes,  of  the  corolla,  — 
each  with  a  scale-like  fringed  appendage  at  base.     Capsule  2-celled, 
4-seeded,  circumscissed,  or  indehiscent,  rarely  bursting  irregularly. 
Chiefly  annuals  :  flowers  small,  whitish,  cymose-clustered. 

1,  C.  epilinum,  Weihe.  Stem  very  slender;  flowers  sessile,  in  small 
dense  clusters;  stigmas  acute. 

C.  Europaea.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  167. 
FLAX  CUSCTJTA.     Flax-  Vine.  Dodder. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  long,  twining,  branching,  and  much  entangled.    Flowers  in 
email  capitafe  clusters.    Scales  at  the  base  of  the  stamens  small.  Stigmas  elongated. 
Capsule  circumscissed  near  the  base. 
Hob.  Among  Flax.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  was  formerly  a  great  pest  among  the  Flax  crops,  — 
entangling  and  spoiling  large  quantities  ;  but  since  ilidt  culture  has 
declined,  here,  it  has  become  quite  rare. 

2.  C.  Gronuvii,  Willd.  Stem  thickish-filiform  \  flowers  pedun- 
culate, in  cymose  clusters;  stigmas  capitate. 

C.  Americana.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  166. 
GRONOVIUS'S  CUSCUTA.     Love-vine. 

Stem  2  to  5  or  6  feet  long,  branching,  fleshy,  reddish-orange  color,  —  twining 
round  other  plants,  and  attaching  itself  by  radicating  processes  or  tubercles,  when 
it  dies  at  the  root,  and  loses  its  direct  connection  with  the  earth.  Flowers  tn 
numerous  subumbollate  or  cymose  clusters.  Ssab>*  oblong,  conspicuously  fringed. 
Capsule  indehiscent,  with  the  remains  of  the  corolla  persistent  at  the  base, 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds;  along  streams:  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  remarkable  parasite  —  somewhat  resembling  copper 
wire,  in  appearance,  —  seizes  upon  any  herb  within  its  reach  ;  but  is 
most  usually  found  clinging  to  such  neighbors  as  Imp  aliens,  Lycopus, 
Boehmeria,  and  Mentha  viridis.  The  Genus  comprises  a  number  of 
species,  —  and  has  been  ably  investigated  by  that  acute  and  learned 
Botanist,  Dr.  GEORGE  ENGELMANN,  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 


224  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

ORDER  LXX.    SOLANA^CEAE. 

Mostly  herbs  ;  with  a  watery  juice ;  leaves  alternate,  without  stipules  ;  flowers  regular, 
chiefly  pentamerous  and  pentandrous,  on  bractless  pedicels;  coroUa  plicate,  or 
infolded-valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  inserted  in  to  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes, 
and  alternate  with  them;  fruit  a  many -seed  berry,  or  capsule;  seeds  with  fleshy 
albumen. 

An  Order  affording  many  powerful  narcotics,  and  stimulants,— as  well  as  some 
valuable  esculents ;  several  of  which  are  here  enumerated. 

f  Corolla  tubular,  or  funnel-form ;  stamens  separate. 
*  Fruit  a  berry. 

323.  I,YVCIUM,  L. 

[Named  from  Lycia,  in  Asia  Minor;  the  native  place  of  one  species.] 
Calyx  irregularly  2-  or  3-  to  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular- 
funnel-form;  border  mostly  5-lobed,  spreading.  Stamens  usually 
exserted;  filaments  bearded.  Berry  2-celled.  Seeds  reniform. — 
Shrubby  vines :  leaves  entire ;  peduncles  extra-axillary,  solitary,  or 
in  pairs. 

1.  L.  Bdrbarum,  L.  Somewhat  spinose ;  branches  elongated,  flaccid 
and  dependent;  leaves   oblong-lanceolate,   often  clustered;  calyx 
mostly  3-cleft. 
BARBARIAN  LYCIUM.     Bastard  Jasmine.  Matrimony-Vine. 

Perennial.  Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  long,  slender,  much  branched,  with  indura- 
ted points,  or  spinose  rudiments,  at  the  axils  or  base  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  1  to  3 
inches  long,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  Peduncles 
about  an  inch  long,  slender,  often  2  or  4  together;  corolla  greenish-purple;  berry 
oval,  orange-red  when  mature. 
Hal.  About  houses.  Nat.  of  Northern  Asia.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  straggling  half-vine  kind  of  shrub  is  partially  natu- 
ralized in  many  places ;  and  being  rather  difficult  to  get  rid  of, 
when  once  established,  is  often  something  of  a  nuisance. 

*  *  Fruit  a  capsule. 

324.  WICOTIAV]VA,  L. 

[Named  after  John  Nicot ;  who  is  said  to  have  introduced  it  into  France.] 
Calyx  ventricose-tubular,  persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  with  the 
border  spreading,  plicately  5-lobed.  Stamens  included.  Stigma 
capitate.  Capsule  covered  by  the  calyx,  septicidally  2-valved  at 
apex, — often  finally  loculicidal.  Seeds  minute,  very  numerous. — 
Mostly  clammy-pubescent  annuals :  leaves  entire,  often  large ;  flow- 
ers paniculate. 

1.  N.  TABXCUM,  L.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sessile 
and  decurrent;  corolla-lobes  acuminate, — the  throat  inflated.  , 
TOBAGO  NIGOTIANA.  Tobacco.  Common  Tobacco. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  stout,  finally  almost  woody  at  base,  paniculately  branched 
at  summit.  Leaves  1  to  2  feet  long,  smaller  as  they  ascend.  Calyx  about  %  the 
length  of  the  corolla, — the  segments  lanceolate,  erect.  Corolla  about  2  inches  long, 
—the  border  rose-colored,  tube  pale  greenish-yellow.  Capsule,  ovoid,  sulcate  on 
each  side ;  seeds  reniform,  rugose. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  lots.  Nat.  of  Southern  America.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


SOLANACEAE  225 

Obs.  This  plant — which  became  known  to  Europeans  about  the 
year  1560 — though  sparingly  cultivated  in  Chester  County,  is  a 
staple  article  among  the  Planters  of  several  Southern  and  Western 
States.  The  commercial  importance  which  this  nauseous  and  pow- 
erful narcotic  has  acquired, — together  with  the  modes,  and  extent, 
in  which  it  is  employed  to  gratify  the  senses, — certainly  constitutes 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  traits  in  the  history  of  civilized  man. — 
Were  we  not  so  practically  familiar  with  the  business,  we  should, 
doubtless,  be  disposed  to  regard  the  whole  story  of  the  Tobacco 
trade — and  of  the  uses  made  of  the  disgusting  herb — as  an  absurd 
and  extravagant  fable.  In  view  of  the  facts  and  circumstances,  it 
does  seem  like  sheer  affectation,  on  our  part,  to  pretend  to  be  as- 
tonished at  the  indulgence  of  the  Chinese,  and  other  Asiatics,  in 
the  use  of  Opium.  The  habitual  use  of  Tobacco  is  always  more  or 
less  injurious  to  the  system — especially  the  nervous  system;  and 
in  many  instances  it  is  highly  deleterious.  I  speak  from  long  ob- 
servation, and  personal  experience, — having  smoked  and  chewed  the 
herb,  until  its  pernicious  effects  compelled  me  to  es-chew  it  altogether. 

325.  DATITRA,  L. 

[Supposed  to  be  from  Tatorah, — the  Arabic  name  of  the  plant.] 
Calyx  tubular,  prismatic,  separating  transversely  above  the  base, 
in  fruit.  Corolla  funnel-form, — the  border  plicately  5-toothed.— - 
Stamens  included.  Stigma  2-lipped.  Capsule  oval,  or  subgloboee, 
mostly  prickly,  4-valved,  4-celled  at  base,  2-celled  at  summit. — 
Seeds  subreniform,  roughish-dotted.  Coarse  annuals,  fetid  when 
bruised:  leaves  somewhat  in  opposite  pairs;  flowers  large,  solitary, 
axillary  or  dichotomal,  on  short  peduncles. 

1.  D.  Stramdnium,  L.  Smooth;  stem  dichotomously  branching; 
leaves  ovate,  angulate,  or  sinuate-dentate,  petiolate;  capsule  mn- 
ricate,  erect. 

Jamestown  (corruptly  Jimsori)  Weed.     Thorn-apple. 

Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  rather  stout,  terete,  pale  yellowish-green  (brownish-purple 
In  var.  Tatula).  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length. 
Calyx  prominently  5-angled,  nearly  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  deciduous,  leaving 
the  persistent  base  orbicular.  Corolla  about  3  inches  long,  ochroleucous  (pale 
Ttolet-purple  in  var.  Tatuld).  Capsule  about  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Hob.  Waste  places :  introduced.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  variety,  Tatula — with  dark  purple  stems,  and  purplish 
flowers, — is  the  one  which  prevails  in  Chester  County ;  though  the 
other  is  common  in  and  around  Philadelphia, — and  is  gradually 
extending  in  this  direction.  It  is  generally  put  down  as  a  native  of 
America ;  but  I  strongly  suspect  it  is  of  Asiatic  origin, — and  am 
very  confident  it  is  a  stranger  in  this  region.  The  herb,  and  seeds, 
are  powerfully  narcotic  poisons, — and  therefore,  no  doubt,  potent 
medicines,  when  properly  administered ;  but  the  plant  is  regarded, 
and  treated,  as  an  obnoxious  weed,  by  all  neat  farmers. 

tf  Corolla  campanvlate,  or  rotate ;  stamens  connivent;  fruit  a  berry. 

*  AnUiors  opening  longitudinally. 

15 


226  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

3'16.  1VICAHFDRA,  Adans. 

[Dedicated  to  Nicander;  a  sort  of  Natural-History  Poet,  of  Colophon,  in  Ionia.] 
Calyx  5-parted,  acutely  5-angled  ;  segments  sagittate-ovate,  enlarged 
in  fruit,  and  inclosing  the  3-  to  5-celled  globular  dry  berry.  Corolla 
spreading-campanulate,  with  the  plicate  border  nearly  entire.  — 
Annual  :  smooth  ;  leaves  like  those  of  Datura  ;  flowers  solitary,  on 
extra-axillary  and  terminal  peduncles. 

1.  N.  physaloides,  Gaertn.  Stem  branching  ;    leaves  oblong-ovate, 
sinuate-angled,  —  the  upper  ones  often  opposite. 
PHYSALIS-LIKE  NICANDRA.     Apple  of  Peru. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high  ;  branches  angular,  spreading.    Leaves  3  to  5  or  6  inches 
long,  decurrent  on  the  petioles,  which  are  1  to  2  inches  in  length,    ttduncles  1  to  2 
inches  long  ;  calyx-segments  cuspidate-acuminate,  membranous,  reticulately  veined  ; 
cardla  pale  blue,  whitish  at  bottom  and  marked  with  5  radiating  blue  spots. 
Sab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Peru.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  seems  to  be  naturalized  in  many  of  our  gardens. 


.  PIIY'SAMS,  L. 

[Gr.  Physa,  a  bladder,  or  bag  ;  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  calyx.] 
Calyx  5-cleft,  enlarging  after  flowering,  becoming  much  inflated, 
and  including  the  2-celled  globular  fleshy  berry.     Corolla  spreading- 
campanulate,  —  the  plicate  border  somewhat  5-lobed.     Leaves  some- 
what in  pairs  ;  peduncles  extra-axillary,  1-flowered. 

1.  p.  viscasa,  L.  Divergently  branching;   leaves  sub-cordate- 
ovate,  repand-dentate  ;  flowers  nodding. 
CLAMMY  PHYSALIS.     Ground-Cherry. 

Plant  viscid-pubescent  ;  perennial  f  Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  branched  some- 
what dichotomously.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  varying  from  lance-ovate  and 
aoute,  to  roundish-ovate  or  subcordate  and  obtuse  ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  long.  — 
Cbrotta  greenish-yellow,  with  fuscous  or  purplish-brown  spots  at  base,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  Berry  greenish-yellow,  or  sometimes  orange  color,  when 
mature,  clammy.  Peduncles  of  the  fruit  about  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Roadsides,  fields,  and  fence-rows:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  P.  lanceolata,  of  the  preceding  edition,  being  somewhat 
uncertain,  —  and  having  never  found  it,  myself,  —  I  prefer  leaving  it 
for  some  future  investigator  to  determine  whether  it  really  belongs 
to  our  Chester  County  flora. 


CAPSICUM.   Tournef. 
[Gr.  Kapto,  to  bite  ;  in  allusion  to  its  hot  or  biting  quality.] 

Calyx  angular,  5-  or  6-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  sub-rotate;  bor- 
der plicate,  5-  or  6-lobed.  Stamens  5  or  6,  exserted.  Berry 
inflated,  with  a  fleshy  rind,  or  nearly  dry,  polymorphous,  incom- 
pletely 2-  or  3-celled  ;  seeds  compressed,  reniform. 

!•  C.   XNNUUM,  L.    Herbaceous;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  entire, 

glabrous;  peduncles  solitary,  axillary. 

ANNUAL  CAPSICUM.     Red  Pepper.  Cayenne  Pepper. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  angular,  branching  above.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long  ; 
ptttoles  1  to  3  inches  in  length,  semi-terete,  slightly  channelled  above. 


SOLAXACBAB  227 

about  an  inch  long;  calyx^cgmentt  short;  corolla  white,  with  ovate-oblong  spread. 
ing  lobes.    Berry  hollow,  terete  and  slender,  ovoid-oblong,  or  depressed-globost'i 
angular  or  torose,  usually  red  when  mature. 
2lab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  S.  America.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  —  which  is  powerfully  stimulant, 
and  much  used  as  a  condiment. 


329.  IVrCOPER'SICUM,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Lykos,  a  wolf,  and  Persikon,  a  peach  ;  having  reference  to  the  fruit.] 
Calyx  5-  to  10-parted,  spreading,  persistent.  Corolla  rotate  ;  border 
plicate,  5-  to  10-lobed.  Stamens  6  or  6,  exserted;  anthers  oblong- 
conical,  cohering  by  an  elongated  membrane  at  summit,  opening  on 
the  inner  side.  Berry  2-  or  3-celled  ;  seeds  reniform,  pulpy  -villous. 
Leaves  odd-pinnately  dissected  ;  flowers  in  lateral  racemose  clusters. 

1.  L.  KSCUL&VTUM,  Milhr.  Leaves  interruptedly  pseudo-pinnate,  — 
the  leaflets  lance-ovate,  incised-serrate,  petiolulate  ;  fruit  mostly 
depressed,  orbicular  and  torose. 
Solanum  Lycopersicum.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  137. 
ESCULENT  LYCOPERSICUM.     Tomato.  Love-apple. 

Annual  ;  greyish-green,  viscid-pubescent,  and  rather  fetid.  Stem  2  to,  4  feet  long, 
branching,  straggling  and  procumbent  unless  supported,     flowers  yellow.  — 
Berries  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  diameter  (sometimes  globular  and  smaller),  usually 
red,  or  reddish-orange,  when  mature. 
Halt.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Spanish  America.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Well  known,  and  extensively  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  —  which 
is  used  as  a  vegetable  sauce. 

**  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores. 

330.  SOL,AvJVU!tt,  L. 

[A  name  of  uncertain  derivation,  and  obscure  meaning.] 
Calyx    mostly  5-parted,    spreading,   persistent.      Corolla  rotate; 
border  plicate,  usually  5-lobed.     Stamens  exserted,  often   slightly 
cohering.     Berry  mostly  2-celled.     Leaves  various;  flowers  mostly 
in  pedunculate  cymose  clusters. 

2  1.  Stem  and  leaves  unarmed. 

1.  S.  TUBEROVSUM,  L.   Rhizomas  tuberous,  oblong,  or  roundish; 
leaves  interruptedly  pseudo-pinnate,—  the  leaflets  ovate,  entire; 
fruit  globular,  rather  small,  greenish-yellow. 
TUBEROUS  SOLANUM.     Common  Potato.  Irish  Potato. 

Stem  herbaceous  and  annual,  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  angular,  thickish,  finally 
decumbent,—  the  base  and  roots  producing  numerous  fleshy  rhizomas.    Flowers 
in  terminal  nodding  cymes,  on  a  common  peduncle  3  to  5  inches  in  length;  pedicels 
articulated;  corolla  bluish-white;  berries  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 
/ZoA.  Gardens,  and  fields.    Nat.  of  S.  America.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  most  important  plant  is  known,  and  cultivated  for  its 
esculent  tuberous  rhizomas,  by  every  occupant  of  land.  It  has  be- 
come one  of  the  indispensable  crops,  for  a  family.  Long  culture 
lias,  of  course,  produced  tubers  of  various  color  and  quality.  — 
BBYAST  (in  his  Flora  Piaetetica,  1783,)  says,  "the  com- 


228  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOGENS 

mon  Potato  is  a  native  of  Peru,  in  South  America.  It  has  been 
introduced  into  England  about  a  century  and  a  half,  but  was 
amongst  us  a  long  time  before  much  attention  was  paid  to  it,  nor 
did  it  come  into  use  in  the  families  of  the  higher  class  of  people, 
till  within  a  few  years  past." 

^J.  S.  rilarum,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  obscurely  repand-dentate ;  flowers 
in  lateral  umbel-like  cymes ;  fruit  globose,  small,  black. 
BLACK  SOLANUM.     Common  Night-shade. 

Annual.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  much  branched,  angular,  or  slightly  winged. — 
leaves  2  to  3  inches  long ;  petioles  about  an  inch  in  length.    Umbel-like  cymes 
few-flowered,  extra-axillary,  nodding.     Corolla  white,  small.    Berries  about  %  of 
an  inch  in  diameter. 
Hub.  Waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  books  enumerate  a  var.  Virginicum, — as  though  it  were 
indigenous ;  but  I  am  pretty  well  satisfied  that  our  plant  is  a  natu- 
ralized foreigner.  It  is  a  worthless,  disagreeable  weed — reputed 
poisonous,  withal, — and  ought  to  be  expelled  from  the  vicinity  of 
all  dwellings. 

3.  S.   Dulcamara,  L.    Somewhat  shrubby   and  climbing;  leaves 
cordate-ovate, — the  upper  ones  often  hastate,  or  auriculate-lobed 
at  base;  flowers  in  lateral  cymes;  fruit  oval,  small,  red. 
BITTER-SWEET  SOLANUM.     Bitter-sweet.  Woody  Nightshade. 

Perennial.  Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  flexuose,  smoothish.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches 
long;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Cymes  opposite  the  leaves,  nod- 
ding; pedicels  half  an  inch  long,  clavate;  common  peduncle  about  2  inches  in 
length ;  corolla  Tiolet-purple, — the  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed,  each  with  2  green 
dots,  or  tubercles,  at  base.  Berry  near  %  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  About  houses,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  has  become  naturalized  in  many  places.  The  berric* 
are  poisonous ;  and  as  their  bright  red  appearance,  when  ripe,  may 
tempt  children  to  eat  them,  the  plant  is  not  a  desirable  one,  about 
houses,  or  gardens. 

§2.  Stem  and  leares  more  or  less  prickly. 

4.  S.    MELONGENA,   L.    Tomcntose;   leaves   ovate,   sinuate-lobed, 
unequal  at  base ;  flowers  5-  to  7-  or  10-parted,  pendulous,  on  lai>- 
eral  thickened  solitary  peduncles ;  fruit  ovoid,  or  oval,  white,  or 
dark  purple,  mostly  very  large. 

5.  insanum.  L.  $•  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  187. 
Egg-plant.     Mad  Apple.  Jews'  Apple, 

Annual.    Plant  clothed  with  a  whitish  stellate  tomentum.    Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  becoming  somewhat  woody  at  base.    Leaves  4  to  8  or  9  inches  long;  petioles 
1  to  3  inches  in  length.    Peduncles  sometimes  dichotomous,  bearing  2  flowers.— 
GcfroUa  Tiolet-purple,  pubescent.    Berries  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  diameter.      * ... 
Hab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  the  fruit.  Long  culture,  as  usual,  has  pro- 
duced several  striking  varieties.  The  var.  ovigerum,  or  true  Egg- 
plant, is  nearly  destitute  of  prickles,  and  bears  a  smaller  white 
berry,  which  exceedingly  resembles  an  Egg :  while  tlie  var.  esculen- 


SOLANACEAE  229 

turn  (which  is  most  generally  cultivated)  is  quite  prickly,  and  bears 
a  dark  purple  berry,  which  sometimes  attains  to  an  enormous  size, 
and  is  roundish,  or  obovoid. 

5.  S.  Carolinense,  L.  Stem   suffruticose,  branching ;  leaves   ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  sinuate-angled  and  often  subhastate,  prickly  on  both 
sides ;  flowers  in  loose  simple  lateral  racemes ;  fruit  globose,  small, 
orange-yellow. 
CAROLINIAN  SOLANUM.     Horse-Nettle. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  to  near  2  feet  high,  annual,  but  firm  and  almost  shrubby, 
armed  with  sharp  spreading  prickles.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  stellately  hirsute  ; 
petioles  half  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long.  Racemes  opposite  to  and  often  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  pedicels  about  half  an  inch  in  length ;  corolla  purplish  or  bluish-white. 
Berries  *4  to  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Hob.  Pastures,  &c.  Nat.  of  the  Southern  States.  FL  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  an  exceedingly  pernicious  weed, — and  the  roots  so 
tenacious  of  life  that,  when  once  fully  introduced,  it  is  almost  im- 
practicable to  get  rid  of  it.  It  was  probably  introduced  from  the 
South,  by  the  late  HUMPHRY  MARSHALL,  into  his  Botanic  Garden 
at  Marshallton, — whence  it  has  gradually  extended  itself  round  the 
neighborhood ;  and  strongly  illustrates  the  necessity  of  caution,  in 
admitting  mere  Botanical  curiosities  into  good  agricultural  districts. 

ORDER  LXXI.    GENTIANACEAE. 

Smooth  herbs,  with  a  colorless  bitter  juice;  Zeaves  mostly  opposite,  entire  and  sessile ; 
stipules  none ;  flowers  regular ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and 
alternate  with  them ;  anthers  opening  on  one  side;  ovary  formed  of  2  united  carpels, 
1-cellcd,  or  half  2-celled,  with  parietal  placentae;  capsule  2-valved,  septicidal, 
many-seeded;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

An  Order  containing  many  beautiful  species, — and  some  of  them  valuable  for 
their  medicinal  properties. 

SUBORDER  I.  GENTIA^NEAE. 

Corolla-lobes,  in  the  bud,  twisted  against  the  sun  (i.  e.  to  the  left,  if  you  look  into 
the  centre  of  the  flower);  seed-coat  membranaceous,  cellular. 

f  Style  distinct,  slender,  deciduous  ;  anthers  curved,  or  spiral. 
331.  SABBAT'IA,  Adam. 

[Dedicated  to  Liberatus  Sabbati ;  an  Italian  Botanist.] 

Calyx  5-  to  12-parted.  Corolla  sub-rotate,  5-  to  12-lobed.  Anthers 
at  first  erect,  finally  recurved.  Style  2-parted, — the  branches  stig- 
matiferous,  at  length  spirally  twisted.  Slender  biennials  ?  flowers 
in  a  terminal  corymbose  panicle. 

1.  S.  aiiarularis,  Punk.  Stem  acutely  4-angled;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  clasping;  calyx  5-  or  6-parted, — the  segments  lance-linear. 
ANGULAR  SABBATIA.  American  Centaury. 

SUm  12  to  18  inches  high,  often  much  branched  and  bushy  above ;  branches 
opposite  and  erect.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  rather  acute.    Corolla  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx,  pale  red.    Capsule  oblong-ovoid,  mucronate,  with  a  keeled 
suture  on  each  side. 
Hob.  Sterile  old  fields ;  serpentine-rocks :  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


23f)  GAMOPETALOTTS    EXOGENS 

Obs.  This  pretty  plant  is  intensely  bitter,  and  deservedly  popular 
as  a  tonic.  The  books  speak  of  this,  and  all  the  other  species,  as 
biennials,  —  and  they  may  be  so;  but  I  confess  that  our  plant  always 
appeared  to  me  like  an  annual, 

332.  ERYTHRAEVA,  Persoon. 

[Gr.  Erythros,  red;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flowers.] 
Calyx  2-  or  5-parted  ;  segments  slender,  appressed.  Corolla  funnel- 
form,  slender;  border  4-  or  5-lobed,  withering  and  twisting  on  the 
capsule.  Anthers  exserted,  erect,  becoming  spirally  twisted.-  — 
Stigma  2-lipped,  or  sometimes  capitate.  Capsule  sub-linear.  An- 
nuals :  flowers  in  a  dichotomous  bushy  panicle. 

1.  E.   ramosissima,   Pers.   var.  pulchella,    Griseb.    Dichotomously 
branched;  leaves  ovate-oblong  ;  flowers  all  pedunculate. 
E.  pulchella.  Hook.  #  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  126. 
MOST-BRANCHED  ERYTHRAEA. 

Stem  2  to  6  inches  high,  4-angled  and  slightly  winged,  sometimes  brachiately 
branched,  rarely  simple.  Leaves  about  half  an  inch  long,  rather  acute.  Flowert 
axillary,  solitary,  or  terminating  the  branches  in  pairs,  —  generally  one  in  the 
forks  of  the  stem  «r  branches,  on  angular  peduncles  %  to  near  half  an  inch  in 
length  ;  calyx  5-angled,  5-parted  ;  segments  subulate,  at  first  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla-tube,  finally  little  more  than  half  as  long  ;  corolla,  with  the  border  bright 
red,  the  lobes  mostly  erect,  the  tube  yellowish-green,  near  half  an  inch  long. 
.Bofc.  Great  Valley.  Nat.  of  Europe.  1*1.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  delicate  little  plant  is  naturalized,  in  a  few  localities, 
in  Chester,  and  the  adjoining  county  of  Lancaster. 

f  f  Style  (if  any)  and  stigmas  persistent  ;  anthers  straight. 


BARTOVJVIA,  Muhl. 

[Dedicated  to  Prof.  B.  S.  Barton,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.] 
Calyx  deeply  4-parted,  appressed.  Corolla  subcampanulate,  4- 
parted,  destitute  of  folds,  fringes,  or  glands.  Stamens  short.  Ovary 
tapering  into  a  very  short  style  ;  stigma  2-lobed,  —  the  lobes  decur- 
rent  on  the  style.  Small  smooth  annuals:  stems  filiform;  leave* 
scale-like,  or  subulate;  flowers  terminal,  subpaniculate. 

1.  B.  tenella,  Muhl.  Stem  paniculate  above;  leaves  subulate, 

appressed;  peduncles  opposite. 

B.  paniculata.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  111. 

DELICATE  BARTONIA. 

Plant  yellowish-green.  Stem  3  or  4  to  10  or  12  inches  high,  angular  by  the 
decurrence  of  the  leaves,  often  twisted.  Leaves  scarcely  %  of  an  inch  in  length.  — 
flowers  often  terminating  the  branches  in  threes  ;  peduncles  about  %  of  an  inch 
long,  bracteate  at  base;  corolla  pale  greenish-yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx.  — 
Capsule  oblong,  compressed,  1-celled,  2-valved,  with  sutural  placentae  ;  seeds  num- 
erous, minute,  reddish. 
Sab.  Moist,  low  grounds  ;  clearings,  &c.  :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 


334.  GEtfTIAWA,  L. 

[Named  from  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria;  who,  it  is  alleged,  first  used  it.] 
Calyx  4-  or  5-cleft.     Corolla  4-  or  5-lobed,  —  usually  with  interme- 
diate plaited  folds,  which  bear  appendages  at  the  sinuses.     Stamtns 


GENTIANACEAE  281 

included.     Style  none,  or  a  mere  point  of  the  ovary;  stigmas  2>— 
Capsule  oblong.     Flowers  solitary,  or  cymose,  large. 

§1.  CROSSOPETALUM :  Corolla  subcampanulate,  4rlob«d,  without  plaited  folds;  lobes 
fringed;  anthers  incumbents  seeds  oblong,  scaly-hispid.    Annuals,  or  biennials. 

1.  G.  crinlta,  Froelich.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  flowers  solitary, 
on  long  terminal  naked  peduncles ;  calyx  acutely  4-angled. 
HAIEED  GENTIANA.     Fringed  Gentian. 

Annual t  smooth.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  terete,  branched;  branches  opposite, 
axillary,  erect,  4-angled  and  slightly  winged.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long, 
closely  sessile.    Corolla  about  2  inches  long,  bright  blue,  and  beautifully  fringed. 
Seeds  curiously  echinate,  or  hispid. 
Sab.  Hilly  open  woodlands ;  o^d  fields,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  Octo.  Fr.  Noyem. 

Obs.  I  have  long  suspected  this  autumnal  beauty  to  be  an  annual ; 
but  was  not  aware,  until  recently,  that  PETER  COLLINSON  had  en- 
tertained the  same  suspicion,  nearly  a  century  before  me.  Authors 
generally  regard  it  as  a  biennial :  which  is  it  ? 

J  2.  PireiTMONANTftE :  Corolla  subcampanulate,  or  clavate,  btobed,  it>ith  intermediate 
plaited  folds;  anthers  erect,  sometimes  cohering;  seeds  usually  flat,  and  mar- 
gined. Perennials. 

2.  €r.  Sapoiiaria,  L.  var.  pube*rula,  Torr.  $  Gray.  Roughish- 
puberulent;  leaves  narrow,  sub-linear;  corolla  open,  subeampami- 
late. 

SOAP-WORT  GENTIANA  (puberulent  narrow-leaved  variety). 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  rather  slender,  but  rigid.  Leaves  I  to  2^  inches 
long,  varying  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  narrowly  linear,  often  broader  at  base. — 
Flowers  clustered  at  summit,  and  more  or  less  so  in  the  axils;  corolla,  blue,  about 
an  inch,  or  inch  and  half  long ;  anthers  at  first  cohering,  finally  free ;  seeds  nar- 
rowly margined. 
Hob.  Sandy  grounds ;  near  New  London :  rare.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  There  has  been  much  confusion  respecting  two  or  three  of 
our  Gentians.  The  true  G.  Saponaria,  of  Linn,  it  appears,  is  a 
Southern  plant, — and  is  the  G.  Catesbaei,  of  Walter.  Of  this,  there 
are  two  varieties  ;  of  which  the  puberula,  of  MX.  is  now  regarded  as 
one.  It  was  collected  in  the  locality  above  named,  in  1848,  by  Mr. 
VINCENT  BARNARD,  an  active  and  intelligent  young  Naturalist  of 
this  County.  The  G.  Saponaria,  of  FL  Cestrica,  ed.  2.  is  now  G. 
Andrewsii,  of  GRISEBACH — which  see. 

3.  G>  alba,  Muhl.  Smooth;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,   and  obo- 
vate,  closely  clasping  and  slightly  decurrent;  corolla  ventricose- 
campanulate,  finally  open, — the  lobes  short  and  broadly  ovate. 

G.  ochroleuca.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  165.  not  of  FROELICH,  nor  GRAY. 
WHITE  GENTIANA. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high.  Leaves  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long,  indistinctly  3-nerved, 
Bubcoriaceous.  Flowers  mostly  in  a  terminal  bracteate  cluster ;  calyx-tube  about 
%  an  inch  long, — the  segments  linear-lanceolate,  %  of  an  inch  in  length ;  corolla 
about  an  inch  and  half  long,  yellowish-white,— with  tinges  of  pale  green,  or  some- 
times of  purplish-blue ;  outer  lobes  entire,  inner  ones  serrate-dentate ;  anthers  finally 
free ;  seeds  rather  broadly  margined. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  woodlands:  not  common.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Nov. 


232  GAMOPETALOUS  EXOQENS 

Obs.  This  has  long  been  confounded  with,  or  mistaken  for,  G. 
ochroleuca;  but  Dr.  GRAY  has  finally  determined  its  character. 

4.  €r.  Andre  wsii,   Griseb.  Smooth;   leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 

acute ;  corolla  ventricose-clavate, — the  lobes  and  appendages  con- 

nivent,  closing  the  mouth. 

G.  Saponaria.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  165.  not  of  L. 

ANDREWS'S  GENTIANA.     Closed  Gentian. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  about  3  inches  long,  subconnate  by  a  sheathing 
membrane,  3-nerved,  roughish  on  the  margin.  Flowers  chiefly  in  a  dense  ter- 
minal sessile  fascicle,  with'  bract-like  leaves  at  base, — often  with  few-flowered 
pedunculate  fascicles  in  the  axils  below ;  calyx-tube  half  an  inch  long, — the  seg- 
ments lance-ovate,  minutely  ciliate,  about  half  the  length  of  the  tube ;  corolla  2 
inches  long,  contracted  and  nearly  closed  at  sunftnit,  bright  blue,  paler  in  the 
folds ;  outer  lobes  very  short,  or  obsolete, — the  inner  ones  lacerate-serrate ;  anthers 
cohering ;  seeds  broadly  margined. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  margins  of  Swamps :  frequent.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Nov. 

Obs.  This  pretty  species  has  long  passed  for  G.  Saponaria,  among 
the  Botanists  of  the  northern  and  middle  States ;  and,  in  fact,  it 
more  nearly  resembles  Saponaria  officinalis,  in  habit,  than  the  one 
named  for  it,  by  LINNAEUS. 

SUBORDER  II.  OBOLARIEVAE. 

Calyx  2-leaved;  corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  ovules  covering  the  whole 
inner  surface  of  the  ovary ! 

335.  OBOLA'RIA,  L. 

[Gr.  Obolos,  a  small  Athenian  coin ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves.] 
Calyx  of  2  distinct,  spatulate,  bract-like  sepals.  Corolla  tubular- 
campanulate,  4-lobed,  withering  and  persistent.  Stamens  inserted 
at  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla,  short.  Style  short,  persistent;  stigma 
2-lipped.  Capsule  ovoid,  partly  2-  to  4-celled;  seeds  numerous, 
very  minute.  A  low,  smooth,  purplish-green  perennial?  flowers 
axillary  and  terminal. 

O.  Virglnica,  L.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  cuneate-obovate,  or 
sub-rhomboid,  often  truncate,  sessile  and  slightly  decurrent. 
VIRGINIAN  OBOLARIA.     Penny-wort. 

Stem  3  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  simple,  or  with  a 
few  axillary  branches  above.  Leaves  %  to  %  an  inch  long,  somewhat  crowded 
above, — the  lower  ones  in  distant  pairs,  and  very  small.  Flowers  opposite,  or  ter- 
minal in  threes,  subsessile ;  sepals  resembling  the  leaves;  corolla  pale  purple,  or 
sometimes  nearly  white. 
Hob.  Kich  woodlands,  among  dead  leaves :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

ORDER  LXXII.  APOCYNACEAE. 

Plants  with  a  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  mostly  opposite,  without  stipules ;  flowers 
regular,  pentamerous  and  pentandrous ;  corolla-lobes  convolute  and  twisted  in  the 
bud;  stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes ;  filaments  mostly  distinct;  pollen  granular; 
fruit  usually  &  follicle,  with  the  seeds  comose,  sparingly  albuminous. 

336.  APO'CYMJIrl,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Apo,  far  from,  and  Kyon,  a  dog;  being  thought  destructive  of  that  animal.] 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  campanulate,  6-lobed,  with  5  triangular 


APOCYNACEAE  233 

appendages  in  the  throat,  opposite  the  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  short;  anthers  sagittate,  connivent,  slightly 
adherent  to  the  stigmas.  Ovaries  2,  oblong,  surrounded  at  base  by 
6  glands.  Follicles  in  pairs,  rigid,  long  and  slender;  seeds  imbrica- 
ted, linear,  with  a  silky  tuft  (coma)  at  apex.  Perennial  herbs: 
flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  paniculate  cymes. 

1.  A.  androsaemifolium,  L.   Leaves  ovate,  rounded  at 
base ;  cymes  few-flowered ;  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx, — 
the  lobes  recurved. 

ANDROSAEMUM-LEAVED  APOCYNUM.     Dog's-bane. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  smooth,  purple,  erect,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  2 
to  3  inches  long,  acute,  mucronate ;  petioles  about  ^  of  an  incn  in  length.  Cymes 
mostly  terminal;  pedicels  with  subulate  bracts  at  base;  calyx-segments  lance-ovate, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  pale  red,  or  whitish  with  purple 
stripes.  Ovaries  distinct;  stigmas  united,  large.  Follicles  about  4  inches  long, 
terete,  attenuated  at  apex;  seeds  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  very  narrow,  truncate  at 
apex. 
Hob.  Copses;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Ft:  Sept. 

2.  A.  caiiiiabiuuili,  L.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each 
end ;  cymes  many-flowered ;  corolla-tube  the  length  of  the  calyx, — 
the  lobes  erect. 

HEMP  APOCYNUM.     Indian  Hemp. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  smooth,  purplish  and  a  little  glaucous,  with  rather  erect 
branches.  Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  or  conspicuously  mucronate;  petioles  %to%&n  inch  in  length.— 
Cymes  somewhat  paniculate,  one  frequently  dichotomal  near  the  summit ;  pedicels 
with  lance-linear  bracts  at  base ;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the 
corolla-tube ;  corolla  mostly  greenish-white,  sometimes  tinged  with  red.  Follicles 
as  in  the  preceding,  but  more  slender. 
Ifab.  Borders  of  woods;  slaty  hills:  not  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr. 

Obs.  The  bark  of  this  species  is  said  to  afford  a  strong  fibre,  like 
that  of  hemp :  whence  its  common  name. 

ORDER  LXXIII.  ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

Perennial  herbs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice;  leaves  entire,  usually  opposite  (some- 
times verticillate,  rarely  scattered),  stipules  none ;  flowers  regular,  pentamerous 
and  pentandrous ;  corollarlobes  mostly  valvate  in  the  bud ;  filaments  mostly  dilated, 
and  connate  in  a  tube,  inclosing  the  pistils, — the  tube  augmented  by  a  crown  of  5 
lobes,  or  scales,  at  summit ;  anthers  erect,  united  in  a  pyramidal  5-angled  mass 
which  is  truncate  at  apex, — each  2-celled ;  cells  opening  perpendicularly,  or  trans- 
versely ;  pollen  in  waxy  masses,  which  are  attached,  in  pairs,  to  5  small  processes 
at  the  angles  of  the  stigma;  ovaries  2;  styles  distinct,  coalesced  at  summit,  form- 
ing a  5-angled  stigma  common  to  both;  fruit  &  follicle;  seeds  imbricated,  com- 
pressed, mostly  margined  and  comose ;  albumen  thin. 

An  Order  remarkable  for  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  flowers  (well  illustrated 
in  Prof.  GRAY'S  admirable  Botanical  Text  Book), — and  containing  a  number  of 
plants  interesting  to  the  curious ;  though  but  few  of  any  economical  value. 

337.  ASCL,EVPIAS,  L. 

[The  Greek  name  of  ^Esculapius ;  to  whom  the  genus  is  dedicated.] 
Cdy%  deeply  5-parted,  persistent;  segments  lanceolate,  spreading. 


234  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Corolla  5-parted,  reflexed,  deciduous.  Crown  of  5  hooded  lobes, 
each  containing  a  subulate  or  horn-like  incurved  process.  Anthers 
adherent  to  the  stigma,  tipt  with  membranaceous  appendages, — the 
cells  opening  perpendicularly,  with  rigid  projecting  wing-like  mar- 
gins ;  each  cell  containing  a  flattened  pyriform  waxy  pollen-mass, — 
the  two  contiguous  pollen-masses  of  adjacent  anthers  forming  pairs, 
which  hang  by  their  slender  summits  from  5  small  black  shining 
cloven  tubercles,  or  glands,  at  the  angles  of  the  stigma.  Ovaries 
in  pairs,  one  of  them  usually  abortive.  Follicles  somewhat  ventri- 
cose,  acuminate,  soft;  seeds  numerous,  each  with  a  tuft  of  silky 
hairs  at  the  hilum.  Flowers  in  simple  pedunculate  umbels,  terminal 
and  lateral. 

§1.  Follicles  muricate  with  flexible  points ;  leaves  opposite. 

1.  A.  Cornikti,  Decaisne.  Leaves  elliptic-ovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
tomentose  beneath ;  umbels  subterminal. 
A.  Syriaca.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  169. 
CORNUTUS'S  ASCLEPIAS.     Silk-weed.  Wild  Cotton. 

Stem  3  to  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  simple  or  nearly  so,  smoothish.  Leaves  6  to 
8  inches  long,  acute,  or  with  a  small  acumination ;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in 
length.  Umbels  2  to  4,  axillary  near  the  summit  of  the  stem ;  common  peduncles  2 
to  3  inches  long ;  pedicels  1  to  1%  inches  in  length,  with  lance-linear  bracts  at 
base ;  flowers  numerous,  rather  large,  sweet-scented,  many  of  them  abortive ; 
corolla  greenish-purple;  follicles  few,  3  to  5  inches  long;  seeds  ovate,  or  pyriform. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  streams:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  coarse  species  appears  to  have  been  named,  by  LIN- 
NAEUS, under  the  mistaken  impression  that  it  was  a  Syrian  plant; 
but,  being  exclusively  American,  it  has  been  deemed  expedient  to 
correct  the  misnomer,  of  Syriaca,  and  substitute  that  of  the  man 
who  first  noticed  it  in  a  history  of  Canadian  plants. 

§  2.  Follicles  not  muricate.    f  Leaves  mostly  opposite. 
*  Stems  simple  or  nearly  so. 

2*  A.  pliytolaccoides,  Pursh.  Leaves  ovate,  or  oval-lanceo- 
late, acuminate ;  umbels  mostly  lateral,  long-pedicelled  and  loose. 
PHYTOLACCA-LIKE  ASCLEPIAS.  Poke-leaved  Swallow-wort. 

Stem  3  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  rather  slender,  somewhat  pubescent  in  lines.  Leaves 
6  to  9  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end ;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length. — 
Umbels  sometimes  terminal  as  well  as  lateral ;  common  peduncles  2  to  3  inches 
long;  pedicels  1  to  1%  inches  in  length,  slender  and  flaccid,  with  subulate-linear 
bracts  at  base ;  corolla  greenish-white ;  crown  with  tinges  of  purple  at  base ;  follicles 
4  to  6  inches  long,  minutely  pubescent. 
Hab.  Copses ;  fence-rows,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  A.  purpiiriiscens,  L.  Leaves  elliptic,  or  ovate-oblong, 
rather  obtuse  and  mucronate ;  umbels  terminal,  erect. 
A.  amoena.  MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  169. 
PURPLISH  ASCLEPIAS. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  somewhat  corymbosely  branched  above,  mostly  marked 
with  2  pubescent  lines.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  sometimes  acute,  or  with  a 
small  abrupt  acumination ;  petioles  %to%&n  inch  in  length.  Umbels  numerous ; 
common  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long ;  pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length,  with  subulate 


ASCLEPIADACEAE  235 

bracts  at  base ;  cordla  bright  purple;  crown  pale  red;  follicles  4  or  5  inches  long. 
Hob.  Fence-rows ;  old  fields,  Ac :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  A»  variejjata,  L.    Leaves  ovate,   oval,   or    obovate,  sub- 
glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  subterminal,  rather  dense-flowered. 
VARIEGATED  ASCLEPIAS. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  sub-eimple,  often  with  a  short  horizontal  branch  at  sum* 
mit,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  3  to  5-inches  long,  mostly  rather  acute,  and  mucronate, 
the  lower  ones  rounded  and  emarginate ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length. — 
Umbels  few  (1  to  3  or  4) ;  common  peduncles  %  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long ;  pedicels  % 
an  inch  to  %  in  length,  with  setaceous  bracts  at  base ;  corolla  greenish  externally, 
white  within;  crown  white,  purple  at  base;  follicles  4  to  5  inches  long. 
Hab.  Woodlands;  slaty  hills:  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 
ft.  A;  ciuaclrif  itlia,  Jacq.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
— the  middle  ones  in  a  whorl  of  4;  umbels  terminal,  loose. 
FOUR-LEAVED  ASCLEPIAS. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  slender,  smooth,  with  a  pubescent  line.  Leaves 
2  to  5  inches  long,  all  opposite  except  a  whorl  of  4  at  the  middle  of  the  stem,  thin 
and  membranous ;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length.  Umbels  mostly  2,  sometimes 
solitary ;  common  peduncles  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long  ;  pedicels  about  an  inch  long, 
flaccid,  with  subulate  caducous  bracts  at  base ;  corolla  white ;  crown  whitish,  with 
a  tinge  of  purple  at  base ;  fottides  3  to  5  inches  long,  slender,  smooth. 
Hob.  Eich  woodlands ;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

6.  A.  Obtusif  61ia,  MX.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  or  elliptic,  obtuse, 
sessile  and  somewhat  clasping ;  umbel  mostly  solitary,  on  a  long 
terminal  peduncle. 
OBTUSE-LEAVED  ASCLEPIAS. 

Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  4  or  5  inches  long,  often  emarginate, 
mucronate,  wayy  on  the  margin  and  somewhat  auriculate  at  base,  smooth, 
glaucous  beneath.  Umbel  many-flowered,  on  a  common  peduncle  6  or  8  inches  in. 
length ;  pedicels  about  an  inch  long,  with  lance-linear  ciliate  bracts  at  base ;  corolla 
greenish-purple ;  crown  purple, — the  hoods  truncate,  somewhat  5-toothed ;  foUicUs 
4  or  5  inches  long,  smoothish. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  hills :  not  very  common.  FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

•y.  A.  riibra,  L.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminately  tapering 

to  a  sharp  point,  subsessile ;  umbels  terminal  (often  solitary),  on 

long  peduncles. 

A.  laurifolia.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  171. 

RED  ASCLEPIAS. 

Stem  1%  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  smooth,  with  a  pubescent  line.  Leaves  3  to  5 
inches  long,  in  distant  pairs,  smooth,  scabrous-ciliate  on  the  margin ;  petioles 
scarcely  ^  of  an  inch  long.  Umbel  usually  solitary,— sometimes  1  or  2  subter- 
minal additional  ones ;  common  peduncle  2  to  3  inches  long;  pedicels  about  an  inch 
in  length,  with  subulate  bracts  at  base;  corolla  yellowish-green  externally,  red- 
dish-purple within ;  crown  purple,  tinged  with  greenish-orange ;  fottides  3  to  4 
inches  long,  nearly  smooth. 
Hob.  North  Valley  Hill :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

**  Stems  paniculately  branching. 

8.  A.  i  iicarnata,  L.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse 
at  base,  petiolate ;  umbels  numerous,  terminal  and  subterminal. 
FLESH-COLORED  ASCLEPIAS. 


236  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  somewhat  corymbose  branches  above,  smoothish, 
•with  pubescent  lines,  or  sometimes  coarsely  tomentose-pubescent.  Leaves  3  to  6 
Inches  long,  often  almost  truncate  at  base;  petioles  %  to  %an  inch  in  length.— 
Umbds  rather  small ;  common  peduncles  I  to  2  inches  long,  often  densely  pubescent; 
pedicels  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length,  with  lance-linear  caducous  brads  at  base ; 
corolla  reddish-purple;  crown  palish  purple,  or  flesh-colored;  follicles  about  3  inches 
long,  pubescent. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Leaves  alternate, — or  the  lower  ones  opposite. 

9.  A.  tllberosa, /.  Hirsute;  juice  not  milky;  leaves  oblong, 
and    lance-linear,   subsessile;    umbels  numerous,   in    a  terminal 
corymb. 

TUBEROUS  ASCLEPIAS.     Butterfly-weed.  Pleurisy-root. 

Stem,  about  2  feet  high,  usually  oblique  or  leaning,  with  spreading  or  recurved 
branches.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  varying  from  lance-linear  to  oblanceolate, 
acute  or  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles.  Umbels  often  forming  corymbs  on  the 
curved  branches ;  common  peduncles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  or  sometimes 
wanting ;  pedicels  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  with  subulate  bracts  at  base ;  corolla, 
greenish-orange ;  crown  bright  orange  color ;  follicles  about  4  inches  long,  tomen- 
tose-pubescent. 
Hob.  Sandy  old  fields;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  showy  species  is  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  flower-garden. 
It  is  the  only  one,  with  us,  which  is  not  lactescent.  Though  formerly 
reputed  medicinal,  it  is  now  neglected. 

f  f  t  Leaves  mostly  verticillate,  and  numerous. 

10.  A.  verticillslta,  L.   Leaves  narrow-linear,  with  revolute 
margins ;  umbels  axillary  and  terminal. 

VERTICILLATE  ASCLEPIAS. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  nearly  simple,  slender,  sometimes  decumbent,  pubescent 
in  lines.  Leaves  about  2  inches  long,  and  scarcely  a  line  wide,  abruptly  acute, 
sessile,  crowded  below,  sometimes  in  semi-verticils,  or  opposite,  near  the  summit. 
Umbels  several,  rather  small ;  common  peduncles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long ;  pedi- 
cels about  half  an  inch  long,  with  subulate-linear  bracts  at  base ;  corolla  greenish- 
white,  with  tinges  of  purple;  crown  white;  follicUs  about  2  inches  long,  slender, 
somewhat  ventricose,  smooth. 
Hah.  Sterile  hills;  on  serpentine  rock:  frequent.  Fl  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species  is  rather  local,  here, — being  pretty  much  re- 
stricted to  Serpentine  banks,  where  it  is  frequent. 

338.  ACERATES,  Elliott. 

[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Keras,  a  horn ;  the  hoods  of  the  crown  being  without  horns.] 
Characters  nearly  as  in  Asclepias ;  but  the  corolla  not  reflexed, — 
the  pollen-masses  more  slender,  suspended  by  longer  stalks, — and 
the  hooded  lobes  of  the  crown  destitute  of  the  horn-like  process. — 
Leaves  usually  opposite;  umbels  simple,  on  short  extra-axillary 
peduncles. 

1.  A.  virirtiflora,  Ell.  Leaves  various, — ovate,  roundish- 
obovate,  lanceolate,  and  linear;  umbels  subterminal,  globose, 
nearly  sessile. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


237 


Asclepias  viridiflora.  Rafin.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  174. 
GREEN-FLOWERED  ACERATES. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple,  rather  stout  and  suffruticose,  tomentose-pubesccnt. 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  often  emarginate,  mucronate,  thickish  and  coriaceous; 
petioles  %  of  an  inch  in  length.  Umbels  2,  3,  or  4,  dense,  nodding;  common  pe- 
duncles *4  to  %  an  inch  long;  pedicds  about  ^  an  inch  in  length,  with  linear- 
lanceolate  bracts  at  base;  corolla  pale  green;  crown  greenish-white;  /oHtcfej  3  or  4 
inches  long,  ventricose,  tomentose-pubescent. 
Hob.  Great  Valley,  and  near  Marlboruugh-villc :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

339.  GOIVCVL.OBUS,  MX. 

[Or.  Gonia,  an  angle,  and  Lotos,  a  pod ;  from  its  ribbed,  or  angular  follicles.] 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-parted, — the  lobes  convo- 
lute in  the  bud.  Crown  a  small  fleshy  wavy  lobed  ring,  in  the 
throat  of  the  corolla.  Anthers  partly  hidden  under  the  flattened 
pentagonal  stiguia,  opening  transversely;  pollen-masses  5  pairs, 
horizontal.  Follicles  ventricose,  more  or  less  ribbed,  softly  muri- 
cate ;  seeds  comose.  Stem  twining ;  leaves  opposite ;  flowers  in 
axillary  pedunculate  cymose  umbels. 

1.  G.  macropliyl'lUS,  MX.  Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  petiolate ;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles. 
LARGE-LEAVED  GONOLOBUS. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  long,  slender,  hirsutely  pubescent,  climbing  over  shrubs.  Leaves 
3  to  5  inches  long,  thinnish,  finely  pubescent ;  petioles  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length, 
hairy.  Umbels  loose ;  common  peduncles  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long ;  pedicds  %  an  ^nc^ 
to  an  inch  and  half  in  length ;  corolla  greenish  and  pubescent  externally,  dark 
dingy-purple  on  the  inner  surface;  follicles  2  to  4  inches  long. 
Ilab.  Hilly  woodlands ;  near  Pughtown :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  LXXIY.    OLEA^CEAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  branches;  leaves  opposite,  simple,  or  odd-pinnate; 
stipules  none;  flowers  paniculate,  or  racemose,  perfect  and  complete, — or  some- 
times dioicous  and  apetalous ;  calyx  4-cleft, — the  teeth  sometimes  obsolete;  coroUa 
(when  present)  4-lobed,  or  of  4  petals,  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  usually  2; 
urary  2-celled;  fruit  various, — baccate,  drupaceous,  samaroid,  or  capsular,  by 
abortion  often  1-celled,  and  1-  or  2-seeded ;  seeds  mostly  in  hard  fleshy  albumen. 

A  small  but  interesting  Order.  Olives,  and  Olive  oil,  are  afforded,  by  the  drupes 
of  the  genus  (Olea)  which  is  the  type  of  the  Family, — the  fleshy  pericarp  chiefly 
("  mcmorabili  inter  vegetabilia  exceptione,"  DC.)  yielding  the  oil.  The  Manna,  of 
tho  shops,  is  obtained  from  a  species  of  Ash  (Fraxinus  rotundifolia,  Lam.). 

a.  Leaves  simple,    f  fruit  a  Berry. 

34O.  MGIIS'TRCM,  Tourntf. 
[The  classical  Latin  name ;  said  to  be  formed  from  ligare,  to  tie.] 

Calyx  4-toothed,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnel-form,  4-lobed;  lobes 
ovate,  obtuse.  Stamens  included.  Style  short;  stigma  'bifid.  Fruit 
a  globose  2-seeded  berry.  Shrubs :  leaves  entire ;  flowers  in  terminal 
thyrsoid  panicles. 

1,  L.  vulaare,  L.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  mucronate,  smooth,  on 
short  petioles ;  panicles  compact. 
COMMON  LIGUSTRUM.     Privet.  Prim. 


238  GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Stem  6  to  10  feet  high,  with  numerous  opposite  branches.  Leaves  1  to  1  J^  inches 
long,  yarying  from  lanceolate  and  acute,  to  oblanceolate  and  obtuse,  hardy  anil 
persisting  green  through  half  the  winter;  petioles  %to%  of  an  inch  in  length.  — 
Corolla  white,  —  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx.  Berries  black  (sometimes  whitv, 
or  greenish). 
Bab.  Roadsides.  Nat.  of  Europe.  PL  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  shrub  was  brought  from  England,  by  the  early  settlers 
of  Chester  County,  for  the  purpose  of  hedging;  but  it  did  not 
answer.  I  recollect  numerous  vestiges  of  those  early  hedges,  about 
the  close  of  the  last  century;  but  they  have  now  (1852)  all  disap- 
peared. The  shrub,  however,  is  naturalized  to  some  extent. 


341.  CIIIOJVAtf'THUS,  L. 

[Gr.  Chion,  snow,  and  anthos,  a  flower;  from  Its  snow-white  blossoms.] 
Calyx  very  small,  4-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  of  4  long  linear 
petals,  slightly  connected  at  base.  Stamens  2  (sometimes  3  or  4), 
very  short.  Stigma  emarginate.  Drupe  oval;  nut  striate,  1-seeded; 
seed  without  albumen!  —  Small  trees:  buds  remarkably  4-cornered 
and  pyramidal  ;  leaves  entire  ;  flowers  in  loose  pendulous  trichotomous 
racemes. 

1.  C.  VIrginIca,  L.  Leaves  oval,  or  obovate-lanceolate,  sub- 
coriaceous,  smoothish;  racemes  terminal  and  axillary. 
VIRGINIAN  CHIONANTHTJS.     Fringe-tree. 

Stem  10  to  20  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  acute 
at  each  end;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.    Racemes  3  or  4  inches  long, 
gomewhat  paniculate,  —  the  terminal  pedicels  by  threes.    Petals  white,  nearly  an 
inch  long.    Drupes  of  a  livid  blackish  color  when  mature. 
Sab.  Banks  of  West  Brandy  wine  :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  The  singular  beauty  of  this  ornamental  little  tree  is  begin- 
ning to  be  appreciated,  by  our  people;  and  it  is,  consequently, 
making  its  appearance  in  the  yards,  and  lawns,  of  all  persons  of 
taste.  The  mature  fruit  has  a  remarkably  disagreeable  bitterish 
taste,  —  and  therein  shows  its  affinity  to  the  type  of  the  Order.  — 
"Ripe  olives,"  says  Sir  J.  E.  SMITH,  in  his  Correspondence,  "are 
purple  like  a  damson,  but  of  the  most  abominable  bitter  taste." 

b.  Leaves  odd-pinnate;  fruit  samaroid. 

342.  FRAX'KVITS,  Tournef. 
[The  classical  Latin  name  ;  meaning  rather  obscure.] 

Polygamo-dioicous:  Calyx  4-cleft,  or  obsolete.  Corrolla  of  2  or  4 
oblong  petals,  —  or  (as  in  the  North  American  species,)  wholly 
wanting.  Stamens  mostly  2.  Style  single  ;  stigma  bifid.  Fruit  a 
1-  or  2-celled  Samara,  compressed,  winged  at  apex.  Trees:  flowers 
(dioicous  in  the  U.  States)  small,  in  crowded  panicles,  or  racemes, 
from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves,  —  the  staminate  ones  in  dense 
dark-brown  clusters. 

t  Calyx  present,  3-  or  ^toothed  ;  leaflets  7  to  9,  petioltdate,  nearly  or  quite  entire. 

1.  F.  Americana,  L.  Leaflets  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  pjubes- 


OLEACEAB  239 

cent  and  glaucous  beneath ;  petioles  and  young  branches  smooth. 
F.  acuminata.  Lam.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  8. 
AMERICAN  FRAXINUS.    Ash.  White  Ash. 

Stem  50  to  80  feet  high ;  young  branches  smooth,  marked  with  white  dots.  Leaflet* 
3  to  5  inches  long,  acuminate,  slightly  dentate ;  petioles  about  3  inches  in  length, 
below  the  leaflets.    Samaras  1  to  1%  inches  long  spatulate-linear,  obtuse,  tapering 
and  terete  at  base,  in  long  loose  racemes. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  low  meadow  grounds:  common.    FL  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  The  timber  of  this  tree  is  highly  valued  by  wheel-wrights, 
coach-makers,  £c.  while  the  offal  wood  makes  excellent  fuel. 

2.  P.  pubescens,  Walt.  Leaflets   elliptic-lanceolate,    densely 
pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  and  young  branches  velvety-pubescent. 
PUBESCENT  FRAXINUS.     Red  Ash. 

Stem  40  to  60  feet  high.    Leaflets  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  acuminate,  subserrate; 
petioles  2  to  3  inches  in  length.    Samaras  about  2  inches  long,  narrowly  lanceolate- 
epatulate,  often  with  an  abrupt  point,  tapering  and  almost  acute  at  base. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  Brandy  wine :  frequent.    FL  May.  Fr. 

Ob».  A  smaller  tree,  and  less  valuable  than  the  preceding, 
ft  Calyx  obsolete,'  leaflets  9  to  11,  sessile,  serrate. 

3.  F.  sambucif  olia,  Lam.  Leaflets   ovate-lanceolate,  some- 
what rounded  and  unequal  at  base,  the  midrib  hirsute  beneath. 
SAMBUCUS-  or  ELDER-LEAVED  FRAXINUS.     Black  Ash.  Water  Ash. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high ;  young  branches  smooth,  green,  marked  with  black 
elliptic  dots,  or  warts.  Leaflets  3  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  acuminate,  rugose  and 
shining  above,  with  a  villous  tuft  at  base,  and  in  the  axils  of  the  nerves  beneath ; 
petioles  2  to  4  inches  long,  below  the  leaflets.  Samaras  about  an  inch  long, 
elliptic-oblong,  broadish,  obtuse  at  both  ends. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  rivulets :  not  very  common.  FL  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  is  the  least  common,  the  least  in  size,  and  the  least 
valuable,  of  the  three  species  here  enumerated.  The  Syringa  vul- 
aaru,  L.  or  Lilac — a  well-known  and  much  cultivated  ornamental 
shrub,  with  cqpsular  fruit — belongs  here. 


240  APETALOUS    EXOGENS 

DIVISION  III.    APET'ALOUS  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Corolla  usually  none*;  ike  floral  envelopes  being  mostly  in  a  single 
series  (Calyx), — or  sometimes  wanting  altogether. 

ORDER  LXXY.    ARISTOLOCHIA^CEAE. 

Herbs,  or  suffruticose  plants, — sometimes  nearly  stemhss,  sometimes  twining  and 
dimbing;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base,  petiolate, 
often  with  leaf-like  stipules;  calyx-tube  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary, — the 
border  mostly  3-lobed,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  stamens  6  to  12,  epigynous ;  anthert 
adnate,  extrorse;  ovary  mostly  6-celled;  stigmas  radiate;  fruit  a  fleshy  or  coriace- 
ous capsule,  3-  to  6-celled,  many-seeded;  seeds  with  a  large  raphe;  embryo  minute, 
In  fleshy  albumen. 

343.  AS' ARUM,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Seira,  a  cord ;  being  anciently  rejected  from  garlands.] 
Calyx  campanulate ;  border  3-parted,  persistent ;  tube  wholly  adhe- 
rent to  the  ovary.  Stamens  12 ;  filaments  subulate,  inserted  on,  or 
cohering  with,  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  produced  above  the  anthers 
into  a  slender  point.  Styles  united  into  a  very  short  thick  column, 
bearing  6  radiating  crested  stigmas  at  summit.  Capsule  fleshy, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes,  opening  irregularly. — 
Perennial  herbs:  stem  very  short,  from  a  creeping  pungently  aromatic 
rhizoma ;  flower  terminal,  pedunculate,  and  solitary,  between  the 
long  petioles  of  the  only  pair  of  leaves. 

1*  A.  CanadeilSC,  L.    Leaves  broad-reniform,   glossy-green 

above;  capsule  ovoid,  woolly. 

CANADIAN  ASAKUM.     Wild  Ginger.  Colt's-foot. 

Stem  assurgent,  1  to  2  inches  long;  leaves  '2  to  4  inches  long,  and  3  to  5  inches 
wide;  petioles  4  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length.  Flower  large,  often  concealed  under 
dead  leaves,  nodding  in  the  fork  of  the  petioles,  on  &  peduncle  1  to  1%  inches  in 
length ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  dark  brownish-purple  inside,  often  re- 
flexed. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

344.  ARISTOL,OVCHIA,  Tournef. 

[A  Greek  name ;  having  reference  to  reputed  medicinal  virtues.] 
Calyx  tubular,  ventricose  above  the  ovary,  bent,  or  straight ;  border 
deciduous,  oblique,  2-  or  3-lobed, — the  lower  lobe  sometimes  ex- 
tended to  a  lip.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  an  epigynous  disk ;  anthers 
subsessile,  wholly  adnate  to  the  short  style  and  angular  radiating 
G-lobed  stigma.  Capsule  coriaceous,  not  crowned,  septicidally  6- 
valved.  Erect,  or  twining  perennials:  flowers  pedunculate,  sub- 
radical,  or  axillary. 

*If  exceptions  prove  rules,  the  student  will  find,  In  the  preceding  groups,  numer- 
ous supports  of  the  regulation  which  governs  ffiis  division  of  the  Exogenous  Tribe! 
The  Dialypetalous  division  contains  many  plants  which  are  apetalous, — as  may 
bo  seen  in  the  Orders  RANCNCULACEAE,  CISTACEAE,  CARYOPHYLLACEAE,  ACERACEAE, 
BHAMNACEAE,  ROSACEAE,  ONAGRACEAE,  CRASSULACBAE,  and  SAXIFRAGACEAE.  The 
GAMOPETALOUS  division,  also,  presents  some  which  are  destitute  of  Petals, — as  in  the 
Order  OLEACEAE. 

Oil  the  other  hand,  a  corolla,  or  Its  analogue,  is  sometimes  found  among  the 
ApetaLcrut  Families,— as  in  the  orders  EOPHOBBIACKAE,  and  JUOLAKDACEAK. 


ABISTOLOCHIACEAE  241 

1.  A.  Serpent&ria.  L.  Herbaceous ;  stem  nearly  erect,  slender 
and  flexuose;    leaves  lance-oblong,   auriculate-cordate   at    base; 
flowers  subradical ;  calyx-tube  much  bent. 
SNAKE-ROOT  ARISTOLOCHIA.     Virginia  Snake-root. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  rather  leaning,  simple,  or  somewhat  branched  from 
the  base,  leafy  above,  with  minute  abortive  leaves  below.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches 
long,  sometimes  hastate-sagittate ;  petioles  l/£  to  near  an  inch  in  length.  Flowers 
rather  large,  few,  dull  purplish-brown,  often  concealed  under  leaves ;  peduncles  I 
to  2  inches  in  length ;  bracts  small,  ovate,  alternate;  capsule  turbinate,  %  an  inch 
to  %  in  length,  somewhat  fleshy,  pubescent. 
Hub.  Rich  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  August. 

Obs.  The  root  is  a  well-known  and  very  valuable  aromatic  stimu- 
lant. 

ORDER  LXXVI.    PHYTOLACCACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  suffruticose  plants ;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules ;  flowers 
racemose ;  calyx  of  4  or  5  petal -like  slightly  connected  sepals ;  stamens  as  many, 
or  twice  as  many,  as  the  sepals;  ovary  mostly  composed  of  10  verticillate  con- 
fluent 1-ovuled  carpels,  with  the  styles,  or  stigmas,  distinct;  fruit  baccate,  or  dry  ; 
embryo  forming  a  ring  round  mealy  albumen. 

345.  PHYTOL-AC'CA,  Tournef. 

[Or.  Phyton,  a  plant,  and  Lachanon,  a  pot-herb;  the  young  shoots  being  so  used.] 
Flowers  mostly  perfect:  Sepals  5,  roundish-ovate,  persistent.  Sta- 
mens 10 ;  anthers  incumbent.  Fruit  a  depressed-globose  compound 
5-  to  10-celled  berry.  Perennial  herbs :  leaves  petiolate,  large ;  flow- 
ers in  lateral  racemes. 

I.  1*.  clcciiiiclrsi, //.  Stout;  smooth,  and  often  purple;  leaves 
ovate-oblong;  berries  10-celled,  juicy,  dark  purple. 
DECANDROUS  PHYTOLACCA.     Poke.  Poke-weed.  Pigeon-berry. 

Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  branching,  terete,  or  obtusely  ridged.  Leaves  5  to  10 
inches  long,  acute,  or  acuminate,  thin ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length. 
Racemes  usually  opposite  th«  leaves,  3  to  6  inches  long,  simple;  pedicels  about  half 
an  inch  in  length,  each  with  a  subulate  bract  at  base,  and  usually  2  smaller  sub- 
opposite  bracts  near  the  middle.  Sepals  white. 
Hob.  Rich  banks;  borders  of  woods:  common.  Fl  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  young  shoots  of  this  plant  afford  a  very  tolerable  sub- 
stitute for  Asparagus, — rwhile  the  coarse  root  is  said  to  be  an  active 
emetic.  KALM,  in  his  Travels,  calls  the  plant  by  the  name  of 
American  Nightshade. 


ORDER  LXXVII.    CHENOPODIANCEAE. 

Chiefly  coarse  weed-like  herbs;  leaves  mostly  alternate,  more  or  less  fleshy ;  stipules 
none;  flowers  inconspicuous,  destitute  of  bracts.— sometimes  dioicous,  or  polygam- 
ous; calyx  mostly  free  from  the  ovary,  2-  or  3-  to  5-lobed,  imbricated  in  the  bud, 
persistent,  embracing  the  fruit;  stamens  usually  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  and 
opposite  them;  ovary  1 -celled,  becoming  a  1-seeded  utricle,  or  akenc,  la  fruit; 
embryo  peripherical,  coiled  round  the  farinaceous  albumen. 

16 


242  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

gl.  Flowers  perfect;  seeds  mostly  horizontal. 

346.  CHEIVOPOXDIUM,  L. 

[Gr.  Chen,  a  goose,  and  Perns,  podos,  a  foot;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  leaves.] 
Calyx  5-parted,  —  the  lobes  finally  often  keeled.  Ovary  depressed  ; 
styles  2,  very  short.  Utricle  membranaceous,  included  in  the  con- 
nivent  5-angled  calyx.  Seed  horizontal,  lenticular,  with  the  margin 
rather  acute  ;  embryo  forming  a  complete  ring  round  the  albumen. 
Plants  smooth,  and  more  or  less  glaucous-mealy  ;  flowers  greenish, 
sessile,  in  spiked,  racemose,  or  panicled  clusters. 

1.  C.  dlbum,  L.  Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  rhomboid-ovate,  sinuate- 
dentate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base  ;  racemes  compact,  pulverulent, 
somewhat  leafy. 
WHITE  CHENOPODIUM.     Lamb's-quarters.  Goose-foot. 

Annual.  Stem  3  to  5  or  6  feet  high,  angular,  branched,  often  striped  with  green 
and  yellow,  sometimes  purplish.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  —  the  lower  ones  often 
larger;  petioles  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length.  Flowers  in  clusters;  calyx  depressed, 
5-angled  by  the  prominent  keels  of  the  incurved  lobes  ;  seed  dark  purple,  or  nearly 
black,  smooth  and  shining,  lens-shaped,  with  a  small  notch  on  one  side. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  A  rank,  troublesome  weed,  in  our  gardens.  The  young 
plants  are  sometimes  used  as  greens,  in  the  spring. 

*fc.  C.  hy'bridum,  L.  Leaves  green   on  both   sides,    cordate-ovate, 
acuminate,  angularly  and  remotely  dentate  ;  racemes  loosely  pani- 
culate, leafless. 
HYBRID  CHENOPODIUM.     Maple-leaved  Goose-foot. 

Annual.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  rather  slender,  angular  and  striate,  branched.  — 
I/eaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  thin,  bright  green;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length. 
Flowers  paniculate,—  the  sub-divisions  cymose;  terminal  panicle  long  and  loose, 
with  divaricate  branches.  Seed  rather  large,  nearly  black,  slightly  punctate  and 
striate. 
Sab.  Along  Schuylkill.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Naturalized  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  —  but  still  rare. 
The  G.  rhombifdlium,  enumerated  in  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  is  now  regarded 
as  a  var.  of  C.  firbicum,  L.  and  is,  moreover,  a  doubtful  plant,  in 
our  Flora. 


34?.  AMBRrtf  A,  Spach. 

[Etymology  not  ascertained.] 

Flowers  nearly  as  in  Chenopodium,  —  but  the  calyx-lobes  not  Jceeled, 
the  seed  sometimes  vertical,  and  the  embryo,  instead  of  forming  a 
complete  ring  round  the  albumen,  curving  merely  in  the  form  of  a 
horse-shoe.  Styles  often  3.  Seed  with  an  obtuse  margin.  Somewhat 
glandular-pubescent  and  viscid  (never  mealy),  and  often  exhaling  a 
strong  balsamic  odor;  flowers  greenish,  racemose.  All  the  species 
here  enumerated,  if  not  foreigners,  are  evidently  strangers  in  Chester 
County. 

1.  A.  Bbtrys,  Moquin.  Leaves  oblong,  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid  ; 
racemes  cymose-paniculate,  divergent,  leafless. 
Chenopodium  Botrys.  //.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  177. 
Jerusalem  Oak.     Feather-Geranium. 


CHENOPODIACEAB  243 

Annual.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  branched.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long ;  petioles  ^ 
to  %  of  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  in  numerous  rather  short  axillary  branching 
racemes, — forming  altogether  an  oblong  slender  panicle ;  usually  a  single  sessile 
flower  in  the  forks  of  the  peduncles.    Seed  small,  dark  purplish-brown. 
ffab.  Roadsides.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  partially  naturalized  in  some  few  localities, — and  is 
occasionally  seen  in  gardens ;  but  is  not  common.  It  is  a  fragrant 
herb ;  but,  unlike  the  following  two,  the  odor  is  dissipated  in  dry- 
ing. 

2«  A.  anthelmintica,  Spach.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  narrowed  at  base, 
unequally  sinuate-serrate ;  racemes  long,  spike-like,  leafless. 
Chenopodium  anthelminticum.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  177. 
WORM-DESTROYING  AMBRINA.     Worm-seed. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  angular,  grooved,  branched.    Leaves  1  to  2  or    , 
3  inches  long,  resinous-dotted  beneath ;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length. — 
Flowers  in  small  clusters,  disposed  in  slender  naked  racemes,  or  spikes.    Styles  3, 
united  at  base. 
Hob.  Roadsides;  gardens,  &c.     Fl.  July.  JFV.Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  our  hemisphere, — and  even  of 
our  Southern  States.  The  herb  has  a  strong  unpleasant  odor;  and 
the^seeds  yield  the  well-known  worm-seed  oil, — a  most  unpalatable 
but  effective  vermifuge;  for  which  the  plant  is  sometimes  cultivated. 

3.  -A.  ambrosioldes,  Spach.  Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  re- 
motely dentate;  racemes  interrupted,  leafy. 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  175. 
AMBROSIA-LIKE  AMBRINA.     Mexican  Tea. 

Annual.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  much  branched,  angular.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches 
long, — those  on  the  stem  narrowed  to  a  petiole,  those  on  the  branches  and  racemes 
lance-linear,  mostly  entire,  subsessile.    Flowers  in  interrupted  sessile  clusters,  on 
slender  axillary  leafy  branches. 
JJab.  Roadsides,  Ac.    Nat.  of  both  Hemispheres.     Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  has  a  strong  persistent  odor,  much  resembling  that  of 
the  preceding ;  and,  I  think,  is  often  mistaken  for  it>  by  those  who 
use  the  plant  medicinally. 

348.  BE'TA,  fournef. 

[Celtic,  bett,  red :  or,  from  its  fruit  resembling  the  Greek  letter  B  (Beta).'] 
Calyx  urceolate,  5-clef t, — the  base  adherent  to  the  ovary,  and  finally 
indurated,  the  lobes  remaining  unchanged.  Ovary  depressed ;  stig- 
mas 2.  Utride  immersed  in  the  base  of  the  calyx,  and  covered  by 
the  lobes ;  seed  horizontal.  Root  large  and  fleshy,  formed  of  con- 
centric zones ;  flowers  clustered  in  leafy  spikes. 

1,   B.   VULGARIS,  L.    Smoothish ;    greenish-purple ;    lower  leaves 
ovate-oblong,   wavy,  upper  ones  lance-ovate ;    flowers  in  sessile 
axillary  clusters. 
COMMON  BETA.     Garden  Beet. 

Biennial.  Root  large  (sometimes  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter,  and  more  than  a  foot 
long),  of  various  forms  and  colors, — usually  deep  crimson,  or  pale  yellow.  Stem  2 
to  4  feet  high,  sulcate-angled,  somewhat  paniculately  branching.  Radical  leaves 
*  to  12  inches  long ;  petiole*  4  to  8  inches  in  length.  Calyx  purplish-brown,  fleshy 


244  APETALOUS    EXOGENS 

at  base,  finally  indurated  or  externally  suberose, — 'the  lobes  keeled,  incurred  and 
sub-saccate  at  apex.    Seed  depressed,  loosely  farinaceous. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe,    FL  July.  Fr.  Septem. 

Obs.  The  variety,  called  "Sugar  Beet," — with  a  pale  yellowish 
root — is  extensively  cultivated,  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  Sugar,^- -and  has  been  partially  tried,  in  thia 
country :  But,  while  we  have  the  Sugar  Maple  and  Sugar  Cane  to 
supply  us,  it  is  not  probable  the  Beet  will  be  much  relied  upon,  for 
that  object.  A  large  white-rooted  variety,  called  Mangel  Wurtzel, 
or  Scarcity  root  (B.  Cicla,  L.),  is  sometimes  cultivated  as  food  for 
Milch  Cows,  and  other  Stockr 

§  2.  Flowers  dioicous ;  seeds  vertical. 

349.  SPI1VAVCIA,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Spfna,  a  thorn;  the  covering  of  the  fruit  being  often  spinulose.] 
STAMINATE  FL.  Calyx  4-  or  5-parted;  lobes  equal.  PISTILLATK 
FL.  Calyx  ventricose-tubular,  unequally  2-  to  4- toothed.  Ovary 
ovoid;  styles  4,  elongated,  capillary;  stigmas  the  terminal  super- 
ficies. Akene  compressed,  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the 
calyx,  which  is  sometimes  2-  or  3-horned  on  the  back.  Embryo 
forming  a  ring  round  the  albumen.  Annuals  :  flowers  greenish,— 
the  pistillate  in  axillary  clusters,  the  staminate  in  racemose-paniculate 
clusters. 

1.  S.  OLERACEA,  Miller.  Leaves  petiolate,  hastate-lanceolate,  in- 
cised at  base,  or  sagittate  and  entire. 
POT-HERB  SPINACIA.     Spinach. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branched,  or  often  simple.    Leaves  2  to 
4  inches  long,  often  cuneately  tapering  at  base ;  petioles  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in 
length.    Fruit  inclosed  in  the  subglobose  persistent  calyx,  which  is  often  un- 
armed. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  the  East.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  well-known  pot-herb  is  said  to  have  been  first  brought 
into  Spain,  by  the  Arabs ;  thence  diffused  over  Europe. 

ORDER  LXXVIII.    AMARANTHACEAE. 

Weed-like  herbs;  characters  nearly  as  those  of  the  preceding  Order, — but  the 
flowers  imbricated  with  dry  scarious  persistent  bracts,  which  are  usually  colored ; 
calyx  of  3  to  5  sepals,  dry,  scarious  and  persistent;  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
and  opposite  them ;  fruit  a  utricle,  1-  or  several-seeded,  bursting  irregularly ;  seeds 
lenticular-reniform,  often  vertical;  embryo  curved  round  farinaceous  albumen. 

35O.  AMARAWTHUS,*  L. 

[Gr.  a,  not,  maraino,  to  fade,  and  anthos,  a  flower ;  the  flowers  not  fading.] 
Monoicously  polygamous :  Calyx  of  3   or  5  sepals,  mostly  colored, 

*  Several  modern  authors  (as  LINDLET,  ENDUCHER,  and  MOQXJIN-TANDON)  ar» 
endeavoring  to  restore  the  orthography  of  RAY, — who,  in  his  Historia  Plantartfat 
(fide  MOQCIK,  in  DC.  Prodr.),  says  "  Amarantus  maid  cum  th  scribitur  Amaranth** : 
n»m  graece  est  amarantos,  Ac."  But,  as  HOOKER,  GRAY,  and  others,  adhere  to  th«» 
orthography  which  has  been  long  established  in  our  own  language, — and  whh 
which  we  have  become  so  familiar,— I  have  concluded  to  follow  their  example. 


AMARANTHACEAE 


245 


and  slightly  connected  at  base.  Stigmas  2  or  3.  Utricle  circum- 
scissed,  or  indehiscent,  1-seeded;  embryo  forming  a  half  circle  round 
the  albumen.  Coarse  annuals :  flowert  minute,  in  axillary  or  ter- 
minal spiked  clusters. 

1.  A.  dlbus,  L.  Pale   green  and  smooth ;  much  branched ;  leaves 
gpatulate-oblong,  retuse,   setaceously  mucronate;  flowers  whitish, 
triandrous,  in  small  axillary  clusters. 
WHITE  AMARANTHUS. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high;  principal  branches  from  near  the  base,  spreading.— 
Leaves  half  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long,  entire,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  slender  petiok. 
%  of  an  inch  to  1%  inches  in  length.    Bracts  subulate-lanceolate,  spinescently 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  flowers. 
Hdb.  Waste  places;  barn-yards,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  books  give  this  as  a  native  of  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania ; 
but,  to  me,  it  has  decidedly  the  appearance  of  a  naturalized  stran- 
ger, in  this  County. 

«8.  A,  hy'bridus,  L.  Roughish-pubescent;  sparingly  branched;  dull 
green;  leaves  lance-ovate;  flowers   green,  pentandrous,  clustered 
in  dense  compound  ovoid-oblong  spikes. 
HYBRID  AMARANTHUS. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  highk  Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long,  tapering  to  the  apex,  but 
the  point  rather  obtuse,  emarginate  and  setaceously  mucronate,  the  base  abruptly 
narrowed  to  a  petiole  1  to  3  inches  in  length.  Flowers  sometimes  becoming  pur- 
plish, the  staminate  and  pistillate  intermixed.  . 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  cultivated  lots:  abundant.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This,  also>  is  given  as  a  native  of  our  continent;  but  I  am 
pretty  well  satisfied  it  is  not  indigenous,  in  Chester  County.  It  is  a 
troublesome  weed,  in  gardens,  if  not  kept  in  due  subjection. 

3.  A.  spinbsus,  L.   Smoothish;    bushy-branched;    often  purplish; 
leaves  rhomboid-lanceolate;    axils  spinose;    flowers  pentandrous, 
clustered  in  compound  oblong  terete  spikes. 
THORNY  AMARANTHUS. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  or  3  feet  high.    Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  rather  obtuse, 
mucronate,  roughish-dotted,  with  glaucous  blotches  beneath;  petioles  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  with  2  subulate  spines  at  base  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Waste  places.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  is  a  vile  pest, — which  has  found  its  way  to  our  sea- 
ports, and  is  gradually  extending  itself  into  the  country.  It  cannot 
be  too  sedulously  guarded  against. 

ORDER  LXXIX.    POLYGONAVCEAE. 

Mostly  herbs,  with  nodose  stems;  leaves  alternate,  usually  entire,  with  stipules 
commonly  sheathing  the  stem,  above  the  leaves ;  flowers  generally  perfect;  calyx 
of  3  to  6  sepals  more  or  less  connected  at  base,  and  persistent ;  stamens  4  to  12, 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx ;  ovary  1-celled ;  fruit  akene-like, — lenticular 
when  there  are  2  styles,  triquetrous  when  there  are  3  styles ;  embryo  curved,  or 
fctraightish ;  albumen  mealy. 

351.  POL,YG'0]VU]*I,  L. 

[Or.  Poly,  much,  or  many,  &  Gonu,  a  knee,  or  joint;  the  stem  being  much  jointed.] 
Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  often  colored,  embracing  the  fruit.  Stamens 


246  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

5  to  9,  mostly  8, — arranged  singly,  or  in  pairs,  opposite  the  calyx- 
lobes.  Styles  2  or  3, — and  the  akene,  consequently,  either  lenticular 
or  triquetrous ;  embryo  in  a  groove  of  the  albumen,  and  curved  half 
way  round  it.  Flowers  fasciculate,  often  with  sheathing  bracts; 
pedicels  articulated. 

$1.  Stems  more  or  less  erect. 
f  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  spikes.    *  Styles  2,  and  akene  lenticular. 

1.  P.  orient&le,  L.  Tall ;  hairy ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate ;  stipules 
herbaceous.,  salver-form,  ciliate;  stamens  7. 

ORIENTAL  POLYGONUM. 

Annual.  Stem  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  paniculately  branched  above.  Leaves  4  to 
6 inches  long,  often  subcordate  at  base;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  somewhat 
winged  by  the  decurrence  of  the  leaves ;  stipules  tubular,  with  the  border  spread- 
ing, or  reflexed.  Racemes  numerous,  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  nodding,  on  hirsute 
peduncles;  Flowers  bright  purple,  rather  large,  crowded;  pedicels  rather  longer 
than  the  ciliate  sheathing  bracts. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Asia.  Fl.  July,  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  showy  species  has  become  naturalized  about  our  gar- 
dens, and  cultivated  lots.  JOHN  BARTRAM  probably  refers  to  it,  in 
a  letter  to  Miss  GOLDEN,  where  he  says — "The  species  of  Persicary 
thee  mentions,  is  what  TOURNEFORT  brought  from  the  three  churches, 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Ararat." 

2.  R.    IVimsylvfiHM  um<   L.   Leaves  lanceolate;  stipules 
scarious,  smooth,  not  ciliate ;  peduncles  glandular-hispid ;  stamens 
5  or  8. 

PENNSYLVANIAN  POLYGONUM. 

Annual.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high, — smooth  below,  and  geniculate,  with  tumid 
joints, — paniculately  branched  and  glandular-hispid  above.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches 
long ;  petioles  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length ;  stipules  tubular,  truncate. — 
Racemes  numerous,  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  often  somewhat  nodding;  flowers 
bright  rose-color,  in  crowded  fascicles;  pedicels  rather  longer  than  the  smoothish 
sheathing  bracts. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds ;  road-sides,  &c. :  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  P.  Persic&ria,  L.  Leaves  lanceolate,  usually  marked  with  a  dark 
lunate  or  triangular  spot  near  the  middle ;  stipules  hairy,  ciliate ; 
peduncles  smooth ;  stamens  6. 

PEACH-LEAVED  POLYGONUM.     Spotted  Knot-weed.  Lady's-thumb. 

Annual.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  branching,  smooth,  often  purplish. 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  tapering  to  petioles  1  'line  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length ; 
stipules  tubular,  fringed  with  bristles  about  %  the  length  of  the  tube.  Racemes 
about  an  inch  long;  flowers  purple,  or  bright  crimson,  on  pedicels  about  as  long  as 
the  sheathing  bracts. 
Hob.  Waste  places.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  has  become  a  common  weed,  among  us. 

4.  P.  am  phi  hi  ii  m.  L.    Leaves   lance-oblong,    subcordate  at 
base ;  stipules  not  ciliate ;  peduncles  glandular-hispid ;  stamens  5. 
AMPHIBIOUS  POLYGONUM. 


POLYGONACBAE  247 

Perennial.  Stem  12  to  18  inches  long,  nearly  simple,  striate,  smooth  below, 
hirsute  near  the  summit,  decumbent  at  base,  radicating  at  the  lower  nodes.— 
Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  sometimes  ovate-lanceolate,— the  upper  ones  subsessile, 
the  lower  ones  on. petioles  1  to  3  inches  in  length;  stipules  tubular, — the  lower  ones 
smooth,  upper  ones  hirsute,  Racemes  few,  dense-flowered,  2  to  3  inches  long; 
flowers  bright  purple;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  hirsute  sheathing  bracts. 
Hob.  Margin  of  the  Schuylkill:  rare.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  There  are  1  or  2  pretty  distinct  varieties  of  this  semi-aquatic 
species, — partly,  perhaps,  owing  to  their  places  of  growth ;  being 
found  sometimes  floating  in  pools, — at  others  radicating  on  the 
mud,  along  their  margin. 

5.  !"•    V  i  rtf  ill  i  Jill  mil,   L.    Leaves    lance-ovate,   acuminate ; 
stipules  ciliate ;  raceme   spike-like,  virgate,  slender ;  flowers  sub- 
solitary  and  distant;  calyx  4-parted;  stamens  5. 

VIRGINIAN  POLYGONUM. 

Perennial.  Stem  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  fimple,  striate-ribbed,  hairy  above,  near 
the  nodes.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length; 
stipules  tubular,  very  hairy.  Raceme  12  to  18  inches  long,  simple, — sometimes  1 
or  2  shorter  ones  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ;  flowers  greenish-white,  or 
often  purplish,  mostly  solitary,  a  little  recurved,  conspicuously  articulated  to  short 
pedicels  which  proceed  from  tubular  bristly-ciliate  bracts. 
Hob.  Rich  woods;  borders  of  thickets:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

** Styles  mostly  3,  and  akene  triquetrous;  stamens  6  or  8. 

6.  P.  Hydroplper,  L.  Very  acrid ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pellucid-punc- 
tate, wavy-margined ;  stipules  ciliate  with  shortish  bristles ;  racemes 
filiform,  flaccid  and  nodding ;  fascicles  few-flowered,  rather  distant ; 
calyx  glandular-dotted. 

P.  punctatum.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  248.  not  of  Ell.  (/^ENGELMANN). 
WATER-PEPPER  POLYGONUM.     Water-Pepper.  Smart-weed. 

Annual.  Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  slender,  more  or  less  branched,  sometimes 
decumbent,  smooth,  often  purplish.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end, 
eubsessile;  stipules  tubular,  somewhat  inflated,  hairy,  fringed  with  bristles  %  to 
%  the  length  of  the  tube.  Racemes  2  to  4  inches  long,  slender  and  interrupted,  at 
first  nodding,  finally  erect;  fascicles  2-  to  4-  flowered;  flowers  greenish,  with  white 
edges ;  pedicels  proceeding  from  bristly-ciliate  sheathing  bracts.  Styles  sometimes 
2.  Akenes  opaque  and  roughish-dotted. 
Hab.  Moist  waste  grounds:  introduced?  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr,  Sept. 

Obs.  I  have  a  suspicion  that  this  is  but  a  naturalized  weed,  among 
us.  It  would  seem  to  be  distinct  from  the  P.  punctatum,  of  ELLIOTT, — 
with  which  I  have  heretofore  confounded  it.  Dr.  ENGELMANN, 
writing  to  me,  in  October,  1847,  says — Polygonum  Hydropiper  and 
P.  punctatum  are  two  well-distinguished  species;  known  from  a 
distance  already  by  the  heavy  pendulous  green  spikes  of  the  former, 
and  the  light  more  distant-flowered  erect  whitish  spikes  of  the  lat- 
ter ;  this  has,  also,  amongst  other  distinguishing  characters,  shining 
smooth  nuts, — the  other  opaque  rough  ones,  &c.  Both  grow  here 
[St.  Louis,  Missouri]  common." 

7.  P.  hydropiperoides,  MX.  Not  acrid;  leaves  linear  lanoeo- 


248  APETALOUS  EXOGEXS 

late ;  stipules  ciliate  "with  long  bristles ;  fascicles  rather  crowded ; 

calyx  not  glandular-dotted. 

P.  mite.  Pers.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  249. 

HYDROPIPER-LIKE  POLYGONUM.     Mild  Water-Pepper. 

Perennial.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  long,  often  decumbent  and  radicating  at  the  lower 
nodes,  smoothish,  somewhat  branched  above.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  sessile, 
roughish-  (not  pellucid-)  punctate ;  stipules  tubular,  hirsute,  fringed  with  bristles 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  Racemes  few,  chiefly  terminal,  1  to  2  inches  in  length ; 
flowers  mostly  purple,  with  pale  red  or  whitish  edges ;  pedicels  in  fascicles  of  2  or  3, 
short,  from  green,  or  often  purple,  bristly-ciliate  sheathing  bracts.  Styles  rarely  2. 
Akenes  smooth  and  shining. 
Hob.  Wet  places ;  margins  of  rivulets :  frequent.  Pi.  Aug.  JV.  Sept. 

t  f  Flowers  axillary  (1,  2,  or  3),  subsessile;  styles  3,  and  akene  triquetrous. 

8. 1",  teiitie,  MX.  Stem  erect,  angular;  leaves  lance-linear,  cus- 
pidate, erect;  stipules  ciliate;  flowers  mostly  solitary;  stamens  8. 
SLENDER  POLYGONUM. 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  slender,  sometimes  simple,  generally 
with  upright  flexuose  branches,  often  much  branched  from  near  the  base,  with 
acute  scabrous  angles.  Leaves  an  inch  to  inch  and  half  long,  narrow,  3-nerved, 
sessile;  stipules  dark  chestnut-brown,  tubular,  with  several  lance-linear  segmente 
ending  in  long  setaceous  points,  flowers  green,  with  whitish  edges,  sometimes 
in  pairs,  on  very  short  pedicels. 

Hob.  Dry,  sandy  banks;  slaty  hills:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 
9.  P.  aviculare,  L.  Stems  procumbent,  terete ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, narrow,  spreading;  stipules  lacerate;  stamens  usually  5. 
Also,  P.  erectum.  L.  $  Fl.  Ceatr.  ed.  2.  p.  247; 
BIRD  POLYGONUM.     Knot-grass.  Door-weed. 

Annual.    Stem,  6  to  12  inches  long,  much  branched  and  spreading,  smooth.— 
Leaves  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  sessile ;  stipules  white.    Flowers  green,  edged 
with  white,  and  often  tinged  with  purple,  small,  subsessile,  in  clusters  of  2  or  3. 
Hob.  Yards ;  foot-paths,  &c.    Nat  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  humble  weed  is  thoroughly  naturalized,  about  our 
dwellings.  The  P.  erectum,  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr,  ed-.  2.  p.  247.  is  now 
generally  regarded  as  a  variety, — though  pretty  distinct  in  habit, 
and  of  much  larger  growth.  It  is  nearly  erect,  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high, 
with  oval  petiolate  leaves  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  and  yellowish-green 
flowers.  This  variety  has  also  been  introduced  from  Europe ;  and 
inclines  more  to  moist  shaded  grounds. 

g  2.  Stems  clambering,  or  twining. 

f  Stems  clambering,  retrorsely  aculeate  ;  flowers  in  pedunculate  clusters, 
*  Styles  2,  and  akene  lenticular. 

J.O.  I*.  arifY»Iiuiii,  L.  Leaves  hastate,   acuminate,   on    long 
petioles;   clusters  racemose,   few-flowered;   peduncles    glandular- 
hispid;  stamens  6. 
ARUM-LEAVED  POLYGONUM.     Halbert-leaved  Tear-thumb. 

Annual.    Stem  3  to  6  feet  long,  rather  coarse,  branching,  sulcate-angled,  often 
purplish.    Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  3  inches  in  length; 
stipules  ovate,  clasping,  ciliate.    Flowers  purple,  with  paler  edges ;  calyx  mostly 
4-parted;  bracts  hirsute. 
Hob.  Swamps;  along  sluggish  rivulets:  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 


POLYGONACEAE  249 

Obs.  This,  and  the  next  following  species,  usually  grow  in  com- 
pany,— clambering  over  other  plants,  and  forming  entangled 
bunches.  Both  are  worthless,  unwelcome  weeds,  in  meadows, — 
especially  among  second  crop  hay. 

*  *  Styles  3,  akenes  triquetrous. 

11.  P.  sagittsttum,  L.  Leaves  sagittate,  acute,  on  short  peti- 
oles ;  clusters  capitate ;  peduncles  smoothish ;  stamens  mostly  8. 
SAGITTATE  POLYGONUM.     Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb. 

Annual.    Stem,  2  to  4  feet  long,  slender,  branching,  4-angled.    Leaves  1  to  3 
inches  long;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length ;  stipules  lanceolate,  clasping,  or 
fheathing,  smooth.    Flowers  pale  red,  with  the  edges  nearly  white. 
Hob.  Swampy  thickets,  and  low  wet  grounds :  coirimon.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Stems  twining,  not  aculeate:  flowers  in  racemes;  styles  3,  and  akenestriquetrouf. 

12.  P.  Convolvulus,  L.  Leaves  oblong,  subhastate-cordate ;  calyx- 
lobes  keeled,  but  not  winged. 

BIND-WEED  POLYGONUM.     Wild  Buckwheat.  Black  Bindweed. 

Annual.    Stem  2  or  3  to  6  feet  long,  branching,  roughish.    Leaves  1  to  2%  inches 
long ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length ;  stipules  short.    Flowers  green, 
edged  with  white,  or  tinged  with  purple,  in  slender  interrupted  leafy  racemes; 
pedicels  articulated  above  the  middle. 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

13.  P.  tlumetiirum,  L.  Leaves  broadish-cordate ;  calyx-lobes 
winged  on  the  keel, — the  wings  decurrent  on  the  pedicels, 

P.  scandens.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  252. 

BUSH,  OR  THICKET  POLYGONUM.     Climbing  Buckwheat. 

Annual.    Stem  8  to  12  feet  long,  branching,  smoothish.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches 
long;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length;  stipules  short.    Flowers  greenish,  edged 
with  white,  or  purplish,  fasiculate,  in  interrupted  racemes  1  to  3  Inches  in  length ; 
pedicels  articulated  below  the  middle. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  August.  Fr.  Septem. 

06«.  This  is  thought  to  be  identical  with  the  European  P.  dume- 
torum. 

352.  FAGOPY^RIJM,  Tournef. 
[So  named,  from  its  fruit  resembling  that  of  the  Fagus,  or  Beech.] 
Calyx  nearly  equally  5-parted ;  lobes  petal-like,  withering.     Stamens 
8,  alternating  with  as  many  hypogynous  glands.     Styles  B ;  stigmas 
capitate.     Akene  triquetrous,  embraced  at  base  by  the  persistent 
calyx ;  embryo  large,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen  which  it  divides 
into  2  parts;  cotyledons  broad,  foliaceous,  plicate  and  twisted.     An- 
nuals :  stems  finally  purple;  flowers  white,  fasciculate,  in  paniculate 
racemes. 

1.  F.  ESCULE'NTUM,  Moench.    Stem  erect,   paniculately  branched, 
sulcate-angled,  smoothish;  leaves  triangular-sagittate,  or  subhastate, 
acute,  petiolate ;  racemes  compound,  terminal  and  axillary. 
Polygonum  Fagopyrum.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  252. 
ESCULENT  FAGOPYRUM.     Common  Buckwheat. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high.    Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long ;  petioles  1  to  2  or  3  inche§ 
in  length;  stipules  often  large,  clasping,  smooth,  not  ciliate.    Ftowert  in  rather 


250 


APETALODS   EXOGENS 


efdwded  fascicles,  sometimes  imperfect;  pedicels  1  to  2  lines  long,  obscurely  arti- 
culated above  the  middle.    Akenes  equally  triquetrous,  smooth,  dark  brown,  often 
etriately  clouded. 
Hob.  Fields.    Nat.  of  Asia.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Extensively  cultivated  for  its  seeds, — the  farinaceous  albu- 
men of  which  affords  a  savory  article  of  food,  in  winter,  when 
properly  managed.  The  English  Botanists  speak  of  it  merely  as 
"an  excellent  food  for  poultry";  but,  in  Pennsylvania,  we  have 
amended  the  statement,  by  substituting  People  for  "Poultry." — 
The  glandular  nectariferous  flowers  are  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Honey-Bee. 

353.  RIPMEX,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name ;  which  seems  to  be  of  undetermined  meaning.] 
Flowers  sometimes  dioicous:  Calyx  of  6  sepals, — the  3  inner  ones 
larger,  valvately  connivent,  often  bearing  a  grain-like  tubercle  on 
the  back.  Stamens  6,  in  pairs  opposite  the  outer  sepals.  Styles  3 ; 
stigmas  pencil-tufted.  Akene  triquetrous,  free,  not  winged ;  embryo 
slightly  curved,  lying  along  one  side  of  the  albumen.  Coarse  peren- 
nials: petioles  somewhat  sheathing  at  base ;  flowers  mostly  green, 
verticillate,  in  paniculate  racemes. 

f  Flowers  perfect.    *  Inner  sepals  entire,  and  all  3  graniferous. 

1.  R.  crispus,  L.  Radical  leaves  lance-oblong,  rather  acute,  wavy 
or  curled  on  the  margin ;  verticils  crowded. 
CURLED  RUMEX.     Sour  Dock.  Curled  i'ock. 

(Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  sulcate-angled,  smoothish^somewhat  paniculately  branched 
above.  Radical  leaves  8  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  or  3  inches  wide ;  petioles 
2  to  4  inches  in  length ;  stemrleaves  smaller,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  crowded 
verticillate  fascicles,  with  scarious  involucres  at  base;  inner  sepals  much  larger 
than  the  outer  ones,  entire  or  obsoletely  denticulate  near  the  base, — each  with  an 
ovoid  acuminate  excrescence,  or  grain,  on  the  back. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  Docks,  of  this  County,  are  all  homely  troublesome 
weeds,  and  are  extensively  naturalized  on  the  grounds  of  slovenly 
farmers.  The  radical  leaves  of  this  species  are  often  used  as  a  pot- 
herb, or  early  "  Greens." 

*  *  Inner  sepals  dentate,  one  principally  graniferous. 

£.  R.   obtusifdlius,  L.   Radical  leaves  subcordate-oblong,  obtuse, 
crenulate;  verticils  loose  and  rather  distant. 
OBTUSE-LEAVED  RUMEX.     Bitter  Dock.  Broad-leaved  Dock. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  sulcate-angled,  roughish,  paniculately  branched.    Radical 
leaves  8  to  12  inches  long,  and  4  to  6  inches  wide;  petioles  3  to  6  inches  long. — 
Flowers  in  interrupted  verticillate  fascicles;  inner  sepals  with  long  acute  teeth 
near  the  base,  and  one  of  them  bearing  a  large  grain  on  the  back. 
Hob.  Meadows,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ft  Flowers  dioicous,  finally  purple;  sepals  not  graniferous. 

3.  R.  Acetosella,  L.  Lower    leaves    lanceolate-hastate, — the    lobes 
acute,  spreading ;  inner  sepals  entire. 
Sheep  Sorrel.     Field  Sorrel. 


POLYGONACEAE  251 

Stem  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  slender,  branching,  somewhat  angular  and  fur- 
rowed. Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,— the  lower  ones  mostly  all  hastate,  and  on 
petioles  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves,— the  upper  ones  on  short  petioles,  and 
not  hastate.  Verticils  of  flowers  halved,  6-  to  8-  flowered.  Pistillate  plants  mostly 
taller  than  the  staminate. 
Hub.  Sandy  grounds.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  little  weed  (well  known  for  its  acid  juice,)  is  often  so 
abundant  as  to  be  a  nuisance  on  the  farm. 

354.  RHEVUM,  L. 

[Named  from  Rha,  the  ancient  name  of  the  river  Volga,— its  native  region.] 
Calyx  of  6  sepals,  withering  and  persistent.  Stamens  9, — in  pairs 
opposite  the  outer  sepals,  single  opposite  the  inner  ones.  Styles  3, 
short;  'stigmas  large,  multifid,  Akene  triquetrous,  winged  at  the 
angles;  embryo  straight,  in  the  centre  of  the  albumen.  Stout 
perennials :  leaves  chiefly  radical,  very  large ;  flowers  fasciculate, 
racemose-paniculate. 

1.  R.  RHAPONTICUM,  Ait.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  rather  obtuse, — 
the  sinus  at  base  dilated ;  petioles  with  a  shallow  channel  above, 
rounded  at  the  edges. 
RHAPONTIC  RHEUM.     Pie  Rhubarb. 

Soot  tuberous,  large,  reddish-brown,  yellow  within.  Stem  3  to  5  feet  high,  stout, 
Btriate-sulcate,  smoothish,  fistular,  paniculately  branched  above.  Radical  leaves 
1%  to  2  feet  long ;  petioks  5  to  10  or  more  inches  in  length,  thick  and  fleshy  ; 
stipules  large,  membranaceous,  sheathing.  Flowers  greenish,  with  white  edges; 
pedicels  %  to  %  an  inch  long,  articulated  near  the  middle.  «  ' 

nab.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Seythia.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Cultivated  for  its  stout  acid  petioles, — which  are  used  by 
the  pastry  cook,  in  early  spring,  as  a  substitute  for  fruit. 

ORDER  LXXX.    LAURA^CEAE. 

Aromatic  trees,  or  shrubs ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  without  stipules ;  flowers  clus- 
tered, often  polygamo-dioicous;  calyx  of  4  to  6  colored  sepals,  imbricated  in  2  rows 
in  the  bud;  stamens  definite,  usually  more  numerous  than  the  sepals;  anthers 
introrse,  2-  to  4-celled,  opening  by  uplifted  persistent  valves!  style  single;  fruit  a 
fterry,  or  drupe ;  seed  solitary,  destitute  of  albumen. 

The  tropical  plants  of  this  Order  are  interesting,— affording  Cinnamon,  Cassia, 
and  Camphor ;  and  also  that  species  of  Laurus  (L.  nobilis,  L.)  of  which  the  Ancients 
formed  their  Laurel  wreaths,  or  crowns. 

355.  SASSAFRAS,  Nets. 

[Altered  from  Salsafras,— the  popular  Spanish  name.] 

Flowers  dioicous:  Sepals  6,  united  at  base.  STAM.  FL.  Stamens 
9,  in  3  series, — the  3  innermost  each  with  a  pair  of  stipitate  glands 
at  base ;  anthers  4-celled.  PISTILLATE  FL.  with  6  rudiments  of 
stamens.  Drupe  ovoid,  on  a  clavate  fleshy  peduncle.  Trees :  leaves 
often  lobed,  but  the  margins  entire ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  coaeta- 
neous,  in  terminal  bracteate  corymbose  racemes. 

1.  S.  officinsUe,  Nees.  Leaves  ovate,  or  some  of  them  2-  or  3- 


252  APETALOUS    EXOGENS 

lobed  and  cuneate  at  base  ;  drupe  dark  blue  ;  peduncle  purple. 
Laurus  Sassafras.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  254. 
OFFICINAL  SASSAFRAS.     Sassafras. 

Stem  20  to  40  or  50  feet  high,  and  6  to  12  inches  (sometimes  near  2  feet)  in  diame- 
ter, —  branches,  while  young,  yellowish  and  pubescent.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long. 
silky-pubescent  when  young,  finally  smooth  ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in 
length,  flowers  from  the  same  buds,  and  contemporaneous,  with  the  leaves; 
pedicels  %  to  %  an  inch  long,  silky-villous. 
Hob.  Woods;  old  fields,  and  fence-rows:  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  bark,  both  of  the  stem  and  root,  is  a  powerful  yet 
pleasant  aromatic  stimulant,  —  which  acquired  for  it  at  an  early 
day,  in  Europe,  an  exaggerated  reputation  for  medicinal  virtues.  — 
The  pith  of  the  young  branches  contains  much  mucilage,  —  said  to 
afford  a  salutary  wash  for  sore  eyes;  and  MICHAUX  alleges  that 
bed-steads  made  of  the  wood  "are  never  infested  with  insects." 

356.  BEtf  ZOvItf  ,  Nees. 

[A  name  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Arabic,  —  expressive  of  perfume.] 
Flowers  polygamo-dioicous  :  Sepals  6,  united  at  base.  STAM.  FL.  — 
Stamens  9,  in  3  series,  —  the  3  innermost  lobed  at  summit,  and 
gland-bearing  at  base  ;  anthers  2-celled.  PISTILLATE  FL.  with  15 
to  18  alternating  filiform  and  spatulate  rudiments  of  stamens.  Drupe 
oval  ;  peduncle  not  clavate.  Shrubs  :  flowers  yellow,  preceding  the 
leaves,  in  small  lateral  fascicles  with  a  deciduous  involucre. 

1.  IJ.  oclorif  'eruin,  Nees.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  mostly  acute, 
often  cuneate  at  base  ;  drupe  red,  or  finally  dark  purple. 
Laurus  Benzoin.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  253. 
ODORIFEROUS  BENZOIN.     Spice-wood.  Wild-  Allspice.  Fever-bush. 

Stem  6  to  8  or  10  feet  high;  branches  virgate,  brittle.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long, 
sometimes  with  a  short  acumination,  occasionally  obtuse  and  rounded  at  apex; 
petioles  about  half  an  inch  long.    Flowers  in  clusters  of  3  to  5  from  a  bud,  which 
is  distinct  from  the  leaf-buds  ;  pedicels  smooth,  about  2  lines  in  length. 
13ab,  Moist,  low  grounds  ;  about  springs  :  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  A  strongly  aromatic  shrub,  —  of  the  twigs  of  which  a  decoc- 
tion was  formerly  in  great  vogue,  as  a  medicinal  drink  for  horned 
Cattle,  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

ORDER  LXXXI.    THYMELEA^CEAE. 

Shrubs,  not  aromatic;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules  ;  jtow&rs  perfect; 
calyx  regular,  corolla-like,  more  or  less  tubular  ;  stamens  usually  twice  as  many  ae 
the  calyx-lobes;  ovary  free;  fruit  a  berry-like  drupe;  seed  solitary,  with  little  or 


357,  MR'CA,  L, 

[OJr.  Dirke,  the  name  of  a  fountain,  near  Thebes;  applied  to  this  genus.] 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  truncate,  —  the  border  obscurely  4- 
toothed.  Stamens  8,  exserted,  unequal.  Style  filiform,  longer  than 
the  stamens  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  drupe  oval.  Flotvers  pale  greenish- 
yellow,  preceding  the  leaves,  in  small  terminal  and  lateral  fascicles 
(sometimes  solitary,  often  in  pairs),  on  deflected  peduncles. 


THYMELEACEAE  253 

1.  D.  palustris,  L.  Bushy;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  subsessile ;  buds  densely  villous,  1-  2-  or  3-flowered. 
MARSH  DIRCA.     Leather-wood. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  slender,  much  branched  from  the  hase,— the  branches 
apparently  jointed,  flexible,  the  wood  soft  and  brittle,  but  with  a  very  tough 
greyish-yellow  bark.  Leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  often  subrhomboid,  on  very  short 
petioles.  Flowers  sometimes  solitary,  usually  2  or  3,  on  short  thickish  pedicels, 
which  are  united  below  in  a  common  peduncle.  Drupe  about  ^  of  an  inch  In 
diameter,  reddish  or  orange-color  when  mature. 
Hob.  Shaded  rirulets,  on  the  slaty  hills :  not  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obi.  The  soft  pliable  branches  of  this  shrub  are  rendered  so 
tough  and  strong,  by  the  bark,  that  they  may  be  used  as  ligatures, — 
whence  the  common  name,  Leather-wood. 

ORDER  LXXXII.    SANTALAVCEAE. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules ;  calyx-tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary ;  border  4-  or  5-cleft,  valrate  in  the  bud;  stamens  as  many  as  the 
calyx-lobes,  inserted  opposite  them  into  the  edge  of  a  fleshy  disk  at  their  base ; 
ovary  1-celled,  with  2  to  4  ovules  suspended  from  the  apex  of  a  free  central  placenta ; 
ttyle,  1 ;  fruit  always  1-seeded,  indehiscent;  embryo  at  the  apex  of  copious  albumen. 
This  order  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  containing  the  fragrant  Sandal-wood,— afforded 
by  species  of  Santalum. 

358.  COMAtf'DRA,  Nutt. 

[Or.  Rome,  hair,  and  Andres,  for  stamens;  from  the  tufts  attached  to  the  anthers.J 
Flowers  perfect:  calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  lined  above  the  ovary 
with  a  disk  which  has  a  5-lobed  free  border, — the  lobes  of  the  disk 
alternating  with  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  inserted  between  the 
disk-lobes ;  anthers  attached  to  the  calyx-lobes  by  a  tuft  of  yellow 
filaments  !  Fruit  dry  and  somewhat  nut-like,  free  at  apex,  crowned 
with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  Perennial  herbs :  flowers  whitish, 
in  terminal  corymbulose  clusters. 

It  C.  miibcllata,  Nutt.   Smoothish  and  somewhat  glaucous ; 

leaves  ovate,  or  obovate-oblong,  subsessile ;  calyx-tube  longer  than 

the  ovary,  finally  urceolate. 

Thesium  umbellatum.  L.  $  FL  Cextr.  ed.  2.  p.  163. 

UMBKLLATE  COMANDRA.     Bastard  Toad-flax. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  often  branched  near  the  summit.    Leaves  an  inch  to  an 
i  nch  and  half  long,  rather  obtuse,  sometimes  acute,  or  mucronate.  often  narrowed 
at  base  to  a  very  short  petiole.    Flowers  in  small  umbels,  or  fascicles  of  3  to  5,  with 
involucral  bracts  at  base, — the  whole  forming  a  corymbose  panicle. 
Hub.  Dry,  sterile,  rocky  banks :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  LXXXIII.   NYSSACEAE. 

Trees;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules;  flowers  polygamo-dioicous;  calyx- 
tube  (of  the  fertile  flowers)  adherent  to  the  ovary ;  border  4-  or  5-lobed,  yalvate  in. 
the  bud ;  stamens  usually  as  many  (sometimes  twice  as  many)  as  the  calyx-lobe?, 
and  opposite  them ;  ovary  with  a  single  ovule,  suspended  from  the  top  of  the  cell ; 
fruit  a  berry-like  drupe ;  seed  with  but  little  albumen. 

359,  WYS'SA,  L. 

[The  name  of  a  Water  Nymph ;  applied  to  this  genus.] 

Polygamo-dioicous :  Calyx  5-parted.  Stamens,  in  the  STERILE  FLOWER, 


254  APETALOUS   EXOGEKS 

5  to  10,  inserted  round  a  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.  FERTILE 
FLOWER  with  the  border  5-parted,  deciduous;  stamens  5.  Drupe 
oblong-oval.  Flowers  greenish,  small,  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  little 
pedunculate  clusters. 

1.  HT.  Iliultiflfira^  Wangenh.  Leaves  oval  and  obovate,  often 
acuminate;  fertile  peduncles  about  3-flowered;  drupe  black. 
MANY-FLOWERED  NYSSA.     Sour  Gum.  Black  Gum.  Pepperidge. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  70  feet  high ;  branches  numerous,  horizontally  spreading,  and 
often  a  little  drooping.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  dark  green  and  shining  above, 
paler  and  pubescent  beneath, — becoming  a  bright  crimson  in  autumn  ;  petioles  % 
an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  often  margined,  conspicuously  villous-ciliate. — 
Staminate  flowers  pedicellate,  2  to  5  or  6  in  a  loose  cluster,  on  a  slender  common 
peduncle  about  an  inch  long.  Fertile  flowers  sessile,  mostly  3  in  a  dense  involu- 
crate  cluster  (sometimes  2,  or  only  1),  on  a  clavate  common  peduncle,  which  at  first 
is  about  half  an  inch — finally  1  to  1%  inches — in  length.  Drupe  near  half  an  inch 
long,  bluish-black  and  succulent  when  mature ;  nut  striate-angular. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  woody  fibres  of  this  tree  are  remarkably  curled,  or 
oblique  and  interlocked, — so  as  to  render  the  timber  very  difficult 
to  split;  on  which  account  it  is  much  used  for  making  naves,  or 
hubs,  for  heavy  carriage  wheels,  and  also  hatters'  blocks.  A  striking 
variety — with  leaves  and  fruit  more  than  twice  the  usual  size — was 
observed  near  London  Grove  Meeting  House,  during  the  past  sum- 
mer (1851),  by  Mr.  JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

ORDER  LXXXIV.  LORANTHA\CEAE. 

Shrubby  plants,  parasitic  on  trees;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  entire,  coriaceous,  with- 
out stipules;  flowers  dioicous,  or  monoicous;  calyx-tube  (of  the  fertile  flowers) 
adherent  to  the  ovary ;  border  obsolete,  or  3-  or  4-  toothed ;  petals  usually  4,  free, 
or  connected ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single 
ovule  suspended  from  the  apex  of  the  cell ;  fruit  a  1 -seeded  berry  ;  seed  with  fleshy 
albumen, 

36O.  YIS'CUM,  L. 

[The  Latin  name  for  glue,  or  birdlime ;  from  its  viscid  or  glutinous  fruit.] 
Flowers  mostly  dioicous, — the  staminate  apetalous:  Calyx  subcoria- 
ceous, — in  the  staminate  flowers  3-  or  4-parted,  with  triangular  lobes 
valvate  in  the  bud,  and  each  lobe  with  a  sessile  anther  on  its  inner 
face, — in  the  pistillate  flowers  with  an  obsolete  border,  and  4  petals. 
Stigma  sessile.  Berry  globular,  with  a  gum-like  viscid  pulp.  Stem 
and  branches  jointed;  flowers  greenish,  in  short  axillary  spikes. 

1.   T«   flav6scens,   Pursh.    Yellowish-green;   leaves  elliptic- 
obovate,  obtuse,  on  short  petioles ;  berries  pearly  white. 
YELLOWISH  VISCUM.     Mistletoe. 

Stem  9  lo  18  inches  high,  terete,  much  branched,— the  branches  opposite  and 
decussate,  with  a  cellular  bark  which  appears  to  be  transversely  incised,  or  sulcat* 
(as  if  articulated),  at  the  ramifications.  Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long, 
3-nerved  beneath,  smooth,  fleshy  or  subcoriaceous,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  thickish 
terete  petiole  1  or  2  lines  in  length.  Flowers  small,  sessile,  verticillate,  or  clustered 
on  short  interrupted  spikes,— the  staminate  flowers  mostly  3-parted. 
Bab.  Branches  of  trees  (mostly  Nyssa) :  very  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Novem. 


LORANTHACEAE  255 

Obs.  This  remarkable  parasite  is  becoming  so  rare  amongst  us, 
that  it  may  be  regarded  as  one  (or  soon  to  be  one)  of  the  extinct 
plants  of  Chester  County.  It  is,  however,  rather  abundant  in  New 
Jersey,— and  frequent,  also,  in  the  adjoining  States  of  Delaware 
and  Maryland.  Doctor  DARWIN  thus  refers  to  the  Mistletoe,  in  his 
imaginative  Poem: — 

"  Oh !  stay,  bright  habitant  of  air,  alight, 

Celestial  VISCA,  from  thy  angel-flight!— 

Scorning  the  sordid  soil,  aloft  she  springs, 

Shakes  her  white  plume,  and  claps  her  golden  wings; 

High  o'er  the  fields  of  boundless  ether  roves, 

And  seeks  amid  the  clouds  her  soaring  loves!" 

ORDER  LXXXV.    ULMA^CEAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  serrate,  roughish,  with  deciduous  stipules; 
flowers  perfect,  or  polygamous ;  calyx  campanulate,  persistent,  4-  to  8-cleft,— the 
lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  stamens  usually  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  and 
opposite  them;  ovary  1-  or  2-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell; 
styles  or  stigmas  2;  fruit  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent, — either  a  samara,  or  ft 
drupe;  albumen  none,  br  scanty. 

SUBORDER  I.    UL'MEAE. 

Flowers  perfect,  fasciculate;  fruit  a  samara;  albumen  none;  embryo  straight. 

361.  UI/MUS,  L. 

[The  ancient  name,  in  the  Latin  Classics.] 

Calyx  about  8-cleft,  membranaceous.  Ovary  compressed,  ovate, 
2-celled;  styles  2,  diverging,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  edge.  Samara 
with  a  broad  membranaceous  margin  all  round,  by  abortion  1-celled, 
1-seeded.  Flowers  in  lateral  fascicles,  preceding  the  leaves,  pur- 
plish brown. 

1.  IT.  Americana,  L.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  smoothish  above ; 
flowers   conspicuously  pedicellate;  samara   oval,  densely  villous- 
ciliate  on  the  margin. 

AMERICAN  ULMUS.     White  Elm.  Weeping  Elm. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  high ;  branches  long  and  spreading,  often  rather  drooping.— 
Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  acuminate,  unequal  at  base,  serratures  uncinately 
acuminate;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in  length,  smoothish ;  stipules  smooth.  Styles 
pubescent,  nearly  white.  Samara  bifid  at  apex,  with  the  segments  incurved  so  ai 
to  leave  an  apparent  foramen  through  the  margin. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  streams:  not  very  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  is  a  noble  shade  tree,  for  streets  and  avenues, — and  is 
much  used  for  that  purpose,  in  New  England;  but  is  too  much 
neglected  in  Pennsylvania. 

2.  U.  fwlva,  MX.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  very  scabrous  above; 
flowers  subsessile;  samara  orbicular,  naked  on  the  margin. 
TAWNY  ULMUS.     Slippery  Elm.  Red  Elm. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high ;  young  branches  virgate.  Buds  clothed  with  a  fulvous 
tomentum.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  conspicuously  acuminate,  subcordate 
at  base ;  petioles  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  pubescent ;  stipules  hairy.  Calyx  often 
7-cleft,  clothed  and  ciliate  with  a  reddish-tawny  pubescence.  Styles  glandular- 
pubescent,  purple,  ft  imam  cleft  at  apex,  with  the  segments  so  incurved  and  over- 
lapped as  to  give  the  margin  the  appearance  of  being  entire. 
Halt.  Rich,  low  grounds;  fence-rows,  &c. :  frequent  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 


256  APETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Obs.  The  inner  bark  of  this  species  is  so  abundant  in  mucilage, 
that  it  has  been  added  to  the  materia  medica,  in  our  shops.  Being 
of  smaller  size,  and  the  branches  rather  straggling,  it  does  not 
answer  for  a  shade  tree  so  well  as  the  preceding. 

SUBORDER  II.    CELTID'EAE. 

Flowers  monoicously  polygamous ;  subsolitary ;  fruit  a  drupe ;  albumen  scanty ; 
mbryo  curved. 

362.  CEI/TIS,  Tournef. 
[An  ancient  name  of  the  Lot  MS,— applied  to  this  genus.] 

Calyx  deeply  5-  or  6-parted.  Ovary  ovoid,  1-celled ;  stigmas  elon- 
gated and  acuminate,  spreading  or  recurved,  glandular-pubescent. 
Drupe  with  thin  flesh,  globular,  smooth.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary 
or  in  pairs,  dull  greenish-yellow. 

1.  C.  OCCident&lis,  L.  Leaves  obliquely  lance-ovate,  acumi- 
nate, sharply  serrate ;  drupes  yellowish-green. 
WESTERN  CELTIS.     Hack-berry.  Sugar-berry.     Nettle-tree. 

Stem  20  to  60  feet,  or  more,  in  height.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  roughish 
and  somewhat  coriaceous ;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length.    Flowers  small , 
on  pedicels  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length.    Drupes  about  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  of 
a  sweetish  taste. 
Hob.  Great  Valley,  and  slaty  hills:  rare.    FL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  There  is  a  small  form  of  this,  occasion  aly  found  on  our 
slaty  hills, — which  seems  to  be  the  C.  pumila,  of  PURSH.  There  is 
also  one  of  large  size, — with  larger  and  coarser  leaves, — which  has 
been  taken  for  C.  crassifolia,  of  LAMARCK  ;  but  that  species  does 
not  appear  to  be  very  distinctly  denned.  Perhaps  they  may  both 
be  nothing  more  than  varieties  of  C.  occidentalis. 

ORDER  LXXXVI.  SAURURACEAE. 

Herbs,  aquatic  or  marsh ;  stems  jointed;  leaves  alternate,  entire,  with  sheathing 
stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles ;  flowtrs  perfect,  destitute  of  calyx,  or  other  envelopes ; 
gtamens  3  to  6,  or  more;  anthers  introrse;  ovaries  3  to  5,  more  or  less  connate; 
ttigmas  recurved;  seeds  few;  embryo  minute,  cordate,  in  a  little  sac  at  the  apex  of 
the  albumen. 

363.  SAURITRUS,  L. 

[Or.  Sauros,  a  lizard,  and  Oura,  a  tail ;  in  allusion  to  the  tail-like  raceme.] 
Stamens  4  to  8,  usually  6,  naked,  hypogynous ;  filaments  long  and 
distinct.  Fruit  follicular, — the  carpels  somewhat  fleshy,  united  at 
base,  indehiscent,  or  opening  along  the  ventral  suture ;  seeds  ascend- 
ing, usually  solitary.  Perennial:  flowers  pedicellate,  each  from  the 
axil  of  a  small  bract,  and  crowded  in  a  subterminal  virgate  pedun- 
culate white  raceme. 

1.  S.  cernuus,  L.  Leaves  sagittate-cordate,  acuminate,  petio- 
late ;  summit  of  the  raceme  at  first  nodding. 
NODDING  SAURURUS.     Lizard's  Tail.  Breast-weed. 

Rhizoma  creeping,  thick  and  porous.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  leafy,  forked  above, 
angular,  emoothish.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  glaucous  beneath ;  petioUs  1  to 
2  inches  in  length,  somewhat  clasping  at  base.  Jtaceme  3  to  6  inches  long,  very 


SAURURACEAE  257 

pubescent,  on  a  naked  peduncle  2  to  4  inches  In  length,  inserted  opposite  a  leaf,  on 
one  of  the  divisions  of  the  stem;  pedicels  short,  with  colored,  sheathing,  and  some- 
what spatulate  bracts,  at  base. 
Jlab.  Margins  of  pools,  and  streams:  not  common.    Fl.  June.  JFV.  Sept. 

Obs.  It  appears,  by  the  correspondence  of  PETER  COLLINSON  with 
JOHN  BARTRAM,  more  than  a  century  since,  that  this  plant  was  then 
known  by  the  name  of  Aristolochia,  —  probably  from  the  resemblance 
of  its  leaves  to  those  of  the  Virginia  Snake-root  ;  and  that  the 
bruised  rhizoma  was  regarded  as  a  salutary  application  to  sore 
breasts,  —  an  opinion  which  prevails  among  the  good  ladies,  who 
deal  in  simples,  at  this  day. 

ORDER  LXXXVIL   CERATOPHYLLA^CEAE. 

Aquatic  herbs  ;  leaves  verticillate,  rather  rigid,  finely  and  dichotomously  dissected, 
without  stipules  ;  flowers  monoicous,  axillary,  solitary,  inconspicuous,  destitute  of 
calyx,  but  with  an  8-  to  12-clef  t  involucre.  STAM.  FL.  Anthers  sessile,  indefinite 
(12  to  20).  PISTILLATE  FL.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  suspended  ovule;  style 
filiform,  oblique,  persistent  ;  stigma  simple  ;  fruit  a  beaked  akene  ;  seed  "  filled  by 
a  highly  developed  embryo  with  4  cotyledons!  and  a  conspicuous  plumule."  — 
A.  GRAY.  ["  Wife  2  cotyledons  and  a  many-leaved  plumule."  HOOKER  &  ARNOTTJ. 
Albumen  none. 

364.  CERATOPHYI/L.UM,  L. 

[CFr.  Kerafy  a  horn,  and  Phytton,  a  leaf;  in  reference  to  the  rigid  leaves.] 
e  Generic  Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 


1.  C.  edlinsttum,  A.  Gray.  Akene  elliptic,  with  a  terminal 

and  2  short  lateral  spines,  —  the  slightly  winged  margins  of  which 

are  armed  with  blunt  teeth  that  finally  elongate  and  equal  the  lateral 

spines. 

C.  demersum.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  527.  not?  of  L. 

ECHINATE,  OR  PRICKLY  CERATOPHYLLTJM.       Horn-Wort. 

Perennial?  deep  green.  Stem  6  to  12  or  18  inches  long,  filiform,  branching, 
smooth,  procumbent  or  floating  under  water.  Leaves  in  verticils  of  6  or  8,  half  an 
inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  fistular  or  cellular  near  the  base,  once  or  twice  dicho- 
tomous,—  the  segments  linear,  capillary,  finely  serrulate,  and  mostly  with  2  minute 
teeth  at  apex.  Fruit  oblong,  with  a  terminal  spine  formed  of  the  indurated  style, 
and  shorter  spreading  ones  towards  the  base. 
Hob,  Brandy  wine,  Schuylkill,  and  their  tributaries  :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ORDER  LXXXVIII.   CALLITRICHA^CEAE. 

Slender  flaccid  aquatic  herbs;  leaves  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules;  flowers 
monoicous,  associated  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  destitute  of  calyx,  but 
usually  between  a  pair  of  small  fistular  whitish  bracts  ;  stamen  1  ;  anther  reniform; 
ovary  4-lobed  4-celled  ;  styles  2,  subulate  ;  fruit  a  fleshy-membranous  indehiscent 
4  lobed  4-celled  capsule  ;  seeds  4,  solitary  and  suspended,  filling  each  cell;  embryo 
in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

365.  C  4I,M  'TR  1C  II  C.  L. 

[Or.  Kalos,  beautiful,  and  Thrix,  hair;  from  its  delicate  hair-like  stems.] 

fgg*  The  Generic  Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 
1,  C.  verna,  L.  Upper  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  crowded  and 


258  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

stellate,  floating,  —  the  immersed  ones  linear;  fruit  subsessile  be- 
tween 2  falcate  bracts,  —  the  lobes  parallel  in  pairs,  bluntly  keeled 
on  the  back. 
VERNAL  CALLITRICHE.    Water  Star-  wort. 

Annual.  Stem  1  to  2  feet  long,  bifistular,  branching,  and  throwing  out  radicles 
from  the  nodes.  Leaves  %  to  %  of  SB.  inch  long,  sessile,  somewhat  clasping, 
punctate.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  sometimes  solitary,  more  commonly 
associated  and  closely  approximated  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,—  the  staminaU  being 
next  the  stem,  the  pistillate,  exterior,  each  with  2  bracts. 
Hob.  Pools,  and  sluggish  rivulets  :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  July, 

Obs.  This  plant  presents  some  varieties,  which  are  doubtless  pro- 
duced by  the  circumstances  of  their  locality,  —  especially  one  which 
is  often  seen,  prostrate  and  radicating,  in  muddy  places  from  which 
the  water  has  retired  ;  but  I  am  not  sure  that  we  have  more  than 
one  species.  The  plant  is  thus  noticed  in  DARWIN'S  Botanic  Gar- 
den :-—  - 

"  Thy  love,  CALLITRICHE,  two  Yirgjns  share, 

Smit  with  thy  starry  eye  and  radiant  hair  ;  — 

On  the  green  margin  sits  the  youth,  and  laves 

His  floating  train  of  tresses  in  the  waves; 

Bees  his  fair  features  paint  the  streams  that  pass, 

And  bends  forever  o'er  the  watery  glass." 

ORDER  LXXXIX.    PODOSTEMACEAE. 

Submersed  coriaceous  aquatics,  —  adhering  to  stones,  with  the  aspect  of  an  aquatic 
moss,  or  small  sea-weed;  leaves  alternate,  multifid,  with  sheathing  stipule-like 
processes  at  the  base  of  the  petioles  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect  (or  perhaps  diclinous, 
and  associated  in  the  spathe-like  involucre},  destitute  of  proper  calyx,-*~-  but  bursting 
from  a  sac-like  spatfie  ;  stamens  2  or  3,  collateral,  with  the  filaments  between  sub- 
ulate brac&ets,  and  united  at  base,  forming  a  pedicel;  stigmas  2;  fruitb  capsule, 
2-celled  ;  seeds  numerous,  without  albumen. 

366.  PODOSTEMUM,  MX. 

[Gr.  Pints,  a  foot,  and  Stemon,  stamen  ;  the  stamens  being  on  5  common  footstalk.] 


e  Generic  Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

1.  p.  cerJitopliyl'liim,  MX.  Leaves  dichotomously  dissected, 
somewhat  crowded  above  ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary. 
HORN-LEAVED  PODOSTEMUM.     River-weed. 

Annual  f  Plant  olive-green.  Root  none,—  the  stem  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long,  creep- 
ing, branching,  and  adhering  to  pebbles  by  fleshy  processes,  —  or,  in  deep  water, 
often  erect.  Leaves  with  flatted  sublinear  segments  ;  petioles  fleshy.  Flowers  en- 
Teloped  in  a  coriaceous  sac,  without  seam  or  natural  opening,  which  is  lacerated 
irregularly  when  the  stamens  burst  forth  ;  stamens  usually  2,  —  the  filaments  united 
below  into  a  pedicel.  Ovary  oblong-ovoid,  with  2  opposite  grooves,  and  several 
purple  stripes  ;  stigmas  curved  towards  the  anthers.  Before  the  sac,  or  spathe,  is 
ruptured,  the  stamens  are  bent  over,  and  repose  on  each  side  of  the  stigmas. 
nab.  Pebbly  shallow  streams  ;  Brandywine  :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

ORDER  XC.   EUPHORBIACEAE. 

Plants  (herbs,  in  Chester  County,)  often  with  a  milky  acrid  juice  ;  leaves  mostly 
simple;  stipules  small  and  deciduous,  or  wanting;  flowers  commonly  monoicous; 
calyx  usually  valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  wanting  (and  sometimes  with  added 


EUPHOBBIACEAE  259 

petals .') ;  stamens  definite,  or  indefinite ;  fruit  capsular,  lobed,  or  composed  of  2,  3, 
or  many  united  carpels ;  feed  suspended,  mostly  caruncled;  embryo  in  fleshy 
albumen. 

This  large  and  Taried — yet  essentially  natural — Family,  comprises  a  number  of 
plants  possessing  very  active  properties, — or  otherwise  curious  and  interesting. — 
Of  such  may  be  mentioned,  the  Oroton  Tiglium,  L.  which  yields  the  powerful 
Croton  Oil,  or  OH  of  Tiglium ;  the  Ricinus  oommunis,  L.  or  Castor  OH  Bean ;  the 
Jatropha  Manihot,  L.  which  affords  the  Cassava  and  Tapioca  ;  the  Crozophora  tine- 
toria,  Jnss,  yielding  Turnsol ;  the  Siphonia  elastica,  Pers.  affording  the  true  Caaut- 
cltouc  or  Gum  elastic;  the  Buxus  sempervireng,  X.  affording  the  beautiful  fine- 
grained Box-wood  ;  the  Ifura  erepitans,  L.  or  tree  that  bears  the  curious  sand-box- 
like  fruit,  Ac.  &c. 

36T.  EirPHOR'BIA,  L. 

[Named  after  Euphorbus,  physician  to  king  Juba,  of  Mauritania.] 
Flowers  included  in  ft  cup-shaped  4-  or  5-lobed  involucre  resembling 
a  calyx  or  corolla,  with  glands  at  its  sinuses.  STAM.  FLOWERS  nu- 
merous, lining  the  base  of  the  involucre,  each  from  the  axil  of  a 
little  bract,  and  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  jointed  on  a  pedicel; 
anther-cells  globular,  separate.  PISTILLATE  FL.  solitary,  in  the 
middle  of  the  involucre,  consisting  of  a  naked  3-lobed  3-celled 
pedicellate  ovary  ;  styles  3,  bifid.  Capsule  separating  into  3  carpels, 
which  severally  split  elastically  into  2  valves.  Seeds  1  in  each 
carpel.  Polymorphous  herbs,  with  an  acrid  milky  juice ;  peduncles 
often  umbellate-clustered. 

g  1.  Leaves  alternate,  uriihovt  stipules,    f  Involucres  subsesstte. 

1.  E.  Darlington!!,  A.  Gray.  Stem-leaves  lance-oblong  and 
oblanceolate,  pale  and  softly  pilose  beneath,  secondary  floral  leaves 
orbicular-dilated,  all  entire ;  fruit  obscurely  warty ;  seeds  smooth. 
E.  nemoralis.  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  518.  not  of  KITAIBEL. 
DARLINGTON'S  EUPHORBIA. 

Perennial.  Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  often  several  from  the  same  root,  rather 
stout,  smooth,  simple,  or  with  slender  peduncle-like  axillary  branches.  Leaves  3 
or  4  inches  long,  sessile.  Umbel  terminal,  5-  to  8-rayed, — the  rays  once  or  twice 
subdivided.  Lowest  set  of  floral  leaves  oval,  very  obtuse;  all  the  rest  rounded, 
broader  than  long,  almost  truncate  at  base,  and  closely  sessile;  glands  obliquely 
oval,  sessile.  Ovary  warty,  often  becoming  nearly  smooth  in  fruit. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  moist  thickets :  not  very  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  has  been  found,  growing  very  luxuriantly  in 
thickets,  along  some  of  the  rivulets  among  our  slaty  hills, — and  in 
Londongrove.  The  Rev.  M.  A*  CURTIS  also  met  with  it  on  the 
mountains  of  North  CaroUna ;  and  Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN  informs  me, 
that  he  finds  it  in  abundance  along  Spring  Creek,  near  Bellefonte, 
in  Centre  County,  Penn'a.  It  is  rather  remarkable,  that  a  plant  of 
its  size  should  have  been  so  long  overlooked,  by  the  Botanists. 
ft  Involucres  conspicuously  pedunculate. 

2.  E.  corollata,  L.  Leaves  linear-oblong,   obtuse,  smooth,— 
the  upper  ones  subverticillate ;  floral  leaves  small,  ovate-oblong; 
involucre  with  white  obovate  petal-like  appendages ;  fruit  smooth,' 
rather  small. 

COROLLATE  EUPHORBIA.      Flowering  SpUTgC. 


260  APETALOUS   EXOGENS 

Ptrennial.  Stem  1  to  3  feet  high,  slender,  smooth,  nearly  simple.  Leaves  1  to 
2%  inches  long,  varying  from  ovate-oblong  to  linear  and  spatulate-oblong, — the 
longer  ones  often  narrow;  petioles  scarcely  a  line  in  length.  Umbel  5-  or  6-rayed, 
—the  rays  di-and-tri-chotomous ;  involucres  with  minute  incurved  true  lobes,  and 
conspicuous  accessory  lobes,  or  white  appendages, — each  with  a  greenish  oval  gland 
at  base. 
Nab.  Sandy  banks ;  fence-rows,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

§2.  Leaves  opposite, without  stipules;  involucres  nearly  sessile. 

3.  E.  Ldthyris,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  entire, 
decussate;    floral  leaves  lance-ovate  and   subcordate,  nmcronate; 
fruit  smooth,  rather  large. 

Mole-tree.     Caper  Spurge. 

Biennial.    Smooth.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  stout,  mostly  simple.    Leaves  2  to  4 
inches  long,  sessile,  numerous,  pointing  4  ways.     Umbel  3-  or  4-rayed,— the  rays 
dichotomous ;  a  single  involucre  subsessile  in  the  centre  or  bosom  of  the  rays. — 
Glands  of  the  involucre  lunate,  2-horned, — the  horns  dilated  and  obtuse. 
Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  has  become  naturalized  about  many  gardens, — 
having  been  introduced  under  a  notion  (imported  with  it,)  that  it 
protected  them  from  the  incursions  of  Moles. 

§3.  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules;  involucres  dichotomal,  or  axiUary. 

4.  E.  macillata,  L.  Flatly  prostrate,  and  diffusely  branched; 
hairy;  leaves  obliquely  oval,  serrulate,  often  spotted;  fruit  hairy; 
seeds  reddish-grey. 

SPOTTED  EUPHORBIA.     Milk  Purslane. 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  much  branched  from  the  base,  and  lying 
close  to  the  ground.  Leaves  ^  to  %  an  inch  long,  often  with  a  dark  purple  spot  above ; 
petioles  scarcely  a  line  in  length;  stipules  minute,  subulate.  Involucres  small} 
axillary,  on  short  lateral  branches,  crowded  so  as  to  form  leafy  clusters;  glands  on 
very  small  petal-like  appendages,  which  are  white,  or  often  purplish. 
Hob.  Cultivated  grounds;  Indian  Corn  fields:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 

5.  E.  hypericif olia,  L.  Stem  rather  oblique  or  leaning,  with 
divergent  branches;  smoothish;   leaves  obliquely  oblong,  or  sub- 
falcate,  serrate ;  fruit  smooth ;  seeds  blackish. 
HYPERICUM-LEAVED  EUPHORBIA. 

Annual:  often  purplish.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  slender;  branches  somewhat 
dichotomous,  mostly  pubescent  on  one  side.  Leaves  %  an  inch  to  1%  inches 
long,  linear-dotted,  often  stained  with  blotches  along  the  midrib ;  petioles  about  a 
line  in  length ;  stipules  scale-like.  Involucres  axillary  and  dichotomal,  pedicellate, 
forming  small  corymbose  clusters  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches ;  glands  on 
small  roundish  subsessile  petal-like  appendages,  which  are  white,  or  purple  edged 
with  white. 
Hab.  Thin  pastures;  roadsides,  Ac:  frequent.  FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  My  friend  Dr.  ENGELMANN  remarks  (in  Litt.),  that  "the 
Seeds,  of  these  stipulated  Euphorbiae,  appear  to  be  amongst  the  best 
characteristics ;  and  E.  hypericifolia  is  the  only  one  amongst  them 
with  blackish  seeds.  All  the  others  have  reddish-grey  seeds,  of 
different  sizes,  shapes,  and  covering." 


EUPHORBIACEAE  261 

368.  PIIYL.L.Atf'THIJS,  L. 

[Gr.  Phyllon,  leaf,  and  Anthos,  flower;  the  flowers  often  borne  on  apparent  leaves.] 
Floioers  monoicous:  Calyx  5-  or  6-parted,  alike  in  all.  Stamens 
mostly  3 ;  filaments  united  in  a  column,  surrounded  by  5  or  6  glands, 
or  a  5-  or  6-lobed  glandular  disk.  Ovary  seated  on  a  glandular 
disk,  3-celled;  cells  2-ovuled;  styles  3,  mostly  bifid.  Capsule  sepa- 
rating into  3  carpels,  which  split  into  2  valves.  Leaves  alternate, 
simple,  with  small  stipules  ;  flowers  ochroleucous,  minute,  in  axillary 
clusters. 

1.   P.   Carolinensls,    Walt.   Stem  slender,  smooth;    leaves 
clliptic-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  on  short  petioles. 
CAROLINA  PHYLLANTHUS. 

Annual.  Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  terete,  rather  rigid,  often  dark  purple, 
branching,  or  nearly  simple, — the  alternate  spreading  branches,  and  leaves, 
uistichously  arranged.  Leaves  %to%of  an  inch  long ;  petioles  scarcely  a  line  in 
length ;  stipules  minute,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  flowers  subsessile,  2  to  4 
in  each  axil,  staminate  and  pistillate  intermingled..  Capsules  depressed-orbicular. 
Hub.  Moist  grounds ;  Londongrove :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

369.  ACAL/YPIIA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name  for  the  Nettle ;  applied  here.] 

Flowers  monoicous,  axillary,  surrounded  by  a  conspicuous  persis- 
tent involucre-like  bract.  STAM.  FL.  very  small,  in  an  interrupted 
pedunculate  little  spike,  with  a  pistillate  flower  mostly  at  its  base. — 
Calyx  4-parted.  Stamens  8  to  16,  very  short,  united  at  base.  PIS- 
TILLATE FL.  Calyx  3-parted;  lobes  connivent,  persistent.  Ovary 
3-celled;  cells  1-ovuled;  styles  3,  fringed.  Capsule  3-lobed,  separa- 
ting into  3  globular  carpels.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 

1.  A.  Virginica,  L.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,   or  subrhomboid, 
obtusely  serrate,  petiolate;  involucre-like  bract  roundish-cordate, 
acuminate,  concave,  unequally  lobed. 
VIRGINIAN  ACALYPHA.     Three-seeded  Mercury. 

Annual.  Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  often  a  little  angular  and  striate,  more  or 
less  pubescent,  branching, — the  branches' sometimes  with  the  leaves  and  bracts 
crowded,  like  a  leafy  raceme,  and  dark  purple.  Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long ;  petioles 
%  of  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length ;  stipules  minute,  subulate.  Staminate  spike 
usually  longer  than  the  involucre-like  bract,  and  inserted  at  its  cordate  base. 
Hob.  Pastures;  open  woods,  &c. :  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  XCI.    JUGLANDA^CEAE. 

Trees,  with  a  resinous,  sweet,  or  watery  juice;  leaves  alternate,  odd-pinnate,  with- 
out stipules ;  flowers  monoicous, — the  staminate  ones  in  aments,  with  an  irregular 
calyx, — the  pistillate  with  a  regular  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  (and  sometimes 
•with  small  petals  /) ;  fruit  a  kind  of  dry  drupe,  with  a  woody  or  bony  endocarp 
(or  nutshell)  containing  a  4-lobed  seed,  without  albumen ;  cotyledons  fleshy  and 
oily,  sinuate-lobed. 

An  Order  consisting  chiefly  of  Walnuts  and  Hickories,— valuable  for  their  wood, 
and  some  of  them  for  their  fruit. 

370.  JITGLANS,  L, 

[From  the  Latin,  Jovis  Olans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter ;  by  way  of  eminence.] 
STAM.  FL.     Amente  single,  lateral,  from  buds  without  leaves. — • 


262  APETALOUS    EXOGENS 

Calyx  scale-like,  3-  to  6-parted,  adnate  to  an  entire  1-flowered  bract. 
Stamens  8  to  40,  very  short.  PISTILLATE  FL.  terminal,  solitary,  or 
few  and  clustered.  Calyx  4-toothed,  with  4  small  petals  alternating 
with  the  calyx-teeth.  Styles  2,  very  short ;  stigmas  elongated, 
recurved  and  fringed.  Fruit  drupaceous, — the  epicarp  (or  hull) 
somewhat  fleshy,  fibrous  within,  not  opening;  nut  woody,  rugose 
and  irregularly  furrowed.  Juice  resinous-aromatic ;  pith  separated 
into  transverse  laminae  or  plates ;  young  branches  brittle. 

1,  J.  REGIA,  L.  Leaflets  7  to  11,  oval,  nearly  entire,  smooth;  fruit 
roundish-oval;  nut  subcompressed,  smoothish. 
ROYAL  JUGLANS.     English  Walnut.  Madeira  Nut. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,  branched.  Leaflets  2  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  acute,  or 
sometimes  rounded  and  emarginate  at  apex; — the  terminal  one  largest,  the  lower 
pair  smallest.  Aments  ovoid-oblong,  2  to  3  inches  in  length.  Pistillate  flowers 
in  small  terminal  clusters  of  2  or  3,  on  a  rather  short  common  peduncle.  Drupe 
oval,  or  subglobose,  mucronate,  about  2  inches  long,  and  1  or  2  inches  in  diameter, 
"with  a  smoothish  subcoriaceous  epicarp ;  nut  oval,  subcompressed,  smoothish,  or 
somewhat  corrugated. 
Hob.  Yards,  &c.  Nat.  of  Persia.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  oriental  species  is  usually  called  English  walnut, — in 
consequence  of  having  come  to  us  by  way  of  the  mother  country. 
Such  misnomers  are  not  unfrequent  among  our  cultivated  plants. — 
The  young  fruit  of  this  is  much  esteemed,  as  a  material  for  making 
pickles. 

%•  J.  cilierea,  L.  Leaflets  15  to  17,  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded 
at  base,    serrate,    softly  pubescent  beneath;    fruit  ovoid-oblong, 
viscid-pubescent ;  nut  oval,  acuminate,  deeply  sculptured. 
CINEREOUS  JUGLANS.     White  Walnut.  Butter-nut. 

Stem  20  to  30  or  40  feet  high,  with  numerous  branches,  and  a  smoothish  cinere- 
ous bark.  Leaflets  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  sessile.  Aments  3  to  5  inches  long. — 
Pistillate  flowers  3  to  5  or  7,  in  a  terminal  spike,  rather  distant,  on  a  long  common 
peduncle.  Drupe  2  to  3  inches  long,  and  1  to  near  2  inches  in  diameter,  with  u 
short  tapering  protuberance  at  apex, — often  slightly  compressed  and  obscurely 
angular,  softly  hairy  and  clammy,  the  epicarp  thinnish  and  somewhat  coriaceous. 
Hob.  Bottom  lands ;  along  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  young  fruit  of  this  species — collected  about  the  last  of 
June — makes  good  pickles, — though  inferior  to  the  preceding.  The 
ripe  seeds  are  rather  rancid,  and  scarcely  eatable.  The  bark  affords 
an  extract,  which,  in  the  form  of  pills,  is  a  convenient  and  popular 
cathartic. 

3.  J.  iiispra,  L.  Leaflets  15  to  21,  ovate-lanceolate,  subcordate 
at  base ;  fruit  globose,  roughish-dotted,  more  or  less  spongy  when 
mature ;  nut  subglobose,  rugose-sulcate. 
BLACK  JUGLANS.     Black  Walnut. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  80  feet  high,  with  spreading  crooked  branches,— often  forming 
a  broad  roundish  and  rather  open  top,  when  growing  solitary.  Leaflets  2  to  4 
inches  long,  serrate,  eubsessile, — the  terminal  one  often  starved,  or  abortive. — 
Aments  about  2  inches  long.  Pistillate  flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters  of  2  to  4, 
on  a  short  common  peduncle.  Drupe  1%  to  2J^  inches  in  diameter,— the  epicwp 


JUGLANDACEAE 

(or  hull)  thickish  and  spongy,  (sometimes  oblong-ovoid,  with  a  thinner  epicarp,) 

greenish-yellow  when  mature. 

Hob.  Rich  woods ;  fence-rows,  Ac. :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  noble  tree,  when  fully  grown,  is  dense  and 
fine-grained,  of  a  reddish-brown  with  darker  shades ;  and  for  beauty, 
and  value,  rivals  the  celebrated  Mahogany,  in  articles  of  furniture. 
The  seeds,  though  somewhat  oily,  are  eatable,  and  generally  esteemed* 

371.  CA'RYA,  Nuttall. 

•  [Greek,  Karya,— an  ancient  name  for  the  Walnut] 

STAM.  FL.  Aments  mostly  in  threes,  slender,  lateral,  from  buds 
with  leaves.  Calyx  scale-like,  2-  or  3-parted,  adnate  to  an  entire 
1 -flowered  bract.  Stamens  3  to  6;  anthers  subsessile,  hairy.  PIS- 
TILLATE FL.  terminal,  in  small  clusters.  Calyx  4-cleft ;  petals  none. 
Stigmas  sessile,  discoid,  4-lobed.  Fruit  drupaceous,^the  epicarp 
coriaceous,  or  finally  subiigneous,  opening  more  or  less  completely 
by  4  valves ;  nut  bony,  smooth,  usually  somewhat  4-angled.  Juice 
watery,  or  often  sweetish  and  syrup-like ;  pith  continuous ;  young 
branches  tough  and  pliable ;  leaflets  acuminate ;  pubescence  stellate. 

f  Valves  of  (he  hull  completely  separating ;  seed  large  and  sweet. 

1.  C.  :ill>a.  NutL  Leaflets  mostly  5,  obovate-lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate;  aments  smoothish ;  fruit  depressed-globose;  nut  compressed, 
broad-oval,  4-angled,  whitish  and  thin-shelled. 

WHITE  CARTA.     Shell-bark,  or  Shag-bark  Hickory. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  high,— the  outer  bark  exfoliating  in  long  rigid  scales  or  plates, 
•which  generally  adhere  in  the  middle,  while  one  or  both  ends  are  elevated,  making 
the  surface  very  rugged  and  shaggy.  Leaflets  3  or  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long, — the 
terminal  one  usually  largest,  and  the  lower  pair  much  smaller.  Aments  at  the 
base  of  the  young  growth,  2  to  4  inches  long,  triple  or  3-parted  on  a  common 
peduncle,  pendulous,  with  a  linear-lanceolate  bract  at  the  base  of  each  lateral 
ament;  stamens  mostly  4.  Pistillate  flowers  mostly  2  or  3  together,  sessile  on  a 
common  peduncle.  Fruit  somewhat  umbilicate  at  both  ends,  sulcate  along  the 
sutures  of  the  valves ;  epicarp  thick  and  subcarnosely  coriaceous ;  nut  about  an 
inch  long, — the  shell  thin  and  frangible. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  nuts  of  this  tree  are  well  known,  and  highly  esteemed. 
There  are  some  varieties, — with  the  bark  less  shaggy,  the  fruit  with 
a  thinner  epicarp,  the  nut  with  a  thicker  shell,  and  a  kernel,  or 
seed,  of  inferior  quality.  The  whole  genus  is  believed  to  be  peculiar 
to  this  continent, — and  is  celebrated  for  affording  a  superior  quality 
of  fire- wood. 

f  f  Valves  of  the  hull  partially  separating,    *;Seed  small,  but  edible, 

2.  C.  toineiitosa,  Nutt.  Leaflets  mostly  7,  oblong-lanceolate, 
slightly  serrate ;  aments  tomentose ;  fruit  oval ;  nut  rather  large, 
somewhat  6-angled,  pale  brown  and  thick-shelled* 

TOMENTOSE  CAKYA.     White-heart  Hickory.  Mocker-nut. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  or  more  in  height,— the  bark  with  the  fibres  interlocked  and 
not  exfoliating.  Leaflets  4  to  8  inches  long,  roughish-pubescent  beneath,  and 
sprinkled  with  dark-purple  particles  among  the  stellate  pubescence.  \Aments  4  to 
6  inches  long.  Pistillate  flowers  mostly  iu  pairs,  sessile  on  a  short  thick  bracteate 


264  APETALOUS    EXOGENS 

common  peduncle.    Fruit  about  2  inches  long;  epicarp  thick  and  coriaceous, 
finally  hard  and  woody,— the  valves  opening  more  than  half  way  to  the  base;  nut 
6-angled  near  the  apex,  thick  and  bony. 
Sab.  Rich  woodlands :  common.    FL  May.  Fr.  October. 

^Obs.  There  are  several  varieties  of  this, — one  (var.  maxima,  Nutt.) 
with  remarkably  large  fruit,  in  Montgomery  County,  near  the  Schuyl- 
kill, — and  possibly  in  this  County,  also.  'This  species  has  the  wood 
white  to  the  centre, — and  is  regarded  as  the  best  of  all,  for  fuel. — 
It  is  replete,  in  early  summer,  with  a  sweet  syrup-like  sap ;  and 
when  cut,  at  that  season,  is  much  preyed  upon  by  worms.  • 

3.  C.,  inicrocarpa,  Nutt.  Leaflets  5  to  7,  oblong-lanceolate, 
serrate;    aments   smooth;  fruit  roundish-ovoid;  nut  small,  some- 
what 4-angled,  thin-shelle,d. 

SMALL-FRUITED  CARYA. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  high,  with  a  close  bark.  Leaflets  4  to  8  inches  long,  nearly 
smooth  on  both  sides,— the  under  surface  sprinkled  with  dark-purple  particles.— 
Aments  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long.  Pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  together,  sessile  on  a  com- 
mon peduncle ;  calysp  teeth  rather  conspicuous.  Fruit  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length ; 
fpicarp  thin,  with  the  sutures  prominent. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  This  species  seems  to  be  intermediate  between  C.  alba,  and 
C.  glabra  ;  and,  I  think,  presents  several  varieties. 

4.  C.   glabra,    Torrey.  Leaflets  about  7,  lanceolate,  serrate: 
aments  smoothish ;  fruit  pyriform  or  subglobose ;  nut  smooth  and 
even,  thinnish-shelled  but  hard. 

C»  porcina.  Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  546. 
SMOOTH  CARYA.     Pig-nut  Hickory.  Broom  Hickory. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  80  feet  high,  with  a  close  bark,  and  tough  twiggy  branches.— 
Leaflets,  (sometimes  5,  or  9,)  3  to  6  inches  in  length,  generally  smooth,  and  sprinkled 
with  purple  particles  beneath.  Aments  2  to  4  inches  long,  occasionally  in  pairs. 
Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together,  sessile  and  rather  distant,  on  a  common 
peduncle ;  calyx-teeth  long,  linear-lanceolate.  Fruit  about  an  inch  long ;  epicarp 
thin,  opening  but  partially.  «  ..; 

Hob.  Low,  moist  woods :  frequent,    FL  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  young  saplings  of  this  species  were  formerly  much 
used  for  making  splint  brooms, — on  account  of  the  toughness  of  its 
woody  fibres ;  and  the  sprouts,  or  seedling  plants,  are  often  em- 
ployed, for  the  same  reason,  in  rural  economy,  as  a  kind  of  rude 
ligatures,  under  the  name  of  Hickory  Withes.  The  mature  wood  is 
preferred,  by  wheel-wrights,  for  making  the  axles  of  carts  and 
wagons. 

*  *  Seed  small,  and  intensely  bitter. 

5»  C.  am  ara,  Nutt.  Leaflets  7  to  9,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate ; 
aments  pubescent ;  fruit  roundish-ovoid,  acuminate ;  nut  obcordate, 
small,  thin  shelled  and  fragile. 
BITTER  CARYA.     Swamp  Hickory.  Bitter-nut. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  high,  with  twiggy  branches  and  yellow  buds,— the  bark  at 
first  close  and  even,  finally  more  or  less  fissured.  Leaflets  2  to  5  or  6  inches  lon^. 
slightly  pubescent  beneath.  Aments  1  to  2  inches  long,  sometimes  in  pairs.— 


JUGLAXDACEAE 


265 


Pistillate  flowers  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  pedunculate.    Fruit  %  of  an  inch  long, 
thickly  sprinkled  with  yellow  resinous  particles,—  the  epicarp  thin,  with  4  ridged 
or  prominent  sutures  at  summit,  partially  opening. 
Hob.  Low  grounds  ;  along  streams  :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  has  a  general  resemblance  to  the  preceding;  but  the 
rule  —  "by  their  fruits  shall  ye  know  them"  —  applies  well,  here. 

ORDER  XCII.    CUPULIF'ERAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  penninerved,  with  deciduous  stipules; 
flowers  monoicous,  —  the  staminate  ones  mostly  in  cylindric  (rarely  globose)  aments, 
the  pistillate  furnished  with  an  involucre  which  forms  a  kind  of  cupule,  or  covering, 
to  the  (by  abortion)  1-celled  1-seeded  indehiscent  nut  ;  calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
2-  to  7-celled  ovary,—  the  minute  calyoc-leeth  crowning  its  summit;  embryo  without 
albumen,—  the  cotyledons  thick  and  fleshy.  A  highly  important  and  valuable  Order, 
—as  will  appear  by  the  plants  here  enumerated. 

A.  Anthers  ^-celled.    a.  Cotyledons  hypogaean  in  germination. 


372.  QUER'ciis,  L. 

]The  ancient  Classical  name.] 

STAM.  PL.  An\enU  several  from  the  same  scaly  bud,  simple,  slen- 
der, pendulous,  —  the  florets  clustered,  destitute  of  bracts.  Calyx 
6-  to  8-  (mostly  5-)  parted;  stamens  6  to  10  or  12.  PISTILLATE 
FL.  in  small  clusters,  sometimes  on  a  long  common  peduncle.  In- 
volucre 1  -flowered,.  —  formed  of  numerous  little  imbricated  scales 
(or  bracts]  united  into  a  cup,  and  becoming  woody,  or  bark-like.  — 
Calyx  6-toothed.  Ovary  about  3-celled,  —  each  cell  with  a  pair  of 
collateral  suspended  ovules  ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  cells.  Nut  (or 
Acorn)  ovoid,  or  oblong,  mucronate,  surrounded  at  base  (sometimes 
nearly  included)  by  the  enlarged  indurated  involucre,  or  cupule.  — 
Mostly  trees  :  flowers  greenish,  —  the  pistillate  ones  quite  inconspic- 
uous; all  appearing  in  May,  and  the  fruit  generally  mature  in 
October.  In  about  half  the  species,  the  acorns  are  biennial,  —  i.  e. 
2  years  in  coming  to  maturity.  The  Oaks  constitute  a  noble  genus,  — 
being  emphatically  (as  ENDLICHER  says  of  the  Order,)  "sylvarum 
decora  "  —  the  pride  and  ornament  of  our  American  forests. 

§1.  FKUIT  ANNUAL;  clusters  mostly  pedunculate;  leaves  not  mucronate;  cupule 

hemispherical  or  bowl^shaped. 
t  White-Oak  group  ;  leaves  obtusely  sinuate  —  or  pinnatiJlcUobed. 

1.  Q.  Obtusiloba,  MX.  Leaves  tawny-pubescent  beneath,  obo- 
vate-oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  irregularly  sinuate-lobed,  —  the  upper 
lobes  dilated,  retuse  ;  acorn  roundish-ovoid,  rather  small. 
OBTUSE-LOBED  QUERCUS.     Post  Oak.  Barrens  White-oak. 

Stem  20  to  40  or  50  feet  high  ;  branches  irregular,  spreading,  densely  pubescent 
while  young.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  subcoriaceous.  mostly  with  3  unequal 
angular  sinuses,—  the  upper  surface  finally  smoothish  and  shining,  the  under 
clothed  with  a  ferruginous  or  tawny  stellate  pubescence;  petioles  about  half  an 
inch  in  length.  Acorn  about  half  an  inch  long,  often  depressed  or  umbilicate  at 
apex,—  the  lower  half  embraced  by  the  scaly  hemispherical  cupule,  which  is  sessile, 
or  the  fruit  often  in  small  clusters  on  a  common  peduncle. 
2Iab.  Dry  sterile  hills;  on  Serpentine  rock  :  frequent. 


266  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this,  often  rather  scrubby-looking  species,  is 
valued  for  its  durability ;  and  is  also  esteemed  as  fuel. 

2.  Q.  alba.,  L.  Leaves  oblong-oval,  or   obovate,  regularly  pin- 
natifid-lobed, — lobes  small,  oblong,  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  the  sinuses 
narrow;  cupule  tuberculate ;  acorn  ovoid-oblong. 

WHITE  QUERCUS.     Common  White-Oak. 

Stem  60  to  100  feet  high,  and  2  to  4  or  5  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  whitish  or  light 
grey  bark.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  usually  with  3  to  5  lobes  on  each  side  (some- 
times cuneate  and  3-lobed);  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Acorn  of 
medium  size  (near  an  inch  long),  seated  in  a  shallowish  bowl-shaped  pubescent 
cupule, — the  fruit  generally  in  pairs,  sessile  on  a  common  peduncle  about  half  an 
inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Woodlands :  every  where  common. 

Obs.  This  is  one  of  our  finest  and  most  valuable  forest  trees, — 
often  attaining  to  an  enormous  size,  and  not  less  entitled  than  its 
English  congener,  to  the  epithets  employed  by  COWPER: — 

"  Lord  of  the  woods,  the  long-surviving  Oak." 

The  timber  is  firm  and  durable,  and  much  used  in  the  various 
mechanic  arts.  The  keels  of  some  of  our  largest  national  vessels 
have  been  obtained  from  this  Oak.  The  bark  is  astringent  and 
tonic, — while  the  acorns  are  sweet  and  nutritious,  affording  a  favor- 
ite food  for  swine.  A  variety  (or  hybrid),  with  more  deeply-lobed 
leaves,  and  considerably  larger  fruit,  has  been  observed  near  the 
South  Western  border  of  our  County,  by  my  vigilant  friend,  Mr. 
JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

f  f  Chestnut-Oak  group ;  leaves  coarsely  and  obtusely  sinuate-dentate. 

3.  Q.  l>icolor,  Willd.  Leaves   oblong-obovate,  unequally  den- 
tate, densely  villous  and  olive-green  beneath ;  acorn  ovoid-oblong. 
TWO-COLORED  QUERCUS.     Swamp  White-Oak. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  70  feet  high.    Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  varying  from  broad- 
ovate  to  obovate ;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.    Fruit  in  pairs  (or  often 
single),  sessile  on  an  axillary  common  peduncle  1  or  2  to  4  inches  long;  acorn 
rather  large, — the  cupule  dentate  on  the  margin. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  streams,  Ac. :  frequent. 

Obs.  This  is  every  way  inferior  in  value  to  the  preceding. 

4.  Q.  IHOlltaiia,  Willd.  Leaves  broadly  obovate,  nearly  equally 
dentate,  pubescent  and  subglaucous  beneath ;  cupule  subturbinate 
at  base ;  acorn  elliptic-oblong,  large. 

MOUNTAIN  QUERCUS.     Rock  Chestnut-Oak. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  70  feet  high,— when  old,  the  bark  thick  and  deeply  furrowed. 
Leaves  4  to  8  inches  long,  sometimes  roundish-obovate,  unequal  at  base, — the 
teeth  short,  broad,  and  somewhat  mucronate,  with  a  callous  point;  petioles  %  an 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Fruit  on  short  common  peduncles ;  acorn  about  an  inch 
and  quarter  long,  and  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Sab.  Hilly,  rocky  woodlands :  frequent. 

Obt.  The  wood  of  this  is  considered  valuable, — and  the  bark  is 
prized  by  Tanners.  The  acorns,  also,  are  nutritious,  and  sought 
after  by  swine. 


CUPULIFEEAE  267 

5.  Q.  l'i  inns.  L.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute,  nearly  equally 
and  obtusely  dentate,  green  above ;  acorn  ovoid,  large. 

Swamp  Chestnut-Oak. 

SUm,  60  to  90  feet  high.  Leaves  5  to  8  inches  long,  conspicuously  penninerved, 
vtth  a  coarse  tooth  for  each  nerve,  and  a  small  callus  at  apex  of  each ;  petioles  I  to 
near  2  inches  in  length.  Fruit  in  pairs  (1  often  abortive)  on  a  common  peduncle 
about  half  an  inch  long;  acorn  rather  thicker  than  the  preceding,  but  not  quite 
BO  long. 
Hob.  Great  Valley :  not  very  common. 

Obs.  This  species — which  is  often  a  fine  tree,  affording  valuable 
timber: — presents  some  varieties;  while  the  whole  group  have  such  a 
general  resemblance,  that  the  elder  MICHAUX  reduced  them  all  to 
modifications  of  Q.  Prinus* 

6.  O.  Castaiica,  Willd.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
equally  and  rather  acutely  dentate,  yellowish  above ;  acorn  roundish- 
ovoid,  rather  small. 

CHESTNUT  QUERCUS.     Chestnut-Oak.  Yellow  Oak. 

Stem  50  to  80  feet  high.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,— the  points  of  the  teeth  (and 
along  the  whole  edge  of  the  leaf)  callous ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Frutt 
sessile,  or  on  what  seems  designed  for  a  short  common  peduncle*    Acorn  sweetish 
and  nutritious. 
Hob.  Great  Valley;  near  Brooke's  Mill :  not  common. 

Obs.  This  is  also  variable ;  but,  generally,  the  leaves^- both  in  size 
and  figure — have  a  striking  resemblance  to  those  of  the  Chestnut-tree. 

"S*  Q»   prinoides,  Willd.   Dwarf;  leaves  obovate  and  lance- 
oblong,  obtuse   or  acute,  coarsely   (or  often  obsoletely)  sinuate- 
dentate,  acute  at  base ;  acorn  ovoid,  small. 
Q.  chinquapin.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  536. 
PRINUS-LIKE  QUERCUS.     Dwarf  Chestnut-Oak.  Chinquapin-Oak. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  slender  and  much  branched.    Leaves  3  to  5  or  6  inches 
long, — the  teeth  mostly  obtuse,  often  nearly  obsolete,  or  the  margin  merely 
repand;  petioles  14  to  %  an  inch  in  length.    Fruit  sessile,  often  abundant. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  hills :  frequent. 

Obs.  There  seems  to  be  two  varieties  of  this  shrub ;—  the  leaves  of 
one  looking  like  a  dwarf  specimen  of  Q.  montana, — and  of  the 
other,  like  a  miniature  Q.  Castanea. 

§2.  FRUIT  BIENNIAL;  clusters  sessile 
f  1 1  Black  and  Red-Oak  group  ;  leaves  setaceoudy  mucronate,  repand,  or  acutely 

sinuate-lobed. 
*  Cupule  subturbinate  at  base. 

8.  Q.  iiiif  ra,  L.  Leaves  broadly  cuneate,  dilated  at  apex,  and 
repand   or  obscurely  3-  or  5-lobed  at  the  end,  rusty-puberulent 
beneath ;  cupule  very  scaly ;  acorn  roundish-ovoid,  rather  small. 
BLACK  QUERCUS.     Black-Jack. 

Stem  20  to  30  or  40  feet  high,  with  a  thickish  furrowed  dark-colored  bark.— 
Leaves  5  to  8  inches  long,  and  4  to  6  inches  wide  at  apex,  narrowed  rapidly  towards 
the  obtuse  base,  so  aa  to  be  almost  triangular,  coriaceous,— the  bristle-like  points 
somewhat  deciduous;  petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Thin  soils;  West  Nottingham:  rar«. 


268 


APETALOUS    EXOGENS 


Ob*.  This  species— which  is  chiefly  valued  for  fuel— is  abundant 
in  the  adjacent  districts  of  Maryland;  but  has  only  been  found 
within  the  present  year  (1852),  in  our  County,  by  the  active  re- 
searches of  Mr.  JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

9.  Q.    ilicifolia,  Wangenh.    Dwarf;   leaves   cuneate-obovate, 
angulate-lobed,  cinereous-tomentose  beneath;  fruit  small,  in  nu- 
merous clusters  on  the  branches ;  acorn  roundish-ovoid. 

Q.  Banisteri.  MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  533. 
ILEX-LEAVED  QUERCUS.     Black  Scrub-Oak.  Bear-Oak. 

Stem,  3  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  with  numerous  crooked  spreading  branches.    leaves 
2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  often  3-lobed  at  apex,  others  angularly  5-lobed  and  some- 
what fiddle-shaped ;  petioles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Acorns  striped. 
Hob.  Sterile,  slaty  hills :  frequent. 

Obs.  This  worthless  little  species  is  abundant  on  our  Barrens ; 
but  is  rarely  seen  on  good  land. 

10.  Q.  tinctoria,,  Bartram.     Leaves  obovate-oblong,  sinuate- 
lobed,  more  or  less  rusty -puberulent  beneath ;  cupule  scaly,  thick ; 
acorn  ovoid,  rather  small. 

DYER'S  QUERCUS.     Black-Oak.  Quercitron. 

Stem  60  to  80  or  90  feet  high,  and  2  to  4  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  thickish  fur- 
rowed dark-colored  outer  hark,  and  a  spongy  yellow  inner  bark.  Leaves  GOT  8 
inches  long,  obovate  in  their  outline,  more  or  less  deeply  sinuate-lobed  (usually  3 
principal  lobes  on  each  side),— the  under  surface  loosely  clothed  with  little  fascicles 
of  short  hairs,  which  give  it  aroughish  powdery  appearance;  petioles  1  to  2  inches 
in  length. 
Hob.  Rich  upland  woodjs :  common. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  fine  tree  is  not  so  valuable  as  that  of  some 
others;  but  the  inner  bark  is  a  considerable  article  of  commerce, 
under  the  name  of  Quercitron.  It  is  employed  in  dyeing  yellow ; 
and  has  nearly  superseded  the  use  of  Weld  (Reseda  luteola,  L.),  in 
the  manufactories  of  Europe,  in  calico  printing. 

11.  Q.    COCCiliea,  Wangenh.  Leaves   oval  in   outline,   deeply 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  with  broad  and  open  sinuses,  smooth  and  shining 
green  on   both  sides;  cupule  conspicuously  scaly;  acorn  roundish- 
ovoid,  depressed  at  apex. 

CRIMSON  QUERCUS.     Scarlet-Oak. 

Stem  50  to  80  feet  high.    Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  with  3  or  4  principal 
narrowish  divergent  lobes  on  each  side,  the  sinuses  deep,  rounded  and  wider  at 
bottom, — becoming  a  showy  crimson  in  autumn :  petioles  2  to  4  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands :  frequent. 

Obs.  The  bark  of  this  tree  is  much  sought  after  by  our  Tanners, 
who  (not  being  acquainted  with  the  Q.  falcata)  erroneously  call  it 
" Spanish  Oak";  and  give  it  the  preference  over  all  the  other  Oaks, 
that  are  common  here,  for  their  business.  The  crimson  leaves  of 
this  species,  where  it  abounds,  impart  a  gorgeous  and  magnificent 
appearance  to  our  forests,  in  autumn;  and  it  is  really  marvellous, 
that  a  tree  so  handsome  at  all  seasons,  should  be  so  rarely  seen  in 
the  lawns  and  pleasure  grounds  of  persons  of  any  pretensions  to 
taste. 


CUPULIFERAB  269 

12.  Q.  falcsfcta,  MX.  Leaves  lobed  toward  the  apex,  the  lobes 
elongated,  and  the  lateral  ones  more  or  less  falcate, — the  under 
surface  clothed  with  a  short  greyish-tawny  pubescence;  cupule 
shallow ;  acorn  roundish-ovoid. 

FALCATE  QUERCUS.     Spanish-Oak. 

Stem  50  to  80  feet  high, — the  young  branches  often  tawny-pubescent.  Leaves  4 
to  8  or  9  inches  long,  obtuse  at  base,  with  2  or  3  distant  and  mostly  falcate  lobes 
on  each  side, — those  on  small  trees,  or  young  branches,  often  dilated  and  3-lobed 
at  apex ;  petioles  about  an  inch  in  length,  densely  pubescent  when  the  young 
branches  are.  Cupule  on  a  short  peduncle. 
Hob.  Woods,  on  the  North  Valley  hill :  very  rare. 

Obs.  Although  abundant  in  Delaware,  and  Maryland,  this  species 
was  not  detected,  in  our  County,  until  the  present  season  (1852), — 
when  specimens  were  brought  to  me,  from  the  above  named  locality, 
by  my  friend  JOSHUA  HOOPES — whose  vigilant  and  quick-discerning 
eyes,  few  such  natural  objects,  within  the  circuit  of  Ms  walks,  are 
permitted  to  escape.  The  bark  of  this,  which  is  the  true  Spanish 
Oak,  is  believed  to  be  the  best  of  the  genus,  for  the  purpose  of  tan- 
ning hides. 

*  *  Cupule  flat  at  base,  sJiattow  and  saucer-shaped. 

13.  <J.  rftbra,  L.  Leaves  pale  beneath,  sinuate-lobed,  the  sin- 
uses rather  shallow ;  acorn  oblong-ovoid,  rather  large. 

RED  QUERCUS.     Red  Oak. 

Stem,  60  to  90  feet  high.  Leaves  5  to  8  or  9  inches  long,  and  3  to  6  inches  wide, 
oblong  or  obovate,  with  short  incised-dentate  lobes  (usually  3  principal  lobes,  and 
2  or  3  smaller  ones,  on  each  side) ;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length.  Cupule  with 
the  scales  so  compact  as  to  present  a  smoothish,  or  nearly  even,  outer  surface ; 
acorn  a  little  turgid,  or  plump,  about  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands :  frequent. 

Obs.  Justice  to  myself,  and  to  the  truths  of  Natural  History — as 
well  as  to  Mr.  EMERSON,  author  of  the  admirable  Report  on  the 
Forest  trees  and  Shrubs  of  Massachusetts — requires  that  I  should 
here  rectify  a  misapprehension  under  which  I  labored,  when  com- 
piling the  little  work  entitled  Agricultural  Botany.  I  had  always 
understood  (of  course,  from  others — having  no  personal  knowledge 
of  the  subject,)  that  the  bark  of  this  species  was  in  high  repute  with 
the  Tanners, — and  so  stated :  But,  on  a  more  careful  and  particular 
inquiry  of  intelligent  practical  men,  in  that  business,  I  learn  that 
it  is  regarded  as  being  much  inferior  in  value  to  the  bark  of  Q. 
cocdnea, — and  am  now  satisfied  that  Mr.  EMERSON  is  substantially 
correct  in  the  statement,  that  it  is  "almost  worthless  for  the  use 
of  the  Tanner."  The  timber  of  this  tree  is  also  of  inferior  value. 

14.  Q.  paltistris,  Du  Roi.  Leaves  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides,  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  with  broad  rounded  sinuses  and 
divaricate  lobes ;  acorn  subglobose,  small. 
MARSH  QUERCUS.     Pin-Oak.  Water-Oak. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  70  feet  high ;  branches  numerous,  rather  slender,  horizontal  or 
drooping,  often  nearly  covered  with  diseased  knobs.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  usual- 
ly with  3  narrow  divaricate  lobes  on  each  side;  petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length.— 


270  APETALOUS  EXOGEN8 

Cujnfa  nearly  even  on  the  outer  surface,  often  abruptly  tapering  from  the  fiat 

base ;  acorn  scarcely  half  an  inch  long. 

Hah.  Wet,  low  grounds ;  along  streams :  frequent. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  species  is  very  firm, — and  is  much  em- 
ployed by  wheelwrights,  and  other  mechanics.  It  would  seem  that 
this,  and  the  Q.  falcata,  are  severally  pretty  much  confined  to 
opposite  sides  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line;  the  Q.  palustris  being 
chiefly  northern,  and  the  Q.  falcata  southern. 

313.  CASTAVIVEA,  Tournef. 

[Named  from  a  City  of  Thessaly  (Castanea), — famed  for  Chestnuts.] 
STAM.  FL.  interruptedly  clustered  in  long  naked  cylindrical  spike- 
form  aments.  Calyx  5-  or  6-parted.  Stamens  8  to  15.  PISTILLATE 
FL.  usually  in  threes,  within  ovoid  squarrose  solitary  or  clustered 
involucres.  Calyx  urceolate, — the  border  5-  or  6-cleft,  crowning  the 
3-  to  8-celled  ovary.  Abortive  stamens  5  to  12,  Stigmas  bristle-like, 
as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Nuts  (by  abortion)  1 -seeded, 
coriaceous,  1,  2,  or  3  together,  inclosed  in  the  globose  prickly  in- 
volucre, which  opens  by  4  valves  at  maturity.  Cotyledons  thick, 
somewhat  plicate  and  cohering  together,  sweetish  and  farinaceous. 
Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves. 

1.  C.  Tesca,  L.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sinuate- 
serrate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides;  nuts  usually  2  or  3  in 
each  involucre. 
EATABLE  CASTANEA.     Chestnut-tree. 

Stem  60  to  80  or  90  feet  high,  and  2  to  4  or  5  feet  in  diameter.  Leaves  6  to  9 
inches  long ;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length.  StaminaU  flowers  whitish,  in 
dense  bracteate  clusters,  on  axillary  aments  4  to  8  inches  in  length;  stamens  long. 
Pistillate  flowers  in  threes,  in  an  ovoid  involucre  which  is  solitary,  or  often  in 
clusters  of  3  or  4,  subsessile,  enlarging,  finally  globose,  about  2  inches  in  diameter, 
thickly  covered  or  armed  all  over  with  sharp  compound  or  coalesced  prickles 
(modified  &rac&),  and  densely  villous  within.  Nuts  3  (by  abortion  often  2,  or  1), 
reddish-brown,  smooth  below,  the  upper  half  covered  with  a  greyish-tawny  pubes- 
cence ;  the  middle  nut  flatted  on  both  sides,  the  lateral  ones  plano-convex, — and 
when  the  lateral  ones  are  both  abortive,  the  central  one  becomes  roundish-ovoid. 
Hob.  Woodlands ;  slaty  hills,  abundant.  FL  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  American  Chestnut-tree  scarcely  differs  from  the  Eu- 
ropean, except  in  the  size  and  flavor  of  the  fruit.  Our  native  nuts 
are  smaller,  and  the  seeds  much  sweeter,  than  those  of  the  European 
variety.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  light,  but  very  durable, — not 
esteemed  for  fuel,  but  highly  valued  for  making  fences. 

2«  C»  pillllila,  MX.  Dwarf;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  acute,  serrate 

or  denticulate,   whitish-tomentose  beneath  j   nut  solitary,   ovoid, 

small. 

DWARF  CASTANEA.     Chinquapin. 

Stem  6  to  10  feet  high  (much  larger  under  culture).  Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long ; 
petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  Aments  of  staminate  flowers  1  or  2  to  4  inchea 
long,  slender  and  numerous.  Involucres  of  the  pistillate  flowers  in  spikes,  or 
clustered  on  short  tomentose  axillary  common  peduncles,  finally  globose,  an  inch 
or  inch  and  half  in  diameter,  armed  all  over  with  the  prickly  bract*.  Nut  (by 


CUPULIFERAE  271 

abortion?)  constantly  solitary,  small,  ovoid,  acute,  dark  brown,  pubescent  at 

summit. 

Ifab.  Thin  soils;  near  the  Maryland  line.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  shrub  is  rare,  north  of  Maryland, — in  some  portions  of 
which  State  it  is  very  abundant.  The  seeds  are  sweet,  and  pleasant, 
— but  are  scarcely  half  the  size  of  our  chestnuts ;  while  both  (and 
especially  the  chinquapins)  are  very  subject  to  be  preyed  upon  by 
worms. 

b.  Cotyledons  epigaean  in  germination. 

374.  FAVGFS,  Tournef. 

[Latin — from  the  Greek,  phago,  to  eat ;  the  fruit  being  esculent.] 
STAM.  FL.  in  globose  long-peduncled  pendulous  clusters,  with  de- 
ciduous scale-like  bracts.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-  or  6-cleft.  Stamens 
8  to  12.  PISTILLATE  FL.  usually  in  pairs,  within  an  ovoid  pedun- 
culate involucre,  which  is  formed  of  numerous  coalesced  subulate 
flexible  bracts.  Calyx  urceolate, — the  border  elongated,  and  cleft 
into  4  or  5  subulate  segments.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovule*  in 
each  cell  [A.  Gray.  "Ovula  in  loculis  solitaria,"  Endl."];  styles  3, 
filiform ;  stigmas  lateral.  Nuts  ovoid-triquetrous,  usually  2  in  the 
coriaceous  flexibly-muricate  4-valved  involucre.  Cotyledons  thick, 
plicately  folded.  Trees,  with  a  thin  smooth  cinereous  bark,  hori- 
zontal branches,  long  terete  acuminate  buds,  and  greenish-yellow 


Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  more 
or  less  dentate,  ciliate ;  the  flexible-armature,  or  bracts,  of  the  in- 
volucre spreading,  or  recurved. 

F.  sylvatica.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  538.  not  of  Linn. 
FERRUGINOUS  FAOUS.     Beech-tree. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  70  feet  high.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  penninerved,  plicate 
along  the  nerves  while  young,  and  silky-pilose,  finally  smoothish  above;  petiole* 
%  to  %  an  inch  in  length ;  Stipules  long,  linear,  membranaceous,  tawny,  caducous. 
Aments  of  staminate  flowers  loosely  subglobose,  numerous,  on  slender  peduncles  1 
to  1%  inches  long.  Involucres  of  pistillate  flowers  fewer,  on  rigid  axillary  peduncles 
about  half  an  inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Low  moist  woodlands :  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  tree,  from  its  density  and  uniform  texture, 
is  much  valued  for  many  purposes ;  and  the  oily  Mast,  or  seeds, 
afford  a  nutritious  food  for  swine. 

The  Beech — although  a  symmetrical  and  handsome  tree — has  been 
unaccountably  neglected,  in  this  country,  as  an  ornamental  shade- 
tree:  and  yet  it  would  seem,  from  VIRGIL'S  Pastorals,  that  in  the 
land  of  sweet  do-nothing  ("dolce  far  niente"),  the  Italian  Peasant, 
of  ancient  times,  found  an  enviable  enjoyment  under  its  spreading 
branches — 

"patulae  recubant  sub  tegmine  FAGI." 

Our  Aborigines,  however,  think  they  have  improved  upon  the 
luxurious  indulgence  of  the  Italians,— judging  by  the  following  re- 
mark of  an  Indian  Chief  to  Col.  BUTLER — as  reported  and  rendered 
by  ST.  JoHNDECaivECOEUR:— "Ah!  mon  frere,  *  *  *  tune  con- 


272  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

noitras  jamais  comme  nous  le  bonheur  de  nepenser  a  rien  et  de  ne 
rien  faire  :  Apres  le  sommeil,  c'est  ce  qu'il  y  a  de  plus  delicieux  1" 

B.  Anthers  1-cellcd;  staminate  flowers  imbricated  in  simple,  cylindric  aments. 

375.  CO'RYILUS,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Korys,  &  helmet,  or  cap ;  in  reference  to  the  Involucre.] 

STAM.  FL.  calyx  of  2  collateral  scales  beneath  the  bract,  and  all  three 
united  at  base.  Stamens  8,  subsessile;  anthers  bristly  at  apex.— 
PISTILLATE  FL.  in  terminal  bracteate  clusters.  Ovary  2-celled,  with 
1  ovule  in  each  cell ;  stigmas  2,  filiform.  Nut  bony,  roundish-ovoid, 
subcompressed  at  apex,  solitary  or  separately  inclosed  in  the  en- 
larged leathery  foliaceous  bilabiate  lacerate-dentate  involucre. — 
Shrubs:  the  staminate  aments  preceding  the  leaves,  yellowish-green 
when  in  flower. 

1.  C.  AVELLANA,  L.  Leaves  orbicular-cordate,  acuminate;  stipules 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  involucre  about  the  length  of  the  fruit. 
AVKLLAN  CORYLUS.     Filbert.     Hazel-nut. 

Stem  6  to  10  feet  high,  branching  from  the  base.    Leaves  3  to  4  or  5  inches  long, 
often  obovate-cordate,  doubly  serrate ;  petioles*%  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length.  Pistil- 
late flowers  few,  in  squamose  clusters,— the  scales  (or  bracts)  enlarging,  uniting 
and  forming  the  involucres.    Stigmas  purple.    Nuts  rather  large. 
Hob.  Yards,  &c.    Nat,  of  Asia  Minor.    FL  March.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  Filbert,  or  Hazel-nut,  of  the  old  world,  is  now  becoming 
known  among  us, — and  not  unfrequently  cultivated.  "The  bushes 
were  originally  imported  into  Italy  from  Pontus,  and  [the  fruit] 
known  among  the  Romans  by  the  appellation  of  Nux  pontica, — 
which,  in  the  progress  of  time,  was  changed  into  that  of  Nux  Avel- 
lana ;  from  the  place  \_Avella,  near  Naples]  where  they  had  been 
most  successfully  propagated."  The  young  forked  twigs  of  this 
shrub  constitute  the  celebrated  divining-rod  (Virgula  divinitoria), 
with  which  certain  impostors  beyond  the  Atlantic  pretend  to  dis- 
cover the  localities  of  precious  metals,  and  subterranean  fountains. 
The  imposture,  and  the  credulity  on  which  it  operated,  have  both 
reached  our  shores;  but  the  Filbert  not  being  indigenous  here,  a 
capital  substitute,  or  phytognostic  equivalent,  was  discovered  in  the 
Witch  Hazel  (Hamamelis)  \  The  twigs  of  Peach  trees,  also,  have  been 
found  to  answer  the  purpose  nearly  as  well  as  Witch  Hazel ;  and 
thus  the  occult  sciences  df  Ore-finding,  and  Water-smelling,  have 
been  enabled,  in  some  degree — even  in  this  "progressive"  age — to 
keep  pace  with  the  sublime  mysteries  of  Clairvoyance,  and  Spiritual 
Rappings;  as  well  as  with  the  lucrative  manufacture  of  Panaceas, 
and  Indian  Specifics!  It  is,  indeed,  both  humiliating  and  discourag- 
ing, to  contemplate  the  facility  with  which  a  large  portion  of  man- 
kind can  be  made  the  dupes  of  such  miserable  trumpery. 

2.  C.  Americana,  Marshall.  Leaves  obovate-cordate,  acumin- 
ate; stipules  ovate;  involucre  about  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit, 
Yentricose  at  base,  the  border  dilated  and  compressed. 
AMERICAN  CORYLUS.     Wild  Hazel-nut. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high,  slender,  branching,— the  young  branches  virgate,  pubes- 
cent and  glandular-hispid.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  dentate-serrate;  petioles  % 


CUPUUFEBAE  273 

of  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Pistillate,  flowers  several  (often  6  or  8),  in  pedun- 
culate squamose  clusters,—  the  scales  enlarging  ,  uniting  and  forming  the  glandular- 
hispid  involucres.    Nuts  %  an  inch  in  length,  rather  wider  than  long. 
ffab.  Borders  of  thickets:  frequent.    FL  March.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  shrub  is  well  known,  for  its  fruit,  —  which,  however,  ia 
inferior  to  that  of  the  preceding  species. 

3.  C.  rostr  ata,  Ait.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  involucre 

contracted  into  a  tubular  beak,  and  extended  much  beyond  the 

fruit. 

BEAKED  CORYLUS.     Dwarf  Filbert. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  slender,  branching,  smoothish.  Leaves  2  to  3  inches 
long,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  doubly  serrate;  petioles  %  to  ^  an  inch 
in  length.  Pistillate  flowers  few  (about  3),  in  pedunculate  clusters,  sometimes 
solitary.  Involucres  hirsute,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  fruit,—  the  base  ovoid, 
half  an  inch  in  diameter  —  the  beak  about  an  inch  long,  nearly  cylindrical,  sulcate- 
striate,  2-parted  half  its  length. 
Hob.  Along  Brandy  wine,  near  Coatesville  :  rare.  FL  April.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  This  curious  little  species  was  detected  in  the  above  locality, 
in  1841,  by  Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN,  a  zealous  Naturalist,  —  then  of 
Chester,  now  of  Centre  County,  Penn.  %  , 


376.  CARPrWUS,  L. 

[The  ancient  Classical  name.] 

STAM.  FL.  Aments  lateral,  with  simple  ovate  scale-like  bracts,  —  the 
florets  destitute  of  a  proper  calyx.  Stamens  about  12,  at  the  base 
of  the  bract  ;  anthers  hairy  at  apex.  PISTILLATE  FL.  in  pairs,  with 
small  deciduous  bracts,  and  enlarging  foliaceous  halved  or  1-sided 
involucres,  arranged  in  terminal  loose  ament-like  racemes.  Calyx 
urceolate,  —  the  border  cup-like,  denticulate.  Ovary  2-celled;  stig- 
mas 2,  filiform.  Nuts  in  pairs,  small,  ovoid,  subcompressed,  striate- 
ribbed,  pedicellate,  —  each  with  a  lateral  enlarged  open  and  leaf- 
like  involucre.  Shrubs,  or  small  trees  :  stems  obtusely  and  irregularly 
ridged,  with  thin  smooth  cinereous  bark;  flowers  preceding  the 
leaves. 

1.  C.  Americana,  MX.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate  ;  involucres  3-lobed,  sub-hastate,  unequally  incised-dentate 
on  one  side. 
AMERICAN  CARPINUS.     Horn-beam.  Water-Beech. 

Stem  10  to  20  feet  high,  often  branched  from  the  root,  or  growing  in  clusters.— 
Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long  ;  petioles  %  to  J^  an  inch  in  length.  Pistillate  amentt 
2  to  3  inches  long,  loosely  imbricated,  or  racemose,—  each  pair  of  florets  subtended 
by  an  ovate  acuminate  deciduous  bract.  Involucres  finally  about  an  inch  long.— 
Nuts  about  8-ribbed,  smoothish,  dark  brown. 
Hob.  Margins  of  rivulets,  and  swamps:  frequent.  FL  April.  Fr.  Sept. 


.  OS'TRYA,  Micheli. 
[Gr.  Ostreon,  a  shell;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  in  the  involucres.] 
STAM.  FL.  nearly  as  in  Carpinus.     PISTILLATE  FL.  solitary,  or  in 
pairs,  arranged  in  short  slender  terminal  aments,  with  small  cadu- 
cous bracts  ;  each  floret  (or  pair  of  florets)  inclosed  in  a  sac-like 
involucre  (composed  of  2  membranous  scales  united  by  their  mart 

18 


274  APETALOUS    EXOQENS 

gins), — and  these  involucres,  becoming  enlarged  and  imbricated, 
finally  form  a  sort  of  strobile,  or  cone,  resembling  that  of  the  com- 
mon Hop.  Calyx  somewhat  urceolate, — the  border  tubular,  nearly 
entire,  ciliate.  Ovary  2-celled;  stigmas  2,  filiform,  elongated. — 
Nuts  solitary,  compressed,  lance-oblong,  smooth.  Slender  trees, 
with  brownish  slightly-furrowed  bark :  flowers  appearing  with  the 
leaves. 

1.  O.  Vir^inica,   Willd.    Leaves  oblong-ovate   and  obovate, 
acuminate,  doubly  serrate;  involucres  thickly  beset  with  tawny 
bristles  at  base. 
VIRGINIAN  OSTRYA.     Hop-Hornbeam.  Iron-wood. 

Stem  20  to  40  feet  high ;  branches  slender,  pilose  while  young.    Leaves  2  to  4 
laches  long,  subcordate  and  often  unequal  at  base ;  petioles  about  %  of  an  inch  in 
length.    Pistillate  aments  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  mostly  solitary,  finally  oyoid- 
oblong,  pedunculate  and  rather  pendulous. 
Hob.  Woodlands ;  along  Brandywine :  not  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  remarkably  hard  and  firm, — and 
hence  one  of  its  common  names. 

ORDER  -XC HI.    MYRICACEAE. 

tfirubs;  kaves  alternate,  simple,  resinous-dotted  and  aromatic,  mostly  stipulate ; 
Jiowers  monoicous,  or  dioicous,  all  amentaceous,— the  pistillate  aments  globose,  or 
ovoid;  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule,  surrounded  by  hypogynous  persis- 
tent scales ;  fruit  a  dry  nut,— or  sometimes  drupaceous,  and  covered  with  a  waxy 
secretion ;  embryo  without  albumen. 

378.  COMPTOOTA,  Solander. 

[In  honor  of  Henry  C'ompton,  Bishop  of  London, — a  collector  of  Plants.] 
Monoicous:  STAM.  FL.  Aments  cylindric,  with  imbricated reniform- 
cordate  acuminate  1-flowered  bracts,  each  bract  with  2  bractlets. — 
Stamens  3  to  6 ;  anthers  2-celled.  PISTILLATE  FL.  Aments  globose ; 
bracts  1-flowered,  each  with  2  bractlets.  Ovary  surrounded  by  a 
sort  of  involucre  consisting  of  5  or  6  subulate  persistent  scales. 
which  give  a  bur-like  appearance  to  the  globular  cluster;  stigmas  2, 
elongated.  Fruit  an  ovoid-oblong  indehiscent  smooth  nut.  Slender, 
humble  bushes,  with  narrow  fern-like  foliage. 

1,  C.  asplenifolia,  Ait.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  crenatelj 
pinnatifid,  subsessile ;  stipules  semi-cordate,  acuminate. 
ASPLENIUM-LEAVED  CoMPTONiA.     Sweet  Fern. 

Stem  18  inches  to  3  feet  high,  much  branched, — the  young  branches  pubescent. 
Leaves  1  to  4  inches  long,  rather  acute  at  each  end.    Staminate  aments  %  to  1% 
inches  long.    Pistillate  aments  %  an  *ncn  *°  %  *n  diameter,  resembling  small 
globular  burs. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  woodlands,  and  hill-sides :  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  bruised  leaves  have  a  resinous  aromatic  odor, — and 
are  reputed  medicinal,  in  dysentery,  and  some  other  complaints. 

ORDER  XCIV.    BETULACEAE. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  deciduous  stipules ;  flowers  monot- 
cous,  all  amentaceous;  bracts  3-lobed,  2-  or3-flowered;  stamens  definite;  ovary  2- 


BETULACEAB  275 

celled;  cells  1-ovuled ;  fruit  compressed,  often  winged,  dry  and  indehiscent,  by 
abortion  1-celled,  1-seeded ;  seed  destitute  of  albumen. 

379.  BET'UL,A,  Tournef. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name.] 

STAM.  AMENTS  with  the  bracts  peltate, — each  bract  with  2  bractlets, 
and  3  florets.  Calyx  a  scale,  with  4  stamens  at  base  (or  12  to  each 
bract);  anthers  oblong,  1-celled,  subsessile.  PISTILLATE  AMENTS 
with  the  bracts  3-lobed,  imbricated.  Calyx  none.  Ovaries  3  under 
each  bract ;  stigmas  2,  filiform.  Fruit  a  lenticular  winged  nut,  or 
samara,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1-seeded;  feed  pendulous.  Mostly 
trees,  with  a  smooth  reddish-brown  (sometimes  white)  bark  which 
exfoliates  in  thin  laminae. 

1.  K.  iiiafra, /A  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,   acute;    fertile  amenta 
oblong;  bracts  villous, — the  lobes  sublinear,  obtuse. 
BLACK  BETULA.     Black  Birch.  Red  Birch.  River  Birch. 

Stem  50  to  70  feet  high, — young  branches  virgate,  with  a  cinnamon-colored  bark. 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  sometimes  roundish-  or  deltoid-ovate,  doubly  serrate; 
petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length.  Pistillate  aments  about  an  inch  long,  %  to 
%  an  inch  in  diameter,  obtuse,  on  short  peduncles ;  bracts  3-cleft  two  thirds  of 
their  length.  Nuts  compressed,  ovate,  with  a  ciliate  margin  which  is  widest 
toward  the  base. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  streams:  not  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  timber  of  the  Birches  is  not  particularly  valuable, — 
though  sometimes  converted  into  lumber.  The  virgate  branches  were 
famous  instruments  in  the  hands  of  Pedagogues,  of  the  olden  time, 
in  promoting  good  order,  and  a  close  attention  to  study,  among  the 
rising  generation;  to  which  fact  the  Poet  PHILIPS  refers,  when  he 
sings  of 

"  afflictive  Birch, 

"Curs'd  by  unlettered,  idle  youth." 

But  the  "  march  of  mind,"  in  our  age  of  progress,  has  rendered  such 
auxiliaries  nearly  "an  obsolete  idea"!  The  flexible  twigs  of  this 
species — instead  of  being  used  to  regulate  and  stimulate  unruly 
and  idle  boys — are  now  chiefly  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
coarse  brooms,  for  sweeping  streets,  and  stable-yards,  in  our  cities. 

5B«  B.  Iriita.  L.  Leaves  cordate-oblong,  acuminate,  fertile  aments 
elliptic-ovoid;    bracts  hairy, — the  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,   rather 
acute,  prominently  veined. 
SOFT,  OR  PLIANT  BETULA.     Sweet  Birch.  Cherry  Birch. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet  high ;  branches  numerous,  slender,  pliable,  dotted  with  small 
white  scars.  Leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  thinnish,  unequally  and  sharply  serrate; 
•petioles  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  Pistillate,  aments  about  an  inch  long,  and  % 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  obtuse,  subsessile;  bracts  3-cleft  nearly  half  their  length. 
Nut  compressed,  elliptic-obovate,  acute  at  each  end,  with  a  margin  somewhat 
ciliate,  and  wider  toward  the  summit,— but  narrower  throughout,  and  smoother, 
than  in  the  preceding  species. 
Hob.  Along  rivulets,  on  the  slaty  hills :  rare.  Fl  April.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  is  said  to  be  rose-colored  and  fine-grained, — 
valuable  for  cabinet-work.  The  bark,  and  young  twigs,  are  pleas- 
antly aromatic, — and  sometimes  employed  in  domestic  brewings, 
and  diet-drinks. 


276  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

380.  AI/WUS,  Tournef. 
[The  ancient  Latin  name  for  the  Alder.] 

STAM.  AMENTS  subfasciculate,  cylindric,  flaccid  and  pendulous; 
bracts  peltate, — each  with  5  bractlets,  and  1  to  3  florets.  Calyx  4- 
parted.  Stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx-lobes,  and 
opposite  them ;  anthers  ovoid,  2-celled.  PISTILLATE  AMENTS  ovoid- 
oblong,  with  the  bracts  imbricated,  fleshy,  somewhat  3-lobed.  Calyx 
of  4  scale-like  sepals,  adnate  at  base  to  the  bracts,  all  persistent 
and  becoming  woody  in  fruit.  Ovaries  2  under  each  bract ;  stigmas 
2,  filiform.  Fruit  a  compressed  angular  nut,  rarely  winged.  Mostly 
shrubs, — the  aments  produced  in  autumn,  for  the  next  spring. 

1*  A.  ser I'Ulilta,  Ait.  Leaves  obovate,  subacuminate,  denticu- 
late-serrulate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides;   stipules  oval, 
obtuse. 
SERRULATE  ALNUS.     Common  Alder.  Candle  Alder. 

Stem  6  to  10  feet  high,  with  numerous  crooked  branches.  Leaf-buds  pedicellate, 
covered  with  a  single  scale.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  strongly  nerved  and  sub- 
plicate  ;  petioles  J^  to  ^  an  inch  in  length.  Pistillate  aments  half  an  inch  to  near 
an.  inch  in  length,  oblong,  rigid,  dark  purplish-brown,  persistent,  and  often  some- 
what clustered,  on  short  lateral  branches  below  the  staminate  ones, — when  in 
flower,  bristled  with  the  dark-purple  exserted  stigmas.  Nuts  not  margined. 
Sab.  Margins  of  rivulets,  and  swamps :  common.  Fl.  March.  JFV.  Octo. 

Obs.  A  variety  of  this — with  the  leaves  thinner,  less  plicate,  and 
in  every  way  full  one-third  larger  than  usual — was  collected  on 
the  N.  Valley  Hill,  in  1851,  by  Mr.  JOSHUA  HOOPES. 

ORDER  XCV.    SALICACEAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs ;  leaves  alternate,  simple,  mostly  stipulate ;  stipules  scale-like  and 
deciduous,  or  foliaceous  and  persistent 5  powers  dioicous,  all  amentaceous;  bracts 
1-flowered ;  cafa/xjnone,  or  a  subturbinate  disk ;  stamens  1  to  12,  or  more,  sometimes 
monadelphous ;  anthers  2-celled;  ovary  1-celled,  or  imperfectly  2-celled,  many- 
ovuled !  stigmas  2,  subsessile,  each  2-  or  3-lobed ;  fruit  a  follicular  kind  of  capsule, 
opening  at  apex  by  2  valves ;  seeds  ascending,  numerous,  minute,  the  funiculus 
splitting  into  a  silky  coma  !  albumen  none. 

381.  SAVMX?  Tournef. 
[The  Ancient  Classical  name.] 

Aments  with  the  scales,  or  bracts,  entire.  Calyx  none, — or  replaced 
by  1  or  2  little  glands,  between  the  stamens,  or  pistil,  and  the 
rachis.  STAM.  FL.  Stamens  1  to  5  or  6;  filaments  sometimes 
united.  PISTILLATE  FL.  Stigmas  2-lobed ;  ovules  on  parietal  pla- 
centae near  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Trees,  or  shrubs — rarely  herba- 
ceous: branches  numerous,  terete  and  twiggy;  buds  covered  by  a 
single  scale;  leaves  usually  rather  long  and  narrow,  entire,  or  glan- 
dular-serrate.* 

*  In  revising  our  Native  Willows,  I  have  been  under  great  obligations  to  JOHN 
CAREY,  Esq.  of  New  York,— the  acute  and  able  Botanist  who  elaborated  that  difficult 
family  for  Prof.  A.  GRAY'S  Manual; — and  who  was  so  kind  as  to  examine  my 
Chester  County  specimens,  and  to  determine  them  in  accordance  with  the  said 
Manual. 


SALICACEAE  277 

gl.  Amenta  precocious,  lateral  and  sessile;  stamens  2;  ovary  pedicellate. 
t  Amenta  ovoid,  or  shortrcylindric ;  leaves  entire,  or  obscurely  wavy-toothed,  hairy,  or 
woolly,  margins  revolute. 

1.  S.  trist is.  Ait.  Leaves  subsessile,   oblanceolate,   or  cuneate- 
oblong,  acute,  or  the  lower  ones  obtuse ;  ovary  with  a  long  tapering 
beak,  silvery -pilose ;  style  short. 

S.  longirostris.  MX.  ?  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  658. 
SAD,  OR  DARK  SALIX.     Dwarf  Grey  Willow. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  often  decumbent,  slender,  much  branched,  with  a  dingy 
dark-green  bark, — the  young  branches  clothed  with  a  short  cinereous  pubescence ; 
terminal  buds  often  enlarged  into  truncated  cones,  or  more  frequently  turbinated. 
Leaves  %  to  1%  inches  long;  petioles  scarcely  a  line  in  length.  Pistillate  aments 
i^  to  J^  an  inch  long;  scales  obovate,  silky-pilose,  blackish  at  apex;  ovaries  on 
pedicels  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  scales. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  thickets;  on  slaty  hills:  frequent.  FL  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  The  student  who  undertakes  to  master  this  formidable 
genus,  will  find  it  necessary  to  note  various  minute  features  which 
would  escape  a  common  observer;  and  he  should,  moreover,  at- 
tend to  the  characters  as  exhibited,  at  different  stages  of  the  plants, 
both  by  the  fructification,  and  the  foliage.  Great  care  is  requisite, 
also,  to  prevent  confusion  in  the  Herbarium, — which  is  apt  to  result 
from  the  collections  being  made  at  different  times,  and  then  mixing 
together  aments,  and  leaves,  belonging  to  different  species.  My 
amiable  and  lamented  friend,  the  late  Rev.  Mr.  SCHWEINITZ,  used 
jocularly  to  say,  that  if  a  Botanist  were  to  commit  a  very  grave 
penitentiary  offence,  his  punishment  should  be,  to  prepare  a  com- 
plete monograph  of  the  Solidagines  I  I  incline  to  the  opinion,  how- 
ever, that  it  would  be  a  much  severer  sentence,  to  require  a  perfect 
monograph  of  the  Salices. 

2.  S.  IHI ill i I  is.  Marshall.    Leaves  petiolate,  lance-oblong,   and 
obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  or  obtuse  with  an  abrupt  point;  ovary 
acuminate,  pubescent ;  style  manifest. 

S.  conifera.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  558. 
HUMBLE  SALIX.     Bush  Willow. 

Stem  3  to  6  feet  high,  much  branched,  with  a  dark  greenish-brown  bark,— the 
young  branches  densely  clothed  with  a  soft  cinereous  tomentum.  leaves  strongly 
veined  and  tomentose  beneath,  1%  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  and  an  inch  wide,  in  the 
large  forms,— while  in  the  small  forms,  they  closely  approach  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species ;  petioles  1  line  to  %  of  an  inch  long.  Pistillate  aments  about  an  inch 
in  length,  often  recurved;  capsules  tawny  ;  coma  of  the  seeds  long  and  copious, 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.  FL  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  is,  doubtless,  the  S.  conifera,  of  PURSH.    Several  species, 
however,  bear  cones  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches, 
t  f  Aments  cylindric,  large ;  ovaries  densely  sillcy ;  leaves  smooth  and  shining  above  ; 
glaucous  beneath,  finally  smooth. 

3.  S.  discolor,  Mukl?  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,   and  lance- 
oblong,   irregularly   serrate,  or  entire;    scales   ovate,   or  oblong, 
obtuse,  nearly  black,  very  hairy,   [not  S.  discolor,  of  Fl.    Cestr. 
ed.  2.] 

S.  recurvata.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  557. 
TWO-COLORED  SALIX.    Glaucous  Willow. 


APETALOUS   EXOGENS 

SUm  2  or  3  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  branched ;  branches  finally  smooth.    Leaves  % 
an  inch  to  2%  inches  long,  often  cuneate-obovate  and  very  entire;  petioles  about 
a  line  in  length.    Pistillate  aments  elongating,  1  to  finally  2%  inches  long;  coma 
long  and  copious. 
Hob.  Woodlands;  slaty  hills:  not  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  seems  to  be  very  nearly  allied  to  S.  eriocephala,  of 
MICHAUX.  My  specimens  (which  are  imperfect)  have  also  some 
resemblance  to  S.  rostrata,  of  RICHARDSON. 

tttAments  ovoid,  or  cylindric,  with  a  few  small  leaf -like  bracts  at  base;  leaves 
finely  and  evenly  serrate,  silky  glaucous-gray  beneath,  drying  black, 

£•  S.  NOricea,  Marshall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate;  pistil- 
late aments  narrowly  cylindrical,  closely  flowered;  ovaries  ovoid- 
oblong,  densely  silky. 

S.  grisea.    Willd.  $  FL    Cestr.   ed.  2.  p.  561.  also,  S.  discolor.  Fl. 
Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  559.  not  of  Muhl. 
SILKY  SALIX. 

Stem  4  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  with  slender  greenish-brown  branches  which  aw 
cinereous-pubescent  when  young,  and  brittle  at  base.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long; 
petioles  2  lines  to  half  an  inch  in  length.    Pistillate  aments  %  to  \%  inches  long.— 
Staminate  aments  about  half  an  inch  long ;  anthers  greenish-brown. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  swampy  thickets:  frequent.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  Specimens  of  this  were  made  to  represent  two  species  in  the 
2nd  Edition  of  Fl.  Cestrica. 

5.  S.  pet i olaris?    Smith.    Leaves  lanceolate,    acute,   smooth 
above,   slightly   silky  beneath,  finally   smooth;    pistillate   aments 
ovoid- cylindric,  loosely  flowered ;  ovary  oblong,  silky. 
PETIOLED  SALIX. 

Stem  4  to  6  feet  high.    Leaves  2  to  3%  inches  long;  petioles  %  to  %  an  inch  in 
length.    Pistillate  aments  about  an  inch  long* 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  margins  of  swamps.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  was  collected  on  the  East  border  of  my  farm,  in  West- 
Chester,  in  1843, — and  I  have  not  attended  to  it  sufficiently  to 
ascertain  if  it  be  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

g  2.  Aments  sometimes  precocious,  often  coaetaneous,  lateral,  with  4  or  5  leafy  bracts 
at  base;  ovary  sessile,  usually  smooth  (minutely  granular,  under  a  lens),— some- 
times pubescent. 

6.  S.  cordata,  var.  myricoides,  Carey,  in  Gr.  Man.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, tapering,  and  rather  acute  (instead  of  cordate,  or  truncate) 
at  base,  subglaucous  beneath ;  stipules  obliquely  ovate,  denticulate ; 
ovary  tapering  to  the  summit,  often  pubescent. 

CORDATE  SALIX,  var.  myrica-like. 

Stem  2  to  6  feet  high.    Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long;  petioles  about  Y2  an  inch  in 
length.    Pistillate  aments  1  to  2  inches  long. 
Hob.  Along  streams ;  North  side  of  the  County :  rare.    Fl.  April.     Fr. 

Obs.  Collected  by  D.  TOWNSEND,  Esqr.  Judging  from  indifferent 
specimens,  I  should  rather  incline  to  consider  this  as  specifically 
distinct  from  the  original  £  cordata,  Muhl. 


SALICACBAE  279 

£3.  Amenta  coaetaneous,  long  and  loose,  at  the  summit  of  short  lateral  leafy  branches  ; 

ovaries  smooth;  scales  greenish-yellow,  deciduous ;  branches  brittle  at  base. 

•(•Ovary  sessile. 

7.  S.  dlba,  L.   Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,   acuminate,  denticulate^ 
silky-glaucous  beneath ;  stipules  lanceolate ;  styles  short. 
WHITE  SALIX.     White  Willow.     [See  S.  vitellina,  L.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed. 
2.  p.  562.] 

Stem  30  to  50  or  60  feet  high,  much  branched;  branches  rather  erect,  with  a  pale 
greenish-yellow  bark.  Leaves  2  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  the  lower  teeth  glandular; 
petioles  1  to  2  lines  in  length.  Pistillate  aments  2  to  near  3  inches  long,  greenish. 
Ilab.  About  hoilses ;  low  grounds.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  The  white  'willow,  if  I  mistake  not,  is  the  one  which  is  pre- 
ferred, and  cultivated,  by  the  manufacturers  of  Gun-powder,  for 
the  purpose  of  making  charcoal.  It  was  introduced  as  a  shade-tree, 
about  our  old  settlements;  but  is  now  generally  superseded  by  the 
Weeping  Willow.  It  is,  however,  partially  naturalized  in  some 
localities.  The  S.  vitellina,  L.  with  more  spreading  orange-yellow 
branches,  and  rather  shorter  and  broader  leaves  (which  Mr.  CAREY 
reduces  to  a  var.  of  this) — is  also  occasionally  seen,  as  a  shade- 
tree,  and  partially  naturalized.  I  think  we  have  none  but  the  pis- 
tillate plants,  of  both  varieties.  The  twigs  of  the  var.  vitellina,  or 
golden  Osier,  are  much  used,  in  Europe,  for  making  baskets.  In 
WATSON'S  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  we  are  told  that  the  Yellow  Wil- 
low, in  this  State,  came  originally  from  some  wicker-work  found 
sprouting,  in  Dock  Creek.  It  was  seen  by  Dr.  FRANKLIN,  who 
took  it  out  and  gave  the  cuttings  to  CHARLES  NORRIS  ;  who  reared 
them  on  the  grounds  now  the  site  of  the  Custom  House,  or  late 
Bank  of  the  U.  States. 

f  f  Ovary  pedicellate. 

8.  S.  frdgilis,  var.  Russelliana,  Carey,  in  Gr.  Man.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  serrate-dentate  with  the  teeth  incurved,  subglaucous 
beneath,  and   slightly   silky   while   young ;  stipules  semi-cordate ; 
styles  conspicuous. 

S.  Russelliana.  Smith,  $  Pi.   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  56L 
BRITTLE  SALIX.     Bedford  Willow. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high ;  brandies  rather  erect,  with  a  greenish-brown  smooth 
bark,  somewhat  pubescent  when  young,  remarkably  brittle  at  base.  Leaves  2  to 
4  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end,  finally  smooth ;  petioles  2  lines  to  %  an  inch  in 
length,  glandular  and  somewhat  pubescent.  Pistillate. aments  2  to  2%  inches  lo  ng; 
capsules  tawny-green. 
Hob.  Low  grounds.  Nat.  of  England.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  species  is  abundant  on  the  Brandywine,  about  Wistar's 
Bridge ;  and  has  been  advantageously  propagated,  inr  that  vicinity, 
in  localities  where  few  other  trees  would  grow.  I  have  seen  none 
but  pistillate  plants. 

5).  S.  niarra,  Marshall.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  'tapering  and 
acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  with  the  petiole 
and  midrib  pubescent;  stipules  small,  caducous;  stamens  3  or  4 
to  6 ;  styles  short. 
BLACK  SALIX. 


280  APETALOFS   EXOGENS 

Stem  15  to  20  feet  high,  often  crooked,  or  leaning,  with  a  dark-colored  rong& 
bark;  branches  somewhat  pubescent,  and  mostly  dark  purple,  when  young.— 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long ;  petioles  1  to  2  or  3  lines  in  length,  often  very  pubescent, 
sometimes  smoothish.  Staminate  aments  1%  to  2  inches  long,  rather  slender, 
tomentose ;  stamens  usually  about  5.  Pistillate  aments  about  an  inch  long. 

Var.  falcata,  Carey,  in  Gr.  Man.     Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  more 
or  less  falcate,  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex,  and  often  obtuse  at 
base;  petiole  and  midrib  smooth ;  stajtwZesreniform-eordate,  reflexed, 
large  and  persistent  on  young  branches. 
S.  Purshiana.  Spreng.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  560. 
Sab.  Low  grounds;  along  streams :  frequent.     FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  Since  the  2nd  Edition  was  published,  I  have  seen  handsome 
trees,  of  the  var.  falcata,  in  the  adjoining  County  of  New  Castle,  25 
to  30  feet  in  height ;  and  have  received  beautiful  specimens  from 
the  banks  of  the  streams  among  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  from  my 
industrious  and  observing  friend,  Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN. 

1O.  S.  liicicla,  Muhl.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  oval,  or  lanceolate, 
often  coriaceous,  conspicuously  acuminate,  glandular-serrate,  smooth 
and  shining  on  both   sides;    stipules   oblong,   toothed;    stamens 
about  5. 
SHINING  SALIX. 

Stem  8  to  12  or  15  feet  h  igh ;  branches  smooth,  with  a  shining  yellowish-brown 
bark.    Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  and  %  to  2  inches  wide;  petioles  %to  %  of  an 
inch  in  length,  glandular  near  the  leaf.    Staminate  aments  1  to  1%  inches  long.— 
Pistillate  aments  1  to  2  inches  long.    Coma  of  the  seeds  long  and  copious. 
Ifab.  Banks  of  the  Brandy  wine,  near  Downingtown :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  I  have  received,  since  the  last  Edition,  specimens  from  the 
mountains,  by  Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN,  of  Clinton  County,  with  leaves 
quite  as  large  as  those  figured  by  MICHAUX,  thick  and  coriaceous, 
with  a  remarkable  acumination. 

XL  S.  BABYLONICA,  L.  Young  branches  very  slender,  flaccid,  and 
pendulous;    leaves  linear-lanceolate,   acuminate,   usually   sharply 
serrate-dentate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath;  stipules  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, glandular-dentate,  revolute ;  aments  recurved. 
BABYLONIAN  SALIX.     Weeping,  or  Drooping  Willow. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,  with  a  wide-spreading  top ;  young  branches  greenish, 
numerous,  long  and  perpendicularly  pendent.    Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long; 
petioles  1  or  2  lines  in  length.    Pistillate  aments  about  an  inch  long,  mostly  curved 
or  turned  upward  on  the  pendulous  branches. 
Hob.  About  houses.    Nat.  of  the  East.    FL  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  picturesque  and  elegant  species  is  deservedly  admired, 
and  much  cultivated,  as  an  ornamental  shade-tree.  TOURNEFORT 
thus  defines  it: — "S.  orientalis,  flagellis  deorsum  pulchre  penden- 
tibus."  LINNAEUS,  adopting  the  idea  of  RAUWOLF,  gave  it  the 
specific  name  which  it  now  bears, — in  allusion  to  the  137th  Psalm: — 
"By  the  rivers  of  Babylon,  there  we  sat  down,  yea,  we  wept,  when 
we  remembered  Zion.  We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  Willows  in 
the  midst  thereof."  According  to  Mr.  WATSON,  the  Annalist  of 
Philadelphia,  the  first  Weeping  Willows  were  introduced  by  Gov. 
JOHN  PENN,  for  his  Garden,  in  South  third  street.  None  but  the 


I        8ALICACKAE  281 

pistillate  plant  has  yet  been  seen, — either  here,  or  in  Europe.  A 
singular  variety  (annularis,  or  Ring-leaved  Willow),  with  small 
curled  leaves,  has  been  introduced  within  a  few  years.  Several  of 
the  Willows  afford  good  material  for  Basket-work;  but  the  species 
most  highly  prized,  for  its  pliable  twigs,  is  the  Common  Osier  (Salix 
vimindlis,  L.), — which  is  said  to  be  well  worthy  of  culture,  as  a 
profitable  business.  I  think  I  have  not  yet  seen  that  species  in  our 
County ;  though  its  introduction  would  probably  pay,  at  this  time, 
better  than  Morus  multicaulis. 

382.  POP'UL,US,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Populus,  the  people;  being  used  to  shade  the  People's,  or  public,  walks.] 
Aments  with  the  bracts  laciniately  incised  at  apex.  Calyx  a  sub- 
turbinate  cup-shaped  disk, — the  border  obliquely  lengthened  in, 
front,  entire,  surrounding  the  stamens,  or  pistil.  Stamens  8  to  12, 
or  more;  filaments  distinct.  Stigmas  large,  2-  or  3-lobed.  Trees: 
branches  more  or  less  angular,  often  stoutish ;  bud-scales  numerous, 
imbricated,  coated  with  resinous  varnish ;  leaves  often  broad,  sub- 
cordate  or  ovate,  on  long  laterally  compressed  petioles ;  aments  pre- 
ceding the  leaves, — -the  bracts  and  calyx  similar  in  both  kinds. 

1.  P.  tremulQides,  MX.  Leaves   cordate-orbicular,    abruptly 
acuminate,  denticulate ;  bracts  deeply  3-  or  4-lobed ;  lobes  linear. 
TREMULA-LIKE  POPULUS.     American  Aspen. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet  high,  (tall  and  slender,  when  crowded,— shorter  and  round- 
topped,  when  single),  with  a  smoothish  cinereous  bark.  Leaves  about  2  inches  in 
length  (on  young  plants,  much  larger),  and  rather  wider  than  long ;  petioles  2  to  3 
inches  long,  slender,  laterally  much  compressed  (or  vertically  dilated)  near  the 
leaf, — which  compression  subjects  the  leaf  to  a  tremulous  motion  from  the  slightest 
breeze.  Pistillate  aments  3  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length.  Bracts  deeply  incised,  and 
fringed  with  long  grey  hairs.  Stigmas  dark  purple. 
Bab.  Low  grounds ;  Brandy  wine :  not  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  is  sometimes  cultivated,  as  an  ornamental  shade-tree; 
and  its  bark  is  a  popular  tonic.  The  Quaking  Aspen,  of  Europe  (P. 
tremula,  X.)-^which  ours  resembles — is  scarcely  known,  here. 

2.  P.  grandidentata,  MX.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,    acute, 
coarsely  sinuate-dentate;   bracts  dentate,  or  5-  or  6-lobed;  lobes 
small,  unequal. 

LARGE-TOOTHED  POPULUS. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,— when  growing  singly,  tUe  top  rather  large  and  round- 
ish ;  bark  smooth,  greenish-gray.    Leaves  3  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  and  about  as 
wide  as  long ;  petioles  2  to  3  inches  in  length.    Pistillate  aments  2  to  3  inches  long. 
Bracts  slightly  fringed,  or  somewhat  coarsely  dentate. 
Sab.  Moist  woodlands:  becoming  rare.    FL  April.  Fr.  May. 

3.  P.  lieteropliyl'la,  L.  Leaves  roundish-oblong,  or  deltoid- 
ovate,  obtuse,  uncinately  serrate,  often  auriculately  subcordate  at 
base  with  the  sinus  small,  densely  and  softly  tomentose  while  young. 
VARIOUS-LEAVED  POPULUS. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,  with  a  greyish-brown  bark.  Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches 
long,  and  2  to  6  inches  wide;  petioles  2  to  4  or  5  inches  in  length,— at  first  densely 
clothed,  like  the  leaves,  with  a  soft  cinereous  (or  often  slightly  tawny)  tomentum. 
Hob.  Moist  woods;  E.  Marlborough:  rare.  Fl.  April.  Fr. 


*o*  APETALOUS   EXOQENS 

4.  P.  GRAECA,  Ait.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,   acuminate,   uncinately 
serrate. 

GREEK  POPULUS.     Athenian  Poplar. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,  with  irregular  and  rather  spreading  branches.    Leaves 
4  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length,  and  about  as  wide  as  long;  petioles  1%  to  3  inches 
long.    Pistillate  aments  3  to  6  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Streets,  and  yards.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  species  was  introduced,  here,  as  a  shade  tree,  early  in 
the  present  century;  but  it  was  not  generally  adopted,— and  is  now 
nearly  superseded  by  more  eligible  ones.  We  have  only  the  pistil- 
late plant ;  and  the  cottony  coma,  from  the  bursting  capsules,  is  so 
abundant  as  to  render  the  tree  objectionable,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  dwellings.  It  is  stated  in  SELBT'S  History  of  British 
Forest  Trees  (1842),  that  the  North  American  Continent  is  probably 
the  "real  native  country"  of  this  Poplar,  If  so,  AITON'S  specific 
name  (Graeca,)  was  an  unfortunate  misnomer:  a  mistake,  however, 
not  uncommon  in  vulgar  names. 

5.  P.  DILATXTA,  Ait.  Leaves  much  dilated,  nearly  deltoid,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides. 

DILATED  POPULUS.     Lombardy  Poplar.  Italian  Poplar. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet  high ;  branches  numerous,  nearly  erect,  forming  a  close 
conical-oblong  symmetrical  top.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  in  length,  and  rather  wider 
than  long;  petioles  about  2  inches  in  length.    Staminate  aments  2  to  3  inches  long, 
the  bracts  finely  fringed. 
Hob.  Streets,  and  avenues,    FL  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  was  a  favorite  ornamental  tree,  for  a  number  of  years ; 
but  is  now  (1852)  nearly  obsolete.  Mr.  WATSON,  in  his  Annals  of 
Philadelphia,  says  it  was  introduced  from  England,  in  1784,  by 
WILLIAM  HAMILTON,  Esqr.,  of  the  "Woodlands,"  near  that  City. — 
The  Botanical  Editor  of  REES'S  Cyclopaedia,  however,  thinks  they 
have  only  the  pistillate  plant  in  England, — whereas  it  was  the  stam- 
inate  plant  that  was  introduced  by  Mr.  HAMILTON  ;  and  he  may 
have  procured  it  from  the  Continent.  SELBY,  in  his  British  Forest 
Trees,  says  this  Poplar  was  probably  brought  into  Italy,  from  Per- 
sia. It  is  called  P.  fastigiata,  by  DESFONTAINES  ;  and  SELBY  uses 
the  term  fastigiate  in  its  original  sense  of  taper-pointed,  conical  or 
pyramidal, — instead  of  level-  or  flat-topped,  which  is  the  meaning 
attached  to  it  by  most  modern  Botanists. 

6.  P.  ALBA,  L.  Leaves  roundish-cordate,  or  often  3-lobed,  coarsely 
dentate,  smooth  and  green  above,  mostly  white  and  densely  tomen- 
tose  beneath. 

WHITE  POPULUS.     Silver  Poplar.  Abele-tree. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches  and  a  smooth  greyish-white 
bark.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,— -when  old,  sometimes  glabrous  on  both  sides ; 
petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Aments  1  to  2  inches  long,— the  bracts  finely 
laciniate  and  ciliate  with  white  hairs. 
Bab.  Streets,  and  yards.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  is  becoming  somewhat  frequent,  as  a  cultivated  shade 
tree, — though  its  tendency  to  send  up  suckers,  all  around  it,  renders 


SALICACEAE  288 

it  rather  troublesome,     It  is  this  species  to  which  that  delightful 
Poet  of  Nature,  COWPER,  refers, — where  he  mentions  the 
"  Poplar,  that  with  silver  lines  his  leaf." 

ORDER  XCVI.    PLATANACEAE. 

Trees,  with  a  watery  juice;  leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  palmately  nerved  and  lobed, 
with  sheathing  intrapetiolar  stipules, — the  petioles  tumid  and  hollow  at  base,  con- 
oealing  the  young  buds;  flowers  monoicous,  minute,  densely  crowded  in  separate 
naked  globose  long-peduncled  pendulous  aments;  calyx  none:  STAMINATE  FLOWERS 
in  small  deciduous  heads ;  stamens  numerous,  mixed  with  subclavate  scales  (of 
ataminodia  ?) :  PISTILLATE  FLOWERS  in  larger  persistent  heads ;  ovaries  numerous, 
filiform-clavate,  mixed  with  spatulate  scales  (abortive  ovaries?);  styles  rather 
lateral,  simple,  subulate ;  fruit  a  1-celled  1-seeded  clavate  coriaceous  little  nut^ 
which  is  invested  at  base,  with  tawny  pappus-like  hairs ;  seed  pendulous,  with 
fleshy  albumen. 

383.  PI-AT'AWUS,  L. 

[Gr.  Platys,  broad;  in  allusion  to  the  ample  shade  of  its  foliage.] 
$g^  The  Order  consisting  of  a  single  Genus,  the  character  of  both 
is  necessarily  the   same.     Large  frees,  with  cinereous  exfoliating 
bark.       . 

1.  P.  occidental!*,  L.  Leaves  roundish-pentagonal,  sinuate- 
lobed  and  dentate,  clothed  with  a  branching  deciduous  pubescence. 
WESTERN  PLATANUS.  Button-wood.  Plane-tree. 

(Stem  60  to  100  feet  high,  and  3  to  5  feet,  or  more,  in  diameter, — with  large  spread- 
ing branches,  and  a  smoothish  cinereous  bark,  which  exfoliates  in  broad  thinnish 
plates.  Leaves  4  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length,  and  rather  wider  than  long, — the  base 
at  first  truncate,  finally  subcordate ;  peiioUs  1  to  3  intb.es  in  length ;  stipules  some- 
what salverform,  sheathing  the  young  branches  immediately  above  the  petioles,-— 
the  border  foliaceous,  coarsely  and  unequally  toothed.  Staminate  heads  small,  on 
peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long.  Pistillate  heads  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  on 
peduncles  3  to  5  inches  long.  Nuts  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  slender,  sub- 
terete,  clavate.  mucronate,  the  base  acute. 
Hob.  Banks  of  streams,  and  roadsides :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  October. 

Obs.  This  stately  tree — originating  from  a  very  small  seed — often 
attains  to  a  larger  size  than  any  other,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
For  a  number  years  past,  it  has  been  affected  with  some  disease, 
which  has  materially  impaired  its  luxuriant  growth, — the  nature, 
or  cause  of  which  affection,  seems  not  to  be  well  ascertained. 

ORDER  XCVII.    URTICA^CEAE. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice,— or  herbs  with  a  watery  juice ;  leaves  alternate, 
or  opposite,  often  stipulate;  flowers  monoicous,  dioicous,  or  polygamous,  furnished 
with  a  regular  calyx, — sometimes  arranged  in  ament-like  spikes,  or  fleshy  heads; 
gfamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  and  opposite  them ;  ovary  free  from  the  calyx, 
mostly  1-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  ;  fruit  an  akene,  or  utricle, — often  inclosed  in 
the  fleshy  calyx,  and  clustered  so  as  to  form  a  compound  berry, — or  all  contained 
in  the  cavity  of  the  general  receptacle ;  embryo  curved,  or  straight, — with,  or  with- 
out albumen. 

This  is  a  comprehensive  and  important,  though  rather  heterogeneous,  order, — 
comprising  4  subdivisions,  which  ENDUCHER  has  erected  into  as  many  distinct 


284  APETALOUS    EXOGENS 

Orders,  designated  as  the  Bread-fruit,  Mulberry,  Hemp,  and  Nettle  families.  It 
certainly  contains  plants  of  remarkably  dissimilar  aspect  and  properties ;  such  as 
the  Nettle  and  the  Mulberry — the  bitter  Hop  and  the  luscious  Fig — the  nutritious 
Bread-fruit  (Artocarpus  ina'sa,  i.)  and  the  reputed  deadly  Upas  (Antiaris  toxicaria, 
Leschtn).  The  celebrated  Cow-tree,  or  Palo  de  Vaca  (Brosimum  Galactodendron, 
Don),  of  South  America — "  which  yields  a  copious  supply  of  rich  and  wholesome 
milk" — belongs  to  this  Order;  as  also  does  the  yellow-dye  wood,  called  Fustic 
(Madura  tinctoria,  Don),  the  wide-spreading  Banyan  tree  (Ficus  religiosa,  Z.)  of 
India,  &c. 

SUBORDER  I.  MORE^AE.  * 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate,  with  deciduous  stipules; 
staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  sometimes  intermixed,  but  usually  in  separate 
epikes,  or  heads, — and  occasionally  (as  in  the  Fig)  included  in  the  hollow  recep- 
tacle; the  calyx,  or  receptacle,  of  the  pistillate  flowers,  becoming  succulent  in  fruit; 
Stigmas  2 ;  embryo  curved,  in  copious  albumen. 

384.  MACL.ITRA,  Nuttall. 

[Dedicated  to  William  Maclure, — a  munificent  Patron  of  Natural  Science.] 
Flowers  dioicous :  STAM.  FL.  racemose.  Calyx  4-parted.  PISTIL- 
LATE FL.  densely  crowded,  and  coalesced,  on  a  globose  receptacle. 
Sepals  4,  in  opposite  pairs,  oblong,  somewhat  cucullate  and  fleshy. 
Ovary  1-celled,  sessile;  style  terminal,  bifid, — one  branch  large, 
much  exserted,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side, — the  other  small,  or 
abortive.  Akenes  1 -seeded,  embraced  by  the  sepals,  and  all  coa- 
lesced into  a  large  compound  globose  lactescent  yellowish-green 
berry,  with  a  glabrous,  but  uneven,  irregularly  tessellated  surface. 
Small  trees, — the  branches  armed  with  very  sharp  slender  spines. 

1.  M.  AURANTIACA,  Nutt.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  entire, 
smooth  and  shining  above,  puberulent  beneath ;  berry  subsessile, 
axillary,  solitary. 
ORANGE-LIKE  MACLURA.     Osage  Orange.  Bow-wood. 

Stem  20  to  30  feet  high,  with  a  much-branched  spreading  or  bushy  top, — the 
branches  virgate,  but  often  inclined  to  droop  or  curve  downward,  armed  with  small 
and  very  sharp  spines,  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  subcoriaceous,  mucronate; 
petioles  1  to  2  inches  in  length ;  stipules  oblong,  somewhat  cucullate,  caducous.— 
Principal  style-branch  near  an  inch  long,  villous,  purplish.  Fruit  coalesced  in  a 
solid  globose  head  which  is  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter. 
Hob.  Yards;  hedges,  <fcc.  Nat.  of  Arkansas.  FL  May.  Fr.  Oct. 

Obs.  The  roots  of  this  are  of  a  bright  orange  color, — and  so  abun- 
dant, and  extensive,  as  to  be  troublesome,  in  gardens.  The  wood 
shows  an  affinity  with  that  of  the  Mulberry, — and  therefore  is 
probably  durable.  It  is  said  to  have  been  highly  valued  for  making 
Bows,  by  the  aboriginal  hunters  and  warriors.  I  have  observed 
that  Silk- worms  feed  greedily  on  its  leaves  ;  and  the  young  plants, 
properly  managed,  promise  to  make  a  very  neat  and  effective  hedge, — 
though  I  apprehend  the  roots  would  exhaust  the  soil  to  an  injurious 
extent  on  each  side,  in  cultivated  grounds. 

*We  have  no  plant  belonging  to  the  Suborder  ARTOCARPEAE,  or  Bread-fruit 
division,  growing  in  this  County.  The  nearest  approach  to  the  structure  and 
appearance  of  the  Bread-fruit,  is  in  the  fruit  of  the  Madura,  or  Osage  Orange,— 
which  has  been  introduced  from  the  South  West. 


t          URTICAOEAB  285 

385.  ItlCTRVS,  Tourmf. 
[From  Morea, — the  Greek  name  of  the  Mulberry.] 

Flowers  mostly  monoicous:  calyx  4-parted.  STAM.  FL.  in  loose 
ament-like  spikes, — the  spikes  sometimes  androgynous.  PISTILLATE 
FL.  in  short  dense  spikes.  Ovary  2-celled, — one  of  the  cells  smaller, 
and  disappearing ;  styles  2,  filiform,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side. — 
Akene  compressed,  ovate,  covered  by  the  persistent  succulent  calyx, 
— the  whole  spike  thus  becoming  a  compound  terete  oblong  berry. — 
Leaves  often  lobed ;  flowers  greenish. 

1.  M.  rrtbra,  L.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  sometimes  2- 
or  3-lobed,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  dark  purple. 
RED  MORUS.     Red  Mulberry. 

Stem  usually  15  to  25  feet  high,  with  numerous  spreading  branches.  Leaves  4 
to  6  or  8  inches  long,  dentate-serrate,  often  lobed  on  young  plants ;  petioles  1  to  3 
inches  in  length.  Flowers  numerous,  in  axillary  pedunculate  ament-like  spikes, 
— often  androgynous,  sometimes  dioicous.  Staminate  spikes  1  to  near  2  inches 
long.  Pistillate  spikes  about  an  inch  long, — becoming  juicy,  sweet,  and  pleasantly 
esculent  when  mature. 
Hob,  Rich  woodlands ;  fence-rows,  &c. :  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  small  tree  is  very  durable ;  and  the  fruit 
preferred  to  that  of  any  other  species,  known  here. 

2.  M.  dlba,  L.  Leaves   obliquely  cordate-ovate,  acute,  somewhat 
lobed,  smoothish  and  shining ;  fruit  usually  yellowish- white. 
WHITE  MORUS.     White  Mulberry. 

Stem  10  to  20  or  25  feet  high,  branched,  and  spreading  at  top.  Leaves  2  to  4 
inches  long  (in  young  plants,  much  larger),  unequally  crenate-serrate,  yellowish- 
green;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.  Pistillate  spikes  shorter  and 
smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Fruit  straw-color,  when  mature, — rarely  dark 
purple  or  nearly  black. 
Sab.  Fence-rows,  &c.  Nat.  of  Asia.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  White  Mulberry  was  introduced  into  this  County,  nearly 
a  century  since,  with  a  view  to  the  Silk-culture.  The  project,  how- 
ever, was  soon  abandoned ;  for,  in  that  early  stage  of  the  Colony — 
with  all  manufacturing  pursuits  discountenanced  by  the  Mother 
Country — the  sparsely  settled  Agriculturists  soon  found  it  more 
profitable  to  attend  to  mammiferous  animals,  rather  than  Insects.— 
But  the  tree  became  partially  naturalized, — and  is  yet  to  be  seen 
about  a  number  of  old  settlements.  About  fifteen  years  ago,  a 
variety  of  this  species — of  smaller  stature  and  much  larger  leaves 
(well-remembered  by  the  name  of  Morus  multicaulis] — was  intro- 
duced, as  being  still  better  adapted  to  the  feeding  of  Silk- worms ; 
and  soon  thereafter,  a  scene  of  speculation  and  infatuation  was 
exhibited,  thoughout  the  U.  States,  which — like  some  of  its  Euro- 
pean prototypes — bade  defiance  to  all  the  suggestions  of  reason  and 
common  sense.  There  was  a  sort  of  wild  enthusiasm,  or  furor,  so 
universal  and  vehement,  that  it  became  positively  ludicrous;  and 
was  scarcely  exceeded,  in  absurdity,  by  the  nearly  contemporaneous 
epidemic,  which  led  our  excitable  people,  in  a  fit  of  political  delirium,  to 
wage  a  destructive  war  upon  their  own  currency.  During  the  preva- 
lence of  the  Moro-mania,  every  body  was  eagerly  engaged  in  prop- 


286  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

agating  myriads  of  trees  to  sell — without  stopping  to  inquire  whew 
they  could  be  sold,  or  who  would  be  likely  to  buy !  Of  course,  it 
was  not  very  long  until  the  bubble  burst; — and  the  curious  incident^ 
of  the  hallucination  now  only  serve 

"  To  point  a  moral,  or  adorn  a  tale." 

At  some  future  day,  and  under  different  circumstances,  it  is  quite 
possible  that  a  portion  of  our  population  may  find  the  Silk-culture 
an  eligible  business,  and  the  Morus  multicaulis  a  valuable  little  tree. 

386.  BROUSS01VEVTIA,   Vent. 

[Dedicated  to  P.  N.  V.  Broussonet,— a  French  Naturalist.] 
Flowers  dioicous :  STAM.  FL.  in  loose  ament-like  spikes?  bracteate. — 
Calyx  4-parted.  PISTILLATE  FL.  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  mixed 
with  hairy  scales.  Calyx  urceolate,  3-  or  4-toothed.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  pedicellate;  style  1,  filiform,,  eccentric,  stigmatic  on  one  side. 
Akene  softly  fleshy,  elevated  on  the  baccate  pedicel,  which  is  sup- 
rounded  at  base  by  the  calyx. 

1.  B.  PAPYRIF'ERA,  Vent.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  or  subcordate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  often  lobed,  roughish  above,  pubescent  beneath. 
PAPEB-PBODUCING  BBOUSSONETIA.  Paper  Mulberry. 

Stem  15  to  20  or  25  feet  high,  with  spreading  hranches,  and  tough  bark  on  the 
twigs.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  in  length.    Staminate 
spikes  about  2  inches  long.     Pistillate  flowers  densely  crowded  on  a  globose 
receptacle. 
ffab.  Streets,  and  yards.    Nat.  of  Japan.    Fl.  May.  F.r. 

Obs.  The  staminate  plant  was  introduced,  here,  some  60  years 
since,  as  a  shade  tree  ;  but  it  is  inferior  to  many  others  in  beauty, — 
and  so  prolific  in  troublesome  suckers,  that  it  is  now  becoming  ob- 
solete. The  pistillate  plant  (especially  in  fruit)  is  said  to  be  a 
handsomer  tree ;  but  it  has  been  introduced  so  recently,  that  its 
character  is  scarcely  known  among  us. 

SUBORDER  II.  CANNABIN'EAE. 

Herbs,  with  a  watery  juice;  erect  and  annual, — or  twining  and  perennial. 
leaves  usually  opposite,  and  stipulate ;  flowers  dioicous, — the  staminate  ones  race- 
mose, or  paniculate,  with  5  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud, — the  pistillate  ones 
clustered,  either  with  single  bracts,  or  with  numerous  bracts  imbricated  in  stro_ 
bile-like  aments;  stigmas  2,  elongated;  fruit  a  nut,  or  akene;  embryo  curved, 
destitute  of  albumen, 

387.  CAflT'STABIS,  Tournef. 
[An  ancient  Greek  name,— of  obscure  etymology.] 

STAM.  FL.  in  axillary  compound  racemes.  PISTILLATE  FL.  spicate- 
clustered,  with  single  bracts.  Calyx  urceolate,  acuminate, — con- 
sisting of  a  single  membranaceous  sepal  folded  round  the  subglobose 
ovary.  Fruit  a  nut  (or  caryopsis),  ovoid,  1-celled,  2-valved,  inde- 
hiscent,  inclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx.  Stem  erect;  upper  leaves 
often  alternate ;  flowers  greenish. 

1.  C.  SATIXVA,  Leaves  digitate,  petiolate ;  leaflets  5  to  7,  lanceolate, 

serrate. 

CULTIVATED  CANNABIS.    Common  Hemp. 


URTICACEAB  287 

Annual.  Stem  5  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  obtusely  angular  and  sulcate,  roughish- 
pubesceut,  often  branched.  Leaflets  3  to  5  inches  long  ;  common  petioles  1  to  3 
inches  in  length.  Staminate  flowers  in  loose  pedunculate  axillary  clusters,  rather 
crowded  in  a  kind  of  dense  panicle  at  summit.  Pistillate  flowers  axillary,  sessile; 
mostly  in  pairs.  Stigmas  long,  slender,  densely  pubescent,  somewhat  tawny. 
flab.  Fields,  &c.  :  very  rare.  Nat.  of  Persia.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant  —  so  important  in  Commerce  and  the  Arts  —  was 
formerly  one  of  the  regular  crops,  with  many  of  our  farmers;  but 
it  is  now  scarcely  entitled  to  be  enumerated  among  the  cultivated 
plants  of  Chester  County. 


388.  HITUUJMIS,  L. 

[Latin,  Humus,  mould,  or  moist  earth  ;  in  allusion  to  its  place  of  growth.] 
STAM.  FL.  in  loose  oblong  axillary  panicles.  PISTILLATE  FL.  in 
short  axillary  and  solitary  strobile-like  aments  ;  bracts  foliaceous, 
imbricated  in  several  rows,  each  2-flowered.  Calyx  a  single  mem- 
branaceous  scale-like  enlarging  sepal,  —  its  folded  margin  embracing 
the  ovary.  Akene  1-celled,  invested  with  the  enlarged  calyx,  which 
is  sprinkled  with  orange-colored  resinous  atoms,  and,  together  with 
the  bracts,  forming  a  membranaceous  cone,  or  ovoid-oblong  ament. 
Stem  twining  (with  the  sun  —  or  E.  S.  West)  ;  upper  leaves  often  alter- 
nate ;  flowers  greenish. 

1.  H.  LU^PULUS,  L.  Stem  retrorsely  aculeate  ;  leaves  mostly  3-lobed, 
cordate  at  base,  petiolate,  very  rough. 
LITTLE-WOLF  HUMULUS.     Common  Hop.  Hop-vine. 

Perennial.  Stem  10  to  15  or  20  feet  long,  several  from  the  same  root  (or  rhizoma), 
slender,  somewhat  angular  and  twisted,  branched  above.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches 
long  ;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  in  length.  Pistillate  cones  proverbially  numerous  and 
crowded  ("  as  thick  as  hops"),  pendulous,  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  at  maturity  ; 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  acuminate. 
Sab.  Gardens,  &c.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  September. 

Obs.  This  plant  —  though  cultivated  (i.  e.  the  pistillate  one)  in 
almost  every  garden  —  is  undoubtedly  indigenous  along  our  streams. 
The  uses  and  value  of  the  cones  (or  rather  of  the  bitter  resinous 
atoms,  with  which  they  abound,)  are  well  known.  The  pistillate 
plant,  in  cultivation,  being  usually  remote  from  the  staminate,  I 
think  the  ovaries  are  commonly  abortive. 

SUBORDER  III.  URTPCEAE. 

Herbs,  with  a  watery  juice,  —  often  armed  with  stinging  hairs;  leaves  opposite,  or 
alternate,  stipulate.  ;  flmoers  monoicous,  dioicous,  or  polygamous,  paniculate,  spiked, 
or  clustered;  style  single,  or  none;  fruit  an  akene,  or  nut  (caryopsis),  usually 
embraced  by  the  persistent  calyx  ;  embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen, 

389.  URTTCA,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  uro,  to  burn,  and  tactus,  touch  ;  from  the  effect  in  handling  it.] 
Flowers  chiefly  monoicous  :  STAM.  FL.  Sepals  4  or  5,  valvate  in  the 
bud.  PISTILLATE  FL.  Sepals  4,  in  opposite  pairs,  —  the  outer  pair 
smaller,  sometimes  abortive.  Stigma  pencil-tufted,  or  subulate.  — 
Akene  somewhat  compressed,  ovate-oblong.  Plants  mostly  armed 
with  stinging  hairs  ;  flowers  greenish. 


288  APETALOUS  EXOGENS 

f  Leaves  opposite;  flowers  spiked;  stigma  penc&tufted. 

1,  U.  diolca,  L.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,   conspicuously  acuminate^ 
deeply  and  acutely  serrate;  flowers  mostly  dioicous  ;  spikes  longer 
than  the  petioles. 

DIOICOUS  URTICA.     Stinging  Nettle. 

Perennial.    Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  branching.    Leaves  2  or  3 
to  5  inches  long;  petioles  %  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.    Flowers  small,  in  in- 
terrupted clusters,  on  slender  axillary  branching  hispid  spikes. 
Hob.  Waste  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  A  naturalized  nuisance,  —  often  seen  about  the  houses  of 
slovenly  farmers.     Dr.  DARWIN  thus  notices  it:  — 

"  Wide  o'er  the  madd'ning  throng  URTICA  flings 
Her  barbed  shafts,  and  darts  her  poison'd  stings." 

ff  Leaves  alternate;  flowers  paniculate;  stigma  subulate. 

2.  17.  C'aiiarteiisis,  L.  Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  ser- 
rate ;  panicles  loosely  and  divaricately  branched. 

CANADIAN  URTICA. 

Perennial.  Hispid,  and  more  or  less  stinging.  Stem  2  to  5  feet  high,  rather 
stout,  terete,  branching.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  often  inclining  to  elliptic, 
thinnish;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  in  length,  slender.  Panicles  often  nearly  as  long 
as  the  leaves,—  the  lower  or  early  ones  mostly  sterile,  the  upper  or  later  ones 
fertile.  Fruit  smooth,  larger  than  the  sepals,  obliquely  orbicular-ovate,  with  the 
elongated  stigma  deflected  along  one  margin. 
Hob.  Miry,  shaded  grounds  :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

390.  PIMTA,  Lindley. 
[Latin,  Pileus,  a  cap  ;  from  the  form  of  the  calyx-lobes,  or  staminodia.] 

Flowers  monoicous,  —  both  kinds  often  intermixed  in  the  same  panicle, 
bracteate  :  STAM.  FL.  Sepals  3  or  4.  PISTILLATE  FL.  Calyx  with 
3  unequal  lobes,  and  an  incurved  scale  (staminodium)  before  each. 
Stigma  sessile,  pencil-tufted.  Akene  compressed,  ovate,  minutely 
warty.  Flowers  greenish,  minute,  in  paniculate  corymbs. 

1.  P.  piimilci?  A.  Gray.  Stem  smooth,  succulent  and  translu- 
cent; leaves  opposite,  rhombic-ovate,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate, 
petiolate  ;  corymbs  shorter  than  the  petioles. 
Urtica  pumila.  L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  523. 
DWARF  PILEA.     Kich-weed.  Smooth  Nettle. 

Annual.    Plant  yellowish-green.    Stem  6  to  18  inches  high,  simple,  or  branched 
from  the  base,  obtusely  4-angled.    Leaves  1  to  3  inches  long,  somewhat  hairy  ; 
petioles  1  to  3  inches  in  length,  slender,  smoothish.    Fruit  sprinkled  with  brownish 
oblong  wart-like  dots. 
Hob.  Moist  shaded  places:  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


391.  KOEIIMtrRIA,  Jacquin. 
[Named  after  George  Rudolph  JBoehmer,  —  a  German  Botanist.] 
Flowers  chiefly  dioicous,  —  sometimes  intermixed,  on  simple  axillary 
spikes  :  STAM.  FL.  in  small  bracteate  clusters,  on  slender  interrupted 
spikes.     Sepals  4  or  5.     PISTILLATE  FL.  bracteate,  in  shorter  and 
thicker  continuous  spikes.     Calyx  tubular-ventricose,  entire,   or 


URTICACBAE  289 

4-toothed,  inclosing  the  ovary.  Style  subulate,  villous,  or  stigmatic 
on  one  side.  Akene  compressed,  elliptic-ovate,  invested  by  the 
persistent  calyx.  Plants  more  or  less  hairy,  but  not  stinging ; 
flowers  greenish. 

1.  B.  cylindrica,  Willd.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  lance-ovate, 
acuminate,  dentate,  on  long  petioles ;  pistillate  spikes  cylindrical. 
CYLINDEIC  BOEHMERIA.  False  Nettle. 

Perennial.  Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  mostly  simple,  obtusely  4-angled,  with  a  groove 
on  each  side.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long ;  petioles  1  to  3  inches  in  length.  Spikes  1 
to  3  inches  long,  usually  with  2  or  3  small  leaves  at  the  summit,— the  staminate 
spikes  generally  longer  than  the  pistillate  ones;  when  the  spikes  are  androgynous 
they  are  somewhat  interrupted.  Fruit  with  a  thick  pubescent  margin,  and  acu- 
minate with  the  pubescent  style. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets;  along  streams:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

392.  PARIETAVRIA,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Paries,  a  wall ;  one  species  often  growing  on  old  walls.] 
Flowers  polygamo-monoicous, — both  kinds  intermixed,  in  axillary 
cymose  involucrate  (or  bracteate)  dusters:  STAM.  FL.  with  a  4- 
parted  persistent  calyx,  and  an  abortive  ovary.  PISTILLATE  (or  often 
PERFECT)  FL.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  4-cleft;  lobes  acute, 
keeled.  Stamens  (when  present)  incurved  at  first,  then  bending 
back  with  an  elastic  force.  Stigma  subsessile,  pencil-tufted. — 
Akene  (or  caryopsis)  subcompressed,  oval,  smooth  and  shining,  in- 
closed in  the  persistent  calyx.  Leaves  mostly  alternate ;  lobes  of 
the  involucre  (or  bracts)  sublinear,  hispid-ciliate ;  flowers  finally 
reddish-brown. 

1.  P.  Peimsj  lys'aiiica,  Muhl.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  entire,  petiolate;  involucre  longer  than  the  flowers. 
PENXSYLVANIAN  PARIETARIA.     Pellitory. 

Annual.  Stem  4  to  12  inches  high,  simple,  or  sometimes  with  opposite  branches 
near  the  base,  roughish-pubescent.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  ciliate,  somewhat 
hairy,  thinnish  and  rough  with  elevated  dots,  tapering  at  base  to  a  slender  ciliate 
petiole  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length.  Clusters  of  flowers  sub-divided,  so  as  to  present 
the  appearance  of  a  2-  or  3-leaved  involucre  to  each  flower. 
Hob.  Banks  of  Schuylkill:  rare.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

SUB-CLASS  II. 

GYMNOSP^RMOUS  EXO'GENOUS  PLANTS. 

Pistil  represented  by  an  open  scale  (or  carpellary  leaf) — or  sometimes 
entirely  wanting, — the  ovules,  and  seeds,  consequently  naked  (i.  e. 
without  a  proper  pericarp) ;  of  course,  there  is  neither  style  nor 
stigma, — and  the  pollen  is  applied  immediately  to  the  ovules;  coty- 
ledons often  more  than  two. 

ORDER  XCVin.    CONIF'ERAE. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  with  resinous  juice ;  leaves  fascicled  (by  reason  of  the  suppression 
of  branches,  or  internodes),  or  scattered,  mostly  linear,  needle-shaped,  or  subulate, 
and  evergreen ;  flowers  monoicous,  or  dioicous, — usually  amentaceous  and  destitute 
of  both  calyx  and  corotta ;  staminate  flowers  consisting  of  one  or  more  (often  mona- 
dclphous)  stamens,  arranged  in  a  kind  of  loose  ament;  anthers  mostly  covered  at 


290  GYMNOSPERMOUS   BXOGENS 

apex  by  a  dilated  scale-like  connective  ;  fertile  flowers  usually  in  cones  (or  strobiles'), 
with  the  ovules  at  the  base  of  the  scales,  —  or  sometimes  the  ovule  is  partly  immersed 
in  &  fleshy  disk  ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  and  oily  albumen. 

A  valuable  and  very  interesting  Order,  of  peculiar  Botanical  character,  —  com- 
prising some  of  the  most  magnificent  trees  known,  and  yielding  various  balsam*  . 
resins,  and  resinous  fluids,  of  great  importance. 

SUBORDER  I.  ABIETIN'EAE. 

Flowers  chiefly  monoicous  ;  fertile  aments  consisting  of  numerous  persistent  im- 
bricated carpellary  scales  —  each  scale  subtended  by  a  bract,  —  in  fruit,  forming  an 
ovoid  or  oblong  strobile,  with  the  scales  more  or  less  woody,  and  finally  opening  ; 
ovules  2,  adherent  to  the  base  of  each  carpellary  scale,  inverted  (i.  e.  the  orifice 
turned  downward)  ;  buds  scaly, 


393.  PrtfUS,  Tournef. 
[The  Classical  Latin  Name.] 

STAMINATK  AMENTS  clustered  in  terminal  spikes.  Stamens  numerous  , 
inserted  on  the  axis;  anthers  subsessile,  2-celled;  cells  opening 
lengthwise.  FERTILE  AMENTS  terminal,  solitary,  or  clustered,  — 
the  carpellary  scales  with  deciduous  bracts.  Strobile  with  the  scales 
•woody,  thickened  at  apex,  and  often  tipt  with  a  short  spine,  —  each 
scale  with  an  excavation  at  base  containing  the  2  nut-like  seeds.  — 
Seeds  winged  by  an  adhering  portion  of  the  lining  of  the  scale  ;  wing 
deciduous.  Cotyledons  3  to  12,  linear.  Trees:  leaves  in  fascicles  of 

2  to  5,  needle-shaped,  evergreen,  —  the  fascicles  sheathed  at  base  by 
the  scarious  bud-scales  ;    flowers  tawny,  or  purplish,  appearing  in 
May,  —  and  the  fruit,  it  is  said,  does  not  reach  maturity  until  the 
autumn  of  the  second  year. 

1.  P.  loops.  Ait.  Leaves  usually  in  pairs,  rather  short  ;  strobiles 
oblong-ovoid,  often  curved;  spines  of  the  scales  slender  and  straight. 
POOR,  OR  DESTITUTE  PiNus.  Scrub  Pine. 

Stem  15  to  30  or  40  feet  high,  with  straggling  branches.    Leaves  1%  to  near  3 
inches  long,  sometimes  in  threes.    Staminate  aments  oblong-ovoid,  violetrpurple. 
Strobiles  2  or  3  inches  in  length. 
Hab.  Sterile  hills,  and  old  fields  :  not  common. 

«J.  p.  riglda,  Miller.  Leaves  mostly  in  threes  ;  strobiles  ovoid. 
often  in  clusters  ;  spines  of  the  scales  stout  and  recurved. 
RIGID  PINUS.     Pitch  Pine. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet  high,  rugged  and  knotty  from  the  bases  of  fallen  branches.— 
Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  rarely  in  fours,  from  very  short  sheaths.  Strobiks  2  to 
4  inches  long. 

Hab.  Slaty  hills:  not  common. 

3.  P.  Strdbus,  L.   Leaves  in  fives,  rather  long  and  slender; 
strobiles  cylindric-oblong,  nodding  ;  scales  without  spines. 
White  Pine.     Weymouth's  Pine. 

Stem  60  to  80  or  100  feet  high  (often  much  taller  in  the  interior  of  the  State), 
straight  and  with  a  smoothish  bark  ;  brandies  verticillate,  rather  slender.  Leaves 

3  to  5  or  6  inches  long.    Strobile  3  to  5  inches  long,  somewhat  curved,—  the  scales 
slightly  thickened  at  apex,  loosely  imbricated. 

Hab.  Rich  woods;  old  field,  &c.:  not  common. 

Obs.  This  is  one  of  the  most  useful  of  our  northern  Pines,  —  and 
the  lumber  it  affords,  in  its  best  localities,  is  of  immense  value.  — 


CONIPKRAB  291 

The  whole  genus,  however,  is  scarce,  and  of  very  moderate  size,  in 
Chester  County. 

394.  A  HIES,  Tournef. 
[The  Classical  Latin  name.] 

STAMINATE  AMENTS  scattered,  or  clustered  near  the  ends  of  the 
branchlets.  FERTILE  AMENTS  lateral,  or  terminal,  somewhat  clus- 
tered, or  solitary, — the  carpellary  scales  with  persistent,  or  evanes- 
cent bract*.  Strobile  with  the  scales  rounded,  thin  and  without  any 
spine  at  apex,  and  not  excavated  at  base.  Seeds  with  a  terminal 
membranaceous  persistent  wing.  Cotyledons  3  to  12.  Trees :  leaves 
evergreen,  solitary,  short  and  rather  rigid,  scattered,  or  distichous. 

gl.  Strobiles  lateral,  erect;  bracts  persistent;  anther-cells  opening  transversely; 
le&vesfiat,  scattered,  finally  Ufarious. 

1.  A.  BALSAMEA,  Marshall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  glaucous  be- 
neath; strobiles  oval-oblong;  bracts  obovate,  mucronate,  serrulate, 
slightly  projecting,  appressed, 

BALSAMIC  ABIES.     Balsam  Fir.  Balm  of  Gilead. 

Stem  30  to  40  feet  high,  with  symmetrical  branches  forming  a  conical  top,— the 
bark  smoothish,  containing  numerous  small  sacs,  or  blisters,  filled  with  a  trans- 
parent balsam.  Leaves  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  light  green  above.  Strobiles  3  or 
4  inches  long,  violet-purple, — the  scales  broad  and  rounded,  thin  and  handsomely 
imbricated. 
Hab.  Yards,  and  lawns.  Nat.  of  the  Mountains.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  Though  not  well  calculated  for  shade,  this  is  much  cultiva- 
ted about  houses,  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

2.  A.  PIVCEA,  Lindley.  Leaves  linear,   often  emarginate,   silvery 
white  beneath ;  strobiles  subcylindric, 

PITCHY  ABIES.     Silver  Fir. 

Stem  40  to  60  feet  high,  with  horizontal  branches,  and  a  smooth  whitish  bark.— 
Leaves  about  an  inch  in  length,  sometimes  acute,  deep  glaucous-green  and  shining 
above.    Strobiles  3  or  4  inches  long,  reddish-green,  finally  brown. 
Hab.  Yards,  and  lawns.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  is  a  larger  and  finer  tree  than  the  preceding, — and  is 
becoming  frequent  on  the  grounds  of  persons  of  taste. 

2  2.  Strobiles  terminal, pendulous ;  bracts  evanescent ;  anther-cells  opening  lengthwise. 
t  Leaves  fiat,  or  slightly  Wangled,  more  or  less  Ufarious. 

3.  A.  Canaden§is,  MX.  Young  branches  slender,   drooping ; 
leaves  flat,  denticulate  near  the  apex,  obtuse;   strobiles  elliptic- 
ovoid,  small. 

Pinus  Canadensis.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  548. 
CANADIAN  ABIES.     Hemlock-Spruce.  Hemlock. 

Stem  40  to  60  feet  high,  tapering  much  above;  branches  long,  horizontal,  or  often 
rather  depending.  Leaves  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length,  shining  green  above,  bluish- 
glaucous  beneath.  Staminate  aments  roundish-ovoid,  pedunculate,  racemosely 
arranged  round,  and  near  the  ends,  of  the  flaccid  branches.  Srobdes  about  an 
inch  long,  bluish-glaucous  when  young,  finally  pale  brown ;  scales  obovate, — the 
apex  rounded,  thin,  and  entire. 
Hab.  Rocky  banks  of  streams;  Brandy  wine :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 


292  GYMNOSPERMOUS  EXOGENS 

Obs.  This  tree — though  somewhat  rare  in  Chester  County — is  so 
generally  diffused  throughout  North  America,  that  it  has  been 
adopted  as  emblematic,  in  Vignettes  on  Maps,  and  other  devices, 
having  reference  to  this  Continent.  The  timber  is  often  cut  into 
lumber;  but  is  much  inferior  in  value  to  the  White  Pine.  The 
bark  is  used  in  tanning  leather, — and  MARSHALL  says,  the  Aborigines 
employed  it  to  dye  their  splints,  for  baskets,  of  a  red  color.  The 
young  plants,  properly  managed,  make  a  very  beautiful  (though 
not  very  effective)  evergreen  hedge. 

4.  A.  EXC^LSA,  DC.  Branchlets  pendulous;  leaves  somewhat  4- 
angled,  or  keeled  on  both  sides ;  strobiles  cylindric-oblong,  large. 
TALL,  OR  LOFTY  ABIES.  Norway  Fir. 

Stem  60  to  80  feet,  or  more,  in  height,  with  spreading  branches,  and  pendulous 
branchlets.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  scattered  round  the  branches,  but  bifar. 
iously  inclined.  Strobiles  5  to  9  inches  long,  nearly  cylindrical,  light  brown ;  scales 
rhomboid,  flattish,  rigid,  thin  and  somewhat  wavy  on  the  edge,  slightly  lacerate- 
notched  at  the  tapering  apex.  Seed  with  one  edge  of  the  wing  a  little  thicker, 
like  a  Maple  Samara. 
Hah.  Yards,  and  lawns.  Nat.  of  Northern  Europe.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  stately,  solemn-looking  tree,  with  its  numerous  dark- 
green  waving  branchlets,  is  becoming  frequent  in  ornamental 
grounds.  The  Burgundy  Pitch,  of  the  shops,  is  said  to  be  afforded 
by  this  species. 

ft  Leaves  needle-shaped)  Wangled,  thickly  scattered  all  round  the  branches. 

5«  A.  XLBA,  MX.  Branchlets  rather  slender  and  drooping;  leaves 

slender,   spreading,   light  bluish-green;   strobiles  oblong;    scales 

entire. 

WHITE  ABIES.    White  Spruce.  Single  Spruce. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet  high,  with  a  light-colored  bark.    Leaves  %  to  %  of  an  inch 
long,  somewhat  incurved.    Strobiles  1  to  near  2  inches  in  length,  nearly  cylindri- 
cal, pale  brown ;  scales  obovate,  wavy  on  the  edge. 
Hob.  Yards,  &c.    Nat.  of  Northern  States.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  tree. 

6.  A.  NIVGRA,  Poiret.  Young  branches  stout  and  erect;  leaves 
short,  erect,  rigid,  dark  green;  strobiles  ovoid-oblong;  scales  cre- 
nulate  at  apex. 
BLACK  ABIES.    Black  Spruce.  Double  Spruce. 

Stem  30  to  60  feet,  or  more,  high,  with  a  handsome  conical  top.    Leaves  about 
half  an  inch  long,  numerous,  and  appressed,  all  round  the  branches.  Strobiles  1  to  2 
inches  long;  scales  wavy  on  the  edge,  and  denticulate  at  apex. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  lawns.    Nat.  of  Northern  States.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  Becoming  frequent  as  an  ornamental  shade  tree.  The  young 
branches  are  employed  to  give  the  flavor  to  Spruce  Beer. 

395.  I,AVRIX,  Tourmf. 

[The  ancient  name.] 

STAMINATB  AMENTS  lateral  and  scattered,  bud-like,  or  the  stamens 
in  capitate  clusters.  FERTILE  AMENTS  on  different  branches,  lat- 
eral,— the  carpellary  scales  with  colored  persistent  bracts.  Strobile 


CONIPEBAK  293 

erect,  ovoid, — the  scales  as  in  Abies,  but  somewhat  excavated  at 
base.  Seeds  with  a  persistent  wing.  Cotyledons  2.  Trees :  leaves 
at  first  fasciculate  or  pencil-tufted,  finally  scattered, — either  rigid 
and  evergreen,  or  soft  and  deciduous. 

t  Leaves  rigid  and  evergreen. 

1,  L.  CEDRUS,  Miller.  Leaves  rather  few  in  the  fascicles,  needle- 
form,  acuminate ;  strobiles  oval,  obtuse,  rather  large. 

CEDAR  LARIX.     Cedar  of  Lebanon. 

Stem  30  to  50  or  more  feet  high.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  In  length.— 
Strobiles  3  to  4  inches  long ;  scales  broad,  truncate,  closely  appressed. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  lawns.    Nat.  of  Syria.    FL          Fr. 

Obs.  This  noble  tree — so  well  known  for  the  references  to  it,  in 
the  sacred  volume — has  been  recently  introduced,  and  bids  fair  to 
become  common,  among  us.  The  Deodar  Cedar — a  graceful  Ever- 
green, with  drooping  branches,  less  rigid  and  rather  longer  bluish- 
green  glaucous  leaves — has  been  also  introduced ;  and  apparently 
belongs  to  this  section. 

f  f  Leaves  soft  and  deciduous. 

2.  L.  EUROPXEA,  DC.  Leaves  numerous  in  the  fascicles,  flattish, 
linear,  rather  obtuse ;  strobiles  oblong-ovoid,  small. 

EUROPEAN  LARIX.     Larch.  White  Larch. 

Stem  60  to  80  or  more  feet  high.  Leaves  an  inch  in  length,  proceeding  from 
obtuse,  scarious  or  thin-scaled  buds,  in  beautiful  pencil-like  tufts, — finally  often 
scattered  by  the  elongation  of  the  branches,  or  internodes.  Strobiles  about  an  inch 
long,  purple  while  young,  finally  reddish-brown;  scopes  orbicular,  slightly  reflexed 
and  jagged  on  the  margin. 
Soft.  Yards,  Ac.  Nat.  of  Europe,  FL  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  beautiful  tree  is  becoming  quite  frequent,  on  the 
premises  of  persons  of  taste.  It  is  said  to  be  very  valuable  for  its 
timber.  It  also  affords  the  Venice  Turpentine,  and  a  substance 
called  Manna  of  Brianqon.  We  have  a  native  species  (L.  Americana, 
MX.),  on  our  mountains,  which  is  likewise  a  handsome  tree. 

SUBORDER  II.  CUPRESSINNEAE. 

Flowers  nwnoicous,  or  dioicous;  fertile  aments  consisting  of  few  carpettary  scales, 
without  bracts;  ovules  1,  2,  or  several,  at  the  base  of  the  scales,  erect  (i.  e.  the 
orifice  upward) ;  fruit  a  roundish  strobile,  the  scales  opening,  or  sometime  coalescent 
and  drupe-like ;  buds  naked. 

t  Flowers  monoicous ;  strobile  dry,  opening  at  maturity. 

396.  THITJA,  Tournef. 
[The  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  resinous  tree.] 

Aments  terminal,  ovoid,  small, — the  two  kinds  on  different  branches. 
STAM.  FL.  with  the  scale-like  connective  bearing  4  anther-cells. — 
FERTILE  AMENTS  with  the  carpellary  scales  imbricated,  fixed  by  tho 
base,  each  bearing  2  ovules.  Seeds  oblong,  each  with  a  membranous 
emarginate  wing.  Cotyledons  2.  Trees:  leaves  evergreen,  very 
short,  ovate-rhombic,  appressed,  and  mostly  imbricated  in  4  rows 
on  the  young  flatted  branches. 


294  GYMNOSPERMOUS  EXOGENS 

1.  T.  OCCIDENTALS,  L.  Branches  spreading;  leaves  closely  op- 
pressed, rhombic-ovate,  convex  on  the  back ;  strobiles  ovoid-oblong, 
upward-recurved  on  the  pedicels ;  scales  obtuse,  nearly  pointless. 
WESTERN  THUJA.  American  Arbor-vitae. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,  with  a  conical  top;  young  branches  2-edged,  diverging 
horizontally.    Strobiles  yz  of  an  inch  long,  in  racemose  clusters  on  the  recurrea 
branchlets;  scales  1-seeded;  seed  broadly  winged. 
Hob.  Yards;  cemeteries,  &c.    Nat.  of  Northern  States.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  Cultivated  as  an  ornamental  Evergreen.  In  the  North  it  is 
regarded  as  a  valuable  tree,  for  its  timber.  The  strobiles  of  this 
are  much  smaller,  and  paler  green,  than  in  the  following. 

Sfc.  T.  ORIENTALIS,  L.  Branches   erect;   leaves   slightly  sulcate  in 
the  middle;    strobiles  roundish-ovoid   or  obovoid,   erect;    scales 
acute,  with  conspicuous  recurved  or  spreading  points. 
EASTERN  THUJA.     Chinese  Arbor-vitae. 

Stem  10  to  20  feet  high,  usually  of  a  ehrub-like  habit,  with  numerous  erect 
branches  from  near  the  base, — especially  while  young;  branchlets  diverging 
vertically,  or  fan-like,  with  the  edges  up  and  down.    Strobiles  about  half  an  inch 
long,  subsolitary,  deep  green  and  glaucous. 
Hob.  Yards,'  &c>    Nat.  of  China,  and  Japan,    Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  is  a  smaller  tree,  and  of  a  brighter  deeper  green,  than 
the  preceding.  It  is  often  used  for  an  ornamental  hedge ;  and  is 
decidedly  better  for  show  than  service,  when  so  employed. 

397.  TAXOVI>IUM,  Richard. 

[Gr.  Taxos,  the  yew,  and  eidos,  form;  from  a  resemblance  in  the  foliage.] 
Aments  in  clusters, — both  kinds  on  the  same  branches.  STAM.  AMENTS 
numerous,  in  a  terminal  pyramidal  spike;  stamens  few, — the  fila- 
ments produced  into  a  scale-like  excentrically  peltate  connective, 
bearing  2  to  5  anther-cells.  FERTILE  AMENTS  roundish-obovoid, 
usually  in  pairs  at  the  base  of  the  staminate  spike, — the  carpellary 
scales  acute,  recurved-spreading  at  apex,  each  with  2  ovules  at  base. 
Strobiles  subglobose,  formed  of  angular  sub-peltate  woody  scales, 
scarcely  opening.  Seeds  2,  angular ;  cotyledons  6  to  0.  Trees :  pro- 
ducing singular  hollow  knobs,  or  exostoses,  on  the  superficial  roots; 
leaves  pinnately  distichous,  linear,  delicate  and  deciduous. 

1.  T.  DIS/TICHUM,  Richard.    Leaflets  flat,   pinnately  arranged   on 

slender  herbaceous  deciduous  branches,  which  resemble  common 

petioles. 

DISTICHOUS  TAXODIUM.     Cypress.  Bald  Cypress. 

Stem  60  to  100  feet  high,  somewhat  fastigiately  branched.  Leaflets  %  to  %  an 
inch  in  length,  on  a  common  rachis,  or  herbaceous  petiole-like  branch,  which  is  1 
to  2  or  3  inches  long, — often  solitary,  and  scattered  on  the  woody  branches ;  in  one 
variety  (imbricaria,  Nutt.),  the  leaflets  are  frequently  imbricated,  "  after  the  man- 
ner of  the  Junipers." 
Hob.  Lawns,  &c.  Nat.  of  Southern  swamps.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  stately  tree — which  is  much  admired  for  its  light 
feathery  foliage  (that  turns  to  a  bright  copper-color,  in  autumn) — 
is  beginning  to  find  a  place  in  lawns,  and  other  appropriate  places. 
The  noblest  specimen  in  Pennsylvania,  is  in  the  Jiartram  Garden, — 


CONIFERAK  295 

planted  by  the  hands  of  its  venerable  Founder,  more  than  a  cen- 
tury ago.     The  wood  of  this  tree  is  soft,  fine-grained,  and  exceed- 
ingly durable ;  for  which  quality,  while  plentiful,  it  was  preferred, 
and  much  used  for  making  shingles,  wherewith  to  roof  houses, 
ft  Flowers  mostly  dioicous;  strobile  drupe-like,  not  opening. 

398.  JIWIP'ERIJS,  L. 

[The  Classical  Latin  name.] 

STAMINATE  AMENTS  axillary  or  subterminal,  ovoid,  very  small;  fila-, 
ments  short  and  thick,  bearing  a  scale-like  excentrically  peltate 
connective;  anther-cells  3  to  6,  attached  to  the  lower  edge  of  the 
scale.  FERTILE  AMENTS  axillary,  ovoid,  consisting  of  3  to  6  fleshy 
1-  to  3-ovuled  coalescent  carpellary  scales.  Fruit  globular,  small, 
scaly-bracteate  at  base.  Seeds  I  to  3,  angular,  bony ;  cotyledons  2. 
Shrubs,  or  trees :  leaves  evergreen,  rigid,  subulate,  or  scale-like. 

1.  J.  commitnis,  L.  Leaves  verticillate  in  threes,  linear-subulate, 
cuspidate,  spreading,  concave  and  glaucous  above. 

COMMON  JUNIPERUS.     Juniper. 

Stem  6  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  with  numerous  erect  branches, — or  sometimes  with, 
low  spreading  straggling  branches.  Leaves  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length,  pungently 
acuminate,  keeled  and  shining  green  beneath.  Staminate  aments  2  to  3  lines  in 
length,  russet-color.  Strobiles  (called  berries)  about  2  lines  in  diameter,  bluish- 
black  and  glaucous  when  mature. 
Hob.  Rocky  woods.  Nat.  of  Europe.  PL  April.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  is  often  seen  in  gardens, — and  is  partially  naturalized. 
It  is  also  sometimes  used,  on  a  small  scale,  for  ornamental  hedges. 
The  alcoholic  liquor  called  Gin,  or  Geneva,  derives  its  flavor  from 
the  drupe-like  fruit  of  this  shrub. 

2.  J.  Virginian  a,  L.  Leaves  in  four  rows,— on  the  young 
branches  ovate,  acute,  appressed — on  the  older  ones,  subulate  and 
somewhat  spreading,  green. 

VIRGINIAN  JTINIPERUS.     Red  Cedar. 

Stem  30  to  50  feet  high,  often  with  longitudinal  obtuse  ridges.  Leaves  mhrate, — 
those  on  the  young  branches  scarcely  a  line  in  length,  opposite  and  decussate,  im- 
bricated, and  making  the  branches  4-angled ;  those  on  the  older  branches  3  to  5  or 
6  lines  long,  and  cuspidate.  Strobiles  (or  berries)  about  2  lines  in  diameter,  tuber- 
culate  with  the  points  of  the  scales,  dark  blue  when  mature,  and  covered  with  a 
bright  bluish-glaucous  bloom. 
Hob.  Fence-rows ;  neglected  fields,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl>  April.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  wood  of  this  tree  is  reddish  and  fine-grained, — very 
durable,  and  valuable. 

SUBORDER  III.    TAXm'EAE. 

Flowers  dioicous;  fertile  fiowers  solitary,  destitute  of  carpellary  scales,  sessile,  in  a 
bracteate  disk,  or  concaTe  peduncle;  ovule  naked,  erect,  ripening  into  a  nut-like 
teed,  which  is  partly  immersed  in  the  centre  of  the  thickened  fleshy  cup-like  disk  ; 
bvdt  scaly. 

399.  TAX/ITS.  Tournef. 
[Probably  from  the  Gr.  Taxon,  a  bow;  the  wood  being  used  for  bows.] 

STAMINATE  AMENTS  axillary,  globular,  small,  exserted  from  scaly 


296  GYMNOSPEKMOUS  EXOGENS 

buds ;  anther-cells  3  to  8,  clustered  under  a  peltate  and  somewhat 
lobed  connective.  FERTILE  FLOWERS  scaly-bracteate  at  base,  con- 
sisting merely  of  a  solitary  naked  ovule,  seated  in  a  cup-shaped  disk 
which  finally  becomes  pulpy  and  berry-like, — sometimes  nearly  in- 
closing the  seed.  Cotyledons  2,  very  short.  Shrubs  (trees,  in  Europe) : 
leaves  evergreen,  linear,  rigid,  mostly  distichous;  pulp  of  the  disk 
orange-red. 

l.T.  Canatleiisis,  Willd.  A  diffusely  branching  shrub;  leaves 
mucronate,  with  recurved  or  slightly  revolute  margins,  distichous. 
CANADIAN  TAXUS.  American  Yew. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  with  straggling  branches.    Leaves  %  an  inch  to  %  in 
length,  smooth,  entire,  green  on  both  sides,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  very  short  peti- 
ole. 
Hob.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill;  Black  Rock:  rare.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  Octo. 

2.  T.  BACCATA,  L.  A  low  tree,  finally* with  large   trunk;   leaves 
acute,  nearly  flat,   deep  green,  distichous,  or  sometimes  crowded 
round  the  branches. 
BACCATE  TAXUS.     Common  Yew. 

Stem  seldom,  as  yet,  seen  more  than  a  few  feet  high,  among  us ;  branches  nu- 
merous and  spreading.  Leaves  %  to  1^  inches  long,  mostly  bifarious,  subsessile. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  Cemeteries.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Becoming  frequent  in  Church-yards,  and  rural  Cemeteries. 
It  was  this  densely  branching  Evergreen  which  the  Gardeners,  in 
old  times,  clipped  and  trimmed  into  so  many  fantastic  shapes,  by 
way  of  what  they  considered  ornament.  There  has  been  recently 
introduced  a  very  distinct  variety, — with  compact  branches,  and 
densely  crowded  leaves, — called  Irish  Yew, — which,  when  properly 
planted,  may  be  trimmed  into  a  very  neat  hedge,  round  a  yard,  or 
garden ;  though  not  calculated  to  be  a  substantial  protection  to  the 
premises. 

400.  SAMSBITRIA,  Smith. 

[Dedicated  to  Richard  Anthony  Salisbury ;  an  English  Botanist.] 
STAMINATE  AMENTS  axillary,  filiform,  pedunculate ;  anthers  several, 
2-celled, — cells  pendulous  from  the  lacerated  scale-like  connective, 
opening  longitudinally,  finally  divaricate.  FERTILE  FLOWERS  ter- 
minal, solitary,  on  simple  or  fasciculately  branching  peduncles; 
ovule  naked,  seated  in  a  cup-shaped  disk,  in  the  thickened  concave 
apex  of  the  peduncle, — the  disk  finally  becoming  fleshy,  embracing 
the  base  of  the  nut-like  seed.  Cotyledons  2,  linear,  elongated. — 
Trees:  leaves  plicately  involute  in  the  bud,  deciduous,  alternate,  or 
somewhat  fasciculate,  on  long  petioles,  fan-shaped  and  striate- 
nerved,  more  resembling  phyllodia  than  true  leaves. 

1.  S.  ADIANTIFOLIA,  Smith.  Leaves  broadly  cuneate  and  truncate, 
or  inversely  deltoid,  often  bifidly  incised  at  apex,  coriaceous,  and 
striate  with  diverging  nerves. 
ADIANTUM-LEAVED  SALISBURIA.     Gingko,  or  Ginkgo. 

Stem  40  to  60  or  80  feet  high,  with  a  light-grey  bark,  and  branching,  with  some- 
thing of  the  habit  of  a  Populus,  or  Aspen.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  and  3  to  4 
inches  wide  at  apex ;  petioles  about  3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Yards,  and  lawns.    Nat.  of  Japan.    Fr.  FL 


CONIFERAE  297 

Obs.  This  anomalous  stranger  is  becoming  frequent,  as  an  orna- 
mental shade  tree,  on  the  grounds  of  the  curious.  The  finest  speci- 
mens in  this  country,  are  probably  those  introduced  by  the  late  Mr. 
HAMILTON,  at  the  "Woodlands,"  near  Philadelphia. 

CLASS  II.   ENDOGENOUS  OR  MONOCOTYLE'DO- 
NOUS  PLANTS. 

STEMS  not  distinguishable  into  bark,  wood,  and  pith;  leaves  mostly 
parallel-veined,  alternate,  and  entire ;  embryo  with  a  single  cotyle- 
don. 

ORDER  XCIX.   ARACEAE. 

Mostly  herbaceous,  and  stemless,— with  acrid  or  pungent  juice;  leaves  radical, 
sometimes  dissected ;  petioles  sheathing  at  base ;  flowers  dioicous,  monoicous,  or  all 
perfect,  crowded  on  a  spadix,  which  is  frequently  surrounded  by  a  spaffie ;  sepals 
4  to  6,  or  often  none ;  petals  none ;  fruit  usually  a  berry  ;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen, 
— or  sometimes  a  large  fleshy  embryo  without  albumen. 

§  1.  Spadix  with  a  surrounding  spathe. 
f  Flowers  dioicous,  or  monoicous;  sepals  none;  ovaries  distinct. 

401.  ArRUM,  L. 

[An  ancient  name;  of  obscure  etymology. 

Flowers  monoicous,  with  the  pistillate  ones  below,  on  the  same  spadix, — 
or  often  dioicous.  Spadix  naked  at  summit.  Stamens  crowded, 
somewhat  verticillate ;  anthers  subsessile,  2-  to  4-celled.  Ovaries 
numerous,  crowded,  1-celled;  stigma  subsessile.  Berries  1-  or 
several-seeded ;  seeds  subglobose,  albuminous.  Perennial  herbs,  with 
a  tuberous  rhizoma;  leaves  dissected,  scarious  when  dry;  petioles 
elongated ;  spadix  on  a  scape ;  berries  orange-red. 

1.  A.  triphLyL'lum,  L,  Leaves  mostly  in  pairs,  ternately  dis- 
sected; leaflets  elliptic-ovate;    spadix  clavate,  shorter  than  the 
cucullate  spathe. 

THREE-LEAVED  ARUM.     Indian  Turnep. 

Rhizoma  turnep-shaped,  rugose,  1  to  3  inches  in  diameter.  Leaflets  3  to  6  inches 
long,  sessile,  often  purplish ;  common  petioles  erect,  9  to  18  inches  in  length.  Scape 
6  to  15  inches  high,— the  base  inclosed  by  the  sheathing  petioles.  Spathe  3  to  5 
inches  long,— the  lower  half  convolute,  the  upper  half  a  little  dilated,  flat,  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  cucullately  incurved,  variegated  with  purple,  and  yellowish  stripes. 
Spadix  generally  dioicous,  obtuse  at  apex.  Berries  in  an  ovoid-oblong  cluster. 
Hub.  Rich,  shaded  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  turnep-shaped  rhizoma  (called  a  Cormus,}  is  very  acrid, 
when  recently  gathered ;  but  that  quality  is  dissipated,  in  great 
measure,  by  boiling,  or  drying. 

2.  A.  Dracdntium,  L.   Leaf  mostly  solitary,  pedately  dis- 
sected ;  leaflets  lance-oblong ;    spadix   subulate,  longer   than  the 
convolute  spathe. 

DRAGON  ARUM.     Green  Dragon. 

Rhizomas  clustered,  tuberous,  rather  small.  Leaflets  7  to  11  or  13  in  number 
and  3  to  6  inches  in  length,  subsessile ;  common  petiole  12  to  18  inches  long, 


298  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

—often  dichotomous  at  summit,  with  the  branches  divaricate;  each  branch 
bearing  3  to  5  or  6  leaflets,  and  always  a  dichotomal  one  in  the  centre,  or  division 
of  the  petiole.  Scape  6  to  12  inches  high,  rather  slender.  Spathe  1  to  2  inches 
long,  rolled  into  a  tube,  with  a  short  erect  acumination.  Spadix  mostly  dioicous, 
terminating  in  a  slender  tapering  acute  point.  Berries  in  an  ovoid  cluster,  round 
the  base  of  the  spadix. 
Hob.  Low  grounds;  along  the  Brandy  wine:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

402.  PEI/TAtf'DRA,  Rafin. 

[Gr.  Pette,  a  target,  and  Aner,  stamen ;  from  the  peltate  stamens.] 

Flowers  monoicous,  entirely  covering  the  tapering  spadix,  which  is 
staminiferous  at  summit.  Spathe  elongated,  convolute.  Anthers 
sessile,  with  5  or  6  cells  surrounding  the  margin  of  a  thick  peltate 
connective,  opening  by  a  terminal  pore.  Ovary  1-celled;  stigma  sub- 
sessile.  Berries  1-  to  3-seeded;  seeds  obovoid,  Without  albumen. — 
A  stemless  perennial  herb  :  leaves  on  long  petioles ;  stapes  several. 

1.  P.  Virginica,  Rafin.  Leaves  oblong,  mostly  hastate-sagittate, 
acute, — the  lobes  obtuse ;  spadix  finally  subglobose,  closely  invested 
by  the  spathe. 

Rensselaeria  Virginica.  Beck.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  530. 
VIRGINIAN  PELTANDRA. 

Plant  deep  green.  Root  of  "  thick  tufted  fibres."  A.  GRAY.  Leaves  6  to  12  or 
15  inches  long,  and  2  to  5  or  6  inches  wide;  petioles  9  to  15  inches  in  length.  Scapes 
9  to  18  inches  high ;  spathe  2  to  3  inches  long,  at  first  subcylindric,  acuminate, — 
the  upper  portion,  and  the  staminate  part  of  the  spadix,  at  length  rotting  away, 
and  leaving  the  oval  cluster  of  green  berries  embraced  by  the  fleshy  base  of  the 
ppathe. 
Hob.  Miry  places;  Wynn's  Meadows :  rare.  FL  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  KALM  says,  "the  roots  often  grow  to  the  thickness  of  a 
man's  thigh"  (which,  I  presume,  must  be  an  exaggeration);  and 
that  the  Indians  eat  them.  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  see 
them. 

1 1  Flowers  perfect ;  sepals  4 ;  ovaries  coalescing. 

403.  SYMPL,OCAR'PITS,  Salisbury. 
[Gr.  Symploke,  connection,  and  karpos,  fruit;  from  the  coalescing  ovaries.] 
Spathe  conch-shaped,  acuminate.  Spadix  on  a  short  peduncle-like 
scape,  oval,  densely  covered  and  tessellated  with  flowers.  Stamens 
4,  opposite  the  fleshy  cucullate  sepals.  Ovary  1-celled ;  style  4- 
sided,  tapering  to  a  minute  stigma.  Fruit  an  oval  fleshy  berry-like 
mass,  coalesced  with  the  base  of  the  persistent  sepals,  and  imbedded 
in  the  spongy  receptacle.  Seed  globular,  destitute  of  albumen.  Pe- 
rennial stemless  herbs,  with  a  strong  blended  odor  (when  bruised) 
of  skunk  and  garlic ;  rhizoma  thick ;  leaves  radical,  enlarging ;  spathe 
subsessile,  preceding  the  leaves,  spotted  with  purplish-brown,  and 
yellow. 

1.  S.  foetidus,  Salisb.  Leaves  at  first  orbicular-cordate,  finally 

cordate-oval,  on   short  petioles;    spadix  much   shorter  than  the 

spathe. 

FETID  SYMPLOCARPUS.     Swamp  Cabbage.  Skunk-weed. 


AKACEAB  299 

Leaves  finally  near  2  feet  long,  entire,  smooth ;  petioles  2  to  4  inches  in  length ; 
stipules  expanding,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  or  often  spatulate.  Spadix  about  an 
inch  in  diameter. 

g  2.  Spadix  vnthout  a  proper  tpatiie  ;  flowers  perfect ;  sepals  4  to  6. 
404.  OROtf'TIUM ,  L. 

[Etymology  obscure;  supposed  to  be  from  the  river  OronUs.'] 
Spadix  terminating  a  terete  clavate  scape,  covered  with  flowers, — the 
lower  ones  with  6  concave  sepals,  the  upper  with  4.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  and  opposite  them.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a 
single  ovule;  stigma  minute,  sessile,  fruit  a  green  utricle.  Seed 
without  albumen.  An  aquatic  stemless  perennial:  leaves  oblong, 
petiolate,  floating,  very  smooth,  deep  velvety  green  above ;  flowers 
yellow. 

1.  O.  aqililf  icum,  L.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  or  obliquely  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pale  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath. 
AQUATIC  ORONTIUM.     Golden  Club.  Floating  Arum. 

Leaves  enlarging,  finally  8  to  12  inches  long,  entire ;  petioles  2  to  5  inches  in 
length.    Spadix  1  to  2  inches  long,  on  a  scape  6  to  12  inches  in  length, — the  spadix 
and  upper  part  of  the  scape  yellow.     Utricle  naked,  subglobose,  one  third  of  an 
inch  in  diameter. 
Hob.  Pools;  along  the  Brandy  wine :  not  very  common.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  very  abundant  in  the  sluggish  streams  of  New 
Jersey ;  but  rather  uncommon,  here.  KALM  says  the  Indians,  and 
Swedes  of  that  day,  called  it  "Taw*-kee;"  and  that  the  Indians 
plucked  the  seeds,  and  kept  them  for  mating. 

405.  A'CORUS,  L. 

[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  kore,  the  pupil  of  the  eye;  a  supposed  remedy  for  sore  eyes.] 
Spadix  lateral,  sessile  (emerging  from  the  side  of  a  scape,  the  upper 
portion  of  which  closely  resembles  the  leaves),  densely  covered  and 
tessellated  with  flowers.  Sepals  6,  concave,  each  with  a  stamen  in- 
serted on  its  base ;  anthers  reniform,  1-celled,  opening  transversely. 
Ovary  trigonous,  3-celled ;  ovules  several,  pendulous ;  stigma  sessile, 
minute.  Capsule  somewhat  baccate,  indehiscent;  seeds  few,  albu- 
minous, nestling  in  a  gelatinous  matter.  Sub-aquatic  smooth  peren- 
nial: rhizoma  creeping,  pungently  aromatic;  leaves  narrowish- 
ensiform;  spadix  terete,  slightly  tapering;  flowers  yellowish-green. 

1.  A.  Calamus,  L.  Scape  sub  triquetrous  at  base,  dilated  ancipital 

and  leaf-like  above  the  spadix. 

REED  ACORUS.     Calamus.  Sweet  Flag. 

Rhizoma  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  throwing  out  fibrous  roots  verticillately. 
Leaves  2  to  3  feet  long,  and  %  an  inch  to  %  wide.    Scape  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
—the  upper  foliaceous  portion  considered,  by  some,  as  an  open  spatfte.    Spadix  2  to 
3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Swampy  springs.    Nat  of  India.    FL  May.  fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  well-known,  pungent  aromatic,  is  thoroughly  established 
in  many  localities;  and,  in  such  cases,  not  easily  eradicated. 


300 


ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS. 


ORDER  C.    LEMNAVCEAE. 

Minute  stemless  herbaceous  aquatics,  floating  free  on  stagnant  pools  ;  leaves,  as  well 
as  stem,  substituted  by  a  flat/rond,  which  produces  1  or  2  monoicous  florets  from  a 
chink  at  the  edge,  or  upper  surface,  —  and  a  few  pendulous  radicles  from  the  under 
surface;  stamen  1  ;  fruit  utricular;  embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 
Of  this  remarkable  Order,  Prof.  A.  GRAY  observes:  "Fructification  much  as  in  the 
Arum  Family,  of  which  these  plants  are  minute  and  greatly  reduced  forms." 


4O6.  LEM'tfA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name;  of  uncertain  meaning.] 

Flowers  3  together,  in  a  cleft  in  the  edge  of  the  frond,  bursting 
through  a  thin  membranaceous  urceolate  spathe;  two  of  them  con- 
sisting of  single  stamens  (one  preceding  the  other),  with  thread-like 
filaments,  and  2-celled  anthers;  the  third  floret  a  1-celled  ovary  ; 
ovule  mostly  solitary,  erect;  style  elongated,  recurved;  stigma  fun- 
nel-form. Utricle  1  -seeded,  indehiscent.  Annuals.  Fronds  laterally 
proliferous  by  a  kind  of  buds  formed  in  the  chinks,  as  well  as  prop- 
agated by  seeds  ;  roots  with  a  sheath-like  appendage  on  the  end  ; 
flowers  microscopic,  rarely  found  (never  yet,  in  this  country.  Prof. 
A.  GEAY). 

t  Fronds  learing  single  roots;  ovule  solitary. 

!•  tj»  minor,  L.  Fronds  roundish-obovate,  or  oval,  sessile,  thick- 
ish,  proliferous  from  near  the  base. 
LESSER  LEMNA.     Duck's-meat.  Duck-weed. 

Fronds  about  a  line,  or  line  and  half,  in  length,  slightly  convex  beneath,  some- 
what succulent,  green.    Soot  a  solitary  fibre,  from  the  centre  of  the  frond,  rather 
elongated. 
Hob.  Pools,  and  stagnant  waters:  frequent.    Fl.  Fr. 

Obs.  These  singular  little  plants,  as  ENDLICHER  remarks,  are 
"nemini  non  cognitae"  —  known  to  every  body,  —  especially  this 
species;  but  they  are  so  minute,  that  their  organs  are  seldom  seen, 
and  are  imperfectly  understood. 

%.  I*,  trisulca,  L.  Fronds  elliptic-oblanceolate,  petiolate,  thin, 
denticulate  at  apex,  proliferous  from  the  sides. 
THREE-FURROWED  LEMNA. 

Fronds  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  nearly  pellucid,  finally  elongated  and  narrowed 
at  base  to  a  slender  tail,  or  petiole,  obtuse  at  apex,  proliferous  from  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sides,  so  as  to  form  crosses.    While  these  lateral  fronds  remain  sessile, 
they  present  the  appearance  of  a  3-lobed  leaf. 
Hob.  Stagnant  waters  ;  New  Garden  :  not  common.    Fl.  Fr. 

ff  Fronds  learing  a  fascicle  of  roots;  ovules  2. 

3.  IL.  polyrliiza,  L.  Fronds  roundish-obovate,  thickish,  pal- 
mately  veined,  proliferous  from  near  the  base. 
MANY-ROOTED  LEMNA. 

Fronds  2  to  4  lines  in  length,  of  a  rather  firm  texture,  and  often  dark  purple 
beneath,  with  a  little  cluster  of  radicles  from  near  the  centre. 
Hob.  Stagnant  pools;  along  Schuylkill  :  not  common.    Fl.  Fr. 


TTPHACEAB  301 

ORDER  CL   TYPHACEAE.     ,*  7 

Marsh  herls:  leaves  sessile,  sheathing  at  base,  narrow-ensifonn,  or  linear;  flower* 
monoicous.  in  a  dense  oylindric  spadix-like  spike,  or  glomerate  in  Twads,  destitute 
of  proper  floral  envelopes;  fruit  nut-like,  or  a  sort  of  dry  drupe,  indehiscent, 
mostly  1-seeded;  seed  suspended;  embryo  straight,  in  copious  albumen. 

401.  TYVPHA,  Tournef. 
[Or.  Tiphos,  a  bog,  or  marsh;  from  its  place  of  growth.] 
Flowers  in  a  long  dense  terminal  cylindric  interrupted  spike,  or 
spadix,  with  an  intervening  caducous  spathe, — the  upper  portion 
consisting  of  stamens  only,  intermixed  with  simple  hairs, — the  lower 
consisting  of  ovaries  surrounded  by  numerous  clavate  bristles ;  style 
simple ;  stigma  unilateral,  tongue-shaped.  Nutlets  minute,  pedicel- 
late. Smooth  perennials:  rhizoma  creeping;  stems,  or  culms,  sim- 
ple, without  nodes  (except  at  base,  where  the  leaves  originate) ; 
leaves  narrow-ensifonn,  or  linear,  thickish,  erect,  about  as  long  as 
the  culm. 

1.  T.  latifolia,  L.  Leaves  ensifonn-linear,  nearly  flat;  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  portions  of  the  spike  contiguous. 
BROAD-LEAVED  TYPHA.     Cat-tail.  Cooper's  Keed.  Heed-mace. 

Oulm  4  or  5  feet  high,  terete,  leafy  at  base.  Leaves  %  to  %  of  an  inch  wide, 
tapering  at  apex,  but  obtuse.  Staminate  spike  6  to  8  inches  long,  and  near  an  inch 
in  diameter,  yellowish-brown,— the  sheathing  bract,  or  spathe,  membranaceous,  as 
long  as  the  spike.  Pistillate  spike  4  to  6  inches  long,  %  an  inch  to  %  in  diameter, 
greenish-brown. 
Hob.  Borders  of  pools:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  leaves  of  this  plant  were  formerly  used,  by  Coopers,  to 
secure  the  joints  in  the  heads  of  casks  from  leaking;  and  the  hairy 
fruit,  from  the  mature  spikes,  is  sometimes  collected  by  poor  people 
to  fill  their  beds.  It  is,  however,  a  miserable  substitute  for  feath- 
ers, or  hair, — and  even  for  clean  oats  chaif,  corn-husks,  or  cut  straw. 

2.  T.  ailgnstif  olia,  L.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  channelled 
near  the  base ;  staminate  and  pistillate  portions  of  the  spike  a  little 
distant. 

NARROW-LEAVED  TYPHA.     Small  Cat-tail. 

(Mm  3  to  5  feet  high,  slender.    Leaves  Y&  to  %  of  an  inch  wide,  nearly  linear 
throughout.    Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  %to%  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and 
separated  by  a  naked  space  of  1  to  2  inches  between  them. 
Hab.  Pools,  and  wet  places;  near  Unionville :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  These  species  appear  to  be  common  to  both  hemispheres. 

4O8.  SPARGAUTIUM,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Sparganon,  a  fillet,  or  band;  from  its  ribbon-like  leaves.] 
Flowers  in  dense  globose  heads,  which  are  scattered  along  the  stem 
near  the  summit,  in  the  axils  of  leaf-like  bructs, — the  upper  heads 
consisting  of  stamens,  with  minute  scales  interposed, — the  lower 
heads  larger,  consisting  of  sessile  pistils,  each  surrounded  by  3  to 
6  calyx-like  scales.     Fruit  a  sort  of  dry  drupe,  turbinate  and  acu- 
minate.    Smooth  perennials :  root  fibrous ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse. 

1.  S.  Americanuin,  Nuttall.  Stem  mostly  simple;  leaves  tri- 


302  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

angular  at  base,  the  sides  flat  ;  stigma  conical,  oblique,  about  half 

as  long  as  the  style. 

AMERICAN  SPARGANIUM.     Bur-reed. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  flexuose,  terete,  sometimes  with  2  or  3  short  axillary 
branches  at  summit.  Leaves  6  to  24  inches  long  (mostly  overtopping  the  stem), 
and  %  to  J^  an  inch  wide.  Staminate  heads  4  or  5  to  9,  somewhat  contiguous  in 
twos  or  threes.  Pistillate  heads  2  to  5  (usually  3),  yellowish  green,  %  an  inch  to  % 
in  diameter,  the  lowest  one  often  pedunculate. 
Hdb.  Sluggish  rivulets  ;  ditches,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  appears  to  be  very  nearly  allied  to  £  simplex,  of  Eu- 
rope. I  have  specimens  from  Wynn's  Meadows,  near  the  head 
•waters  of  the  Brandywine,  which  are  every  way  so  much  smaller, 
that  they  might  constitute  —  if  not  a  species-^&i  least  a  variety,  pumi- 
lum. 

ORDER  GIL    NAIADA^CEAE. 

Immersed  aquatics  ;  stems  nodosely  jointed,  often  radicating  ;  leaves  cellular,  with 
sheathing  stipules,  or  bases  ;  flowers  mono-dioicous,  axillary,  naked  and  inconspicu- 
ous, —  or  perfect,  and  with  a  calyx,  in  pedunculate  spadix-like  spikes;  ovaries 
solitary,  or  2  to  4  contiguous,  yet  distinct,  1  celled,  1-ovuled;  seed  without 
albumen. 

$1.  Flowers  mono-dioicous,  axillary,  naked,  monandrous. 


409.  tfArAS,  L. 

[Gr.  Naias,  a  Water-nymph  ;  from  its  place  of  growth.] 

STAM.  FL.  a  single  stamen,  inclosed  in  a  membranous  spathe;  anther 
at  first  subsessile,  the  filament  finally  elongated.  PISTILLATE  FL. 
a  single  ovary,  tapering  into  a  short  style  :  stigmas  2  to  4,  subulate  ; 
ovule  erect.  Fruit  a  seed-like  nutlet,  inclosed  in  a  loose  epicarp.  — 
Annuals.''  stems  slender,  dichotomously  branching;  leaves  opposite 
and  verticillate  ;  flowers  sessile. 

1.  1V»  flexilis,  Rostkow.  Leaves  mostly  verticillate  in  six,es,  lin- 
ear, membranaceous,  denticulate  near  the  apex. 
Caulinia  flexilis.    Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  519. 
FLEXIBLE  NAIAS. 

Stem  6  to  12  or  18  inches  long,  filiform,  jointed,  smooth.    Leaves  half  an  inch  to 
an  inch  long,  aggregated  or  Bubverticillate  in  fours  or  sixes,  sometimes  opposite, 
very  narrow,  dilated  and  sheathing  at  base.    Seed  oblong,  shining,  pale  straw- 
color. 
.Hod.  Ponds,  and  sluggish  streams  :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

41O.  ZAffUTICHEI/MA,  Micheli. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Jerome  Zannichelli;  a  Venetian  Botanist.] 
Flowers  sessile,  usually  both  kinds  in  the  same  axil.  STAM.  FL;  a 
single  stamen,  with  a  slender  filament  bearing  a  2-  to  4-celled  anther, 
PISTILLATE  FL.  usually  of  4  sessile  pistils  in  the  same  cup-shaped 
involucre  ;  stigma  somewhat  peltate,  often  2-lobed.  Fruit  an  oblong 
coriaceous  nutlet,  beaked  with  the  short  style  ;  seed  pendulous.  — 
Annuals:  stems  very  slender,  branching;  leaves  opposite,  or  alter- 
nate, linear  and  entire,  with  sheathing  membranous  stipules. 


NAIADACEAB  303 

1.  Z.  palusl  ris,  L.    Fruit  somewhat  compressed,   sometimes 
pedicellate ;  style  half  the  length  of  the  fruit. 
MARSH  ZANNICHELLIA. 

Stem  6  to  15  inches  long,  floating.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length.    Flowers 
green ;  antfier  tawny.    Fruit  blackish,  rugged  or  dentate  on  the  back. 
Hah.  Pools,  and  slow  streams :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  aquatic  was  detected  in  White  Clay  Creek,  near  Avon- 
dale,  in  the  S.  Western  part  of  the  County,  in  1849,  by  my  friend 
EZRA  MICHENER,  M.  D.  whose  attainments  in  Zoology,  and  success- 
ful researches  in  Cryptogamy,  and  other  difficult  branches  of  Botany, 
have  placed  him  in  the  front  rank  of  our  Chester  County  Natural- 
ists. 

§2.  Flowers  perfect,  on  pedunculate  spikes;  stamens  4,  opposite  as  many  sepals. 

411.  POTAflfOGE^TOtf,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Potamos,  a  river,  and  Gfiton,  a  neighbor;  from  its  place  of  growth.] 
Sepals  rounded,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Anthers  subsessile,  2-celled. — 
Ovaries  4,  free ;  ovule  ascending ;  stigma  subsessile.     Fruit  consist- 
ing of  5  sessile  fleshy  or  coriaceous  nutlets ;  seed  hook-shaped.     P6- 
rennials :  stems  jointed,  often  creeping  or  radicating ;  leaves  opposite, 
or  alternate,  pellucid  when  immersed, — the  upper  ones  sometimes 
floating  on  the  surface^  opaque,  and  coriaceous ;  spikes  axillary  and 
terminal ;  flowers  dull  green. 

f  Upper  leaves  floating,  often  opposite,  on  long  petioles. 

1.  P.  ii  at  a  its,  L.  Immersed  leaves  lance-linear,  often  imperfect; 
floating  ones  elliptic-oblong,  sometimes  rounded  or  cordate  at  base. 
SWIMMING  POTAMOGETON.  Floating  Pond-weed. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  long,  usually  simple.    Floating  leaves  2  to  3  inches  long ; 
petioles  3  to  6  inches  in  length.    Immersed  leaves  2  to  6  inches  long, — sometimes 
abortive,  or  nothing  more  than  a  petiole.    Spike  emerged,  about  an  inch  long,  on 
an  axillary  peduncle  2  to  3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Pools,  and  sluggish  streams:  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Leaves  all  immersed  and  similar,  mostly  alternate. 

£.  P.  lilcens,  L.  Leaves  varying  from  lance-linear  to  oblong- 
and  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to   a  petiole  at  base;  spike 
rather  long. 
SHINING  POTAMOGETON. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  long,  slender,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  netted-nerved,  mem- 
branaceous  and  shining, — the  upper  ones  3  or  4  inches  long,  on  petioles  about  an 
inch  in  length, — the  lower  ones  often  imperfect.  Spike  1  to  2  inches  long, — the 
flowers  somewhat  distant,  greenish-brown ;  peduncle  of  the  spike  2  or  3  to  6  inches 
in  length. 
Hob.  Flowing  streams;  Brandywine:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

3.  P.  perfolisttus,  L.    Leaves  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
sessile,  and  clasping  by  a  cordate  base ;  spike  short. 
PERPOLIATE  POTAMOGETON. 

-Stem  1  to  3  feet  long,  numerous  from  the  root,  branching  somewhat  dichotom- 
ously.    Leaves  about  an  inch  long,  sometimes  rather  acute,  obscurely  5-nervedj 


304  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

slightly  wavy  on  the  margin.    Spikes  oblong,  few-flowered,  about  %  of  an  inch  In 
length,  on  lateral  peduncles  an  inch  long ;  sepals  reddish-brown. 
Bab.  Flowing  streams;  Brandy  wine :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

4.  P.  pauciflurus,  Pursh.  Stem  very  slender,  flattish;  leaves 
narrowly  linear  and  grass-like ;  spike  capitate,  few-flowered. 
FEW-FLOWERED  POTAMOGETON. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  much  branched,  diffuse  and  suspended  in  the  water. — 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  acute,  somewhat  keeled, — the  lower  ones  alternate,  the 
uppermost  nearly  opposite,  or  often  subverticillate  in  fours.  Spike  about  4-flowered, 
on  a  subclavate  peduncle  about  half  an  inch  long,  in  the  axil  of  the  upper  leaves ; 
sepals  greenish-brown. 
Hob.  Pools,  and  sluggish  rivulets :  not  very  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

ORDER  CIII.  ALISMA^CEAE. 

Marsh  herbs;  stems  scape-like;  leaves  sheathing  at  base;  flowers  perfect,  or  monoi- 
cous,  not  on  a  spadix,  f  urnishsd  with  both  calyx  and  corolla  ;  sepals  and  petals  each 
3,  distinct ;  stamens  6,  or  many,  hypogynous ;  ovaries  3,  or  many, — becoming  as 
many  1-  or  2-seeded#ocZs,or  akenes;  seeds  ascending,  or  erect,  without  albumen. 

STJBOEDER  ALISME^AE. 

Calyx  green  and  persistent;  corolla  white  and  deciduous;  embryo  curved  like  a 
horse-shoe;  leaves  radical,  mostly  with  a  lamina  or  blade,  and  along  petiole. 

412.  AMS'MA,  L. 

[Said  to  be  named  from  the  Celtic,  Alis,  water;  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 
Flowers  perfect.  Petals  roundish,  involute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6 ; 
anthers  introrse.  Ovaries  numerous,  verticillate  on  a  flattened  re- 
ceptacle, or  disk,  becoming  angular  coriaceous  akene-like  carpels,  in 
fruit.  Smooth  perennials :  roots  fibrous ;  leaves  several-nerved,  with 
connecting  cross-veinlets ;  scape  with  verticillate  panicled  branches ; 
flowers  rather  small. 

1.  A.  PlantagO,  L.  Leaves  lance-oblong,   or  oval,   about  9- 
nerved,  abruptly  acuminate,  often  rounded,  or  subcordate,  at  base ; 
carpels  obtusely  triangular. 
PLANTAIN  ALISMA.     Water  Plantain. 

Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long ;  petioles  6  to  9  inches  in  length.    Scape  1  to  2  feet  high, 
trigonous,  fistular;  panicle  12  to  15  inches  long,  pyramidal,  with  involucre-like 
frrocfe  at  the  base  of  the  verticillate  branches;  pedicels,  near  an  inch  long,  slender, 
mostly  in  terminal  verticils  of  3  or  4. 
Hob.  Muddy  rivulets,  and  miry  places:  frequent.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

06s.  This  belongs  to  a  notable  tribe  of  inert  medicinal  plants, 
which — once  in  an  age,  or  so — dabblers  in  quackery  have  the  address 
to  impose  upon  the  credulous,  as  being  endowed  with  marvellous 
virtues,  in  incurable  or  desperate  stages  of  disease.  Some  years 
ago, — after  Anagallis,  and  Scutellaria,  had  become  rather  obsolete, 
as  Newspaper  cures  for  that  terrible  malady,  Hydrophobia, — the 
Alisma  was  proclaimed,  through  the  Gazettes,  as  a  certain  remedy; 
and  persons  who  ventured  to  express  a  doubt,  were  scarcely  tolera- 
ted, by  the  editorial  fraternity !  This  specific,  however,  soon  shared 
the  fate  of  its  predecessors ;  and  will  probably  be  no  more  heard  of, 
until  a  future  race  of  Empirics,  in  the  cycle  of  "Progress,"  shall 
again  bring  it  forward. 


ALISMACEAE 


805 


413.  SAGITTAXRIA,  L. 

[Latin,  Sctffitta,  an  arrow;  from  the  prevailing  form  of  the  leaves.] 
Flowers  monoicous, — the  staminate  ones  above.  Petals  orbicular, 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  numerous;  anthers  extrorse. — 
Ovaries  many,  in  depressed-globose  heads, — becoming  flatted  winged 
nkenes,  in  fruit.  Smoothish  perennials;  roots  often  tuberiferous ; 
leaves  polymorphous,  usually  sagittate ;  scape  simple ;  flowers  in 
verticils  of  3,  pedicellate  and  bracteate. 

1.  S.  varicibiliM,  Engelmann.  Leaves  varying  from  broad-ovate, 
or  linear,  and  sagittate,  to  narrow-lanceolate  and  not  sagittate. 
H.  sagittifolia.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  528. 
Alto,  S.  heterophylla,  Purth.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  529. 
VARIABLE  SAGITTARIA.     Arrow-head. 

Tubers  (or  rhizomas)  ova!,  1  to  2  inches  in  diameter.    Leaves  3  or  4  to  10  or  12 
inches  long,  usually  more  or  legs  ovate;  petioles  4  to  12  or  15  inches  in  length, 
tapering  upwards.    Scape  9  to  18  inches  high.     Verticils  of  flowers  numerous. — 
Heads  of  fruit  ^  to  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Jfab.  Swampy  springs ;  ditches,  &c. :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Hogs  are  fond  of  the  tubers  of  this  plant, — and  soon  dis- 
figure a  meadow,  where  they  abound,  by  rooting  for  them.  KALM 
says,  the  Indians  and  Swedes  called  the  plant  "Katniss;"  and  that 
the  tubers  were  sometimes  "as  big  as  a  man's  fist:"  that  when 
roasted,  they  tasted  well,  but  were  rather  dry.  See  Travels.  VoL 
2,^96-7. 

ORDER  CIV.  HYDROCIIARIDACEAE. 

Aquatic  Jierbs ;  leaves  sometimes  verticillate,  or  opposite,  usually  radical ;  flowers 
l>olygamous,  or  dioicous,  regular,  often  on  scape-like  peduncles  from  a  kind  of 
rpathe ;  floral  envelopes  mostly  double, — in  the  pistillate  flowers  coalesced  into  a 
tube,  and  adherent  to  the  ovary;  stamens  3  to  12,  distinct,  or  monadelphous ;  fruit 
utricular,  coriaceous,  or  fleshy,  indehiscent;  seeds  ascending;  embryo  straight, 
without  albumen. 

414.  «  DO  R  A,  JffuUaU. 
[Gr.  Hydor,  or  Udor,  water;  from  its  place  of  growth,] 

Flowers  polygamo-dioicous,  solitary;  from  a  sessile  tubular  bifid 
nxillary  spathe.  STAM.  FL.  minute ;  perianth  6-parted  (viz.  tepals 
and  petals  each  3,  oval,  and  nearly  alike  colored);  anthers  9,  oval, 
tmbsessile.  PERFECT  FL.  perianth  extended  beyond  the  ovary  into 
;i  long  and  very  slender  tube, — the  lobes  (or  sepals  and  petals)  obovate, 
•spreading;  anthers  usually  3,  oblong,  opposite  the  outer  lobes  of 
the  perianth.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  3  projecting  parietal  placentae  ; 
tfyle  capillary,  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth ;  stigmas  3, 
large,  2-lobed,  exserted.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded. — 
Annual?  smooth;  stem  filiform,  dichotomously  branched;  leaves 
verticillate,  or  opposite,  immersed  and  pellucid. 

1.  U.  Canadensis,  Nutt.  Leaves  mostly  verticillate  in  threes, 
ovate-oblong,  or  lance-linear,  finely  serrulate. 
CANADIAN  UDORA. 

Stem  3  or  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long  (varying  with  the  depth  of  water),  diffusely 
branching.  Leaves  2  to  6  lines  long,  nerveless,  light  green  and  shining,— the 


306  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

verticils  generally  numerous,  giving  the  plant  the  appearance  of  an  aquatic  moss. 
fertile flcnoers  emerging, — the  perianth  flesh-colored  with  a  leaden  tinge;  tube  % 
an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  very  slender  and  thread-like. 
Hob.  Sluggish  rivulets :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr. 

Obs.  I  have  not  yet  had  occasion  to  observe  the  staminate  flowers. 
Doctor  GRAY  says,  they  "break  off,  as  in  Vallisneria,  and  float  on 
the  surface,  where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  to  fertilize  the 
stigmas,  which  are  raised  to  the  surface  by  the  excessively  pro- 
longed calyx-tube." 

415.  VAL,MStfEvRIA,  Micheli. 

[Dedicated  to  Antonio  Vallimeri ;  an  Italian  Botanist.] 

Flowers  strictly  dioicous.  STAM.  FL.  numerous,  crowded  on  a 
conical  receptacle,  and  included  in  a  3-valved  spathe,  which  is  on  a 
very  short  scape.  Perianth  3-parted.  Stamens  mostly  3,  alternating 
with  the  perianth-lobes.  PISTILLATE  FL.  solitary,  in  a  tubular  bifid 
spathe,  which  is  on  a  very  long  slender  flexuose  scape.  Perianth- 
tube  not  extended  beyond  the  ovary ;  border  3-lobed, — with  3  small 
linear  petals  (or  staminodia?)  alternating  with  the  oval  lobes.  Ovary 
1-celled;  stigmas  3,  large,  2-lobed;  ovules  numerous  on  3  parietal 
placentae.  Fruit  elongated,  cylindrical,  fleshy.  Stemless perennials  ; 
leaves  radical,  dark-green,  long,  linear  and  grass-like. 

1,  V.  spir&lis,  L.  Leaves  obtuse,  thin  and  ribbon-like,  obscure- 
ly serrulate,  somewhat  nerved  and  netted  veined. 
SPIRAL  VALLISNERIA.     Eel-grass.     Tape-grass.     Channel-grass. 

Leaves  9  to  18  inches  or  2  feet  in  length,  and  %  to  near  %  an  inch  wide,  obscurely 
3-nerved,  striate,  smooth.  Pistillate  flowers  on  interfoliaceous  scape-like  peduncles 
9  to  18  inches,  or  more,  in  length  (varying  with  the  depth  of  water),  a  little 
thickened  at  summit,  floating,  with  the  flower  at  or  near  the  surface.  Spatfie  about 
?/£  an  inch  long,  membranaceous,  embracing  the  ovary.  Perianth  whitish,  with 
tinges  of  purple.  Ovary  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  sublinear,  somewhat  compressed, 
Rncipital,  with  keel-like  margins. 
Hob.  Slow-flowing  streams ;  Brandy  wine :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr. 

Obs.  I  have  never  met  with  the  staminate  plant.  Dr.  GRAY  says, 
"the  staminate  clusters  being  confined  to  the  bottom  of  the  water 
"by  the  shortness  of  the  scape,  the  flower-buds  themselves  spontane- 
ously break  away  from  their  short  pedicels  and  float  on  the  surface, 
where  they  expand  and  shed  their  pollen  around  the  fertile  flowers, 
which  are  raised  to  the  surface  at  this  time."  The  fertile  scapes 
then  "coil  spirally  and  draw  the  ovary  under  water  to  ripen." — 
WILSON,  in  his  Ornithology,  says  the  root  is  a  favorite  food  of  the 
Canvass-back  Duck, — to  which  the  peculiarly  delicate  flavor  of  the 
flesh  of  that  bird  has  been  ascribed.  The  bunches  of  long  dark- 
green  leaves,  which  are  usually  procumbently  floating,  afford  a 
hiding-place  for  Eels, — whence  one  of  its  common  names.  In  refer- 
ence to  this  plant,  Dr.  DARWIN  indulges  in  the  following  imagina- 
tive strains : — 

"  As  dash  the  waves  on  India's  breezy  strand, 

Her  flush'd  cheek  press'd  upon  her  lily  hand, 

VALUSNER  sits,  upturns  her  tearful  eyes, 

Calls  her  lost  lover,  and  upbraids  the  skies ; 

Tor  him  she  breathes  the  silent  sigh,  forlorn, 

Each  setting  day ;  for  him  each  rising  morn :— 


HYDROCHARIDACEAE  307 

Bright  orhs,  that  light  yon  high  ethereal  plain, 
Or  batfce  your  radiant  tresses  in  the  main; 
Pale  moon,  that  eilver'st  o'er  night's  sable  brow ; 
For  ye  were  witness  to  his  parting  vow ! 
Ye  shelving  rocks,  dark  waves,  and  sounding  shore,— 
Ye  echoed  sweet  the  tender  words  he  swore ! — 
Can  stars  or  seas  the  sails  of  love  retain? 
0 !  guide  my  wanderer  to  my  arms  again ! " 

My  excellent  Friend,  E.  I>URAND,  has  sent  me  the  following  Lines 
by  a  French  Poet  and  Botanist,  which  may  be  appropriately  annexed 
to  the  preceding : — 

"  Le  Rhdne  impgtueux,  sous  son  onde  Scumante, 
Durant  six  mois  entiers  nous  derobe  une  plante 
Dont  la  tige  s'allonge  en  la  saison  d'amour, 
Monte  au  dessus  des  flots  et  brille  aux  yeux  du  jour. 
Les  males  dans  le  fond  jusqu'alors  immobiles, 
De  leurs  liens  trop  courts  brisent  les  noeuds  debiles, 
Toguent  vers  leur  amante,  et  libres  dans  leurs  feux, 
Lui  forment  sur  le  fleuve  un  cortege  nombreux : 
On  diralt  une  fete  ou  le  dieu  d'hym6nee 
Promene  sur  les  flots  sa  pompe  fortunSe ; 
Mais  les  temps  de  Venus  une  fois  accomplis, 


La  tige  se  retire  en  rapprochant  ses  plis, 

Et  va  murir  sous  1'eau  sa  sentence  feconde." — 


ORDER  CV.  ORCHIDACEAE. 

Perennial  herbs  ;  roots  often  bulb-  or  tuber-bearing,  —  sometimes  fascicled,  thick- 
ened and  fleshy  ;  stems  or  scapes  mostly  simple,  often  leafless  or  with  mere  sheaths  ; 
leaves  alternate,  parallel-nerved,  entire,  sheathing  at  base,  often  subradical  and 
crowded  ;  flowers  perfect,  irregular  ;  perianth  adherent  below  to  the  ovary,  —  the 
lorder  of  6  divisions,  in  2  sets  ;  the  3  outer  (sepals)  of  the  same  petal-like  appear- 
jmce  as  the  3  inner  (petals),—  of  which  inner  set,  the  upper,  or  posterior  one—  hut, 
by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary,  or  peduncle,  generally  appearing  to  be  the  lower,  or 
anterior  one—  differs  more  or  less  in  shape  or  direction  from  the  others,  is  often 
spurred  or  appendaged,  and  is  called  the  Up  ;  stamens  normally  3,  with  but  1,  or 
rarely  2,  perfect,  gynandrous  (i.  e.  adherent  to  the  style,  and  forming  together  the 
central  column);  potten  either  in  waxy  masses,  or  in  loose  granular,  or  mealy 
clusters  (pollinid)  ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  fruit  a  £valved  cap- 
sule ;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  resembling  fine  saw-dust,  destitute  of  albumen. 

An  Order  comprising  many  curious  and  beautiful  plants,  —  the  flowers  often  pre- 
senting the  most  fantastic  forms.  The  fragrant  Vanilla,  of  the  shops,  is  the  fleshy 
fruit  of  one  or  two  West  India  species  (Vanilla  aromatica,  and  V.  claviculata,  of 

gWARTZ). 

DIVISION  I.  Anther  single  (the  2  lateral  ones  abortive). 

TRIBE  I.  MALAXID'EAE. 

Polkn  cohering  in  definite  (usually  4)  waxy  masses  (pottinia'),  without  any  caudi- 
cle,  or  tail-like  prolongation. 

21.  Plants  with  leaves,  and  green  ;  sepals  spreading; 


416.  MICROS'TYMS,  Nuttall. 

[Gr.  micros,  little,  and  stylos,  a  column  ;  from  its  slender  central  column.] 

Petals  linear,  filiform.    Lip  auriculate  or  hastate  at  base,  not  tuber- 
culate.     Column  very  email,  terete,  with  2  teeth,  or  auricles,  at 


308  ENDOGENOUS    PLANTS 

summit.  Pollinia  4,  collateral,  cohering  by  pairs  at  apex.  Bulb 
solid  ;  scape  bearing  1  or  2  leaves  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
greenish. 


1.  M.  OphlogloSSOides,  Nutt.  Leaf  solitary  near  the  middle 
of  the  scape,  ovate,  clasping  ;  raceme  short  ;  pedicels  longer  than 
the  flowers. 
OPHIOGLOSSUM-LIKE  MICROSTYLIS. 

Plant  yellowish-green.  Scape  3  or  4  to  9  inches  high,  angular,  smooth,  sheath- 
ed at  hase.  Leaf  1  to  2%  inches  long,  mostly  rather  acute.  Raczme  1  to  2  inches 
in  length,  ohlong,  obtuse,  —  many  of  the  flowers  abortive  ;  pedicds  %  to  %  an 
inch  long,  rather  crowded  at  the  summit  ;  bracts  small,  lance-ovate.  Lip  of  the 
flower  erect,  obtusely  auricled  at  base,  3-toothed  at  summit.  Capsule  about  %  of 
an  inch  long,  obovoid-oblong,  on  a  slightly  clavate  angular  pedicel. 
Hob.  Moist  low  grounds,  and  thickets  :  not  very  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Oct. 

417.  MP'ARIS,  Richard. 

[Gr.  Liparos,  fat,  or  shining  ;  from  the  unctuous  shining  leaves.] 
Petals  sub-linear,  narrow.     Lip   dilated,   often  bearing  2  tubercles 
above  the  base.      Column  elongated,  incurved,  margined.     Pollinia 
4,  collateral.     Bulb  solid  ;  leaves  2,  radical,  opposite  ;  scape  naked  ; 
flowers  racemose,  purplish,  or  yellowish-green. 

1.  L.  liliif'jliil,  Rich.  Leaves  elliptic-ovate,  shorter  than  the 
scape;  lip  cuneate-obovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  brownish-purple. 
LILY-LEAVED  LIPARIS.  Tway-blade. 

Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  spreading.    Scape  3  to  6  inches  high,  angular,  the 
angles  often  margined.    Flowers  rather  large,  in  a  loose  oblong  terminal  raceme  ; 
lip  as  long  as  the  straw-colored  perianth-lobes.    Capside  oblong,  angular,  about 
%  of  an  inch  in  length. 
Ifdb.  Moist  woodlands  :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

*!.  Ij,  I^tJeseli  i.  Rich.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  as  long  as  the  scape  ; 
lip  oblong,  rnucronate  and  incurved  at  apex,  yellowish-green. 
L.  Correana.     Spreng.  $FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  512. 

LCESELIUS'S    LlPARIS. 

Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  rather  erect.   Scape  3  to  6  inches  high,  sulcate-angled, 
with  the  angles  often  margined.    Flowers  rather  small,  erect,  or  almost  appressed, 
ia  a  terminal  raceme;  lip  shorter  than  the  perianth-lobes.     Capsule  elliptic-ob- 
long, erect,  about  %  an  inch  in  length. 
Jfab.  Moist  meadows  ;  East  Goshen  :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

§  2.  Plants  leafless,  or  with  a  single  radical  leaf,  purplish-tawny;  sepals  and  petals 
nearly  alike,  connivent  and  somewhat  ringent. 

418.  CORALJLORHrZA,  Hatter. 

[Gr.  Korallion,  coral,  and  Rhiza,  root;  from  its  coral-like  roots.] 
Lip  recurved-spreading,  2-ridged,  more  or  less  produced  at  base 
into  a  spur-like  protuberance  which  is  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the 
ovary.  Anther  terminal,  opening  transversely,  2-lipped  ;  pollinia 
4,  obliquely  incumbent.  Rhizoma  branching  and  coral-like  ;  scape 
with  sheaths  instead  of  leaves  ;  flowers  racemose,  small,  brownish 
and  white,  with  purple  spots. 


G 


OBCHIDACEAE  309 

1.  C.  mil  It  iflttra,  Nutt.  Raceme  many-flowered;  lip  cuneate- 
oval,  3-lobed ;  spur  rather  manifest ;  capsule  elliptic-oblong. 
MANY-FLOWERED  CORALLORHIZA.     Large  Coral-root. 

Scape  9  to  15  inches  high,  stoutish ;  flowers  15  to  30  in  a  terminal  raceme,  rather 
largo;  bracts  small,  often  broad  and  very  obtuse;  perianth-lobes  purplish-brown; 
lip  whitish,  tinged  with  purple,  and  spotted;  spur  tawny.    Capsule  often  obovoid, 
%  of  an  inch  long,  smooth,  refiexed. 
Hob.  Rich  woods,  about  roots  of  trees :  frequent.  Fl.  July,  Fr>  Oct. 

2.  C.  ill  11  ill  a,  R.  Br.    Raceme  few-flowered;   lip  oblong,    2- 
toothed  near  the  base ;  spur  obsolete  ;  capsule  obovoid-oblong. 

C.  verna.  Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  510. 
INNATE  CORALLORHIZA.     Early  Coral-root. 

Scape  6  to  12  inches  high ;  flowers  5  to  10,  rather  small,  and  distant;  bracts  very 
small,  acute ;  Up  nearly  white,  mostly  without  spots,  but  with  a  small  incised 
tooth  on  each  margin  near  the  base. 
Hob.  Rich,  moist  woodlands:  not  very  common.  Fl.  Mayi  Fr. 

3.  C,  odo  11  torli  iza,  Nutt,  Raceme  several-flowered ;  lip  oval, 
or  obovate,  crenulate ;  capsule  roundish-oval,  or  globose. 
TOOTH-ROOTED  CORALLORHIZA.     Small  late  Coral-root. 

Scape  4  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  slender;  flowers  10  to  15,  small,  somewhat  pen- 
dulous; bracts  subulate;  lip  dilated,  obtuse,  white,  spotted  with  purple;  spur  ob- 
solete.    Capsule  small,  nodding  on  a  short  pedicel. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  about  roots  of  trees:  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.Oct 

Obs.  There  is  much  general  resemblance  in  the  aspect  of  these 
three  species. 

419.  APL-EC'TRtntl,  Nuttall. 
[Qr.  a,  privative,  Plektron,  a  spur,  the  lip  not  being  spurred.] 
Lip  3-ridged,  with  a  short  claw,  and  no  trace  of  a  spur  at  base. — 
Anther  subterminal  (i.  e.  slightly  below  the  apex  of  the  column) ; 
pollinia  4,  oblique.     Rhizoma  a  globular  solid  bulb,  or  corm,  con^ 
nected  with  an  exhausted  one ;  scape  sheathed,  with  a  solitary  leaf 
inserted  on  the  bulb  ;  flowers  racemose,  dingy  purplish-brown. 

1.  A,  liyeili  iUe,  Nutt.  Leaf  elliptic,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate, 
green,  sub-plicate,  striate  with  many  white  nerves. 
WINTER  APLECTRUM.     Adam  and  Eve.     Putty-root. 

Bulbs  half  an  inch  to  an  inch,  or  more,  in  diameter,  generally  in  pairs  (some- 
times 4  or  5,)  connected  by  a  coarse  fleshy  horizontal  fibre.  Leaf  3  to  6  inches 
long,— the  white  nerves  converging  at  each  end ;  petiole  2  to  3  inches  in  length, 
inserted  on  the  bulb  a  little  distant  from  the  scape.  Scape  9  to  15  inches  high, 
purplish-brown,  with  about  3  loose  striate  sheaths,— the  lowest  one  proceeding  from 
the  bulb.  Flowers  subsessile  in  a  terminal  bracteate  raceme;  bracts  linear-lance- 
olate, small.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  smooth,  rather  large. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  not  very  common.  FL  May.  Fr.  Oct. 

Obs.  The  arid  silvery-nerved  leaf  lives  through  the  winter, — and 
serves,  at  all  times,  to  distinguish  the  plant,  at  a  glance,  from  the 
Corallorhizas — to  which,  in  its  scape  and  inflorescence,  it  has  much 
resemblance. 

TRIBE  2.  OPHRYD'EAE. 

LW.cn  of  numerous  waxy  granitles,  cohering  by  a  cobweb-like  tissue,  and  collect- 


310  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

ed  into  2  masses,  which  are  affixed  by  slender  caudides,  or  tails,  to  the  glands  of 
the  stigma.  Flowers  more  or  less  ringent;  lip  with  a  spur  at  the  base  underneath. 

420.  OR  CIIIS,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  plant.] 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal, — 4  of  them  converging  upwards,  and 
arching  over  the  column.  Lip  anterior,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
column,  spurred  below.  Anther-cells  vertical,  contiguous  and  par- 
allel ;  pollinia  2  (1  filling  each  anther-cell),  attached  by  the  caudides 
to  the  2  glands  of  the  stigma, — which  glands  are  contained  in  a  little 
pouch,  or  hooded  fold.  Roots  fascicled  and  fleshy ;  leaves  radical, 
usually  a  single  pair ;  flowers  pale  pink-purple,  in  a  bracteate  spiket 
on  a  5-angled  scape. 

1.  O.  spectabilis,  L.    Leaves,  oblong,    or  roundish-obovate, 
petiolate,  glabrous,  bluish-green ;  spur  clavate,  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  ovary. 
SHOWY  ORCHIS.     Priest  in  the  Pulpit. 

Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  somewhat  fleshy ;  petioles  short,  embraced  by  1  or  2 
sheaths.    Scape  4  to  6  or  8  inches  high ;  flowers  few  (4  to  6  or  8) ;  bracts  large  and 
foliaceous,  oblong-lanceolate,.    Capsules  elliptic,  acuminate. 
Hj,b.  Rich  woodlands }  frequent.  Fl.M&y.  Fr.  August. 

Obs.  This  beautiful  Genus  is  referred  to,  in  the  following  lines  of 
the  Botanic  Garden : — 

"  With  blushes  bright  as  morn  fair  ORCHIS  charms, 
And  lulls  her  infant  in  her  fondling  arms ; 
Soft  plays  Affection  round  her  bosom's  throne, 
And  guards  his  life,  forgetful  of  her  own." 

421.  GYlJItf  ADEOTA,  R.  Br. 

[Gr.  Gymnos,  naked,  and  Aden,  a  gland ;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
flowers  nearly  as  in  Orchis :  Anther-cells  parallel, — but  the  ap- 
proximate glands  of  the  stigma  are  naked  (i.  e.  not  contained  in  a 
pouch,  or  fold).  Roots  fascicled, — the  fibres  few  and  fleshy;  stem 
slender,  with  3  or  4  bract-like  leaves  above,  and  a  single  larger  one 
at  base. 

1.  G.  4i'idciitsita,  Ldndley,  Principal  leaf  oblanceolate ;  lip 
cuneate-oblong,  3-toothed  at  apex;  spur  longer  than  the  ovary j 
flowers  yellowish-green. 

Habenaria  tridentata.     Hooker,  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  507. 
THREE-TOOTHED  GYMNADENIA. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  high,  angular.  Lower  leaf  3  to  5  inches  long,  rather  acute; 
upper  leaves  much  smaller  and  bract-like.  Flowers  small,  6  to  12  or  15,  in  an  ob- 
long terminal  rather  compact  spike,  1  to  2  inches  in  length ;  bracts  ovate-lance- 
olate, about  half  as  long  as  the  ovary.  Capsule  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  ovoid-ob- 
long, with  a  short  acumination. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets ;  on  the  slaty  hills :  not  very  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

422.  PI,ATA]¥THEVRA?  Richard. 
[Gr.  Platys,  wide,  and  aner,  for  anther;  descriptive  of  the  organ.] 
Flowers  nearly  as  in  Orchis, — but  the  anther-cells  diverging  at  base, 
and  the  2  naked  glands  of  the  stigma  widely  separated.  Roots  fascicled 
and  fleshy  j  flowers  on  a  scape  (with  bract-like  leaves),  or  leafy 
stem. 


OECHIDACBAE  ,  311 

g  1.  Flowers  in  a  loose  raceme,  on  a  scape  2-Uaved  at  bate. 

1.  I*,  orhiciilatil,  Lindley.  Leaves  roundish-oval,  large,  flat 
on  the  ground ;  lip  entire;  spur  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary;  flowers 
greenish-white. 

ORBICULAR  PLATANTHERA. 

Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  and  3  to  5  inches  wide,  fleshy,  smooth,  bluish-green , 
subsessile.  Scape  9  to  18  inches  high,  somewhat  angular,  bearing  about  3  small 
bracMike  leaves.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  terminal  bracteate  raceme  4  to  6  inches 
in  length :  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  pedicel  and  ovary ;  ovary 
oblong,  angular,  spirally  twisted. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  rare.  FL  June.  Fr. 

\  2.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  on  a  leafy  stem. 
fLip  entire,  or  merely  toothed;  bracts  mostly  longer  than  the  flowers. 

2.  I*.  toi'JictesYta,  Torrey.  Lower  leaves  obovate, — upper  ones 
oblong,  and  lanceolate ;  lip  2-  or  3-toothed  at  apex ;  spur  short, 
saccate  and  somewhat  2-lobed. 

Habenaria  bracteata.  R<  Br.  $  FL  Oestr.  ed.  2,  p.  506. 
BRACTEATE  PLATANTHERA. 

Stem  6  to  9  inches  high.  Leaves  about  3  in  number,  1%  to  near  3  inches  in 
length.  Spike  2  to  3  inches  long ;  bracts  Itnear-lanceolate, — the  lower  ones  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  the  upper  scarcely  longer;  flowers  pale  green,  small. 
Hob.  Great  Valley ;  near  Brooke's  Mill :  rare.  FL  May.  Fr. 

3.  P.  HitVcl,  A.  Gray.    Leaves  lance-oblong,  and  linear-lance- 
olate ;  lip  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base,  and  one  on  the  palate  ; 
spur  slender,  clavate. 

Habenaria  herbiola.     5.  Br.  $  Fl.  Oestr.  ed.  2.  p.  506. 
YELLOW  PLATANTHERA. 

Stem  12  to  18  inches  high,  somewhat  angular  and  flexuose.    Leaves  about  3  in 
number,  3  to  6  inches  in  length.    Spike  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long;  bracts  lanceolate, 
acuminate, — the  lower  ones  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers,  the  upper  one^ 
scarcely  as  long ;  flowers  rather  small,  greenish-yellow. 
Bab.  Moist,  or  swampy  thicket*:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept< 

ft  Lip  fringed,  but  not  lobed  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

4.  P.  Cillaris,  Lindley.   Leaves  obi ong- lanceolate ;  spike  ob- 
long, rather  dense ;  lip  lanoe-oblong,  pinnatifidly  lacerate-ciliate ; 
spur  filiform,  longer  than  the  ovary. 

Habenaria  ciliaris.     JR.  Br.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  507. 
CILIATE  PLATANTHERA. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high  angular.    Leaves  several,  3  to  6  inches  long, — usually  2  or 
3  larger  ones  below,  and  some  smaller  bract-like  ones  above.     Spike  2  to  4  inches 
long;    bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  ovary;  flowers  rather  large,   bright 
orange-yellow. 
ffab.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  not  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  handsome  species  is  well  worthy  of  a  place  in  the 
flower-garden,  for  the  sake  of  its  showy  spikes. 


312  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

f  f  f  Lip  deeply  3-parted,—the  lobes  more  or  less  fringed. 
*  Flowers  pale  greenish-wJiite. 

5.  P.  lucera,   A.   Gray.     Leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate,   and 
lance-oblong ;  spike  rather  slender  and  loose  ;  lobes  of  the  lip  nar- 
row, deeply  and  lacerately  fringed. 

Habenaria  psycodes.     Sprengel.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  509. 
RAGGED  PLATANTHERA. 

Stem  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  angular.    Leaves  about  3  principal  ones,  and  a  few 
smaller  bract-like  ones  above,— the  larger  ones  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  the  smaller 
ones  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Spike  3  to  6  inches  long ;  bracts  lanceolate,  about  as 
long  as  the  ovary ;  flowers  medium  size. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  thickets  :  not  very  common.  FL  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  There  has  been  sad  confusion  in  the  synonymy  of  this,  and 
the  following  species,  ever  since  the  days  of  LINNAEUS  ;  of  which, 
see  an  interesting  and  lucid  exposition,  by  Prof.  A.  GRAY,  in 
SILLIMAN'S  Journal,  Vol.  38.  p.  306. 

*  *  Flowers  purple  ;  lobes  of  the  lip  broadly  cuneate. 

6.  P.  psyctkles,   A.   Gray.     Leaves  oblong,    and  lanceolate; 
spike  long,  cylindrical,  and  densely  flowered ;  petals  cuneate-ob- 
ovate,  dentate  above ;  lobes  of  the  lip  with  a  rather  short  fringe,  or 
sometimes  merely  bifid  and  dentate. 

Habenaria  fimbriata,  R.  Br.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  508. 
Also  ?  H.  fissa.     Fl.  Cestr.  I.  c.  not  of  R.  Br. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout,  angular,  fistular.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long, 
nerved,  sessile  and  sheathing,— usually  3  or  4  large  ones  below,  and  several  small 
lance-linear  bract-like  ones  above.    Spike  4  to  6  inches  long,  compact,  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter ;  flowers  medium  size,  bright-purple. 
Hob.  Along  swampy  rivulets :  not  very  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  beautiful  species — so  long  known  as  the  Orchis  fimbriata, 
of  LINNAEUS — appears  really  to  have  been  his  0.  psycodes. 

71.  P.  fimbriata,  Lindley.     Leaves   oval,    and  lance  oblong ; 
spike  oblong,  rather  loosely  flowered ;  petals  oblong,  fringe- toothed 
down  the  sides ;  lobes  of  the  lip  with  a  deep  capillary  fringe. 
Habenaria  grandiflora.     Torr.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  509. 
FRINGED  PLATANTHERA. 

Stem  about  2  feet  high,  rather  stout,  angular  and  fistular.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches 
long,  broader  than  the  preceding,  sessile  and  sheathing, — usually  4  larger  ones 
below,  and  2  or  3  small  ones  above*    Spike  3  to  5  or  6  inches  long,  rather  open,  or 
loose,  2  to  2%  inches  in  diameter ;  flowers  large,  pale  purple. 
Hob.  Along  rivulets,  on  the  slaty  hills :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  A  superb  plant, — nearly  allied  to  the  preceding ;  and  both, 
well  entitled  to  a  place  in  flower-gardens. 

TRIBE  3.  ARETHITSEAE. 

Pollen  pulverulent,  of  angular  loosely  cohering  granules,  forming  4  or  2  maflBcs 
(poUinia) ;  anther  terminal,  opening  like  a  lid. 


ORCHIDACEAB  313 

fPollinia  4. 
423.  ARETIIITSA,   Gronoviut. 

[Poetically  named  from  Arethusa,  a  nymph  of  Diana.] 

flowers  somewhat  ringent, — the  sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike, 
united  below,  ascending  and  arching,  over  the  column.  Lip  dilated, 
recurved-spreading  towards  the  summit,  bearded  inside.  Column 
adherent  to  the  lip  below,  dilated  and  petal-like  at  apex.  Anther 
of  2  approximate  cells;  pollinia  2  in  each  cell.  Root  fibrous,  bear- 
ing a  scape  with  a  solid  globose  bulb  at  base,  and  a  single  large  pur- 
ple flower  at  summit ;  leaves  mostly  none,  but  mere  loose  sheaths. 

1.  A.  Inill>  »s;i.  L.  Upper  sheath  of  the  scape  sometimes  pro- 
ducing a  spatulate-linear  leaf. 
BULBOUS  AEETHUSA. 

Scape.  3  or  4  to  9  inches  high,  striate,  bearing  3  or  4  loosely  sheathing  scales, — a 
leaf  sometimes  protruding  from  the  upper  sheath.    Flower  mostly  solitary,  an 
inch  or  more  in  length,  with  2  unequal  bracts  at  base. 
Hob.  Sphagnous  swamps ;  Great  Valley :  rare.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  This  little  Beauty  is  very  rare,  with  us ;  but  quite  abundant 
in  New  Jersey, — especially  at  Quaker  Bridge, 
ft  Pollinia  2. 

424.  POGCraiA,  Jussieu. 

[Gr.  Pogon,  a  beard ;  from  the  bearded  lip  of  the  original  species.] 
Sepals  and  petals  distinct.  Lip  beard-crested,  or  3-lobed  and  not 
bearded.  Column  free,  elongated,  clavate,  not  winged.  Anther 
stipitate ;  pollinia  1  in  each  cell.  Root  fibrous,  or  sometimes  tuber- 
iferous ;  scape,  or  stem,  1-  to  5-leaved ;  flowers  pale  purple,  or 
dingy  greenish-brown. 

f  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike — -pale  purple,  or  pink. 

1.  P.  OplliOglO§§Oides,  Nultall.  Root  coarsely  fibrous;  scape 
1 -flowered,   with  a  lance-ovate  leaf  near  the  middle,  and  a  bract 
near  the  flower ;  lip  crested  and  fringed. 
OPHIOGLOSSUM-LIKE  POGONIA. 

Scape  9  to  15  inches  high,  slender.    Leaf  1  to  4  inches  long,— sometimes,  though 
rarely,  a  solitary  oblanceolate  leaf,  3  or  4  inches  in  length,  at  the  base  of  the 
Bcape.    Flower  mostly  solitary,  rather  large,  pale  purple,  or  pink.    Capsule  elliptic- 
oblong. 
Hab.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  not  very  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

2.  I",  pendula,  Lindley.     Root  bearing  oblong  tubers ;  stem 
mostly  with  3  or  4  alternate  ovate  clasping  leaves,  and  as  many 
axillary  pedunculate  nodding  flowers ;  lip  not  crested,  3-lobed. 
Triphora  pendula.     Nutt.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  504. 
PENDULOUS  POGONIA. 

Tubers  succulent,  cylindric-oblong,  often  an  inch  In  length,  <$fem  3  to  6  inches 
high,  simple  (frequently  growing  in  clusters),  slightly  angled  by  the  decurrent 
leaves,  fleshy,  generally  purplish.  Leaves  3  to  5  or  7  in  number,  and  %  to  %  of  an 
inch  in  length.  Flowers  few  (1  to  3  or  4),  generally  pale  violetrpurple,  with  tinges 
of  green— rarely  milk-white  ;  lip  spatulate,  a  little  rough,  but  not  crested;  pedun- 
•k*  1/3  to  K  an  inch  loni-  Odumn  spatulate.  Captule  obo void-oblong,  acuminate- 
Hab.  Rich,  rocky  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 


314  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

f  f  Sepals  greenish-brown,  much  longer  than  thepetals,  and  unlike  them. 

3.  P.  verticill&ta,  Nuttall  Root  of  fleshy  fibres ;  scape  with 
a  verticil  (mostly  of  5)  obovate-oblong  sessile  leaves  at  summit,  1- 
flowered ;  sepals  sublinear,  tapering  to  a  point ;  lip  short,  3-lobed. 
VERTICILLATE  POGONIA. 

Scape.  9  to  15  inches  high,  terete,  succulent,  often  of  a  dingy  purple  color  and 
somewhat  glaucous.  Leaves  alternate,  but  crowded  into  a  verticil,  2  to  3  inches 
long,  acute  at  each  end,  often  with  a  short  abrupt  acumination.  Flower  mostly 
solitary,  terminal,  somewhat  nodding  (many  scapes  bear  no  flower) ;  sepals  1  to  2J^J 
inches  in  length,  the  margins  involute  toward  the  apex;  petals  oblanceolate, 
obtuse ;  Up  papillosely  crested  along  the  middle.  Gapsuk  elliptic-oblong,  erect,  1 
to  1%  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  whorled  leaves  resemble  those  of  Medeola.  JOHN  BART- 
HAM,  in  1760,  speaks  of  it  as  so  like  that  plant,  that  he  hardly 
knew  the  difference  ;  yet  there  is  no  affinity  whatever,  in  the  flower 
and  fruit.  The  long  attenuated  sepals  remind  one  of  the  beards  of 
a  cat-fish. 

425.  CAt,0PONGOJV,  R.  Brown. 

[Gr.  Kalos,  beautiful,  and  Pogon,  beard;  alluding  to  the  bearded  lip.] 

Sepals  and  petals  distinct,  spreading,  nearly  alike.  Lip  (the  peduncle 
being  not  twisted)  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower !  erect,  unguiculate, 
bearded  in  front.  Column  free,  declined,  winged  at  summit. — 
Anther  sessile ;  pollinia  1  in  each  cell.  Scape  from  a  solid  bulb, 
with  a  single  sub-radical  leaf,  and  a  spike  of  red  fragrant  flowers. 

1.  C.  piilcliellus,  R.  Br.  Leaf  ensiform,  or  linear-lanceolate, 
striate-nerved ;  flowers  bracteate,  in  a  flexuose  spike. 
HANDSOME  CALOPOGON. 

Scape  12  to  18  inches  high.     Leaf  6  to  9  inches  long.    Flowers  4  to  8  or  10 ; 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  ovary.    Lip  bearded  [conspicuously  with 
whitish  and  orange-colored  clavate  hairs. 
Hob.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  not  very  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  a  very  elegant,  as  well  as  fragrant  plant,  when  in 
flower. 

TRIBE  4.  NEOTTIE^AE. 

Poll-en  as  in  the  preceding  tribe ;  pollinia  %  affixed  to  a  common  gland;  anther  erect, 
parallel  with  the  column. 

426.  SPIRAW'THES,  Richard. 

[Gr.  Speira,  &  twisted  cord,  and  anthos,  a  flower ;  the  flowers  being  spirally  arranged.] 
Flowers  somewhat  ringent;  lateral  sepals  oblique  at  base,  and  nearly 
under  or  opposite  the  lip, — the  upper  one  adhering  to  the  petals — all 
rather  erect.  Lip  oblong,  concave,  embracing  the  column  below, 
with  2  callous  processes  near  the  base.  Column  arching;  stigma 
ovate,  with  a  short-pointed  and  finally  2-cleft  beak.  Anther  dorsal ; 
pollinia  clavate.  Root  fasciculate,  fleshy ;  scape  naked,  or  leafy  at 
base;  flowers  white,  in  a  spirally  twisted  spike,  or  obliquely  re- 
curved. 


OECHIDACEAB  315 

t  Scape  merely  bracteatc  ;  leaves  (if  any)  radical,  and  soon  disappearing. 

1.  S.  gracilis,  Bigelow.  Leaves,  when  present,  elliptic-lanceolate, 
petiolate;  spike  slender,   smoothish;  flowers  unilateral,   spirally 
twisted. 

S.  tortilis.  Rich?  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  Z.p.bQl.  and  var.  gracilis.  Ibid.  I.e. 
SLENDER  SPIRANTHES.  Ladies'  Tresses. 

Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  thinnish.  Scape  9  to  15  inches  high,  slim,  sheathed  with 
acuminate  scales.  Spike  2  to  4  inches  in  length;  flowers  small ;  bracts  elliptic,  or 
ovate-oblong,  acuminate.  Capsule  smooth. 

Hah.  Moist  grounds ;  meadows,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 
f  f  Scape  leafy  near  the  base. 

2.  S.  cerima.  Rich.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  sessile ; 
spike  dense,  pubescent ;  flowers  not  unilateral,  obliquely  cernuous. 
NODDING  SPIRANTHES. 

Leaves  3  to  10  or  12  inches  long,  somewhat  fleshy.    Scape  6  to  15  inches  high, 
stouter  than  the  preceding,  bearing  loosely  sheathing  scofcs,  or  sometimes  leafy. — 
Spike  2  to  6  inches  long ;  flowers  rather  large,  crowded ;  bracts  lance-ovate.    Cap- 
sule pubescent. 
Hob.  Moist  thickets,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  The  flowers  vary  from  greenish-white  to  ochroleucous. 
427.  GOODYE'RA,  R.  Brown. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Goodyer ;  an  English  Botanist.J 

Lateral  sepals  not  oblique  at  base.  Lip  saccate  at  base,  without 
callous  processes, — the  apex  acuminate  and  channelled.  Column 
straight.  Pollinia  of  angular  grains  loosely  cohering  by  a  web. — 
Rhizoma  somewhat  creeping ;  leaves  radical ;  scape  bracteate ;  flowers 
spiked,  greenish-white. 

1.  G.  pub&scens,  R.  Br.     Leaves  spatulate-ovate,  petiolate, 
reticulated  with  broad  bluish- white  veins;  spike  crowded,  glandular- 
pubescent. 
PUBESCENT  GOODYERA.     Rattle-snake  Plantain. 

Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  acute,  mostly  5-nerved, — the  upper  surface  dark  green, 
whitish  along  the  midrib  and  nerves,  tapering  at  base  to  a  flat  petiole  about  an 
inch  in  length.  Scape  6  to  12  inches  high,  terete,  pubescent;  spike  2  to  4  inches 
long ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  and  ciliate,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovaries ; 
flowers  small. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  shady  thickets :  frequent.  F 1.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

DIVISION  II.  Anthers  2  (the  middle  or  front  one  abortive). 

TRIBE  5.  CYPRIPEDIEVAE. 

Pollen  pulpy-granular;  abortive  anther  dilated  and  petal-like. 

428.  CYPRIPEWUM,  L. 

[Gr.  Kypris,  Venus,  and  Podion,  a  sock,  or  slipper;  in  allusion  to  the  lip.] 
Sepals  spreading,  the  2  anterior  ones  mostly  united.  Petals  similar 
but  usually  narrower.  Lip  a  large  inflated  sac,  somewhat  mocasln- 
shaped.  Column  short,  3-lobed, — the  lateral  lobes  each  bearing  a 
2-celled  anther  beneath, — the  middle  one  (abortive  anther)  dilated, 
thickish,  incurved.  Root  of  many  matted  fibres;  leaves  many- 


316 


ENDOGENOUS    PLANTS 


nerved  and  somewhat  plicate ;  flowers  few,  or  solitary,  large  and 
showy. 

1.  C.  pubescens,    Willd.  Stem  leafy,  1-  to  3-flowered ;  sepals 
and  petals  longer  than  the  lip,  stained  with  purplish-brown;  lip 
pale  yellow,  convex  and  gibbous  above ;  abortive  anther  triangular. 
PUBESCENT  CYPRIPEDIUM.     Noah's  Ark.     Mocasin-flower. 

Stem.  1  to  2  feet  high,  simple,  often  flexuose,  pubescent.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches 
long,  alternate,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent,  sessile  and  sheathing. — 
Flower  mostly  solitary  and  terminal,  with  a  foliaceous  bract  at  base ;  petals  wary 
and  curled ;  lip  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  inflated  and  saccate.  Capsule 
oblong,  tapering  at  each  end. 
Hob.  Rich,  moist  woodlands :  formerly  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

2.  C.  acaiile,  Alton.  Scape  naked,  1-flowered,  2-leaved  at  base ; 
sepals  and  petals  shorter  than  the  lip,  greenish,  stained  and  spotted ; 
lip  purple,   drooping,   obovoid,   with  a  fissure  in  front;  abortive 
anther  rhomboid,  acuminate. 

STEMLESS  CYPRIPEDIUM.     Lady's  Slipper. 

Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  opposite,  oval,  mostly  acute,  at  first  rather  erect, 
finally  spreading.    Scape  6  to  12  inches  high ;  flower  solitary  and  terminal,  with  a 
foliaceous  ovate-lanceolate  bract  at  base.    Lip  \}/2  to  2  inches  long.    Capsule  ellip- 
tic-oblong, an  inch  and  half  in  length. 
Hob.  Woods ;  North  Valley  hills :  not  common.  FL  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Both  these  remarkable  plants  are  beginning  to  be  rather 
scarce,  in  this  region. 

ORDER  CVL  AMARYLLIDACEAE. 

Herbs, — with  roots  chiefly  bulbous,  and  scape-bearing;  leaves  radical,  flat  and 
linear ;  flowers  perfect,  with  a  regular  6-parted  perianth,  not  scurfy,  nor  woolly,— 
the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  stamens  6 ;  anthers  introrse ;  style  single ;  stigmas 
3 ;  fruit  a  3-celled  loculicidal  capsule ;  seeds  numerous ;  embryo  straight,  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen* 

This  order  comprises  some  curious,  and  beautifully  flowering  plants.  The  famous 
Pulque,  an  intoxicating  drink  of  the  Mexicans,  is  the  fermented  juice  of  a  species 
of  Agave. 

429.  HYPOXVIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Hypo,  beneath,  and  oxys,  sharp;  the  capsule  being  pointed  at  base.] 
Perianth  persistent,  spreading, — the  3  outer  lobes  green  externally. 
Capsule  crowned  with  the  withered  perianth-lobes,  not  opening  by 
valves.  Seeds  globular,  laterally  beaked.   Stemless  hairy  perennials, 
with  grass-like  leaves,  and  yellow  Jtowers. 

1.  H.  Crecta,  L*  Leaves  longer  than  the  umbellately  3-  or  4- 

fiowered  scape. 

ERECT  HYPOXIS.     Star  of  Bethlehem. 

Soot  a  solid  bulb,  with  many  coarse  fibres.    Leaves  9  to  15  inches  long,  keeled, 
tapering  to  a  subulate  point.     Scape  4  to  10  inches  high,  slender;  pedicels  %  au 
inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  silky-villous,  with  subulate  bracts  at  base. 
Hob.  Open,  grassy  woodlands :  common.  FL  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  I  think  this  plant  rarely  perfects  its  fruit.  Common  as  it 
is, — and  familiar  as  I  have  been  with  it,  for  more  than  half  a 
century, — I  have  never  observed  a  full-grown  capsule. 


HAEMODORACEAE  317 

ORDER  CVII.  HAEMODORACEAE. 

Herbs,— withflbrous-roots ;  leaves  sometimes  lanceolate  and  stellate,  often  ensiform, 
distichous  and  equitant;  flowers  perfect  and  regular,  scurfy,  or  woolly,  outside,— 
the  tube  of  the  5-lobed  perianth  either  adherent  to  the  lower  part,  only,  or  to  th« 
whole  surface,  of  the  ovary  ;  stamens  6,  or  3 ;  anthers  introrse;  stigmas  3 ;  fruit  a 
3-celled  loculicidal  3-  or  many-seeded  capsule,  crowned  or  inclosed  by  the  wither- 
ing persistent  peri  a  nth;  embryo  straight,  in  hard  or  fleshy  albumen. 

430.  ALETTRIS,  L. 

[Or.  Aleiar,  meal ;  the  flowers  having  a  rough  mealy  appearance.] 
Perianth  tubular,  rough  externally  with  scurfy  points, — the  tube 
adherent  to  the  base,  only,  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  included, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  lobes.  Style  subulate,  finally  3-parted. 
Stemless  smooth  perennials:  leaves  radical,  stellately  spreading; 
scape  simple,  tall ;  flowers  racemose,  white,  or  yellowish. 

1.  A.  r;irinv»sa,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,   thin 

and   arid ;    perianth   whitish,    ovoid-oblong,    rugose-muricate   and 

mealy-looking. 

MEALY   ALETRIS.     Star-grass.     Colic-root. 

Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  pale  yellowish-green.    Sczpe  2  to  3  feet  high,  with  a 
few  small  remote  bract-like  leaves;  raceme  6  to  12  inches  long;  pedicels  very  short, 
with  1  or  2  subulate  bracts  at  base.    Capsule  coated  with  the  persistent  perianth. 
Hob.  Open,  moist,  grassy  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Septem. 

ORDER  CVIII.  IRIDACEAE. 

Herbs, — with  creeping  rhizomas,  or  merely  fibrous  roots ;  leaves  distichous  and 
equitant,  ensiform,  or  grass-like;  flowers  perfect,  regular  (or  sometimes  irregular), 
with  spathe-like  bracts, — the  tube  of  the  corolla-like  perianth  adherent  to  the 
ocary ;  stamens 3,  distinct, or monadelphous ;  anthers extrorse ;  style  single;  stigmas 
;  fruit  a  3-celled  loculicidal  many-seeded  capsule  ;  embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albu- 
tnen.  The  Orris-root,  and  Saffron,  of  the  shops,  are  afforded  by  plants  of  this 
order, — the  former  (i.  e.  Orris  or  Iris  root),  being  the  rhizoma  of  Iris  florentina, 
WiUd.  and  the  latter  the  dried  orange-colored  stigmas  of  Crocus  sativus,  L. 

431.  THIS,  L. 

[The  varied  hues  of  its  flowers  resembling  those  of  the  7m,  or  rainbow.] 
Perianth  with  the  3  outer  lobes  reflexed,  and  often  bearded  at  base, — 
the  3  inner  ones  smaller  and  erect.  Stamens  distinct,  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  outer  perianth-lobes.  Stigmas  dilated  and  petal-like, 
arched  over  the  stamens.  Capsule  coriaceous,  3-  to  6-angled;  seeds 
flat,  margined.  Perennials :  rhizoma,  often  large  and  fleshy  ;  leaves 
mostly  ensiform  ;  flowers  racemose,  large,  purplish-blue  and  varie- 
gated,— the  Chester  County  species  on  leafy  stems,  and  not  bearded. 

I.I.  versiCOlor,  L.  Stem  rather  stout,   angled  on  one  side ; 
leaves  ensiform ;  ovary  obtusely  3-angled,  with  flat  sides ;  capsule 
oblong,  turgid. 
COLOR-CHANGING  IRIS.     Wild  Flag. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high,  rather  taller  than  the  leaves.    Flowers  2  to  6  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme ;  lobes  spatulate, — the  outer  ones  variegated  with  yellow  at  base, 
inner  ones  paler. 
Hub.  Margins  of  ponds,  and  miry  places :  frequeni.  Fl.  June.  Fr. 


318  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

2»  I.  Virginica,  L.     Stem  slender,  terete;   leaves  narrowly 
lance-linear;  ovary  with  the  sides  2-grooved;  capsule  acute  at 
both  ends. 
VIRGINIAN  IRIS.     Slender  blue  Flag. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  marked  with  a  prominent  line  on  opposite  sides,  but  not 
ancipital.    Leaves  usually  overtopping  the  stem.    Flowers  3  to  6  or  8  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme,  smaller  and  more  yellow  than  the  preceding. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows;  along  Brandy  wine :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr. 

Obs.  Collected  in  1838,  by  Mr.  ALBERT  TOWNSEND. 
432.  SISYRUV'CHIUM,  L. 

[Or.  Sys,  a  hog,  and  Rhynchos,  a  snout;  hogs  being  supposed  fond  of  rooting  it  up.] 
Perianth  with  the  6  deeply-parted  lobes  alike,  and  spreading. — 
Stamens  monadelphous.  Stigmas  involute-filiform,  acute,  alternat- 
ing with  the  stamens.  Capsule  membranaceous,  roundish-obovoid, 
slightly  trigonous ;  seeds  sub-globose.  Grass-like  perennials:  roots 
fibrous;  stems  slender,  cespitose,  winged  or  ancipital;  leaves  chiefly 
radical ;  flowers  blue,  small,  in  umbellate  clusters  of  3  to  6,  from  2 
spathe-like  bracts. 

1.  S.  Ilcrimidiana,  L.    Stem  winged,  nearly  leafless,  often 
branched  above  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  peduncles. 
S.  anceps.   Cavan.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  13. 
BERMUDIAN  SISYRINCHIUM.     Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Stem  9  to  18  inches  high,  compressed,  with  a  broad  margin  on  each  side,  and  a 
sheathing  leaf  at  the  base  of  the  branches.  Leaves  3  to  12  inches  long,  linear, 
ensifbrm,  acute.  Bracts  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  2-  to  5-flowered. 

Var.  mucronatum,  A.  Gray.    Stem  ancipital,  simple,  leafless;  bracts  unequal, 
colored, — the  outer  one  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  peduncles. 
S.  mucronatum.  MX.  and  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  12. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  meadows,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fl.  May,  June.  Fr.  July . 

Obs.  The  S.  mucronatum  of  MX.  which  is  every  way  more  slender 
and  delicate  than  the  other,  is  reduced  to  a  var.  by  Prof.  A.  GRAY. 

ORDER  CIX.  DIOSCOREA'CEAE. 

Mostly  Jierbs;  rhizomas  tuberous,  or  nodose;  stems  slender  and  twining;  leaves 
chiefly  alternate,  ribbed,  netted-veined,  petiolate,  without  stipules ;  flowers  dioi- 
cous,  regular;  perianth  6-cleft:  STAM.  FL.  with  6  stamens,  inserted  on  the  base  of 
the  perianth-lobes ;  anthers  introrse :  PISTILL.  FL".  with  the  perianth-tube  adherent 
to  the  3-celled  ovary;  styles  3,  distinct ;  fruit  a  membranaceous  3-winged  few-seeded 
capsule— or  sometimes  baccate;  seeds  compressed  and  margined,— or  subglobose  ; 
embryo  in  cartilaginous  albumen. 

433.  DIOSCORITA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  the  ancient  Greek  Naturalist,  Dioscorides.] 
Generic  character  nearly  that  of  the  Order:  Capsule  3-celled,  loculi- 
cidally  3-valved  by  splitting  through  the  prominently  winged  angles. 
Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  flat  and  margined.     Perennials:  stem 
volubile ;  flowers  pale  green,  in  axillary  panicles  and  racemes. 

1.  D.  villdsa,  L.  Herbaceous;  leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  pubes- 


DIOSCOBEACEAE  319 

cent  beneath, — the  upper  ones  sometimes  nearly  opposite,  or  in 

verticils  of  four. 

VILLOUS  DIOSCOREA.    Wild  Yam. 

Stem  6  to  12  feet  long,  Blender,  mostly  simple,  twining  (W-  S.  E.),  or  clamber- 
ing over  bushes  and  fences.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  9-  to  IX-nerved ;  petioles  1% 
to  2^  inches  in  length.  Capsules  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  nearly  as 
wide  as  long,— the  angles  dilated  into  3  broad  compressed  semi-oval  wings,  which 
are  greenish-tawny,  with  a  narrow  dark-brown  margin.  Seeds  orbicular,  with  a 
thin  white  shining  membranaceous  margin. 
Hab.  Thickets  ;  fence-rows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  I  have  observed,  in  the  pistillate  flowers,  6  abortive  stamens, 
or  staminodia ;  but  do  not  know  whether  they  are  constant.  The 
fine  tuberous  rhizoma,  known  as  the  Yam,  in  tropical  countries,  is 
afforded  by  a  species  of  this  genus  (D.  saliva,  L.). 

ORDER  CX.  SMILACEAE. 

Herbs,  or  climbing  shrubby  plants ;  leaves  alternate,  or  verticillate,  ribbed  and  netted- 
reined, — sometimes  with  tendrils  in  place  of  stipules ;  flowers  regular,  dioicous,  or 
perfect, — the  perianth  mostly  6-parted,  free  from  the  ovary ;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  perianlh-lobes ;  anthers  introrse;  ovary  3-  to  5-celled;  styles  or  stigmas  as 
many,  and  distinct;  fruit  a  few- or  many-seeded  berry;  embryo  minute,  in  hard 
albumen. 

SUBORDER  I.  TRUE  SMILAX3EAE. 

Chiefly  shrubby;  leaves  alternate,  cirrhose-stipulate ;  flowers  mostly  dioicous, 
axillary, — the  perianth  uniform ;  stigmas  subsessile ;  seeds  few. 

434.  SMIXAX,  Tournef. 
[The  ancient  Greek  name;  meaning  obscure.] 

Perianth  of  6  nearly  distinct  deciduous  sepals.  Stamens  as  many  ; 
anthers  linear,  fixed  by  the  base.  Stigmas  3,  thick  and  spreading. 
Berry  globular,  bluish-black,  1-  to  3-celled,  1-  to  3-seeded;  seeds 
globose.  Perennials:  often  evergreen  and  prickly;  climbing  by 
tendrils  on  the  petioles  ;  flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  axillary  pedun- 
culate simple  umbels. 

§1.  Stem  shrubby  and  prickly;  leaves  thicldsh;  ovules  solitary. 

1.  S.  rotundifdlia,  L.  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  with  a  short 
acumination,  subcordate  at  base,  glaucous  beneath. 
ROUND-LEAVED  SMILAX.     Green-Brier.     Rough  Bind- weed. 

Plant  yellowish-green,  smooth  (as  to  [pubescence).  Stem  10  to  20  or  30  feet  long, 
mostly  terete,  flexuose,  somewhat  branched,  armed  with  straight  sharp  prickles. 
Leaves  2  to  8  inches  long ;  petioles  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  margined  at  base, 
and  with  a  simple  filiform  but  strong  tendril,  on  each  side,  at  the  summit  of  the 
margin.  Umbels  globose,  on  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles.  Berries 
with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

Far.  Caduca,  A.  Gray.    Stem  somewhat  angular,  shorter  and  more  slender, 
seldom  climbing ;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate. 
S.  caduca.  L.  and  Fl.  Cettr.  ed.  2.  p.  506. 
Hab.  Thickets ;  moist  woods ;  old  fields :  frequent.  Fl.  May,  June.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Prof.  GRAY  has  reduced  the  S.  caduca,  L.  to  a  variety.  It 
is  chiefly  found  in  old  fields ;  while  the  other  occurs  in  wet  woods, 


320  ENDOGENOUS    PLANTS 

and  thickets, — where  its  rugged  vines  are  often  a  great  annoyance 
to  the  wood-man. 

£2.  Stem  herbaceous,  not  prickly ;  leaves  thin;  ovules  in  pairs. 

2.  S.  herb&cea,  L.  Leaves  oblong-cordate  and   lance-ovate, 
acuminate,  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  exceedingly  fetid. 
HERBACEOUS  SMILAX.     Carrion-flower. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  6  feet  long,  erect,  or  leaning,  often  flaccid  at  summit  and  nodding, 
mostly  simple,  angular,  frequently  purplish.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long;  petioles 
an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length.     Umbels  globose,  about  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter, on  peduncles  3  to  5  inches  long. 
Hib.  Meadows;  fence-rows,  &c. :  frequent.  F Z.May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  plant  is  easily  identified  by  the  abominable  foetor  of 
its  flowers, — which,  however,  is  completely  dissipated  by  drying. 

SUBORDER  II.  TRILLIA^CEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  verticillate ;  flowers  perfect,  terminal, — the  perianth  often  of  disshni- 
lar  and  nearly  distinct  parts  (sepals  and  petals);  ovary  3-celled;  styles  manifest; 
ovules  several  in  each  cell. 

435.  TRII/MUM,  L. 

[Latin,  Trilix,  triple;  the  parts  of  its  structure  being  chiefly  in  threes.] 
Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  spreading,  green,  persistent.  Petals  3,  larger, 
white,  or  purple,  withering.  Anthers  linear,  adnate,  on  short  fila- 
ments. Styles  subulate,  recurved,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side.  Berry 
trigonous-ovoid,  purple,  3-celled ;  seeds  obovoid,  horizontal.  Peren- 
nials :  rhizoma  short;  stem  simple,  with  3  leaves  in  a  verticil  at 
summit ;  flower  solitary,  terminal,  rather  large. 

1.  T.  p ''llduluill,  Muhl.  Leaves  broadly  rhomboid,  acuminate,, 
subsessile;  flower  pedunculate,  pendulous ;  petals  recurved,  white. 
T.  cernuum.     Ph.  Bigel.  A.  Gray,  &c.  not?  of  L. 
PENDULOUS  TRILLIUM.     Three-leaved  Night-shade. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  and  2  to  4  inches  wido. — 
JWunde  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length.    Berry  %  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  la 
diameter,  fleshy,  dark  purple  when  mature. 
Hob.  Rich,  moist,  shaded  grounds;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent,  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  There  seems  still  to  be  some  confusion  in  the  synonymy  of 
this  plant, — in  consequence  of  PURSH  having  mistaken  it  for  the  true 
T.  cernuum,  of  Linn,  which  is  believed  to  be  a  Southern  species, 
first  made  known  by  CATESBT  (T.  Catesbaei,  Ell.  T.  stylosum,  Nutt.), 
See  Dr.  BALDWIN'S  note,  in  Florul.  Cestr.  p.  44. 

436.  ME»EVOL,A,  Gronomu*  j 

[Named  aftor  Medea,  the  Sorceress ;  from  its  supposed  virtues.] 
Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  lance-oblong,  revolute,  deciduous.— 
Anthers  linear-oblong,  incumbent.     Styles  long,  Jn^ar,  recuyved- 
diverging,    stigmalic   on  the   upper   side,    dark-purple,  deciduous. 
Berry  globose,  dark  purple,  3-celled,  few-seeded,  lerennial:  rhizoma. 
oblong,  fleshy,  white ;  stem  simple,  slender,  loosely  floccose-put 
cent,  with  a  verticil  of  5  to  9  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  another  ot 
3  at  summit ;  flowers  pale  greenish-yellow,  subumbellate,  nodding 


SMILACEAE  321 

1.  91.  Virsiiiica,  L.  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  and  ovate, 
acuminate,  sessile ;  peduncles  3  to  6  or  8,  terminal,  nodding  in 
flower,  erect  in  fruit. 

Gyromia  Virginica.     Nutt.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  234. 
VIRGINIAN  MEDEOLA.     Indian  Cucumber.     Cucumber-root. 

Plant  pale  green.  Rhizoma  a  horizontal  oblong  tuber,  1  to  2  inches  long.  Stem 
1  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  of  the  lower  verticil  3  or  4  inches  long, — of  the  upper 
one,  1  to  2  inches  in  length,  and^often  stained  at  base,  when  the  plant  is  in  fruit. 
Hah.  Shaded,  moist  grounds ;  about  springs :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  delicate  white  tuber  has  been  thought  to  resemble  the 
cucumber,  in  taste ;  and  is  reputed  diuretic. 

ORDER  CXI.  LILIACEAE. 

Mostly  herbs ;  roots  often  bulb-bearing ;  leaves  sessile,  or  sheathing;  flowers  per- 
fect, regular, — the  perianth  mostly  with  6  (rarely  4)  lobes,  or  petal-like,  parts,  free 
from  the  ovary;  stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes,  or  parts,  of  the  perianth;  anthers 
iutrorse,  erect,  or  incumbent;  styles  united;  stigmas  3,  sometimes  united;  fruit  a 
o-cclled  loculicidal  capsule,  or  sometimes  a  berry ;  seeds  few,  or  several ;  embryo  in 
fleshy  albumen.  A  large  and  interesting  Order, — some  of  the  genera  vying  with, 
the  Rosaceae,  in  beauty. 

TRIBE  1.  ASPARAGE^AE. 

Hoot  fleshy  and  fascicled,  or  fibrous ;  fruit  a  berry,  2-  or  3-celled,  and  few-seeded. 

f  Stem  branching ;  leaves  numerously  fasciculate. 

437.  ASPAR'AGUS.  L. 

[The  ancient  Greek  name.] 

Perianth  deeply  6-parted ;  lobes  linear-oblong,  spreading  at  apex, — 
with  the  filaments  partly  adnate  to  their  base ;  anthers  peltate. — 
Style  short;  stigmas  3.  Berry  globose,  red  when  mature.  Perennials: 
unarmed,  or  aculeate ;  rhizoma  much  branched  and  matted ;  flowers 
axillary,  or  lateral. 

1.  A.  OFFICIN\LIS,  L.  Unarmed;  bushy;  leaves  setaceous  and  flexi- 
ble ;  peduncles  mostly  in  pairs. 

OFFICINAL  ASPARAGUS.  Asparagus  (corruptly,  "Sparrow-grass"). 
Plant  smooth ;  stem,  3  to  6  feet  high,  the  turions,  or  young  shoots,  at  first  simple, 
stout  and  fleshy,  with  appregsed  scales  instead  of  leaves — finally  much  branched. 
leaves  unequal,  %  of  ar  inch  to  an  inch,  or  more,  in  length,  in  fascicles  of  3  to  10  or 
1 2  (often  6).  Peduncles  about  %  an  inch  long,  articulated  above  the  middle,  lateral 
(not  axillary),  at  the  base  of  the  alternate  branches;  flowers  pale  greenish  yellow. 
Hab.  Gardens,  Ac.  Nat  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Generally  cultivated,  for  the  young  Turions, — which  afford 
a  favorite  Vegetable  dish,  in  the  vernal  season. 

f  f  S*em  simple ;  leaves  solitary,  alternate. 
438.  POL,YG01¥AvTU9f ,  Tournef. 

[Gr.  Folyt,  many,  and  i*mu,  a  knee;  from  its  many-jointed  rhizoma  and  stem.] 
Perianth  tubular,  cylindrical,  6-lobed  at  summit.     Stamens  included. 
Style  slender;  stigma  capitate.     Berry  globose,  bluish-black  when 

21 


322  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

mature  ;  cells  1-  or  2-seeded.  Perennials  :  rhizoma  stout,  creeping  ; 
stem  leaning,  or  curved  ;  leaves  somewhat  clasping  ;  flowers  axillary, 
pendulous,  greenish-white. 

1.  P.  canaliculsktlim,  Pursh.  Leaves  ovate-oblong,  many- 
nerved,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides  ;  peduncles  2-  to  6-flowered. 
P.  multifiorum.     Desf.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  220. 
CHANNELLED  POLYGONATUM.     Greater  Solomon's  Seal. 

Rhizoma  rather  large,  fleshy,  horizontal,  with  the  scars  of  former  stems  on  its 
upper  side.    Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  somewhat  angular  and  channelled.   Leaves  3  to 
5  inches  long.    Peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long  ;  flowers  often  in  pendulous  fascicles  ; 
perianth  about  %  of  an  inch  long,—  the  lobes  a  little  spreading,  tipt  with  green. 
Hob.  Rich  soils;  along  streams,  fence-rows,  &c.  :  frequent.  FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

«J.  p.  pubescens,  Pursh.  Leaves  lance-oblong,  3-  to  5-nerved, 
pubescent  and  glaucous  beneath  ;  peduncles  1-  or  2-flowered. 
PUBESCENT  POLYGONATUM.     Smaller  Solomon's  Seal. 

Plant  every  way  smaller  than  the  preceding.    Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  terete,  or 
grooved  on  one  side.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long.    Peduncles  %  an  inch  to  near  an 
i  nch  long  ;  flowers  often  solitary,  rarely  more  than  2  together. 
ffdb.  Woodlands,  and  rocky  banks  :  frequent.     FL  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  the  plant  referred  to,  in  Fl.  Cestrica,  as  a  variety  of 
the  preceding.  Prof.  A.  GRAY  regards  it  as  specifically  distinct.  — 
The  scars  left  on  the  elongating  rhizomas,  by  the  old  stems,  have 
been  imagined  to  resemble  the  impressions  of  a  Seal,  —  whence  the 
common  name  of  these  plants. 


439.  SMELACrJVA,  Desfontaines. 
[Diminutive  of  Smilax  ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  that  genus.] 
Perianth  6-  or  4-parted,  spreading,  deciduous.   Ovary  2-  or  3-celled  ; 
style  short  and  thick;  stigma  2-  or  3-lobed.     Berry  globular,  1-  or 
2-seeded,  usually  speckled  with  purple  spots  when  mature.     Peren- 
nials :  rhizoma  thickish,  creeping  ;  leaves  nerved  ;  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal compound,  or  simple  raceme,  yellowish,  or  white. 

f  Perianth-lobes  and  stamens  6  ;  leaves  several. 

1.  S.  racemusa,  Desf.     Leaves  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  sub- 
sessile  ;  raceme  compound,  paniculate  ;  ovary  3-celled. 
RACEMOSE  SMILACINA.     Wild  Spikenard. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  somewhat  angular  and  flexuose,   slightly  pubescent 
above.    Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  contracted  at  base  to  a  short  margined  petiole.  — 
Raceme  2  to  3  inches  in  length  ;  pedicels  short;  flowers  yellowish. 
JIab.  Moist  grounds  ;  ditch  banks,  &c.  :  frequent.    FL  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  S.  Stellata,  Desf.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  clasping  ; 
raceme  simple,  few-flowered  ;  ovary  2-celled. 

STELLATE  SMILACINA. 

Stem  9  to  12  inches  high,  nearly  terete,  smooth.    Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long, 
acuminately  tapering  toward  the  apex.   Raceme  1  to  1%  inches  in  length  ;  flowers 
•white. 
Uab.  Meadows;  along  rivulets;  Downingtown:  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr. 


IILIACEAE.  323 

1 1  Perianth-lobes  and  stamens  4 ;  leaves  mostly  2. 

3.  S.  bifulia,  Ker.  Stem  low,  with  2  (rarely  3)  leaves  near  the 
summit,  which  are  cordate-oblong,  acute  and  subsessile;  raceme 
simple,  rather  crowded. 
TWO-LEAVED  SMILACINA. 

Stem  3  to  6  inches  high.    Leaves  about  2  inches  long.    Raceme  oblong,  about  an. 
inch  in  length ;  pedicels  mostly  in  pairs,  J^  of  an  inch  long ;  flowers  white.    Berry 
small,  globose,  mucronate. 
Hob.  Shaded  rivulets,  on  the  slaty  hills :  rare.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

TRIBE  2.  ASPHODFLEAE. 

Roots  fascicled,  or  bulb-bearing;  perianth-lobes  more  or  less  united  below;  fruit  a 
3-celled  loculicidal  capsule,  mostly  few-seeded. 

f  Roots  fascicled;  perianth-lobes  united  into  a  tube  below. 

44O.  HEMEROCAI/MS,  Z. 

[Gr.  Hemera,  a  day  and  Kallos,  beauty ;  the  flower  lasting  but  a  day.] 
Perianth  funnel-form, — the  short  tube  including  the  ovary, — the  6- 
parted  border  spreading  and  lily-like,  withering  at  the  close  of  the 
day.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  throat ;  filaments  and  style  long  and 
slender,  declined  and  ascending.  Capsule  trigonous,  rather  fleshy ; 
seeds  several,  subglobose,  black.  Smooth  showy  perennials :  leaves 
radical,  long,  linear  and  keeled ;  flowers  large,  somewhat  corymbose, 
on  a  leafy  scape. 

1.  H.  fulva,  L.    Perianth  copper-colored  or  orange-tawny, — the 
inner  lobes  obtuse,  wavy  on  the  margin. 
TAWNY  HEMEKOCALLIS.     Day  Lily. 

Leaves  about  two  feet  long,  and  an  inch  wide,  acute.  Scape  3  to  4  feet  high,  corym- 
bosely  branched  at  summit,  the  branches  bracteate  at  base.    Perianth  about  4 
inches  long, — the  tube  contracted,  about  an  inch  in  length. 
nab.  About  houses.    Nat.  of  China.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  has  strayed  from  gardens,  and  become  naturalized  in 
many  places.  The  H.  flava,  L.  a  yellow  flowered  species,  of  smaller 
growth,  is  often  seen  in  gardens. 

ft  Roots  bulb-bearing;  perianth-lobes  sligMy  united  below. 

441.  ORWITHOG'AMJM,  Tournef. 
[Gr.  Ornis,  ornithos,  a  bird,  and  gala,  milk ;  an  ancient  whimsical  name.] 
Perianth-lobes  almost  distinct,  partly  colored  (white),  spreading, 
several-nerved.     Filaments  dilated,    subulate.     Style  triquetrous; 
stigma  obtuse.     Capsule  membranous,  obtusely  trigonous ;  seeds  few, 
subglobose.     Perennials?   bulbs  coated;  leaves  linear,  channelled; 
flowers  racemose,  or  corymbose,  on  a  naked  scape. 

1.  0.  umbelldtum,  L.  Racemes  corymbose;  peduncles  longer  than 
the  bracts  ;  perianth-lobes  white  within,  green  outside,  with  white 
margins ;  filaments  simple. 
UMBELLATE  ORNITHOGALUM.     Ten  o'clock. 

Bulbs  small,  white.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  numerous,  very  smooth.    Scape 
6  to  9  inches  high,  terete ;  peduncles  1  to  2  inches  long,  alternate  and  rather  corym- 
bose than  umbellate,  each  with  a  skinny  acuminate  bract  at  base. 
Hob.  Pastures,  Ac.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl  May.  Fr.  July. 


324  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

Obs.  This  foreigner  has  escaped  from  the  gardens,  in  many 
places, — and  although  it  perfects  but  few  seeds,  it  multiplies  its 
bulbs  so  rapidly,  as  to  be  a  great  annoyance  to  the  tidy  farmer. 
The  bulbs  of  this  species  are  said  to  be  much  used  for  food,  in  the 
Levant;  and  LINNAEUS  imagined  them  to  be  the  "Dove's  Dung," 
which  was  sold  so  dear  at  the  siege  of  Samaria,  as  mentioned  in  the 
2nd  book  of  Kings,  Chap.  VI.  (See  HOOKER  &  ABNOTT'S  British 
Flora).  Some  of  our  Agriculturists  could  furnish  almost  any  quan- 
tity,— and,  I  imagine,  would  gladly  part  with  them,  at  a  very  low 
price! 

44*2.  AI/UUM,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name  of  Garlic.] 

Perianth-lobes  entirely  colored,  1 -nerved,  becoming  dry,  more  or 
less  persistent.  Filaments  subulate,  dilated  below, — the  inner  or 
alternate  ones  sometimes  with  a  slender  cusp,  or  short  tooth,  on 
each  side.  Style  filiform ;  stigma  simple,  or  trifid.  Capsule  mem- 
branaceous,  trigonous,  or  somewhat  3-lobed ;  seeds  few,  roundish, 
black,  rough-dotted.  Perennials  ?  strong-scented  ;  scape  and  leaves 
from  a  coated  bulb ;  leaves  flat,  or  terete  and  fistular,  distichously 
arranged ;  flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  umbel,  or  head  (sometimes  the 
flowers  changed  to  bulblets),  embraced  by  a  membranaceous  1-  or 
2-valved  spathe. 

§  1.  Umbel  often  densely  bidbJiearing,  with  or  without  flowers. 
f  Leaves  flat.    *  Inner  filaments  with  long  lateral  cusps. 

1.  A.  SATI'VUM,  L.  Scape  leafy  to  the  middle;  leaves  lance-linear, 
somewhat  channelled ;  spathe  1-valved,  with  a  long  acumination, 
caducous. 

CULTIVATED  ALLIUM.     English  Garlic. 

Growing  in  bunches.    Radical  bulbs  compound,  consisting  of  small  bulbous 
offsets,  called  cloves.    Scape  1  to  2  feet  high.    Leaves  9  to  15  inches  long.   Umbel 
bearing  numerous  small  ovoid-oblong  bulblets,  each  with  a  thin  membranous  cov- 
ering.   Perianth  pale  purple. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Often  cultivated, — as  a  domestic  remedy  for  worms,  in  child- 
ren.    I  suppose  it  to  be  the  species  so  much  esteemed  by  the 
"  garlic-eating  Peasantry"  of  Spain.     I  incline  to  think  these  bulb- 
ous herbs  are  all  properly  biennials,  rather  than  perennials. 
*       *    Filaments  all  simple. 

2.  A.  Canadense,  Kalm.    Scape  leafy  at  base  only ;  leaves 
linear,  obtuse,  a  little  convex  beneath ;  spathe  2-valved. 
CANADIAN  ALLIUM.     Meadow  Garlic. 

Bulb  ovoid,  small.    Scape  12  to  18  inches  high.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long.— 
Umbel  bearing  both  bulblets  and  flowers, — the  latter  on  pedicels,  or  rays,  %  an  inch 
to  1%  inches  long.    Perianth  pale  purple. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows,  and  flats :  frequent.    FL  May.  Fr.  August. 

ft  Leaves  terete  and  fistular.    *  Inner  filaments  with  lateral  cusps. 
3t  A.  vineale,  L.  Scape  slender  and  subcylindric,  sparingly  leafy 


LILIACEAE  325 

to  the  middle ;  leaves  cylindrical,  with  a  narrow  channel  on  the 

upper  side ;  spathe  1-valved,  acuminate. 

VINE  (or  VINEYARD)  ALLIUM.     Field  Garlic.     Crow  Garlic. 

Bulbs  small.  Scape  2  to  3  feet  high.  leaves  8  to  15  inches  long.  Umbel  globes^ 
about  an  inch  in  diameter  (smaller  and  densely  capitate,  when  bearing  bulbkts,— 
these  often  vegetating  while  in  the  heads).  Perianth  deep  purple,  tinged  with 


Hob.  Fields,  and  meadows.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Tradition  says,  this  species  was  brought  by  the  first  Welsh 
Immigrants  to  Pennsylvania,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  an  early 
spring  pasture.  It  is  now  completely  naturalized, — and,  in  some 
districts,  so  abundant  as  to  be  quite  a  nuisance.  It  not  only  im- 
parts a  disgusting  flavor  to  milk,  butter,  &c>,  but,  when  the  bulblets 
are  abundant  among  wheat,  they  seriously  injure  the  flour,  and 
render  the  manufacture  of  it  difficult. 

*  *  Inner  filaments  obtusely  toothed  on  each  side. 

4.  A.  CEPA,  L.  Scape  stout,  and  ventricose  below  the  middle,  leafy 
at  base  only ;  leaves  somewhat  ventricose ;  spathe  1-  or  finally  2- 
valved,  with  a  short  acumination. 

HEAD  ALLIUM.     Onion.     Garden  Onion. 

Bulb  depressed  or  turnep-shaped,  large  (often  2  to  3  inches  in  horizontal  diam- 
eter).   Scape  2  to  3  feet  high,  fistular,  somewhat  glaucous.     Leaves  6  to  12  inches 
long.    Umbel  globose,  2  to  3  inches  in  diameter,  rarely  bearing  bulblets.    Perianth- 
lobes  white,  with  a  green  keel. 
Hob.  Gardens,  Ac.    Nat.  country  unknown.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Universally  known,  and  cultivated,  as  a  culinary  vegetable. 
The  expressed  juice  is  a  popular  remedy  for  the  croup,  in  children. 
Its  stimulating  quality  is  thus  playfully  referred  to,  by  SHAKS- 
PEARE  : — 

"And  if  the  boy  have  not  a  woman's  gift, 
To  rain  a  shower  of  commanded  tears, 
An  Onion  will  do  well  for  such  a  shift; 
Which  in  a  napkin  being  close  conveyed, 
Shall  in  despite  enforce  a  watery  eye." — Taming  of  the  Shrew. 

§2.  Umbel  bearing  only  flowers  and  capsules. 
f  Leaves  Jlat.    *  Inner  filaments  with  lateral  cusps. 

5.  A.  P6RRUM,  L.  Scape  leafy  to  the  middle ;  leaves  broadish,  sub- 
linear,  acute ;  spathe  1-valved,  long-acuminate. 

LEEK  ALLIUM.     Leek.     Garden  Leek. 

Bulb  middle  sized.    Scape  2  to  3  feet  high,  stout  and  solid.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches 
long,  and  about  an  inch  wide.    Umbel  globose,  rather  dense,  2  inches,  or  more,  in 
diameter.    Spathe  with  an  acumination  4  or  5  inches  long.    Perianth  pale  violet 
purple.    Filaments  white. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Occasionally  cultivated,  in  the  Kitchen  gardens,  as  an  in- 
gredient in  soups,  &c.  It  seems  to  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  national 
Emblem,  by  the  Welsh ;  and  is  thus  noticed  by  the  Poet,  GAT  :— r 

"  Leek  to  the  Welsh,  to  Dutchmen  butter's  dear, 
Of  Irish  swains  Potato  is  the  cheer ; 
Oats  for  their  feasts  the  Scottish  shepherds  grind." 


ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

*  *  Filaments  all  simple. 

6.  A.  tricoccum,  Ait.  Scape  naked ;  leaves  broad,  elliptic,  or 
lance-oblong,  disappearing  early ;  spathe  2-valved. 
THBEE-BERRIED  (or  LOBED)  ALLIUM.     Wild  Leek. 

Bulbs  oblong-ovoid,  acuminate.    Scape  9  to  12  inches  high.    Leaves  5  to  8  inches 
long,  and  1%  to  3  inches  wide,  acute,  contracted  to  a  petiole  at  base,  membrana- 
ceous  when  dried.    Umbel  globose,  1  to  2  in  diameter.    Perianth  white. 
Sab.  Moist,  shaded  grounds  ;  Brandywine :  not  common-    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ft  Leaves  terete,  fistular;  filaments  all  simple. 

1.  A.  SCHCENOPRASUM,  L.   Scape  naked,   or  few-leaved  at  base, 
about  as  long  as  the  filiform  leaves ;  spathe  2-valved. 
RUSH-LEEK  ALLIUM.     Chives. 

Growing  in  bunches.    Bulbs  small.    Scape  6  to  9  inches  high.    Leaves  erect.— 
Umbel  subglobose,  about  an  inch  in  diameter.    Spathe  nerved,  purplish.  Perianth 
purple,  with  a  violet  tinge. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Used  as  a  culinary  herb ;  and  also  as  a  kind  of  medicinal 
food  for  young  poultry. 

TRIBE  3.  TULIPAVCEAE. 

Hoots  bulb-bearing ;  perianth-lobes  quite  distinct,  and  petal-tike ;  fruit  a3-celled 
loculicidal  many-seeded  capsule. 

443.  MI/llJM ,  L. 

[The  Classical  Latin  name,— from  the  Greek,  Leirion,  a  Lily.] 
Perianth  mostly  carnpaimlate, — the  petals,  or  petaloid  lobes,  either 
clawed,  or  sessile,  often  recurved  or  revolute,  with  a  central  groove 
inside  near  the  base,  deciduous.  Anthers  linear,  versatile.  Style 
longer  than  the  stamens,  somewhat  clavate ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Cap- 
sule oblong,  trigonous,  with  the  angles  grooved ;  seeds  flat,  margined. 
Perennials  ?  bulbs  scaly ;  stems  simple,  leafy ;  leaves  sessile,  alternate, 
or  subverticillate ;  flowers  subcorymbose,  large. 


!••  I*  Plliladelpliicum,  L.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  smooth, 
— the  upper  ones  usually  verticillate. 
PHILADELPHIAN  LILIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high.     Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long, — the  upper  ones  in  verticils  of 
6  or  8.   Flower  mostly  solitary  (sometimes  2  or  3) ;  peduncle  terminal,  1  to  3  inches 
in  length.    Perianth  reddish-orange  color,  with  tawney  or  purplish  spots  within ; 
lobes  about  3  inches  long, — the  claws  %  their  length. 
Sab.  Clearings  and  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

ft  Flowers  nodding,— -the  lobes  sessile,  recurved  (MAETAGONS). 

&.  Jj.  Canadense,  L.   Leaves  generally  and  remotely  Yerti- 
oillate,  lanceolate,  nerves  and  margins  roughish-pubescent. 
CANADIAN  LILIUM. 

Stem  2  to  3  feet  high.     Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  in  rather  distant  verticils  of  4 
to  6.    Flowers  usually  3,  sometimes  5,  7,  or  even  10  (rarely  solitary),  all  nodding 


LILIACEAE  327 

on  peduncles  3  to  6  inches  in  length.    Perianth  yellow  (sometimes  reddish-orange), 
with  numerous  dark-purple  spots  inside;  lobes  2  to  3  inches  long,  recurred  from 
near  the  middle. 
Hob.  Meadows,  and  borders  of  woods :  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

3*  L..  Mil  per  bum,  L.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,   acuminate, 
smooth, — the  lower  ones  verticillate  ;  flowers  often  numerous,  in  a 
pyramidal  raceme. 
SUPERB  LILIUM.     Turk's-cap  Lily. 

Stem,  3  to  5  (under  culture  7  or  8)  feet  high.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  distinct- 
ly 3-nerved,  narrowed  at  base,— the  lower  ones  in  verticils  of  6  or  8,  upper  ones 
scattered  and  lance-ovate.  Flowers  2  or  3  to  10,  20,  or  more,— when  numerous, 
arranged  pyramidally  on  graduated  peduncles.  Perianth  bright  reddish-orange, 
with,  numerous  roundish  dark-purple  spots  inside;  lobes  about  3  inches  long, 
tapering  to  the  apex,  mostly  revolute. 
Hab.  Moist  grounds ;  Brandy  wine,  near  Delaware  State :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  species,  under  proper  culture,  is  truly  superb, — and 
deserves  a  place  in  every  flower-garden.  All  those  Lilies,  with  the 
lobe$  revolute,  are  known  among  Florists  by  the  name  of  Martagons. 

444.  ERYTHROXMUM,  L. 

[Gr.  Erythros,  red;  perhaps  from  the  purple  stains  on  the  leaves.] 
Perianth-lobes  lanceolate,  recurved-spreading, — the  3  inner  ones 
usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side,  near  the  base,  and  grooved 
in  the  middle.  Anthers  oblong,  erect.  Style  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens,  clavate;  stigma  somewhat  3-lobed.  Capsule  trigonous- 
obovoid;  seeds  ovoid,  acuminate.  Perennial:  bulb  solid-scaly;  leaves 
a  single  pair,  subradical,  sheathing  the  1-flowered  scape. 

1.  E.  Americ&num,  Smith.  Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  pale 
green  with  purple  blotches ;  perianth  yellow ;  stigma  scarcely  lobed. 
AMERICAN  ERYTHRONIUM.  Dog's-tooth  Violet. 

Bulb  ovoid,  rather  deep  in  the  ground.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  the  apex  abrupt- 
ly acuminate,  involute  and  thickened.     Scape  6  to  9  inches  high,  bearing  a 
terminal  nodding  flower.    Periantii  purplish  externally ;  lobes  an  inch  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,— the  outer  ones  recurved. 
Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds;  thickets,  &c. :  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

ORDER  CXII.  MELANTHAVCEAE. 

Herbs;  leaves  alternate;  powers  regular,  perfect,  or  polygamous, — the  perianth  of 
6  similar  parts,  free  from  the  ovary ;  stamens  usually  6 ;  anthers  mostly  extrorse; 
styles  united,  or  distinct;  fruit  mostly  a  capsule,  3-celled,  or  of  3  united  carpels  ; 
seeds  several ;  embryo  small,  in  copious  albumen. 

SUBORDER  I.  UVULARIE\A.E. 

Flmoers  perfect ;  perianth  early  deciduous,— the  lobes  distinct  and  petal-like ;  styles 
more  or  less  united;  fruit  a  few-seeded  loculicidal  capsule  (sometimes  a  berry). 

445.  UVUI,AVRIA,  L. 

[Perhaps  from  the  flower  hanging  like  the  uvula  of  the  palate.] 
Perianth  campanulate-oblong, — the  lobes  spatulate-lanceolate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  stamens.    Anthers  long,  linear,  adnate.    Style  3-cleft, 
—the  divisions  stiymatic  along  the  inner  side.     Capwle  trigonous, 


328  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

3-valved  from  the  apex;  seeds  obovoid.  Smooth  perennials:  rhizoma 
creeping;  flowers  subterminal,  mostly  solitary,  pendulous,  pale 
yellow. 

1.  U«  pcrfoliiittl,  L.  Leaves  clasping-perfoliate,  lance-oblong; 
perianth  granular-roughened  within ;  capsule  truncate  at  apex. 
PERFOLIATE  UVULARIA.     Bell-wort. 

Stem  9  to  15  inches  high,  forked  near  the  summit.    Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long, 
varying  from  ovate  to  elliptic  and  oblong-lanceolate,  generally  rather  acute.  Peri- 
anth about  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  Aug. 

2.  U.  §es§ilift»lia,  L.  Leaves  oval-lanceolate,  sessile ;  perianth 
smooth  within ;  capsule  acute  at  each  end. 

SESSILE-LEAVED  UVULARIA. 

Stem  9  to  12  inches  high,  slender,  bifid  at  summit,  mostly  with  a  single  flower 
on.  one  of  the  branches.  Leaves  1  to  2  inches  long,  acute  at  each  end, — the  2  lower 
leaves  on  the  flower-bearing  branch  nearly  opposite,  with  the  peduncle  opposite 
the  lower  one,  and  immediately  beneath  the  other.  Perianth  %  of  an  inch  in 
length. 
Hob.  Rich  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  August. 

SUBORDER  II.  MELANTHIEVAE. 

Flowers  often  polygamous,  ordioicous;  perianth  mostly  persistent,  or  withering,— 
the  lobes  nearly  distinct ;  anthers  reniform-cordate,  often  becoming  1-celled  and 
peltate;  styles  distinct ;  fruit  capsular,  usually  septicidal  (composed  of  3  separable 
carpels). 

446.  MELiAUPTHIUM,  Gronovius. 

[Gr.  Mdas,  black,  and  Anthos,  flower  ;  the  flowers  becoming  dark-colored.] 
Flowers  monoicously  polygamous;  perianth  rotate, — the  lobes  clawed, 
roundish-ovate,  with  2  glands  at  base.  Filaments  adherent  to  the 
claws.  Styles  subulate,  diverging,  persistent.  Capsule  trigonous- 
ovoid,  formed  of  3  connate  separable  carpels ;  seeds  flat,  membran- 
aceously  margined.  Tall  perennials :  stem  simple,  leafy ;  leaves  long 
and  narrow ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  pyramidal  racemose  panicle,  pale 
greenish-yellow,  finally  brown. 

1.  M.  Virgiiiicmii,  L.  Leaves  lance-linear ;  perianth-lobes  at 
first  orbicular,  finally  hastate-ovate,  or  oblong,  flat, — the  glands 
distinct. 
VIRGINIAN  MELANTHIUM. 

Stem  3  to  4  feet  high,  scape-like,  terete,  pubescent.  Leaves  9  to  15  inches  long, 
sessile,  narrowed  at  base,— the  lower  ones  sheathing.  Panicle  12  to  15  inches 
long;  branches  2  to  6  inches  long,  simple,  alternate,  roughish -pubescent;  floioerx 
racemose  on  the  branches :  pedicels  %  to  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  with  ovate  bracts 
at  base.  Capsule  about  half  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows;  margins  of  swamps :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

"  447.  VERAVTRUM,  Tournef. 

[Latin,  Vere  atrum,  truly  black ;  perhaps  from  the  dark-colored  root.]         . 

Flowers  monoicously  polygamous;  perianth  spreading, — the  lobes 
sessile,  lance-oblong,  without  glands  at  base.  Filaments  free  from, 
and  shorter  than  the  lobes,  recurved.  Fruit,  and  seeds,  nearly  as 
in  Melanthium.  Perennials :  stem  simple,  clothed  with  large,  elliptic, 
plicate  and  many-nerved  leaves ;  flowers  yellowish-green,  in  a  ter- 
minal bracteate  racemose  panicle. 


MELANTHACEAE  oJv 

1.  V.  vi ride,  Aiton.  Leaves  broad-oval,  acuminate,  sheath-clasp- 
ing ;  panicle  pyramidal,  with  conspicuous  foliaceous  bracts  at  the 
base  of  the  branches. 
GREEN-VERATRUM.     White  Hellebore.     Indian  Poke. 

Stem  2  to  4  feet  high,  pubescent.    Leaves  5  to  10  inches  long  and  3  to  5  inches 
wide,  almost  acute  at  base, — the  upper  ones  narrower  and  lanceolate.    Panicte  8 
to  12  inches  long ;  branches  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  compound;  pedicels]^  of  an 
inch  in  length.     Capsule  about  an  inch  long. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  borders  of  damp  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  The  nerves,  in  the  broad  elliptic  leaves,  remind  one  of  the 
meridian  lines  in  a  mapx>f  the  globe.  The  root  is  said  to  possess 
active  properties. 

448.  AMIAWTHIU]*!,  A.  Gray. 

[Gr.  Amiantos,  pure,  &  anthos,  flower;  the  perianth  being  without  gland,  or  spot.] 
Flowers  perfect :  perianth  spreading, — the  lobes  sessile,  oval,  with- 
out glands.  Filaments  rather  longer  than  the  lobes  ;  anthers  white, 
becoming  1-celled  and  peltate.  Styles  filiform.  Fruit  nearly  as  in 
Melanthium;  seeds  ovoid-oblong,  not  margined,  but  with  a  loose 
coat.  Smooth  perennials :  stem  scape-like,  few-leaved  ;  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  linear,  keeled ;  flowers  greenish- white,  in  a  dense  terminal 
raceme. 

1.  A.  liiiiscactoxicuili,  A.  Gray.  Leaves  broadly  linear, 
elongated ;  raceme  simple ;  carpels  turgid,  abruptly  pointed ;  seeds 
with  a  fleshy  red  coat. 

Helonias  erythrosperma.  MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  234. 
FLY-POISON  AMIANTHIUM. 

Radical  leaves  12  to  18  inches  long,— those  on  the  scape  shorter  and  more  grass- 
like.  Scape  \%  to  2  feet  high,  obtusely  angular;  raceme  2  or  3  to  6,  and  some- 
times 9,  inches  long;  pedicels  %  an -inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  with  lance-ovate 
bracts  at  base.  Capsule  reddish-brown ;  seeds  few,  rather  large,  inclosed  in  a  pulpy 
coat  which  is  purple  at  maturity. 
Hob.  Swamps,  in  the  slaty  hills :  rare.  FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Mr.  ELLIOTT  says,  the  bulbous  root  is  used,  at  the  South, 
for  destroying  flies.  "  The  bulbs  are  triturated  and  mixed  with 
molasses,  or  honey,  and  the  preparation  is  spread  upon  plates.  The 
flies  are  soon  attracted,  and  the  poison  takes  effect  while  they 
are  sipping  it."  But,  it  seems  they  will  revive,  in  the  course  of  24 
hours,  if  not  swept  into  a  fire  or  otherwise  destroyed. 

449.  CHAMAEMR'HIM,   Willd. 

[Gr.  Chamai,  on  the  ground,  and  Leirion,  a  lily;  the  application  not  obvious.] 
Flowers  dioicously  polygamous:  perianth-lobes  spatulate  linear,  with- 
ering-persistent. Anthers  roundish-oval,  yellow.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  rudiments  of  stamens ;  styles  linear-clavate,  stigmatic  along  the 
inner  side.  Capsule  obovoid-oblong,  not  lobed,  loculici  dally  3- 
valved  from  the  apex ;  seeds  numerous,  linear-oblong,  winged  at 
each  end.  Smooth  perennial :  rhizoma  thickish  and  truncate ;  stem 
scape-like  and  leafy ;  flowers  in  a  simple  virgate  spiked  raceme, — 
the  staminate  yellowish,  the  pistillate  greenish-white. 


330  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

1»  C»  luteuill,  A.  Gray.  Leaves  lanceolate, — the  radical  ones 

oblanceolate ;  fertile  stems  taller  and  more  leafy ;  pedicels  without 

bracts. 

Helonias  dioica.     Pursh.  $•  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  233. 

YELLOW  CHAMAELIRIUM.     Blazing  Star.     Devil's-bit.    .  ;-' 

Plant  yellowish  green.  Stem  1  to  2  (the  pistillate,  ones  near  3)  feet  high,  sulcatc- 
Striate.  Radical  leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long ;  stem-leaves  gradually  smaller. — 
Raceme  6  to  12  inches  in  length,— the  staminate  one  slender,  flaccid,  and  mostly 
nodding  at  apex,— the  pistillate  one  stouter,  and  erect;  ovaries  greenish.  Capsuks 
about  %  an  inch  long. 
Sab.  Woodlands,  and  moist  meadows :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  rhizoma  is  bitter, — and  was  much  used  as  a  popular 
tonic,  when  alcoholic  medicines  were  in  vogue. 

ORDER  CXIII.  JUNCA^CEAE. 

Serbs;  stems  (or  culms)  nodose;  leaves  alternate,  grass-like,  or  terete ;  flowers  regu- 
lar, mostly  perfect,— the  perianth  of  6  similar  dry  glumaceous  persistent  lobes  (or 
sepals),  free  from  the  ovary,  with  2  bracts  at  base;  stamens  usually  6,— sometimes 
3,  opposite  the  outer  lobes;  anthers  introrse;  style  simple;  stigmas  3;  fruit  a  cap- 
sule, I-  to  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  3-  or  many-seeded;  seeds  erect;  embryo 
inclosed  at  the  base  of  hard  albumen.  An.  order  remarkable  for  lack  of  beauty, 
and  value. 

45O.  LITZIHLA,  DC. 

[Italian,  Lucciola,  a  glow-worm;  from  its  glittering  spikelets,  when  wet  with  dew.] 
Stamens  6.  Capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded.  Perennials :  stems  slender, 
pithy;  leaves  grass-like,  hairy;  flowers  in  terminal  subpaniculate 
clusters  or  spikelets,  tawny  or  chestnut-brown. 

1.  JL.  campestris,  DC.  Leaves  lance-linear,  ciliate  with  long 
loose  hairs ;  spikelets  4  to  12,  oblong-ovoid,  subumbellate. 
FIELD  LUZULA.     Field  Rush. 

Stem  4 1&  12  or  18  inches  high,  often  cespitose.     Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long.— 
Peduncles  unequal,  half  an  inch  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length;  involucre  of  2  or  3 
unequal  leaves,  usually  shorter  than  the  longest  peduncles. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  open  woodlands:  common.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  This  is  common  to  both  hemispheres, — if  really  indigenous 
here. 

451.  JUHT'CUS,  L. 

[Latin,  jungo,  to  join ;  the  culins  being  used  as  bands.] 
Stamens  6,  or  often  3.  Capsule  3-celled, — sometimes  imperfectly  so, 
at  maturity ;  seeds  numerous,  oblong,  sometimes  with  an  acumina- 
tion,  or  tail,  at  each  end.  Chiefly  perennials:  stems  mostly  simple, 
scape-like,  often  cespitose,  and  filled  with  pith ;  leaves  terete,  flat, 
or  channelled ;  flowers  cymose,  paniculate,  or  clustered  in  heads, 
greenish-brown. 

f  1.  Stems  naked,  of  ten  sterile  (resembling  terete  leaves) ;  panicle  lateral;  stamens  3. 

1.  J.  eflYlsus,  L.  Stem  finely  striate,  soft  and  pliant,  filled  with 
spongy  pith,  furnished  with  leafless  sheaths  at  base ;  panicle  con- 
tracted, much  branched. 


JUNCACEAE  ool 

EFFUSED  JUNCUS.    Common  Rush.     Soft  Rush. 

Rhizomas  matted.    Stems  2  to  3  feet  high,  simple,  acute  at  summit,  cespitose, 
forming  tussocks.    Panicle  cymose,  bursting  from  a  fissure  in  the  side  of  the  stem, 
above  the  middle,  sessile,  often  proliferous;    bracts   lance-oblong,  acuminate, 
scarious. 
Hob.  Moist  low  grounds :  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  August. 

Obs.  This  species,  if  neglected,  is  apt  to  prevail  to  a  pernicious 
extent,  in  wet  meadows,  and  low  grounds, — forming  unsightly  and 
unprofitable  bunches,  called  Tussocks. 

g  2.  Stems  leafy;  panicle  terminal*    f  Flowers  in  heads. 
*  Leaves  sublerete,  nodose;  stamens  mostly  3. 

2.  J.  paratl  oxus,  E-  Meyer.  Stem  rather  stout ;  heads  globose, 
8-  to  15-flowered ;  seeds  conspicuously  tailed  at  both  ends. 

J.  polycephalus.     Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  228.  not  of  MX. 
PARADOXICAL  JUNCUS.     Button  Rush. 

Stem  1  to  2  feet  high,  fistular,  about  2-leaved.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  often 
compressed  and  ensiform.    Panicle,  with  1  or  2  elongated  branches.   Heads  3  to  12 
or  15  (usually  5  to  9),  about  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  densely  flowered,  pedun- 
culate, or  sessile,  with  lanceolate  acuminate  bracts  at  base. 
Hob.  Low,  swampy  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Septem. 

Obs.  I  am  doubtful  about  the  J.  subverticillatus,  of  the  2nd  edition ; 
and  therefore  think  it  best  to  omit  it. 

3.  J,  acuiiiiiiatus,  MX.  Stem  rather  slender,  terete,  pliable ; 
panicle  subcorymbose ;  heads  3-  to  6-flowered ;  seeds  with  a  short 
tail  at  each  end, 

ACUMINATE  JUNCUS. 

/Stem  12  to  18  inches  high ,  fistular,  cespitose.     Leaves  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long, 
terete,  tapering  to  a  point,  fistular,  indistinctly  nodose-articulate.    Panicle  rather 
erect,  generally  with  one  principal  branch  overtopping  the  rest.    Heads  chesnut- 
colored.    Capsules  triquetrous-oblong,  with  a  short  acumination. 
Hab.  Meadows,  and  moist  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  heads  of  this  species  are  subject  to  a  kind  of  monstrosity, 
or  disease,  which  gives  them  the  appearance  of  being  proliferous. 

*  *  Le&vesflat  and  grass-like  ;  stamens  3. 

4.  J.  marginatus,  Rostkow.  Stem  compressed,  nodose ;  heads 
3-  to   6-flowered;  inner  perianth-lobes  obtuse,  margined;    seeds 
acute  at  each  end. 

MARGINED  JUNCUS. 

Stem  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  filled  with  pith.  Leaves  4  to  12  or  15  inches  long,— 
the  radical  ones  mostly  shorter  than  those  on  the  stem.  Panicle  often  proliferous 
and  elongated  (2  to  5  inches  in  length),  mostly  longer  than  the  erect  involucre  at 
base.  Heads  pedunculate,  or  subsessile  in  the  forks  of  the  branches.  Capsule 
obtusely  trigoncus-obovoid,  often  dark  purple. 
Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds;  borders  of  woods:  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

ft  Flowers  separate;  leaves  narrow,  channelled,  or  involute ;  stamens  6. 

5.  J.  tennis,  Willd.  Stem  slender  and  wiry,  leafy  only  near  the 
base ;  two  of  the  involucral  leaves  longer  than  the  cyme. 


332  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

SLENDER  JUNCUS. 

Stem,  6  to  12  or  18  inches  high,  remarkably  tough  and  wiry.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  9 
inches  long,  keeled.    Panicle  cymose,  mostly  with  2  principal  branches,  and 
several  shorter  ones  between ;  flowers  solitary, — 1  or  2  subsessile  in  the  forks  of 
the  branches,  and  2  or  3  unilateral  on  the  branches.    Capsule  subglobose. 
Hah.  Moist,  low  grounds ;  fields,  &c. :  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  tough,  homely  little  species,  is  apt  to  be  abundant 
along  foot-paths,  in  moist  open  woodlands,  and  through  clear- 
ings, &e. 

6.  J.  bllfonillS,  L.    Annual ;  stem  low  and  leafy ;  one  of  the 
involucral  leaves  longer  than  the  dichotomous  panicle. 
TOAD  JUNCUS. 

Stem  2  to  6  or  8  inches  high,  often  branched  from  the  base,  dichotomously  pani- 
culate above.    Leaves  shorter  than  the  stem,  dilated  membranaceous  and  sheath- 
ing at  base.    Panicle  few-flbwered,  usually  with  a  solitary  subsessile  flower  in  the 
forks  of  the  branches.     Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  yellowish. 
Hob.  Wet,  low  grounds ;  margins  of  ponds :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept 

ORDER  CXIV.  PONTEDERIA^CEAE. 

Aquatic  herbs  ;  leaves  mostly  with  sheathing  petioles,  often  reduced  to  phyllodia ; 
Jlowers  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular  (sometimes  nearly  regular),  often  spatha- 
ceous;  perianth  corolla-like,  tubular,  free  from  the  ovary, — the  border  6-lobed, 
imbricated  in  2  rows  in  the  bud,  withering;  stamens  6,  or  3, — mostly  unequal,  or 
dissimilar;  anthers  introrse ;  style  1;  stigma  3-lobed ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  utricle, — or  a 
capsule,  which  is  1-  ot  imperfectly  3-celled,  and  several-seeded;  embryo  in  densely 
farinaceous  albumen. 

452.  POtfTEDE^RIA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Julius  'PontMera,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Padua.] 
Perianth  recurved,  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  flat,  3-lobed,  lower  lip  3- 
parted ;  under  side  of  the  tube  with  3  slits, — the  persistent  base 
inclosing  the  fruit.  Stamens  6,  unequal, — 3  inserted  near  the  sum- 
mit, and  3  near  the  base,  of  the  tube ;  anthers  oval,  blue.  Ovary 
3-celled, — 2  of  the  cells  empty,  the  other  with  a  single  suspended 
ovule;  style  subulate,  shorter  than  the  stamens.  Utricle  1-celled, 
filled  with  the  single  seed.  Perennials:  rhizoma  thick,  creeping; 
leaves  chiefly  radical;  flowers  violet-blue,  spiked,  on  a  1 -leafed 
scape. 

1.  P.  cordata,  *L.  -Leaves  sagittate-cordate,  petiolate;  spike 
dense,  from  a  spathe-like  bract. 
CORDATE  PONTEDERIA.     Pickerel-weed. 

Leaves  4  to  8  inches  long,  tapering  to  the  apex  but  rather  obtuse,  smooth; 
thickish  and  somewhat  fleshy ;  petioles  2  to  4  inches  long.      Scape  1  to  2  feet  high , 
spathe  oblong,  sheathing  the  stout  pubescent  peduncle  ;  flowers  sessile,  aggregated 
by  twos  or  threes  in  a  terminal  spike  about  3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Margin  of  the  Schuylkill :  rare.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

453.  HETERAtf  THE'RA,  Ruiz  $  Pavon. 

[Qr.  Heteros,  different,  and  Aner,  for  anther;  the  anthers  being  dissimilar.] 
Perianth  with  the  border  nearly  equally  6-parted,  withering-fugaci- 


PONTEDERIACEAE  333 

ous.  Stamens  3,  dissimilar,  —  the  2  upper  ones  short,  with  oval 
yellow  anthers,  —  the  other  longer,  with  a  larger  oblong  greenish 
anther.  Capsule  oblong,  somewhat  trigonous,  incompletely  3-celled, 
several-seeded.  Perennials  :  stem  creeping  ;  leaves  alternate,  long- 
petioled  ;  flowers  white,  or  blue,  in  a  slender  few-flowered  spike, 
from  a  lateraj  spathe. 

1.  H.  i  <•  ii  i  1  01  in  is.  R.  $  P.  Leaves  roundish-reniform  ;  spathe 
involute,  acuminate,  3-  to  5-flowered  ;  flowers  white,  fugacious. 
REXIFORM  HETERANTHERA.     Mud  Plantain. 

Stem  4  to  12  or  18  inches  long,  prostrate,  radicating,  branching  from  the  base.  — 
Leaves  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length,  and  wider  than  long,  with 
semicircular  nerves  ;  petioles  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length.  Spikes  of  flowers  burst- 
ing from  the  sheathing  base,  or  side,  of  the  petioles;  perianth  imperfectly  ex- 
panding. 
Hob.  Muddy  margins  of  rivulets  :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

454.  SCHOULEVRA,  Schreber. 
[Dedicated  to  Frederick  Adam  Scholler,  a  German  Botanist.] 
Perianth  salver-form,  —  with  6  equal  lance-linear  lobes  on  a  long  and 
very  slender  tube.     Stamens  3,  all  similar  and  nearly  equal  (rarely 
a  fourth  abortive  one)  ;  anthers  linear-oblong,  sagittate.     Style  fili- 
form.    Capsule  oblong,  invested  by  the  withered  perianth,  1  -celled 
with  3  projecting  parietal  placentae,  several-seeded.     Perennials: 
stems  submersed,  swimming  ;  leaves  narrow  and  grass-like,  sessile  ; 
flowers  yellow,  floating,  solitary,  from  subterminal  axillary  spathes. 

1.  S.  graillinea,  Willd.  Stems  cespitose,  slender,  dichotomously 
branching;  leaves  long,  linear,  translucent. 
GRASS-LIKE  SCHOLLERA.     Water  Star-grass. 

Stems  1  to  2  feet  long,  radicating  at  the  lower  nodes.  Leaves  3  to  12  inches  long, 
membranaceous  and  somewhat  sheathing  at  base.    Spathe  short,  lanceolate.— 
Perianth-tube  about  an  inch  in  length,  slightly  curved. 
Hob.  Slow-flowing  waters;  Brandy  wine;  Schuylkill:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  CXV.   COMMELYNANCEAE. 

Herbs;  stems  nodose,  leafy,  often  branching;  leaves  alternate,  sheathing  at  base; 
flowers  chiefly  perfect,  often  irregular;  perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  consisting  of 
distinct  calyx  and  corolla;  sepals  3,  persistent;  petals  3,  ephemeral,  withering, 
or  deciduous;  stamens  6,  with  introrse  anthers,—  2  or  3  of  them  sometimes  modified 
and  abortive;  style  1;  stigma  undivided;  fruit  a  2-  or  3-celled  loculicidal  capsule, 
3-  or  several-seeded  ;  embryo  small,  at  the  apex  of  densely  fleshy  albumen. 


455.  COMMEI/rWA,  Dillenius. 
[Dedicated  to  John  and  Gaspard  Commelyn  ;  early  Dutch  Botanists.] 

Flowers  irregular  :  Sepals  somewhat  colored,  unequal,  —  the  2  lateral 
ones  partly  united.  Petals  unequal,  —  the  2  lateral  ones  rounded, 
or  reniform,  on  long  claws,  —  the  other  smaller  and  subsessile.  — 
Stamens  unequal,  —  3  or  4  of  them  abortive  and  smaller,  with  im- 
perfect cross-shaped  anthers;  filaments  naked.  Capsule  3-celled,  — 
2  of  the  cells  2-seeded,  the  other  1  -seeded,  or  abortive.  Stems 
branching,  geniculate,  often  procumbent,  and  radicating  at  the 
nodes  ;  leaves  flattish  ;  flowers  mostly  blue,  fascicled  in  the  folded, 
cordate,  spathe-like  bract,  —  opening  in  succession,  for  a  single 
morning,  and  then  shrivelling. 


384  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

1.  C.  angustifblia  ?  MX.  Stem  usually  decumbent;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acute,  or  acuminate,  contracted  at  base  into  sheathing  membranous 
petioles ;  peduncles  mostly  2  within  the  bract, — one  usually  more 
slender,  rather  erect,  longer  and  1 -flowered,  or  sterile, — the  other 
commonly  3-flowered;  odd  petal  colorless,  ovate-lanceolate,  about 
as  long  as  the  lateral  sepals.  . 

NARROW-LEAVED  COMMELYNA.     Day-flower. 

Plant  nearly  glabrous,  annual?  Stem  about  a  foot  long  (3  or  4  feet  when  sup- 
ported, in  hedges,  &c.),  terete.  Leaves  2  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch  to 
an  inch  wide ;  sheathing  petioles  about  %  a/i  inch  long,  striate  with  green  nerves, 
pubescent  along  the  margins.  Peduncles  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  in- 
closed in  the  recurved  conduplicate  bract)  both  before  and  after  flowering. 
Hob.  Gardens;  hedges,  &c.,  W.  Chester.  Nat.  of  Southern  States.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 
Obs.  I  have  specimens  of  C>  angustifolid,  from  the  South,  with 
really  narrow  lance-linear  leaves ;  yet  ours,  with  its  lanceolate 
leaves,  seems  to  be  referred  to  the  same  species.  Three  of  the 
anthers  are  completely  abortive  and  cross-shaped, — and  a  fourth  one 
is  partially  so  modified,  or  in  process  of  metamorphosis  to  that 
state.  The  authorities  all  appear  to  concur  in  calling  the  plant  a 
perennial :  but  I-am  much  mistaken  if  the  one  with  us  is  not  an 
annual.  It  was  accidentally  introduced  to  this  Borough,  about 
thirty  years  since,  from  the  Garden  of  the  late  JOHN  JACKSON,  of 
London  Grove;  and  is  gradually  extending  itself.  Miss  ABBY 
KIMBER  informs  me,  that  it  has  also  .been  found  at  Kimberton,  in 
this  County. 

456.  TRADESCAW'TIA,  L. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Tradescant,— Gardener  to  Charles  1,  of  England.] 
Flowers  regular:  Sepals  herbaceous.  Petals  equal  and  alike,  ovate, 
sessile.  Stamens  all  perfect ;  filaments  bearded.  Capsule  2-  or  8- 
celled  ;  cells  1-  or  2-seeded.  Perennials:  stems  nearly  simple,  leafy, 
replete  with  mucilage ;  leaves  keeled ;  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary 
umbelled  clusters. 

1.  T.  Virglnica,  L.     Leaves  lance-linear,   elongated;  umbel 
terminal,  sessile,  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  3  long  leaves ;  flowers 
purplish-blue,  conspicuous. 
VIRGINIAN  TRADESCANTIA.     Spider-Wort. 

Stems  12  to  18  inches  high,  smooth,^-often  in  bunches.  Leaves  12  to  18  inches 
long.  Pedicels  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  slender,  pubescent, — after  flowering, 
parted  into  2  ranks,  and  deflected  on  each  side,  over  the  base  of  the  involucre ; 
sepals  lance-ovate,  hairy.  Filaments  densely  clothed  with  blue  hairs,  which  appear 
like  beautiful  necklacesj  or  strings  of  beads,  under  a  lens. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds ;  meadows,  &c.:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr. 

Obs.  I  think  this  plant  rarely  perfects  its  fruit;  for,  in  an 
acquaintance  of  fifty  years  with  it,  I  have  never  observed  a  full- 
grown  capsule. 

ORDER  CXVI.   XYRIDA^CEAE. 

Rush-like  herbs;  leaves  equitant,  sheathing  the  base  of  a  naked  scope,  which  is 
terminated  by  a  scaly-bracted  head,  or  spike  of  perfect  flowers;  stamens 3;  anthers 
extrorse ;  calyx  partly  glumaceous ;  corolla  regular,  free  from  the  ovary ;  fruit  a 
1-celled  3-valved  loculicidal  capsule  ;  seeds  numerous ;  embryo  minute,  at  the  apex 
of  fleshy  albumen. 


XYBIDACEAE  835 

45?.  XVRIS.  L. 

[Gr.  JTyros,  a  razor;  an  ancient  name  of  a  plant  with  2-edged  leaves.] 
Flowers  single,  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  scale-like  bracts,  which  are 
densely  imbricated  in  an  ovoid  spike.  Sepals  3,  —  the  2  lateral  ones 
boat-shaped,  glume-like,  persistent,  —  the  anterior  one  larger,  mem- 
branaceous,  inwrapping  the  corolla  in  the  bud,  and  deciduous  with 
it.  Petals  3,  with  long  claws,  slightly  connected.  Stamens  3  per- 
fect, inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals,  —  alternating  with  3  sterile 
filaments,  which  are  cleft  and  plumose  at  apex.  Capsule  oblong, 
1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae.  Perennials:  leaves  more  or  less 
ensiform  ;  flowers  yellow. 

1.  X.  bull>r»sa,  Kunth.  Scape  bulbous  at  base,  slender,  angular, 

usually  twisted  and  flexuose,  ancipital  at  summit;  leaves  narrowly 

linear. 

X.  Caroliniana.     Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  12.  not  of  Walter. 

BULBOUS  XYKIS.     Yellow-flowering  Rush. 

Scape  10  to  15  inches  high,  often  several  from  the  root.    Leaves  shorter  than  the 
scape,  flat,  or  sometimes  twisted.    Bracts  chesnut-brown,  orbicular-ovate,  convex 
externally,  scale-like  and  closely  imbricated.    Lateral  sepals  finely  ciliate  on  the 
keel.    Claws  of  the  petals  nearly  as  long  as  the  bracts. 
Hab.  Sandy  swamps,  and  margins  of  rivulets:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

ORDER  CXVII.  CYPERA^CEAE. 

Hush-like,  or  grass-like  herbs;  often  cespitose  ;  rhizomas  creeping  and  fibrous,  some- 
times tuberiferous  ;  sterns  (or  culms)  solid  with  pith,  sparingly  nodose,  often  angu- 
lar; leaves  distichously  alternate,  grass-like,  sessile,  —  the  petioles  being  dilated, 
and  closed  round  the  culm  so  as  to  form  an  entire  sheath,  —  sometimes  the  lamina, 
or  blade,  wholly  wanting;  flowers  perfect,  or  monoicous  (rarely  dioicous),  in  little 
bracteate  clusters  (called  spikelets),—  usually  one  flower  in  the  axil  of  each  of  the 
glume-like  imbricated  bracts,  or  scales;  perianth  (in  this  Order,  for  convenience, 
termed  a  perigynium,)  none,—  except  in  some  pistillate  diclinous  flowers  (as  Garex), 
where  it  is  a  membranous  or  glumaceous  sac,—  or  sometimes,  in  perfect  flowers, 
the  perianth  seems  to  be  substituted  by  some  minute  scales,  or  by  a  verticil  of 
hypogynous&mto,*  or  soft  hairs;  stamens  usually  3  ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  a  single 
erect  ovule,—  in  fruit  becoming  an  akene,  or  caryopsis,  which  is  lenticular,  or  trique- 
trous, according  as  the  style  is  bifid,  or  trifid  ;  embryo  minute,  inclosed  in  the  base 
of  copious  farinaceous  albumen.  An  Order  comprising  some  50  genera,—  remark- 
able for  their  little  value  to  the  Agriculturist;  and  also  for  their  prevalence  being 
an  indication  of  swampy,  neglected,  or  unpromising  soil. 

TRIBE  1.  CYPEREVAE. 

Flowers  perfect;  spiJceleta  usually  many-flowered,  with  the  bracts  (or  scales)  distich- 
ously imbricated;  perigynium  mostly  none,—  sometimes  consisting  of  retrorsely 
hispid  bristles  ;  styles  rarely  bulbous  at  base. 


458.  CYPE^iUrS,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name  ;  of  obscure  meaning.] 

Spikelets  usually  compressed,  variously  aggregated  and  arranged.  _ 
Scales  often  decurrent  at  base.     Perigynium  entirely  wanting.  _ 

*The  distinguished  Authors  of  the  British  Flora  (ed.  6.)  allege,  that  "those 
bristles  cannot  be  &  perianth,  because  they  are  situated  between  the  anther-bearing 
stamens  and  the  ovary." 


386  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Stamens  sometimes  2,  or  1.  Culms  cespitose,  triquetrous,  leafy  at 
base,  and  with  an  unequal  foliaceous  involucre  at  summit ;  peduncles 
(or  rays)  unequal,  sheathed  at  base. 

gl.  Spikelets  compressed,  linear-  or  lance-oblong,  many-flowered. 
f  Style  bifid;  stamens  2. 

1.  C.  tliJiiiclrus,   Torrey.     Spikelets  loosely  fascicled;  scales 
oblong,  rather  obtuse,  brown-margined ;  akene  obovate,  dusky. 
DIANDROUS  CYPERUS. 

Perennial;  culms  6  to  12  inches  long,  decumbent  or  reclining.  Leaves  few, 
shorter  than  the  culm.  Longest  leaves  of  the  involucre  often  6  or  8  inches  in 
length.  Umbel  sometimes  without  rays, — generally  1-  to  3-  and  occasionally  5-  or 
6-rayed ;  spikelets  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  much  compressed,  12-  to  24-flowered ; 
akene  minutely  rugose. 
Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds ;  along  rivulets :  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

ft  Style  trifid.    *  Stamen  1. 

2.  C.  inflexus,  Muhl.  Spikelets  in  2  or  3  ovoid  heads;  scales 
yellowish,  ovate,  acuminate,  with  the  point  recurved. 
INFLEXED  CYPERUS* 

Annual  f    Culms  2  to  4  inches  high,  setaceously  slender.    Leaves  as  long  as  the 
culm.    Heads  1  to  3,— one  sessile,  the  others  pedunculate,— each  head  consisting 
of  10  to  20  spikelets  densely  conglomerated.    One  leaf  of  the  involucre  3  times  as 
long  as  the  umbel ;  spikelets  8-  to  12-flowered ;  akene  triquetrous. 
Hab.  Moist  places,  on  Serpentine  rock :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  little  species  gives  out  an  odor,  while  drying,  which 
has  been  compared  to  that  of  Melilot. 

**  Stamens  3. 

3.  C.  striguSUS,  L.     Spikelets  subulate-linear,   spreading  all 
round  in  loose  oblong  pedunculate  spikes ;  sheaths  of  the  peduncles 
bifid,  2-bristled ;  involucre  about  6-leaved. 

STRIGOSE  CYPERUS.     Bristle-spiked  Galingale. 

Perennial ;  culms  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  rather  stout,  tuberous  at  base.  Leaves 
nearly  as  long  as  the  culm,  keeled.  Umbel  3-  to  6-  or  9-rayed;  rays  unequal,  1  or  2 
to  4  or  6  inches  in  length, — the  central  one  suppressed  (i.  e.  the  spike  sessile). — 
Hpikes  1  to  2  inches  long,  often  compound,  yellowish ;  spikelets  numerous  (20  to  60 
or  80),  about  %  of  an  inch  in  length,  8-  to  10-flowered,  spreading  on  all  sides, 
finally  a  little  reflexed;  akene  triquetrous,  oblong,  roughish-dotted. 
Hab.  Wet  meadows,  and  low  swampy  grounds  :  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

4.  C.  ripens,  Elliott.  Rhizomas  fibrous,  creeping,  tuberiferous  at 
the  extremities ;  spikelets  linear,  obtuse,  rather  crowded  in  some- 
what distichous  spikes ;  involucre  3-  or  i-leaved. 

CREEPING  CYPERUS. 

Perennial ;  tubers  of  the  rhizoma  about  the  size  of  a  pea.  Culms  1  to  2  feet  high, 
glabrous.  Leaves  9  to  18  or  24  inches  long,  keeled.  Umbel  4-  to  6-rayed ;  rays  1  to 
2  or  3  inches  in  length.  Spikes  1  to  2  inches  long ;  spikelets  %  an  inch  to  %  in 
length,  10  to  14  in  each  spike,  somewhat  spreading,  each  12-  to  20-flowered;  akene 
triquetrous,  minutely  punctate. 
Hub.  Fields,  and  streets ;  West-town ;  West  Chester :  not  common.  Fl  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 


CTPERACEAE 


337 


Obs.  This  is  a  great  pest,  where  it  gets  possession  of  the  soil, — 
and  requires  prompt  attention,  for  it  multiplies  rapidly.  It  is,  how- 
ever, not  quite  so  bad  as  the  C.  Hydra,  of  the  South.  Although 
prevalent  North  and  South  of  us,  I  think  this  C.  repens  is  a  doubt- 
ful native,  of  our  County, — as  I  never  observed  it,  until  within  a 
few  years.  It  is  now  becoming  rather  alarmingly  abundant,  in 
some' localities. 

5.  C.  filiculniis,  Vahl.  Culms  slender  and  wiry;  spikelets  sub- 
terete,  clustered  in  a  dense  head. 

C.  mariscoides.     Ell.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  16. 
THREAD-CULLED  CYPERUS. 

Perennial;  culms  6  to  12  inches  long,  reclining,  tuberous  at  base.     Leaves 
shorter  than  the  culm,  keeled.    Heads  of  spikelete  1  to  4,-^rone  sessile,  the  others 
on  peduncles,  or  rays,  1  to  2  inches  long ;  spikelets  3-  to  7-  or  8-flowered. 
Hjb.  Old  fields;  slaty  hills:  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

§2.  Spikelets  terete,  linear,  few-flowered',  styles  trifid ;  stamens  3. 

6.  C.  OVUl&ris,  Torrey.  Spikeleis  thickish,  in  a  globose  or  oval 
head,  spreading, — the  lower  ones  finally  reflexed ;  sheaths  of  the 
peduncles  obtuse. 

Mariscus  ovularis.      Vahl.  $  Fl.  Ce&tr.  ed.  2.  $.  16. 
EGG-SHAPED  CYPERUS. 

Perennial.    Culms  6  to  18  inches  high,  acutely  triquetrous.    Leaves  shorter  than 
the  culm.    Heads  3  to  5  (sometimes  but  1),  about  an  inch  in  diameter,— the  middle 
one  sessile,  the  rest  on  peduncles  %  of  an  Inch  to  3  inches  in  length ;  spihekts 
numerous,  2-  to  4-flowered,  often  perfecting  but  1  afcene. 
Hob.  »ry,  slaty  or  rocky  hills :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

7.  C.  retrofr£ctns,  Torrey.  Spikelets  slender,  in.  an  obovoid- 
oblong  head, — all  becoming  reflexed;  sheaths   of  the  peduncles 
bicuspidate. 

Mariscus  retrofractus.     Vahl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed,  2.  p.  592. 
BACKWARD-BENT  CYPERUS. 

Perennial.  Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  obtusely  triquetrous.  Leaves  about  half 
the  length  of  the  culm.  Heads  several,  %  an  inch  to  qear  .an  inch  long,  on  pedun- 
cles 1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  lengthy  tpiJtdets  numerous,  subulate,  1-  or  2-flowered  in 
the  middle, — the  uppermost  ones  usually  spreading,  the  others  more  or  less 
reflexftd. 
Hob.  Hills,  near  Pugh-town:  rare.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  S«pt. 

459.  DUMCH'IUM,  Richard. 

[Derivation  of  the  name  not  ascertained.] 

Spikelets  compressed,  linear,  sessite,  distkihously  arranged  in  axillary 
pedunculate  spikes  emerging  from  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves.  Feri- 
gynium  of  6  to  9  retrorsely  hispid  bristles.  Style  long,  bifid.  Akene 
linear-oblong,  compressed.  Perennial:  culm  simple,  terete,  nodose 
and  leafy  to  the  summit. 

1,  D.  spatbftceuin,  Pert.  Leaves  lance-linear,  flat,  short, 
nearly  equal,  pointing  in  three  directions;  spikelets  5-  to  9-flowered, 
spreading. 

SPATHACBOUS  DULICIIIUM.     Sheathed  Galingale. 

22 


338  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

(Mm  1  to  2  feet  high.     Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  spreading  almost  horizontally  . 
Spikes  I  to  1%  inches  in  length ;  spikelets  %  of  an  inch  long,  alternate,  on  a  com- 
mon peduncle  which  is  about  as  long  as  the  internodes  of  the  culm,  and  twice  as 
long  as  the  sheaths.    Bristles  about  6,  longer  than  the  akene. 
Hah.  Swamps,  and  margins  of  ponds :  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

TRIBE  2.  SCIR'PEAE. 

Flowers  perfect;  spikelets  mostly  many-flowered,  with  the  bracts  (or  scales)  imbri- 
cated on  all  sides ;  perigynium  consisting  of  rigid  bristles,  or  long  soft  and  flexuose 
hairs, — or  sometimes  wholly  wanting;  style  often  dilated  or  bulbous  at  base,  form- 
ing a  tubercle  which  is  articulated  with  the  apex  of  the  akene. 

DIVISION  I.  Perigynium  of  hypogynous  bristles,  or  slender  wavy  hairs. 

46O.  EUEO'CHARIS,  R.  Brown. 

Gr.  Eleos,  a  marsh,  and  chairo,  to  delight  in;  alluding  to  their  place  of  growth.] 
Spikelets  single,  terminating  the  naked  culm.  Perigynium  of  3  to  6 
retrorsely  hispid  or  rough  rigid  bristles.  Style  2-  or  3-cleft,  dilated 
at  base.  Akene  crowned  with  the  persistent  bulbous  base  of  the 
style.  Chiefly  perennials :  rhizomas  matted,  or  creeping ;  culms 
cespitose,  leafless,  sheathed  at  base, — sometimes  sterile. 

f  Akene  lenticular,  shorter  than  the  bristles. 

1.  E.  Obtiisa,  Schultes.    Culm  sulcate;  spikelet  roundish-OToid, 
or  oblong,  obtuse;  akene  smooth  and  shining  ;  bristles  6. 
Scirpus  obtusus.      Willd.  $  Fi:  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  19. 

OBTUSE  ELEOCHARIS.    Club-rush. 

Culms  4  to  18  inches  high,  subterete,  somewhat  attenuated  below  the  spikelet, 
•with  about  2  mucronate  sheaths  at  base.    Scales  of  the  spikelets  ovate,  very  obtuse, 
dark  brown.    Akene  brown,  compressed,  with  a  marginal  ridge  on  each  side ; 
tubercle  broad  at  base,  acute. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  margins  of  ponds :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

2.  E.  pallistris,  R-  Brown.  Culm  evenly  smooth,  striate;  spike- 
let  oblong-lanceolate,    acute ;    akene   somewhat  punctate-rugose ; 
bristles  3  or  4. 

Scirpus  palustris.  L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  19. 

MARSH  ELEOCHARIS. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  high,  subterete,  not  sulcate,  embraced  by  along  sheath  near  the 
base.    Scales  ovate-oblong,  reddish-brown.    Akene  yellowish ;  tubercle  conical. 
Hab.  Swampy  meadows ;  near  Pughtown :  rare.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

f  f  Akene  more  or  less  triquetrous,  mostly  longer  than  the  bristles. 

3.  E.  t£nilis.  Schultes.  Culm  slender,   4-angled  with   the  sides 
grooved;  spikelet  elliptic;  akene  transversely  rugose-dotted;  bris- 
tles mostly  2  or  3,  sometimes  wanting. 

Scirpus  tenuis.      Willd.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  20. 
SLENDER  ELEOCHARIS. 

Culms  10  to  20  inches  high,  with  a  long  purple  truncate  sheath  at  base.  Fpikelets 
at  first  rather  obtuse,  finally  acute  at  each  end;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  dark-brown. 
Akene  light  brown,  rough-dotted ;  tubercle  depressed-triangular. 
Hab.  Swamps,  and  margins  of  ponds :  frequent.    -Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 


CYPERACEAB  339 

4.  E.  aclcul&ris,  R.  Brown.     Culm  setaceously  slender,  4- 
angled;  spikelet  ovoid-oblong,  few-flowered;    akene  many-ribbed, 
and  transversely  striate ;  bristles  3  or  4,  or  wanting. 
Scirpus  acicularis.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  20. 
NEEDLE-LIKE  ELEOCHARIS. 

Culms  2or3to6or8  inches  high,  bristle-like,  glabrous,  purple  at  base,  and 
closely  embraced  by  a  truncate  obtuse  sheath.    Spikelet  often  perfecting  but  1  or  2 
akenes ;  scales  ovate-oblong,  greenish  with  purple  sides.  Akene  obovoid,  yellowish ; 
tubercle  conical-triangular. 
Hah.  Margins  of  ponds,  and  miry  places :  not  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  If  I  am  not  mistaken,  the  bristles  are  sometimes  longer  than 
the  akene. 

461.  SCIR'PUS,  L. 

["The  ancient  Latin  name  of  the  Bull-rush.] 

Spikelets  sometimes  single,  more  commonly  numerous  and  clustered, 
or  cymose-paniculate,  lateral,  or  terminal.  Perigynium  of  3  to  6  rigid 
rough  bristles,  or  6  slender  smooth  wavy  or  curly  hairs.  Styles  2- 
or  3-cleft,  not  bulbous  at  base.  Akene  sometimes  mucronate  with 
the  slender  base  of  the  style.  Chiefly  perennials :  culm  triangular, 
or  terete,  naked,  or  leafy;  spikelets  green,  or  brown,  solitary, 
clustered,  or  corymbose. 

gl.  SCIRPUS proper:  Perigynium  of  rigid— mostly  retrorsdy  hispid,  or  pubescent— 
bristles. 

a.  Spikelets  single  and  terminal;  style  trifid,  and  akene  triquetrous;  culm  leafy  at 

base,  triangular. 

1.  S.  pi  ail  if olillS,  Muhl.  Culms  loosely  cespitose ;  leaves  linear, 
flat  and  grass-like,  equalling  the  culm ;  bristles  4  to  6,  antrorsely 
hispid. 

FLAT-LEAVED  SCIRPUS. 

Culms  6  to  12  inches  long,  finely  serrulate  on  the  angles.    leaves  subradical, — 
the  lower  ones  short,  broader  and  mucronate.    Spikdet  about  6-flowered ;  scales 
yellowish,  with  green  keels  and  points,— the  2  lowest  longish  and  bract-like.— 
Akene  triquetrous,  reddish-brown. 
Hob.  Rich,  moist  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

b.  Spikelets  numerous,  subterminal,  or  lateral ;  culm  scarcely  nodose  above,  and 

tfierefore  naked, — a  few  leaf-bearing  sheaths  below. 

4®=-  Style  bifid,  and  akene  planoconvex.    *  Culm  triangular. 

2.  S.  pu  listens,  Vahl.  Culm  with  2  concave  sides ;  spikelets  1 
to  5  or  6,  ovoid,  in  a  dense  sessile  cluster ;  akene  longer  than  the 
bristles. 

S.  triqueter,     MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  593.  not  of  Linn. 
SHARP-POINTED  SCIRPUS.     Chair-maker's  Rush. 

Cidms  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  cuspidate  at  summit,  naked  and  smooth,  sheathed  at 
base, — the  sheaths  often  bearing  a  few  short  leaves.    Scales  of  the  spikelets  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, often  emarginate  and  mucronate,  russet-brown  on  the  sides.    Akene 
dark  brown,  smooth;  bristles  3  to  6,  retrorsely  scabrous,  brittle. 
Hub.  Margin  of  the  Schuylkill :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  the  plant  generally  used,  in  the  U.  States,  in  making 
the  seats  of  rush-bottomed  chairs.  It  grows  abundantly  along 
brackish  tide-water ;  but  is  rare,  and  of  smaller  size,  in  this  County. 


340  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

**  Culm  terete. 

3.  S.  lacustrl§,  L.    Culm  large,  tapering  above,   even  and 
smooth ;  spikelets  numerous,  cymose-panioled. 

LAKE  SCIRPUS.     Bull-rush. 

Culms  4  to  6  or  8  feet  high,  naked,  glaucous,  terminating  in  a  cusp  of  1  to  2 
inches  in  length  above  the  panicle ;  sheatfis  at  base  bearing  short  leaves.  SpikeUts 
often  clustered  in  threes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  one  or  more  sessile,  in 
the  centre ;  scales  brown,  slightly  pubescent,  the  margins  ciliate.  Akene  pal^ 
greenish-white,  mucronate;  bristles  usually  4,  retrorsely  hispid,  a  little  longer 
than  the  akene. 
JBdb.  Margins  of  ponds,  and  ditches :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

4.  S.  debills,  Pursh.    Culm  slender,  deeply  striate;  spikelets 
few,  in  a  sessile  cluster. 

WEAK  SCIRPUS. 

Culms  9  to  18  inches  high,  naked,  glabrous,  loosely  sheathed  at  base.    Spikelets 
1  to  6  or  8 — generally  3— turgid,  in  a  lateral  cluster  2  or  3  inches  from  the  summit 
of  the  culm;  scales  pale  green,  membranous.     Alcene  black,  shining,  punctate, 
mucronate ;  bristles  6,  retrorsely  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  the  akene. 
Hob.  Wet,  sandy  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug,  Fr.  Sept. 
c.  Spikelets  numerous,  manifestly  terminal,  in  a  decompound  cymose  umbel:  culm 
obviously  nodose  and  leafy,  rigid,  triangular;  style  trifid,  and  akene  trigon- 
ous ;  bristles  retrorsely  pubescent. 

5.  S.  atrovirens,  Muhl.  Spikelets  densely  clustered  in  heads 
of  8  or  10  to  20,  dark  green;  bristles  the  length  of  the  akene. 
DARK-GREEN  SCIRPUS. 

Culms  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high.  Leaves  broadly  linear,  shorter  than  the  culm. — 
Involucre  foliaceous,  usually  of  3  leaves,  longer  than  the  cymose  umbel.  Heads 
of  spikelets  roundish-ovoid ;  scales  acute,  with  a  distinct  point,  finally  becoming 
brownish.  Akene  whitish,  smooth,  mucronate;  bristles  usually  4  or  5,  sometimes 

6.  nearly  straight,  not  hispid,  but  with  a  minute  retrorse  pubescence. 
Hab.  Swamps,  and  wet  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  spikelets  range  from  8  to  20,  or  more,  in  a  head, — and 
are  sometimes  viviparous.  % 

6.  S.  polyphyl'llis,  Vahl  Spikelets  clustered  in  heads  of  3  to 
C  or  8,  yellowish-brown ;  bristles  twice  the  length  of  the  akene. 
S.  brunneus.     Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  22. 
MANY-LEAVED  SCIRPUS. 

Culms  2  to  4  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular.  Leaves  rather  numerous,  loosely 
sheathing,  broadish,  longer  than  the  culm.  Involucre  of  4  or  5  leaves.  Spikeltts 
rather  larger  than  in  the  preceding  species,  commonly  in  clusters  of  3  to  6,  some- 
times more ;  scales  rather  obtuse,  but  slightly  mucronate,  at  first  yellowish-green, 
finally  reddish-brown.  Akene  yellowish,  smooth,  short-beaked ;  bristles  4  to  63  a 
little  tortuous,  or  crisped,  minutely  and  retrorsely  hispidulous. 
Hub.  Wet,  low  grounds ;  thickets,  Ac. :  rather  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

g  2.  TRICHO'PHORUM  :  Perigynium  of  soft,  smooth,  tortuous  or  crisped  hairs ;  culm 
nodose  and  leafy ;  style  trifid,  and  akene  trigonous. 

7.  S.  lineatllS,  MX.    Spikelets  cylindric-oblong,  solitary  and 
pendulous  on  the  long  filiform  peduncles ;  involucre  of  1  to  3  short 
leaves ;  hairs  a  little  longer  than  the  scales. 
LINED  SCIRPUS. 


CYPERACEAB  341 

Culm  \%  to  3  feet  high,  triangular.  Leavet  numerous,  shorter  than  the  culm  ; 
theathsnpen  at  throat.  Umbels  terminal  and  axillary,  loosely  cymose-panicled, 
drooping;  scales  ferruginous,  with  a  green  centraUine,  or  keel,  the  apex  pointed 
and  subsquarrose.  Akene  acuminate,  minutely  papillose,  pale-brown ;  hairs  5  or 
6,  very  slender,  and  somewhat  crisped,  a  little  exserted  from  the  scales. 
Hob.  Swamps ;  near  West-town  School :  rare.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  was  collected,  in  1840,  by  Mr.  JOSEPH  WALTON. 
8.  S.  Krioplioruni,  MX.   Spikelets  ovoid,  subsolitary  on  the 
peduncles ;  involucre  of  4  or  5  long  leaves ;  hairs  much  longer  than 
the  scales,  curly  and  russet-colored. 
WOOL-BEARING  SCIRPUS.     Brown  Cotton-grass. 

Culm  3  to  5  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular.  Leaves  about  2  feet  long.  Umbel 
terminal,  decompound,  cjmose-panicled,  the  upper  part  drooping ;  scales  lance-ob- 
long, membranaceous,  the  sides  brown.  Akene  white;  hairs  6,  five  to  eight  times 
ae  long  as  the  akene,  crisped  and  entangled, — giving  the  spikelets  a  woolly  appear- 
ance. 
Hab.  Swamps,  and  wet  places :  frequent.  FL  July.  Fr.  August. 

462.  ERIOPH'ORUM ,  L. 

[Gr.  Erion,  wool,  or  cotton,  andp/iora,  bearing ;  from  its  cottony  perigynium.J 
Spikelets  ovoid,  mostly  aggregated  in  a  terminal  head,  or  cymose 
cluster  of  heads.  Perigynium  usually  of  numerous,  soft,  flat,  elon- 
gating hairs,  much  exceeding  the  scales,  persistent,  and  becoming 
a  silky  or  cottony  tuft,  in  fruit.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Styles  trifid, 
and  the  akene  trigonous.  Perennials :  culms  generally  leafy ;  cottony 
heads  usually  white  (rarely  russet). 

1.  E.  Yirgrinlcum,  L.    Culm  sub-terete,  rather  rigid ;  leaves 
flat,  elongated ;  spikelets  subsessile,  in  a  dense  cluster,  or  head ; 
cotton  russet-colored. 

VIRGINIAN  ERIOPHORUM.     Cotton-grass. 

Culms  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high.  Leaves  12  to  18  inches  long,  lance-linear.  Involucre 
generally  of  2  narrow  leaves,  4  to  6  inches  in  length,  and  1  or  2  smaller  ones,  dis- 
tinctly serrulate  on  the  margins.  Heads  3  or  4,  cymose  or  subumbellate,  on 
short  peduncles ;  cottony  hairs  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  scales.  Stamens.  1. — 
Akene  brown,  trigonous-obovoid,  acuminate. 
Hob.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  E.  Cradle,  Koch.  Culms  rather  triangular,  slender ;  leaves 
triquetrous,  channelled,  short;  spikelets  pedunculate,  finally  nod- 
ding ;  cotton  white. 

E.  angustifolium.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  24.  not  of  Roth. 
SLENDER  ERIOPHORUM. 

Culms  12  to  18  inches  high.    Radical  leaves  dying  early ;  those  on  the  culm  1  to 
8  inches  in  length.  Involucre  of  1  leaf,  generally  shorter  than  the  spikelets.  Spike- 
lets  2  to  4 — usually  3 — on  peduncles  sometimes  near  an  inch  long ;  cottony  hairs  % 
an  inch  to  %  in  length.    Akene,  linear-oblong. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows ;  northern  parts  of  the  county:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

DIVISION  II.  Perigynium  (viz.  bristles,  or  hairs)  wholly  wanting. 
463.   FIJI  IIRIS'TYLIS,   Vahl. 

[Latin,  Fimbria,  a  fringe,  and  Stylus  ;  the  style  being  often  fringed.] 
Spikelets  ovoid,  acute,  in  a  small  terminal  cymose  umbel.     Stamens 
1  to  3.     Style  2-  or  3-cleft,  often  ciliate,  bulbous  at  base,— the 


342  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

bulb  mostly  deciduous.    Culms  cespitose,  compressed,  or  triangular, 
leafy  at  base ;  umbel  involucrate ;  spikelets  ferruginous. 

t  Style  bifid,  and  akene  lenticular. 

1.  F.  laxa,  Vahl.  Culm  somewhat  compressed,  grooved ;  stamen 
single ;  akene  ribbed,  and  transversely  striate. 

Scirpus  Baldwinianus.     Schultes.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  18. 

LOOSE  FlMBRISTYLTS. 

Annual.  Culms  4  to  12  inches  high.  Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm  (some- 
times much  shorter),  narrow-linear,  striate,  finely  serrulate ;  sheaths  pubescent  at 
throat.  Involucre  about  3-leaved, — one  of  the  leaves  longer  than  the  umbel.  Umbel 
mostly  simple;  rays  few,  about  %  of  an  inch  long,  sometimes  divided.  Akene 
plano-convex,  obovate,  whitish. 
Hab.  Moist  places;  Serpentine  rocks :  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

1 1  Style  trifid,  and  akene  triquetrous. 

2,  F.  autumnalis,  Roemer  $  Schultes.  Culm  much  compressed ; 
leaves  grass-like;    stamens  2,   or  3;  akene  smooth,   or  minutely 
verrucose. 

Scirpus  autumnalis.     L.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  19. 
AUTUMNAL  FIMBRISTYLIS. 

Perennial  ?  Culms  2  or  3  to  12  inches  long,  spreading,  flat  and  two-edged. — 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  serrulate  near  the  apex.  Involucre  of  2  or  3  unequal 
leaves, — the  longest  about  the  length  of  the  umbel.  Umbel  usually  decom- 
pound, or  subpaniculate, — the  spikelets  somewhat  4-sided ;  often  in  threes  at  the 
and  of  the  branches,  or  rays.  Akene  trigonous-obovoid,  whitish. 
Hab.  Sandy  swamps,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3*  F.  capillaris,  A.  Gray.  Culm  sulcate-angular,  setaceously 
slender ;  leaves  setaceous ;  stamens  2 ;  akene  transversely  rugose. 
Scirpus  capillaris.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  18. 
HAIR-LIKE  FIMBRISTYLIS. 

Annual.  Culms  4  to  8  or  10  inches  high,  3-  or  4-angled,  densely  cespitose.  Leaves 
much  shorter  than  the  culm  ;  sheaths  hairy  at  throat.  Involucre  of  1  or  2  seta- 
ceous leaves,— one  of  them  often  longer  than  the  umbel.  Umbel  of  2  or  3  rays, 
which  are  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  and  1  or  2  sessile  spikelets.  Akene  trique- 
trous, white. 
Hab.  Sterile  soils;  slaty  hills:  not  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

TRIBE  3.  RHYNCHOSPOREVAE. 

Flowers  perfect,  or  polygamous ;  spikelets  mostly  few-flowered,  with  the  bracts  (or 
scales)  irregularly  imbricated, — the  Imver  scaUs  empty,  and  the  upper  ones  often 
sterile;  perigynium  consisting  of  hypogynous  bristles  (or  sometimes  wanting); 
akene  corrugated,  beaked  with  the  base  of  the  style,  or  crowned  with  an  articulated 
tubercle. 

464.  RHYNCIIOS'PORA,   Vahl. 

fGr.  Jfhynchos,  a  beak,  and  Spora,  seed;  alluding  to  the  beaked  akene.] 
Spikelets  lance-ovoid,  few-  or  several-flowered, — the  upper  scales 
usually  with  imperfect  flowers.  Feriyynium  mostly  of  6  (sometimes 
more)  bristles.  Stamens  mostly  8.  Style  bifid.  Akene  lenticular, 
crowned  with  the  dilated  (tubercular)  persistent  base  of  the  style. 
Perennials:  culms  more  or  less  triangular,  nodose  and  leafy;  spike- 
lets  in  terminal  and  axillary  cymose  clusters,  or  heads. 


CYPERACEAB  343 

t  Akene  tranvertely  rugose ;  bristles  antrorsely  hispid. 

1.  R.  cym  6sJl,  Nutt.  Leaves  flat  and  grass-like ;  spikelets  brown, 
clustered  in  corymbose  cymes;   akene   twice  the  length  of  the 
bristles. 

CTMOSE  RHYNCHOSPORA.     Bog-rush. 

Culms  12  to  18  inches  high,  acutely  triangular.   Radical  leaves  somewhat  crowd 
ed;  upper  cauline  ones  often  overtopping  the  culm.     Spikelets  aggregated  in 
cymose  clusters  of  3  to  5,  at  the  ends  of  the  peduncles.    Akerw  pale  brown ;  tuber- 
cle depressed-conic,  whitish,  about  %  the  length  of  the  akene. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds ;  clearings :  not  very  common.    FL  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

f  f  Akene  smooth  ;  bristles  retrorsely  hispid. 

2.  R.  ill  Im,  Vahl.  Leaves  setaceous ;  spikelets  whitish,  corym- 
bose-clustered ;  bristles  about  10,  as  long  as  the  akene  and  tubercle. 
WHITE  RHYNCHOSPORA.     White  Bog-rush. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  triangular  above.    Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm.    Fasci- 
cles of  spikelets  terminal  and  axillary.    Scales  white,  finally  brownish.    Stamens 
I  to  3 — usually  2.    Tubercle  compressed,  half  as  long  as  the  akene. 
Hob.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  not  common.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3*  R.  ft lonicriita,  Vahl.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  somewhat  keeled ; 

spikelets  dark  brown,  in  small  distant  clusters,  which  are  often  in 

pairs. 

CLUSTERED  RHYNCHOSPORA.     Brown  Bog-rush. 

Culms  about  2  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm. — 
f^]rik"lets  in  corymbose  or  subcapitate  fascicles,  on  included  or  somewhat  exserted 
peduncles,  terminal  and  lateral,  often  2,  or  more,  from  the  same  sheath.  Akene 
brownish,  shining;  tubercle  compressed,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  akene;  bristles 
nearly  as  long  as  both. 
Jfab.  Swamps,  and  bog  meadows:  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

TRIBE  4.  SCLERIE^AE. 

Flowers  monoicous;  perigynium  a  lobed  or  ring-like  disk,  often  obscure;  pistil- 
late spHcelets  1-flowered,  staminate  several-flowered ;  akene  with  a  bony  shell. 

465.  SCL.ETRIA,  L. 

[Gr.  Skleria,  hardness ;  from  its  bony  or  crustaceous  fruit. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  in  the  same  clusters ;  scales  loosely 
imbricated, — the  lower  ones  empty.  Stamens  1  to  3.  Style  3-cleft. 
Akene  globular,  white,  bony  or  enamel-like,  seated  in  a  ring-like,  or 
shallow  saucer-shaped  disk.  Perennials:  culms  triangular,  nodose 
and  leafy. 

1.  S.  triglomer Ata,  MX.    Leaves  broadly-linear ;  fascicles  of 
spikelets  few,  in  triple  clusters,  terminal  and  axillary,  the  lower 
one  pedunculate  ;  akene  smooth  and  shining. 
THREE-CLUSTERED  SCLERIA.     Whip-grass. 

Culm  2  to  3  or  4  feet  long,  nearly  erect,  acutely  triquetrous,  with  the  angles 
almost  winged.  Leaves  6  to  12  or  15  inches  in  length,  2  to  4  lines  wide.  Termina' 
fascicle  consisting  of  3  distinct  clusters  of  spikelets,  each  with  a  foliaceous  bract  at 
base.  Perigynium,  annular,  or  obtusely  triangular.  Akene  bluish  when  young. 
Jfnlt.  Moist  ravines,  on  Serpentine  ridge :  not  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 


344  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

2.  8.  pane  i  flora .  JfwW.    Leaves  narrow-linear ;  spikelets  in 
pairs,  in  2  or  3  clusters;  akene  tuberculate-rugose. 
FEW-FLOWERED  SCLERIA. 

(Mm  9  to  18  inches  high,  erect.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length ;  sheaths 
pubescent.    Fascicles  few-flowered, — the  lateral  ones  usually  2  in  number,  on  long 
slender  peduncles, — the  lower  from  a  sheath  near  the  base  of  the  culm.    Bracts 
ciliate.    Perigynium  a  wary  ring,  supporting  6  rounded  tubercles. 
Hob.  Serpentine  Banks;  West  Chester:  not  common.    Fl.  June.  FT.  July. 

TRIBE  5.  CARFCEAE. 

Flowers  usually  monoicous— either  in  the  same  spikelet  (when  they  are  termed 
androgynous) — or  in  separate  spikekts, — rarely  dioicous ;  proper  perianth  none  ; 
perigynium  (or  envelope  of  the  ovary)  mostly  a  membranous  or  glumaceous  sac, 
formed  of  2  united  scales. 


466.  CANREX,  L. 

[A  classical  name, — of  obscure  etmology.] 
Spikelets  several-  or  many-flowered, — the  staminate  and  pistillate 
florets  either  in  distinct  spikelets  on  the  same  plant  (rarely  on  different 
plants) — or  in  different  portions  of  the  same  spikelets  (i.  e.  androgynous). 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  1-flowered,  imbricated  on  all  sides.  Stamens 
mostly  3.  Ovary  included  in  a  membranous  (often  urceolate, 
beaked,  and  inflated)  sac,  or  perigynium ;  stigmas  2,  or  3,  long, 
exserted  from  the  orifice  of  the  perigynium.  Akene  lenticular, 
or  triquetrous  (according  as  the  stigmas  are  2,  or  3),  more  or  less 
beaked  with  the  base  of  the  style.  Perennials :  culms  usually  cespi- 
tose,  triangular,  often  nodose  and  leafy ;  spikelets  terminal  and 
axillary,  mostly  bracteate  at  base.  * 

A.  Spikelet  solitary,  androgynous,  staminate  at  summit :  stigmas  3 ; 
bracts  small,  scale-like,  colored. 

1.  C.  polytrichoides,  Muhl.  Culm  capillary;  spikelet  very 
small;  perigynia  oblong,  compressed-triangular,  obtuse,  twice  the 
length  of  the  ovate  scale. 

POLYTRICHTJM-LIKE    CAREX. 

Culms  9  to  18  inches  high,  naked  above,  longer  than  the  leaves.    Leaves  mostly 
subradical,  very  narrow,  becoming  convolute  when  dry.    Spikelet  linear  oblong ; 
staminate  florets  4  to  8 ;  pistillate  florets  about  5  ;  perigynia  green. 
Hob.  Open  woodlands,  and  low  grounds  :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

IS.   Spikelets  several,   subpaniculate,   mostly   androgynous,   sessile; 
stigmas  2. 

gl.  Spikelets  approximated;  staminate  and  pistillate  florets  variously  situated. 

2.  C.  bromoides,  Schkuhr.  Spikelets  4  to  6,  lance-oblong,  some 
of  the  middle  ones  wholly  pistillate ;  perigynia  erect,  acuminate, 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  scale. 

BROMUS-LIKE  CAREX. 

*  It  may  be  well  to  caution  the  inexperienced  Herborizer,  that  the  Carices— like 
the  Umbettiferae— should  be  gathered  for  examination,  and  for  the  Herbarium, 
when  the/rurt  is  full  grown ;  but  not  so  old  as  to  be  easily  detached,  or  shattered 
off.  They  cannot  be  always  determined— and  never  so  well— while  in  flower. 


CYPERACEAE  345 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  rough  above,  leafy  toward  the  base.  Leaves 
narrow,  linear, — at  first  longer,  finally  shorter  than  the  culm.  Spikelets  2  to  6, 
usually  4, — the  lower  ones  somewhat  distant,  the  upper  ones  a  little  crowded ; 
perigynia  somewhat  distichously  and  loosely  arranged ;  brad  at  the  base  of  the 
lowest  spikelet  glume-like,  lanceolate,  terminating  in  a  scabrous  awn. 
Sab.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl,  May.  Fr.  July. 

§  2.  Spikelets  staminate  at  summit. 
f  Perigynia  small,  with  a  short  2-toothed  beak. 

3.  C,  Ylllpinoidea,  MX.  Spikelets  8  to  12,  clustered  in  an 
oblong  interrupted  compound  spike;  perigynia  broadly  ovate,  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  finally  diverging,  rather  shorter  tlian  the  ovate 
cuspidate  scale. 

C.  multiflora.     Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  29. 
VULPINA-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  about  2  feet  high,  leafy.  Leaves  lance-Hnear,  channelled,— the  upper 
ones  taller  than  the  culm ;  sheaths  tranversely  rugose  opposite  the  leaves.  Spike 
2  to  3  inche-i  long ;  spikdets  crowded  into  clusters  a  little  separated  from  each 
other ;  bracts  under  the  spike,  and  principal  dusters,  often  long,  and  leaf-like, — 
those  at  the  base  of  the  spikdets,  short  and  setaceous. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

t  fPerigynium  on  short  pedicels,  not  margined,  with  along  tapering  2-toothed  beak, 
yellow  at  maturity. 

4.  C.  stipata,  Muhl.     Spikelets  6  to  12  or  15,  aggregated,— the 
lower  ones  often  distinct ;  perigynia  tapering  from  a  truncate  base, 
much  longer  than  the  ovate  scale. 

CROWDED  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  3  feet  high,  rather  stout  and  succulent,  leafy.  Leaves  about  as  long 
as  the  culm  (longer  while  young),  broadish  lance-linear ;  sheaths  striate,  some- 
what loose.  Spike  1  to  2%  inches  long,  densely  compound.  Spikdets  sessile,  with  a 
subulate  bract  at  the  base  of  each, — all  shorter  than  the  spikelets,  except  tho 
lower  one. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  FL  April.  Fr.  June. 

f  1 1  Perigynia  sessile,  more  or  less  margined)  with,  a  short  2-toothed  beak,  greenish  at 
maturity. 

5.  C.  sparsranioides,  Muhl.   Spikelets  6  to  10,  ovoid,— the 
upper  ones  crowded,  the  lower  distinct  and  more  or  less  distant ; 
perigynia  ovate,  acuminate,  nerveless,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovate  mucronate  scale. 

SPARGANIUM-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  about  2  feet  high,  leafy  toward  the  base.    Leaves  about  as  long  as  the 
oulm,— those  at  base  short;  sheaths  loose,  often  whitish.    Spike  1%  to  3  inches 
long.    Bracts  lance-linear,  sometimes  longer  than  the  spikelets. 
Hob.  Swampy  low  grounds:  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

6.  C.  cephalophora,  Muhl.  Spikelets  3  to  6,  densely  crowded 
in  a  short  ovoid  head ;  perigynia  ovate,  somewhat  nerved  outside, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate  subaristate  scale. 
HEAD-BEARING;  CAREX. 


346  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  naked  above,  leafy  near  the  base.    Leaves  often  very 
long,  channelled,  with  a  rounded  and  prominent  midrib.    Spike  }/2  an  inch  to  % 
in  length,  somewhat  3-lobed  at  base.    Bracts,  at  the  base  of  the  spike,  2,  subulate, 
or  filiform,  scarcely  equalling  it  in  length,  generally  spreading  or  recurved. 
ffab.  Hilly,  grassy  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

7.  C.  Muhlenbergll,  Schk.  Spikelets  5  to  7,  roundish-oval, 
closely  approximated  in  an  oblong  head ;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate, 
nerved  on  both  sides,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  mucronate  scale. 
MUHLENBERG'S  CAREX. 

Calms  1  to  2  feet  high,  leafy  below.  Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm,— the 
lowest  ones  short ;  sheaths  scarious,  and  often  transversely  rugose,  opposite  the 
leaves.  Spike  about  an  inch  long.  Spikelets  rather  clustered, — the  uppermost 
often  almost  entirely  staminate  ;  the  others  with  each  an  ovate-lanceolate  bract  at 
base,  ending  in  a  scabrous  awn  longer  than  the  spikelet. 
Sab.  Hill  sides;  foot  of  Serpentine  ridge:  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

8.  C.  rosea,  Schk.  Spikelets  3  to  6, — the  2  uppermost  approx- 
imated, the  others  mostly  remote ;  perigynia  few  (8  or  10),  oblong- 
ovate,  at  length  widely  and  rosaceously  diverging,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  broadly  ovate  obtuse  scale. 

HOSE-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  9  to  18  inches  high,  slender,  leafy  near  the  base.  Leaves  narrow-linear, 
often  as  long,  or  longer  than  the  culm,— the  lower  sheaths  often  without  laminae, 
or  with  very  short  ones.  Lower  spikelets  nearly  an  inch  apart,— the  lowest  one 
•with  a  setaceous  bract  often  overtopping  the  culm;  perigynia  with  acute  margins, 
•which  are  somewhat  incurved. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

§3.  Spikelets  pistillate  at  summit. 
f  Spikelets  small ;  perigynia  with  rigid  narrow  margins. 

9.  C.  stellillata,  Gooden.  Spikelets  3  to  5,  distinct,  obovoid ; 
perjgynia  ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  finally  diverging,  longer  than 
the  ovate  acute  scale. 

STAR-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  6  to  12  and  18  inches  high,  leafy  toward  the  base.  Leaves  generally 
longer  than  the  culm,  linear  and  erect, — the  lower  ones  short.  Uppermost  spikelets 
etaminate  at  base,  so  as  to  give  it  a  turbinate,  or  clubshaped  appearance,— the 
lowest  one  bracteate  at  base. 

ffab.  Woodlands,  and  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July, 
ft  Spikelets  rather  large,  mostly  straw-colored;  perigynia  with  broadish  membrana- 
ceous  margins. 

10.  C.  SCOparia,  Schk.  Spikelets  5  to  8  or  10,  obovoid,  finally 
ovoid,  crowded  in  a  dense  subclavate  head;  perigynia  lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  long  beak,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  scale. 
BESOM-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  leafy  below.     Leaves  narrow,  shorter  than  the  culm.— 
Spike  (or  cluster)  1  to  1%  inches  long,  somewhat  nodding,  brownish  straw-colored 
at  maturity.    Lowest  spikelet  with  a  deciduous  bract  as  long  as  the  spike,— the 
others  with  glume-like  bracts,  terminating  in  long  setaceous  points. 
Hab.  Swamps,  and  wet  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

11.  C.  lagopodioides,  Schk.  Spikelets  10  to  15  or  20,  oval, 
approximated  in  an  oblong  spike ;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  rather  obtuse  scale. 


CYPERACEAE  347 

HARESFOOT-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culm  about  2  feet  high,  sulcate-striate,  leafy  to  half  its  height.  Leaves  mostly 
longer  than  the  culm,  pale  green.  Spike  1  to  2  inches  long.  Spikelets  sometimes 
clustered  into  an  ovoid  head, — under  the  lowest  a  foliaceous  deciduous  bract, 
which  often  overtops  the  spike;  perigynia  with  somewhat  diverging  points,  and 
rather  narrow  ciliate-serrulate  margins. 
Hab.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  has  been  sometimes  reduced  to  a  var.  of  the  preceding. 
Indeed,  there  is  a  strong  family  resemblance  among  the  whole  four 
species,  of  this  subdivision, — from  number  10  to  13,  inclusive. 

12.  C.  festucacea.  Schk.  Spikelets  5  to  8,  obovoid,  or  clavate, 
— the  lower  ones  distinct;    perigynia    ovate,    acuminate,   rather 
narrow-margined,  longer  than  the  lance-ovate  acute  scale. 
FESTUCA-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  2  to  3  (and  sometimes  4)  feet  long,  often  decumhent,  smooth,  sulcate-stri- 
ate,  leafy.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm.  Spike  1  to  2  or  3  inches  long.  Spikelets 
sometimes  rather  distant,— at  first  oval,  then  obovoid  from  being  staminate  at 
base,  and  finally  subglobose.  Bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  .than  the  spikelets.  Peri- 
gynia  striate, — the  margins  serrulate. 
Hab.  Meadows,  and  open  woodlands:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

13.  C.  straminea,  Schk.  Spikelets  3  to  6  (usually  5),  roundish- 
ovoid,   approximated;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate,    abruptly  acumi- 
nate, broadly  margined,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  slightly 
mucronate  scale. 

STRAW-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  roughish,  leafy.    Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,— the 
lower  ones  abbreviated.    Spike  1  to  1*^  inches  long.    Spikelets  each  with  an  ovate 
cuspidate  bract  at  base, — the  setaceous  points  of  the  two  lower  bracts  sometimes 
longer  than  the  spikelets.    Akene  much  smaller  than  its  envelope. 
Hab.  Moist,  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 
C.  Spikelets  more  or  less  stalked,  wholly  staminate  and  pistillate  (or 
occasionally  somewhat  androgynous),  separate  on  the  same  culm, — the 
etaminate  ones  constantly  above :  stigmas  mostly  3. 

a.  Perigynia  with  a  minute,  or  short  point, — not  prolonged  into  a  beak. 

gl.  Perigynia  not  (or  but  slightly)  inflated;  staminate  epikelets  1  to  3,—w  t7ie  ter- 
minal one  androgynous. 

14.  C.  Stricta,  Lam.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  to  4,  cylindric,  slender, 
— the  upper  ones  sessile,  often  staminate  at  summit;   perigynia 
ovate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  scale. 

C.  acuta.     Muhl.  $•  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  41.  not  of  L. 
UPRIGHT  CAREX.     Tussock  Sedge. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  deeply  striate,  very  acute  and  scabrous  on 
the  angles,  leafy  at  base,  remarkably  cespitose.  Leaves  linear,  keeled,  often 
longer  than  the  culm, — radical  ones  very  numerous ;  sheatfis  striate,  sometimes 
filamentous.  Stam.  spikelets  2  or  3  (often  solitary),  %  an  inch  to  near  2  inches  in 
length.  Pistillate  spikelets  %  to  1%  inches  long, — the  lowest  on  a  very  short 
peduncle ;  scale*  reddish  brown,  with  a  green  keel ,  variable  in  length  and  acute- 

Hab.  Swamps,  and  low  grounds:  common.    Fl.  April.   Fr.  June. 


348  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Obs.  This  is  the  species  so  remarkable,  and  well  known,  for 
forming  large  dense  tufts,  or  tussocks,  in  neglected  swamps. 

15.  C.  criilita,  Lam.  Pistillate  gpikelets  about  4,  cylindrical, 
Jong,  pendulous  on  exserted  peduncles,  often  staminate  at  apex ; 
perigynia  somewhat  inflated,  keeled  on  each  side,  much  shorter 
than  the  lance-linear  roughly-awned  scale. 

HAIRED,  OR  CHAFFY  CAREX. 

Culms  2  to  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  leafy  below.  Leaves  lance-linear,— the 
lower  ones  shorter  than  the  culm,  with  loose,  striate  sheaths, — the  upper  ones,  or 
bracts,  surpassing  the  culm,  without  sheaths.  Stam.  spikdets  mostly  2,  linear,  1  to 
2  inches  long,  sometimes  pistillate  at  summit.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  to  3  inches 
long,  on  shortish  peduncles, — the  lower  ones  gradually  longer. 
Hob.  Swampy  margins  of  rivulets :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

§  2.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  nerved,  scarcely  beaked,  smorfk. 
t  Upper  pistillate  spikelets  subsessile;  staminate  one  solitary  and  subsessite. 

16.  C.  granularig,  Muhl,  Pistillate  spikelets  3  or  4,  cylindri- 
cal>  densely  flowered, — the  lowest  on  a  long  stalk,  remote  or  low 
down  the  culm;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  longer  than  the  ovate 
acuminate  scale,-— the  beak  very  short,  and  bent  or  recurved. 
GRANULAR  CAREX. 

Culms  9  to  15  inches  high,  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  erect,  rather  glaucous, — the 
lower  ones  shorter  than  the  culm, — the  upper  ones,  or  bracts,  surpassing  the  culm ; 
sheaths  membranaceous  and  white  opposite  the  leaves.  Stam.  spikelets  %  an  inch 
to  an  inch  long,  sometimes  pedunculate.  Pistillate  spikeUt  %  an  inch  to  an  inch 
in  length, — the  2  upper  ones  (when  there  are  4)  approximated  and  sessile. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows:  frequent.  PL  May.  Fr.  July. 

17.  C.  grisea,  Wahl.  Pistillate  spikelets  3  to  6,  often  4,  oblong, 
loosely  flowered,-— the  lowest  distant ;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  rather 
longer  than  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale. 

C.  laxiflora.     Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  38.  not  of  Lam. 
GRIZZLY  CAREX. 

Plant  glaucous.  Culms  12  to  18  inches  high,  leafy.  Leaves  flat, — the  upper 
ones,  or  bracts,  surpassing  the  culm ;  sheaths  membranaceous  and  white  opposite 
be  leaves.  Stam.  spikelets  about  an  inch  in  length,  inconspicuous.  Pistillate 
spikelets  %  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  rather  few-flowered, — the  2  upper  ap- 
proximated, with  the  staminate  one  between  them,  the  lower  ones  distant,  the 
lowest  on  a  long  peduncle. 
Hob.  Shaded  swamps,  and  wet  meadows :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

t  f  Spikelets  all  on  exserted  filiform  stalks, — Gie  upper  one  staminate  at  base ;  the 
rest  all  pistillate.       { 

18.  C.  Davisii,  Schiv.  $  Torrey.  Spikelets  mostly  4,    oblong- 
cylindric ;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  rather  acute  at  each  end,  about 
as  long  as  the  oblong  conspicuously  awned  scale. 

C.  Torreyana.     Dewey,  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  33. 
DAVIS' s  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  leafy.    Leaves  flat,  striate,  slightly  pubescent,— the  upper 
ones  a  little  longer  than  the  culm  ;  sheaths  pubescent.    Spikelets  ltol%  inches 
long,  rather  loose-flowered,  the  rachis  somewhat  flexuose. 
Hah.  Low  grounds ;  along  Brandy  wine :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 


CYPERACEAE 


349 


19.  C.  grracillima,  Schw.  Spikelets  about  4,  slender  and  linear, 
nodding;  perigynia  oblong,  obtuse  and  slightly  oblique  at  apex, 
longer  than  the  oblong  mucronate  scale. 

VERY  SLENDER  CAREX. 

Culms  18  inches  to  2  feet  high,  slender  but  mostly  erect,  leafy.    Upper  leaves 
equalling  the  culm  ;  Imoer  ones  abbreviated,  and  often  with  purple  sheaths.  Spiles- 
lets  %  of  an  inch  to  2  inches  long,  generally  4  near  the  summit,  and  sometimes 
an  additional  lateral  one, — about  %  of  the  terminal  one  staminate  below. 
Sab.  Moist  meadows,  and  woodlands  :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

§  3.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  ribbed,  not  beaked,  often  hairy, — ifie  upper  spikelet 
androgynous,  and  clavate  by  being  staminate  below;  the  rest  att pistillate. 

20.  C.  aestivalis,  Curtis.  Spikelets  3  to  5,  very  slender,  loose- 
flowered,  somewhat  erect, — 4he  lower  and  uppermost  one  peduncu- 
late, the  intermediate  ones  subsessile  ;  lower  bracts  foliaceous,  the 
upper  ones  setaceous;  perigynia  trigonous-ovoid,  acutish  at  base 
and  apex,  obsoletely  nerved,  smooth,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate 
obtuse  (or  sometimes  mucronate)  scale ;  sheaths  of  the  lower  leaves 
pubescent. 

SUMMER  CAREX. 

Culms  12  to  18  inches  high,  very  slender,  triquetrous,  striate,  smooth.    Leaves  6 
to  12  or  15  inches  long,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  narrow,  striate,  scabrous 
on  the  margin.    Spikelets  1  to  2  inches  long,  the  lower  florets  distant ;  pedunde  of 
the  lower,  and  upper  one,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Slaty  hills,  near  West  Chester :  not  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Specimens  of  this  were  collected,  June  17,  1828,  by  DAVID 
TOWNS  END,  Esq.  and  myself,  during  an  herborizing  excursion  on 
Pokono  mountain,  in  this  State, — we  supposing  them,  at  the  time, 
to  be  a  variety  of  O.  gracillima,  I  gave  some  to  the  late  Rev.  Mr. 
SCHWEINITZ — who  placed  them  in  his  Herbarium,  under  the  name 
of  C.  Darlingtoriii,^-&s  I  learn  from  my  friend,  Dr.  PICKERING. — 
The  species  was  afterwards  found,  by  D.  TOWNSEND,  on  the  slaty 
hills,  near  West  Chester ;  and  also  by  the  Rev.  M.  A.  CURTIS,  and 
Dr.  GRAY,  on  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  The  last  named 
gentleman  published  a  description  of  it  in  SILLIMAN'S  Journal  of 
Science,  Vol.  42.  p.  28v 

21.  C.  Virescens,  MM.  Spikelets  2  to  4,  mostly  3,  oblong, 
erect,  on   short  peduncles ;  perigynia   ovoid,  roughly  pubescent, 
rather  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate  scale. 

GREENISH  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  tapering  to  a  filiform  point, 
erect,  overtopping  the  culm,  pubescent;  sheaths  villous,  those  at  the  base  of  the 
culm  often  dark  purple.  Spikelets  %  of  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  in  length,  all 
approximated, — all  except  the  terminal  one  entirely  pistillate,  nearly  sessile,  with 
each  a  lance-linear  foliaceous  bract  at  base. 
ffab.  Borders  of  woods,  and  hill  sides :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

22.  C.  triceps,  MX.  Spikelets  mostly  3,  rarely  4,  ovoid-oblong, 
approximated  ;  perigynia  roundish-ovoid,  obtuse,  smooth,  about  as 
long  as  the  ovate  abruptly  acuminate  scale. 

C.  hirsuta.     Wittd.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  32. 


350  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

THREE-HEADED  CAREX. 

Culms  12  to  18  inches  high,  leafy.    Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm,  the  upper 
one  often  overtopping  it,  mostly  hairy ;  sheaths  thickly  clothed  with  strigose 
pubescence, — the  lower  ones  purple.  Spikelets  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long, — the  lower 
ones  on  short  peduncles,  and  each  with  a  lance-linear  foliaceous  bract  at  base. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows,  and  borders  of  woods:  frequent.    jPZ.  May.  Fr.  July. 

g  4.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  smooth ;  staminate  spikelet  solitary,  pedunculate, 
t  Pistillate  spikelets  all  on  filiform  exserted  peduncles. 

23.  C.  platypliyria,  Carey.  Pistillate  spikelets  3,  loosely  3- 
or  4-flowered ;  perigynia  small,  longer  than  the  oval  acute  scale. 
C.  oligocarpa,  var.  latifolia.     A.  Gr.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  38. 
BROAD-LEAVED  CAREX. 

Culms  9  to  18  inches  long,  very  slender,  and  naked  above.  Leaves  pale  whitish 
or  glaucous  green,  about  half  an  inch  wide,  and  6  to  12  inches  in  length.  Stam. 
spikelet  %  of  an  inch  long.  Pistillate  spikelets  about  %  an  inch  in  length,— the  lower 
one  on  a  long  peduncle ;  bracts  green,— the  upper  one  about  equalling  the  spikelets, 
the  lower  rather  exceeding  them. 
Hob.  Hilly  woodlands:  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

24.  C.  cliffitiilis,  Willd.  Pistillate  spikelets  about  3,  loosely  5- 
to  9-flowered, — the  lower  ones  on  long  peduncles ;  perigynia  tri- 
quetrous, striate,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

C.  oligocarpa.  Schw.  $  Torr.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  p.  37.  not  of  Schkuhr. 
FINGER-LENGTH  CAREX. 

Culms  6  to  12  inches  long,  slender,  somewhat  decumbent,  leafy.  Leaves  thin, 
narrow,  dark  green, — upper  ones  (or  bracts)  surpassing  the  culm,  the  lower  ones 
abbreviated.  Stam.  spikelets  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length,  from  the  same  sheath 
with  the  upper  pistillate  one.  Pistillate  spikeUts  %to%of  an  inch  long, — the 
lowest  often  on  a  subradical  peduncle ;  bracts  long,  sheathing,  resembling  leaves. 
Hub.  Hilly  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

fj-  Upper  pistillate  spikelet  on  an  included  peduncle. 

25.  C.  anceps,  Willd.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  or  3,  distant,  loosely 
flowered,  with  a  flexuose  rachis;  perigynia  ovoid,  rather  longer 
than  the  ovate  cuspidate  scale. 

TWO-EDGED  CAREX. 

Culms  9  to  18  inches  high,  acutely  triangular  with  the  sides  of  unequal  width, 
sometimes  nearly  ancipital  above,  leafy.  Leaves  variable, — radical  ones  lance- 
olate, 4  to  9  or  12  inches  long,  and  some  of  them  nearly  an  inch  wide,  glaucous, 
living  through  the  winter ;  those  on  the  culm  much  narrower,  with  thin  white 
sheatfis.  Stam.  spikelets  %  an  inch  to  %  in  length,  with  a  compressed  peduncle, 
from  the  same  sheath  with  the  upper  pistillate  one.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  to  5, 
usually  2,  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long, — the  upper  one  nearly  sessile,  the  others 
on  ancipital  peduncles,  supported  by  the  sheaths  of  leaf-like  bracts. 
Hob.  Hilly  rich  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  July. 

b.  Perigynia  with  a  distinct  beak. 

g5.  Perigynia  not  inflated,  hairy ;  staminate  spikelet  solitary ;  bracts  short ;  leaves 
all  radical. 

26.  C.  Pennsylvanlca,  Lam.     Staminate  spikelet  usually 
pedunculate;  pistillate  spikelets  1  to  3,  mostly  2,  approximated, 


CYPERACEAE  351 

ovoid-oblong,  closely  4-  to  8-flowered ;  perigynia  roughish,  roundish- 
ovoid,  with  a  short  abrupt  beak,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate  acumin- 
ate reddish-brown  scale. 
PENXSYLVANIAN  CABEX. 

Culms  4  to  12  inches  high,  slender,  with  a  few  short  narrow  leaves  at  base.— 
Radical  leaves  annual,  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  culm.  Slam,,  spikelets  %  an 
inch  to  near  an  inch  long,  erect,  on  a  peduncle  %  to  J^  an  inch  in  length,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  upper  pistillate  one.  Pistillate  spikelets  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long,— 
the  lower  one  often  with  a  linear  or  setaceous  bract  at  base,  longer  than  the 
spikelet. 
Hak.  Dry,  hilly  woodlands :  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  The  C.  Varia,  Muhl. — with  "wider,  shorter,  and  more  rigid 
glaucous  leaves," — is  so  nearly  allied  to  this,  that  I  have  not  dis- 
tinguished it  sufficiently  to  be  warranted  in  giving  it  a  place  in  our 
Chester  County  Flora. 

WV.  C.  pub^scens,  Muhl.  Staminate  spikelet  subsessile ;  pistil- 
late spikelets  about  3,  oblong,  or  cylindric,  erect,  rather  loose- 
flowered;  perigynia  densely  pubescent,  trigonous-ovoid,  with  an 
abrupt  slender  beak,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-oblong  mucronate 
white  scale. 
PUBESCENT  CAREX. 

Culms  12  to  20  inches  high,  erect  or  sub-decumbent,  pubescent,  leafy  below. — 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm,  lance-linear,  flat,  and,  with  the  sheatfis,  softly  pub- 
escent. Stam.  spikelets  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long.  Pistillate  spikelets  %  to  %  of 
an  inch  in  length, — the  upper  ones  approximated,  nearly  sessile,  each  with  a  short 
lanceolate  brad, — the  lower  one  rather  distant,  on  a  short  peduncle,  with  a  foliar 
ceous  bract  nearly  equalling  the  culm. 
Hab.  Woodlands ;  along  Brandywine :  frequent.  FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

2  6.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated ;  bracts  long  and  leaf-like ;  culms  tall  and  leafy. 

28,  C.  liiiliacea,  Muhl.  Staminate  spikelet  sub-clavate,  pedun- 
culate, often  pistillate  at  summit;    pistillate  spikelets  mostly  3, 
long,  slender,  nodding  on  filiform  peduncles ;  perigynia  smooth  and 
thin,  rather  longer  than  the  oval,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  mucronate, 
white  scale. 

MILLET-LIKE  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  leafy.    Leaves  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm,  nar- 
rowish.    Stam.  spikelet  about  an  inch  long.    Pistillate  spikelets  1  to  2  inches  long, 
somewhat  approximated,  rather  loose-flowered, — occasionally  solitary ;  bracts  sur- 
passing the  culm,  with  short  or  nearly  obsolete  sheaths. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

29.  C.  scabrata,  Schw.  Staminate  spikelet  on  a  rigid  scabrous 
peduncle ;  pistillate  spikelets  3  to  5,  often  4, — the  lowest  one  distant 
and  long — pedunculate ;  perigynia  oblong-ovoid,  scabrous  and  thick- 
ish,  rather  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  brown  scale. 

ROUGH  CAREX. 

Whole  plant  scabrous.  Culms  1  to  2J^  feet  high,  rather  stout,  striate,  leafy.— 
Leaves  1  to  2]4  feet  long,  and  often  %  an  inch  wide.  Stam.  spikelet  1  to  1%  inches  long, 
on  &  peduncle  %  of  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.  l*i$tillate  spikelets  1  to  2  inches 
long,  rather  dense-flowered, — the  upper  one  nearly  sessile,  the  others  peduncu- 
late ;  bracts  very  long,  nearly  without  slteaUis. 
Hab.  Shaded  swamps;  Birmingham :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 


852  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Obs.  I  have  only  met  with  this  in  a  swamp,  near  a  cold  shaded 
Spring,  in  the  meadow  of  the  farm  where  I  was  born ;  in  which 
locality  it  is  abundant,  and  of  luxuriant  growth. 

g7.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  smooth  and  shining;  staminate  spikelet  solitary; 
pistillate  spikelets  all  pendulous  on  slender  peduncles. 

30.  C.  debilis,  MX.    Staminate  spikelet  narrow-linear,    on   a 
short  filiform  peduncle ;  pistillate  spikelets  3  to  5,  often  4,  loose- 
flowered,  with  a  flexuose  rachis ;  perigynia  oblong,  tapering  at  each 
end,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  mucronate  scale,— 
the  beak  slender,  bifid. 

C.  flexuosa.  Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  39. 
WEAK  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  long,  slender,  weak,  and  often  procumbent  in  age,  leafy.  Leaves 
narrow, — the  upper  ones,  or  bracts,  equalling  the  culm,  the  lower  ones  shorter. — 
Ktam.  spikelet  1  to  1%  inches  long,  rarely  with  a  few  pistillate  florets  at  summit. — 
P  siittate  spikelets  1%  to  near  3  inches  in  length,— ^usually  3  somewhat  approxima- 
ted near  the  summit,  and  1  or  2  distant  below. 
Sab.  Moist  woods,  and  low  ground:  frequent.  F^June.  Fr.  Aug. 

§8.  Perigynia  slightly  inflated,  rough,  or  woolly ;  staminate  spikelets  usuaUy2,or 
more. 

31.  C.  1  aim Jjiii lisa,  MX.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  or  3,  cylindric- 
oblong,  rather  distant,   the  tipper  ones  sessile;    perigynia  ovoid, 
abruptly  beaked,  densely  roughish-pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the 
lance-ovate  cuspidate  scale. 

C.  pellita.     Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  41. 
WOOLLY  CAREX, 

Culms  \%  to  2  feet  high,  striate,  leafy.  Leaves  rather  narrow,,  nearly  flat,  erect, 
long-acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the  culm.  Stam.  spikelets  2  or  3  (rarely  1),  %  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,— the  upper  one  pedunculate.  Pistillate  spikelets  1  to  near 
2  inches  in  length,  erect, — the  upper  one  sessile,  the  lowest  on  a  short — or  some- 
times rather  elongated — peduncle ;  bracts  foliaceous,  surpassing  the  culm.  Beaks 
cf  the  perigynia  short,  bicuspidate  at  apex. 
Hab.  Moist  grounds ;  Serpentine  bank :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

$  9.  Perigynia  usually  inflated,,  sm'wth,  witfi  a  long  tapering  beak  ;  staminate  spike- 
let  solitary. 

f  Bracts  foliaceous,  with  short,  or  obsolete  sheaVis. 

32.  C.  hystricina,   Wittd.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  or  8,  cylin- 
dric-oblong,  dense-flowered,  the  upper  one  on  a  short  peduncle, — 
the  lower  ones  finally  nodding  on  long  slender  peduncles ;  perigynia 
ovoid- oblong,  spreading,,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  emarginate 
awned  scale, — the  beak  with  smooth  teeth. 

PORCUPINE-LIKE  CAREX. 

Plant  pale  or  yellowish  green.  Culm  1%  to  2  feet  high,  leafy.  Leaves  laneo. 
linear, — the  upper  ones,  or  bract*,  surpassing  the  culm.  Stam.  fpikelet  about  an 
inch  and  half  long,  with  a  subulate-linear  bract  at  base,  and  &ped-uncU  1  to  2  or  2 
inches  in  length.  Pistillate  spikelets  1  to  2  inches  long,  and  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter,— the  lowest  on  a  peduncle  2  to  4  inches  long. 
Hab.  Wet  meadows,  and  low  grounds :  freiueat.  FL  May.  Fr.  July. 


*        CTPEBACEAB  853 

33.  C.  tentaculata,  Muhl.  Pistillate  spikelete  2  or  3,  cylin- 
dric-oval,    or   oblong,   dense-flowered, — the  upper  ones    approxi- 
mated,   sessile, — the  lowest  a  little  distant,  on  a  short  scarcely 
exserted  peduncle ;  perigynia  ovoid,  ventricose,  spreading,   about 
twice  as  long  as  the  linear-oblong  awned  scale, — the  beak  wifh 
minutely  serrulate  teeth. 

TENTACULATE,  OR  MANY-BEAKED  CAREX. 

Plant  yellowish  green.  Culms  12  to  18  inches  high,  leafy.  Leaves  lance-linear, 
— the  upper  ones,  or  bracts,  very  long.  Slam,  spikdet  %  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
with  a  filiform  or  lance-linear  bract  at  base,  and  on  &  peduncle  %  an  inch  to  %  in 
length.  Pistillate  spikelets  1  to  1%  inches  long,  diverging  somewhat  horizontally. 
flab.  Swamps,  and  wet  low  grounds :  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This,  and  the  preceding  species,  have  much  general  re- 
semblance ;  but  the  pedunculate,  nodding  spikelets,  of  the  former, 
will  readily  distinguish  it  from  this  one. 

34.  C.  intlimescens,  Rudge.  Pistillate  spikelets  1  or  2,  sub- 
globose,  loosely  few-flowered, — when  2,  closely  approximated,  the 
upper  one  sessile,  the  lower  on  a  short  peduncle ;  perigynia  conic- 
ovoid,  much  inflated,  erect-spreading,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
lance-ovate  cuspidate  scale. 

SWELLING,  OR  INFLATED  CAREX. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  leafy.    Leaves  lance-linear,— the  tipper 
ones,  or  bracts,  much  surpassing  the  culm.    Stam.  spikelet  \%  inches  long,  slender, 
on  a  peduncle  1  to  2  inches  in  length.    Pistillate  spikelets  %  of  an  inch  long,  and 
as  much  in  diameter,  5-  to  8-flowered ;  perigynia  about  %  an  inch  long. 
Hab.  Wet,  miry  places  :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

t  f  Bracts  cvnspicuouxly  sheattnng. 

35.  C.  Sllbulata,  MX.  Pistillate  spikelets  3  to  5,  distant,  on 
included  peduncles,  loosely  few-flowered,  often  staminate  at  sum- 
mit ;  perigynia  subulate,  finally  reflexed,  about  3  times  as  long  as 
the  lanceolate  acute  scale. 

C.  Collinsii.     Nutt.  $  FL   Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  36. 
SUBULATE  CAREX. 

Culms  usually  about  1  foot  high  (sometimes  2  or  3  feet,  and  then  very  slender, 
and  flaccid),  smooth.  Leaves  flat,  much  shorter  than  the  culm.  Stam.  spikelet 
about  %  an  inch  long,  terminal,  on  a  short  peduncle.  Pistillate  spikelets  usually 
4,  2-  or  3-  to  6-  or  8-flowered,  the  perigynia  half  an  inch  long, — the  upper  spikelet 
eubsessile  at  the  foot  of  the  staminate  one,  with  a  lanceolate,  awned,  scabrous 
bract  at  base,  as  long  as  the  spikelet,— the  others  lateral,  on  more  or  less  exserted 
peduncles.  Beaks  of  the  perigynia  bicuspidate,  with  the  slender  points  abruptly 
reflexed,  or  barbed. 
Hab.  Swamps,  among  the  slaty  hills :  rare.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

36.  C.  I  ii  pill  ilia,  Muhl.  Pistillate  spikelets  2  to  5,  ovoid-oblong, 
— the  upper  ones  approximated,  on  short  peduncles, — the  lower 
ones  on  exserted  peduncles ;  perigynia  ovoid,  much  inflated  at  base, 
acuminate,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  lance-ovate  acuminate 
scale. 

HOP-LIKE  CAREX. 


354  ENDOGENOUS    PLANTS 

Culms  2  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  to  the  top  (including  the  very  long  foliaceous 
bracts').  Leaves  much  longer  than  the  culm,  broad  and  flat,  with  loose  striate 
sheaths.  Stam.  spikelet  1  to  2  inches  long,  with  a  lance-linear  bract  longer  than 
itself,  and  sometimes  with  a  smaller  sessile  spikelet  at  its  base;  peduncle.  1  to  2 
inches  in  length.  Pistillate  spikelets  usually  3  or  4,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  and  %  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  nearly  cylindric. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  miry  places :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

§10.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  obconic  with  an  abrupt  long  beak; 
spikelets  androgynous,  staminate  at  base,  often  solitary. 

31?.  C.  Squarri>sa,  L.  Spikelets  solitary  and  terminal  (some- 
times 2,  rarely  3),  oval,  or  ovoid-oblong,  densely  flowered,  rigidly 
erect;  perigynia  turbinate,   acuminate,  finally  horizontal,  longer 
than  the  lance-oblong  acute  scale. 
SQUARROSE  CAREX. 

Culms  about  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  lance-linear,  nerved,  3  or 
4  of  the  upper  ones  surpassing  the  culm.  Spikelet  about  an  inch  long,  and  half 
an  inch  in  diameter,  very  obtuse  or  rounded  at  summit,  slender  at  base,  where 
the  staminate  florets  are ;  when  more  than  one  spikelet,  the  additional  ones  are 
smaller,  erect,  and  axillary  on  short  peduncles  near  the  summit. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds:  frequent.  Fl.  May.  JV.July. 

Obs.  This  pretty  and  rather  remarkable  species,  was  at  one  time 
so  rare,  in  European  collections,  that  many  applications  were  made 
to  Dr.  MUHLENBERG  for  specimens, — which,  he  not  being  able  to 
furnish,  led  to  the  conclusion,  with  some,  that  no  such  plant  existed. 
It  is,  however,  quite  abundant  in  some  localities  in  this  County. 

§11.  Perigynia  much  inflated,  with  a  tapering  beak;  staminate  spikelets  2  or  3. 

38.  C.  Montle,  Tuckerman.  Staminate  spikelets  mostly  3 ;  pistil- 
late, 2  or  3   (rarely  solitary),  long-cylindrical,  loosely  flowered, 
distant, — the  lowest  pedunculate   and  often  nodding;    perigynia 
ovoid,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  narrow-lanceolate  scale. 
NECK-LACE  CAREX. 

Culms  1%  to  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  leafy.  Leaves  surpassing  the  culm.— 
Stam.  spikelets  usually  3, — the  upper  one  about  2  inches  long,  the  two  lower  about 
an  inch  in  length, — all  on  a  common  peduncle  1  to  3  inches  long.  Pistillate  spike- 
lets  1%  to  3  inches  long,  bright  straw  color, — the  upper  one  often  staminate  at 
summit. 
Hob.  Wet  grounds;  Brandy  wine;  New  Garden  :  not  common.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Collected  by  Mr.  JOSHUA  HOOPES,  in  1838;  and  again  by 
Dr.  E.  MICHENER,  in  1850. 

ORDER  CXVIII.  GRAMIN'EAE. 

TRUE  GRASSES:  chiefly  herbaceous;  often  cespitose;  rhizomas  slender,  creeping, 
ramifying,  with  filiform  radicles  ;  culms  terete,  nodose  and  leafy,  mostly  hollow 
between  the  nodes;  leaves  entire,  with  parallel  nerves,  distichously  alternate, 
apparently  sessile, — the  petioles  being  dilated,  and  sheathing  the  culm,  but  slit  on 
the  side  opposite  the  lamina,  or  blade,  down  to  their  origin  at  the  nodes  (i.  e.  their 
margins  are  not  united,  as  in  the  Cyperaceae) ;  stipules  axillary,  adnate  to  the 
petiole,  with  the  scarious  summit  often  free,  and  known  as  the  ligule;  flowers 
perfect,  polygamous,  or  monoicous  (rarely  dioicous),  in  little  spikelets  at  the  ends 


GBAMINEAB  355 

of  the  branches,  and  these  spikelets  disposed  in  loose  panicles,  or  condensed  into 
racemes,  or  spikes ;  spikelets  1-  2-  or  many-flowered,  formed  of  distichously  imbri- 
cated chaffy  bracts  (stunted  or  modified  sheaths  of  abortive  leaves)*,— of  which  the 
outer,  or  lower  ones,  are  called  glumes,  and  the  two  that  immediately  inclose  each 
floret  are  termed  paleae  (the  inner,  or  upper  palm  usually  2-ribbed,  and  supposed 
to  consist  of  2  united  paleae) ;  proper  perianth  none ;  stamens  1  to  6,  or  more — 
usually  3 ;  anthers  versatile ;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled, — usually  with  2  minute 
fleshy  scales  at  base,  somewhat  analogous  to  the  bristles  or  hairs  (perigynium),  in 
the  Cyperaceae ;  styles  or  stigmas  2,  plumose,  or  pencil-form,  mostly  with  simple 
hairs ;  fruit  a  seed-like  grain  (called  a  caryopsis),  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to 
the  paleae, — the  pericarp  thin,  and  for  the  most  part  closely  adnate  to  the  seed ; 
embryo  at  the  base,  and  on  the  outside,  of  copious  farinaceous  albumen. 

This  vast  Order  is  probably  the  most  generally  diffused,  and  the  most  important 
to  Man,  of  all  the  families  of  plants.  The  seeds,  and  herbage,  furnish  a  principal 
portion  of  the  food  of  the  human  race,  and  of  the  more  valuable  domestic  ani- 
mals :  Or,  as  it  is  expressed  in  the  terse  and  classical  Latinity  of  ENDLICHER— > 
"Gramina  ubique  terrarum  sociatim  vigent,  laeta  praebent  pecudibus  pascua  et 
humano  generi  annonam," 

DIVISION  I.  POAVCEAE. 

Spikelets  1-  to  many-flowered ;  the  florets  all  alike  and  perfect) — or  the  uppermost 
one,  abortive  or  rudimentary ;  sometimes  monoicous. 

TRIBE  1.  ORY'ZEAE. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  sometimes  monoicoils;  glumes  often  wanting,  or  obsolete;  in- 
ner palea  3-nerved;  stamens  1  to  6;  hypogynous  scaUs  2. 

467.  L-EERS'IA,  Solander. 
[Dedicated  to  John  Daniel  Leers ;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Flowers  perfect ;  spikelets  compressed,  disposed  in  one-sided  race- 
mose panicles,  articulated  with  the  short  pedicels.  Glumes  wanting. 
Paleae  chartaceous,  compressed-carinate,  awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on 
the  keels, — the  lower  one  much  broader,  and  boat-shaped,  inclosing 
the  flat  grain.  Stamens  1  to  6 — usually  2  or  3.  Scales  membrane 
aceous.  Stigmas  plumose, — the  hairs  branching.  Perennials:  culms 
and  sheaths  retrorsely  scabrous. 

1.  l<.  oryzoides,  Swartz.    Panicle   diffusely  branched,   often 
partly  sheathed;  spikelets  rather  spreading,  elliptic-oblong,  whit- 
ish; stamens  3. 
RICE-LIKE  LEEESIA.     Cut-grass.     Wild  Rice. 

Oulm  3  to  5  feet  high.    leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  ciliate  on  the  margin ;  sheaths 
sulcate-striate,  with  retrorse  prickles  in  the  grooves.    Paleae  pectinate-ciliate  on 
the  keel. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  along  sluggish  rivulets :  common.    JFl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  A  very  rough,  white-panicled  grass, — common  along  slug- 
gish streams ;  rather  a  nuisance,  than  otherwise. 


*  The  glumes  and  paleae  (or  what  is  called  Chaff)  of  the  Grasses  are  the  crowded 
vestiges  of  the  sheaths  of  leaves.  The  awns,  often  found  on  the  paleae,  are  the 
midribs,  or  slender  remains  of  the  laminae,  or  blades  of  the  leaves ;  and  when 
these  awns  are  apparently  inserted  more  or  less  distant  from  the  apex  of  the 
paleae  (or  dorsal,  as  it  is  termed),  it  is  probably  owing  to  the  extension  and  per 
sistency  of  the  ligult  of  the  sheath,— which  ligule  thus  becomes  a  portion  of  the 
paleae. 


356  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

».  I*  Virginica,    Willd.   Panicle  simple,   slender,  exserted; 
spikelets  appressed,  somewhat  imbricated,  greenish  ;  stamens  2. 
VIRGINIAN  LEERSIA. 

Culms  2  to  3  feet  long,  slender  and  leaning,  branched,  smoothish.    Leaves  3  to  6 
inches  long.    Panicle  somewhat  secund  ;  branches  few  and  solitary.    Lower  palea 
remarkably  keeled  and  boatshaped,  sparingly  ciliate. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands  :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  A  remarkably  slender-panicled,  delicate-looking  grass  ;  but 
of  no  agricultural  value. 

468.  ZIZAKT'IA,  Gronovius. 
[The  ancient  Greek  name  of  some  plant  now  doubtful.] 

Flowers  monoicous,  —  the  staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  in  the  same 
panicle.  Glumes  wanting,  —  or,  in  the  pistillate  spikelets,  rudimen- 
tary and  cup-shaped.  Paleae  herbaceous,  convex,  —  awnless  in  the 
staminate  florets,  but  in  the  pistillate  ones  the  lower  palea  is  tipt  with 
a  straight  awn.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  pencil-form.  Stout  aquatic 
grasses. 

1.  Z.  aquatica,  L.  Panicle  pyramidal  ;  lower  branches  spread- 
ing, and  staminate,  —  upper  ones  erect,  pistillate  ;  pedicels  clavate  ; 
awns  long. 
AQUATIC  ZIZANIA.     Water-Oats.     Reed.     Indian  Rice. 

Perennial  f    Culm  4  to  8  or  10  feet  high,  smooth.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  feet  long, 
serrulate  on  the  margin  ;  sfieaths  smooth,  striate  ;  ligule  rather  large.   Panicle  1  to 
2  feet  long;  branches  verticillate.    Pistillate  spikelets  about  an  inch  in  length, 
needle-like,  racemose  on  the  branches  ;  awn  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 
Sab.  Swampy  rivulets  ;  along  Brandywine  :  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  stout  grass  is  rare,  here  ;  but  is  abundant  along  tide- 
water, —  and  well  known  as  the  favorite  resort  of  the  delicious 
Ortolan,  or  Heed-bird  (Emberiza  Oryzivora,  .Z/.),  in  autumn. 

TRIBE  2.  AGROSTID'EAE. 

fipikdets  1  -flowered,  perfect  (sometime  with  the  abortive  rudiment  of  a  second 
floret  above),  panided,  or  sometimes  in  a  dense  spike;  stamens  not  more  than  3  ; 
stigmas  usually  plumose. 

A.  PHLEOIVDEAE  :  Inflorescence  densely  spiked;  glumes  equal,  strongly 
keeled. 


469.  PHI^UM  ,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name  ;  meaning  obscure.] 

Paleae  2,  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  mucronate  or  awned 
glumes,  —  the  lower  palea  truncate,  usually  awnless,  —  the  upper 
one  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Culms  somewhat  wiry  ; 
spike  very  dense,  and  rather  harsh. 

1,  P.  PRATE"NSE,  L.    Spike  cylindric,  elongated;  glumes  truncate, 

tipt  with  a  short  awn  ;  keel  ciliate  ;  anthers  bluish  purple  ;  stigmas 

white. 

MEADOW  FULEUM.     Timothy.     Cat's-tail  Grass. 


GBAMINEAE  357 

Perennial.    Culm  2  to  4  feet  high,  smooth,  often  a  little  bulbous  at  base.  Leaves 
6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  roughish,  glaucous.    Spike  3  to  6  or  8  inches  in  length, 
green.    Paleae  concealed  in  the  glumes. 
Sab.  Fields,  and  meadows.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  valuable  grass  is  now  extensively  naturalized ;  but  it 
is  also  diligently  cultivated,  by  every  thrifty  Farmer.  In  New 
York,  and  throughout  New  England,  it  is  known  by  the  name  of 
Herd's  Grass, — a  name  which,  in  Pennsylvania,  is  applied  ex- 
clusively to  Agrostis  vulgaris,  L. 

B.  TRUE  AGROSTID'EAE  :  Inflorescence  not  strictly  spiked,  often 
loosely panicled ;  spikelets  usually  small;  glumes  often  unequal. 

f  Glumes  and  paleae,  neither  owned,  nor  mucranate ;  florets  naked  at  base. 

4?O.  VIL/FA,  Adanson. 

[One  of  the  arbitrary  names,  coined  by  Adanson,— probably  without  meaning.] 
Spikelets  in  a  contracted  spike-form  panicle.  Glumes  1-nerved,  or 
nerveless, — the  lower  one  smaller.  Paleae  usually  longer  than  the 
glumes,  and  of  similar  texture.  Stamens  mostly  3.  Culms  wiry; 
leaves  involute, — the  sheaths  often  inclosing  the  lateral  panicles. 

1.  V.  vaginaeflura,  Torrey.  Culms  ascending,  geniculate ; 
paleae  about  the  length  of  the  glumes. 

Agrostis  Virginica.     Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  57.  not  of  L. 
SHEATH-FLOWERING  VILFA. 

Annual  t    Culms  6  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  nearly  simple,  cespitose,  spreading.— 
Leaves  2  to  3  inches  long,  subulate  at  apex ;  sheaths  smooth,  hairy  at  throat,  often 
loose,  and  tumid  with  the  inclosed  panicles.  Stamens  often  wanting,  in  the  lateral 
panicles. 
Hob.  Dry  banks;  road  sides,  Ac.:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

ft  Glumes,  or  the  lower  palea,  usually  awned,  or  mucronate;  florets  often  hairy  at 
base. 

411.  AGROS'TIS,  L. 

[Or.  Agros,  a  field;  its  usual  place  of  growth.] 

Spikelets  in  an  open  panicle.  Glumes  nearly  equal,  often  longer 
the  paleae,  pointless.  Paleae  very  thin,  pointless,  naked  at  base, — 
the  lower  one  sometimes  awned  on  the  back, — the  upper  one  often 
minute,  or  wanting.  Stamens  usually  3.  Chiefly  perennials :  culms 
slender,  cespitose. 

§  1.  TRICHODIUM  :  upper  palea  obsolete,  or  wanting. 

1.  A.  pereiinailS,  A.  Gray.  Culms  geniculate,  decumbent  at 
base;  panicle  pale  green, — the  spikelets  rather  scattered  on  the 
shortish  branches. 

Trichodium  scabrum.     Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  54. 
ENDURING  AGROSTIS. 

Culm  1  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long ;  sJieaths  generally  closed,  smooth. 
Sptitdets  not  clustered;  glumes  with  scarious  margins;  palea,  generally  awnless,— 
sometimes  with  a  conspicuous  awn  on  the  back. 
Hob.  Dry,  open  woodlands:  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 


358  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

2.  A.  SC'.itora,    Willd.    Culm  erect,  very  slender  ;  panicle  pur- 
plish, —  the  spikelets  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  long  capillary 
branches. 

Trichodium  laxiflorum.     MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  54. 
ROUGH  AGROSTIS.     Hair-Grass. 

Culm  1  to  2  feet  high.  Lower  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  becoming  involute  and 
almost  filiform  ;  upper  ones,  1  to  3  inches  long,  flat,  scabrous  ;  sheaths  rather  open, 
roughish.  Panide  very  loose  ;  branches  verticillate,  —  the  lower  ones  in  fives  or 
sixes,  the  upper  in  threes,  —  sharply  scabrous,  long,  and  hair-like  ;  palea  awnless. 
Hob.  Old  fields  ;  Serpentine  ridge  :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  Aug. 

§  2.  AGROSTIS  proper  :    Upper  palea  manifestly  present. 

3.  A.  vulgaris,  With.    Culms  mostly  erect  ;  panicle  ovoid-oblong  in 
its  outline,  usually  purple  ;  ligule  truncate,  very  short. 

COMMON  AGROSTIS.     Herd's-Grass  (of  Pennsylvania].     Red-top. 

Culms  6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  slender,  cespitose.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long, 
roughish.    Panide  with  the  branches  alternatingly  semi-verticillate,  spreading, 
finally  divaricate.    Paleae  awnless,  —  the  lower  one  twice  the  size  of  the  upper. 
Hjb.  Moist  meadows,  and  pastures.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  was  formerly  cultivated,  here  :  but  it  was  not  much 
esteemed,  —  and  is  now  generally  neglected.  It  is,  however,  very 
thoroughly  naturalized.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  by  dealers  in 
Seeds,  that  this  is  not  the  "  Herd's-Grass"  of  New  York,  and  New 
England.  The  Phleum  pratense  is  so  called,  in  those  States  ;  and 
the  confusion  has  sometimes  led  to  mistakes,  and  litigation.  I  am 
not  quite  satisfied  that  we  have  the  A.  alba  here,  —  and  therefore 
omit  it  from  our  Flora,  for  the  present. 


CIIV'JVA,  L. 

[A  name  of  uncertain  derivation.] 

Spikelets  compressed,  crowded  in  a  large  flaccid  panicle.  Glumes 
lanceolate,  acute,  with  scarious  margins,  and  hispid-serrulate  keel, 
—  the  lower  one  rather  smaller.  Florets  stipitate,  smooth,  naked  at 
base;  lower  palea  longer  than  the  upper,  short-awned  on  the  back. 
Stamen  1,  opposite  the  1-nerved  upper  palea!  Perennial,  and 
rather  stout,  woodland  grasses:  culms  simple;  panicle  terminal, 
compound. 

1.  C.  arimdiliacea,  L.  Panicle  spreading  below,  contracted 
or  tapering  at  summit  ;  lower  glume  one  fourth  shorter  than  the 
lower  palea. 
REED-LIKE  CINNA. 

Culm  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  erect,  smooth.    Leaves  a  foot  or  more  in  length  ; 
sheaths  smooth,  striate  ;  ligule  membranaceous,  elongated,  lacerate.    Panide  6  to 
12  inches  long,  somewhat  nodding,—  the  branches  somewhat  in  fours;  spikelets 
glaucous-green,  or  sometimes  purplish. 
Hab.  Moist  woodlands  and  thickets  :  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

4?3.  MUHL.ENBERG'IA,  Schreber. 

[Dedicated  to  Rev.  Henry  Muhlenberg,  D.  D.;  a  distinguished  American  Botanist.] 
Spikelets  mostly  in  contracted  panicles.  Glumes  acute,  or  bristle- 
pointed,  persistent,  —  the  lower  one  rather  smaller,  sometimes  very 


GRAMINEAB  359 

minute.  Florets  subsessile,  usually  hairy  at  base;  paleae  often 
equal,  deciduous  with  the  inclosed  grain, — the  lower  one  3-nerved, 
mucronate,  or  awned  at  apex.  Stamens  3.  Chiefly  perennials: 
rhizomas  creeping;  culms  often  much  branched,  sometimes  erect 
and  rigid  ;  leaves  rather  short. 

*  Lower  palea  barely  mucronate,  or  sharp-pointed. 

1.  M.  gobollfera,   A.    Gray.     Culm  rather  erect,    sparingly 
branched ;  panicle  simple  and  very  slender ;  glumes  nearly  equal. 
Agrostis  sobolifera.     Muhl.  $  Ft.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p,  66, 

SOBOLIFEROUS    MUHLENBERGIA. 

Culm  about  2  feet  high,  slender;  nodes  not  swelling;  branches  erect  and  filiform. 
Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  narrowish,  rough;   sheaths  open,  smooth.     Panicles 
resembling  very  slender  spikes, — the  branches  alternate,  or  in  pairs,  appressed ; 
spikelets  crowded. 
Ifab.  Open,  rocky  woodlands :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  M.  urloilicrutel,  Trin.    Culms  upright,   sparingly  branched 
or  simple;  panicle  oblong-linear,   contracted  into  an  interrupted 
glomerate  spike,  long  peduncled,  the  branches  sessile ;  glumes  awn- 
pointed,  nearly  equal,  and  (with  the  bristle-like  awn)  often  twice 
the  length  of  the  unequal  very  acute  paleae. 

GLOMERATE  MUHLENBERGIA. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  high,  compressed,  smooth,  rigid, — often  branching  from  the 
lower  nodes,  and  somewhat  geniculate.  Leaves  3  to  5  inches  long,  narrow,  erect 
and  rather  rigid,  scabrous;  sheaths  closed,  striate,  smooth ;  ligule  very  short. — 
Panicle  terminal,  2  to  3  inches  long,  interrupted  below, — the  spikelets,  crowded 
in  dense,  oblong,  subsessile,  and  often  purplish  clusters,  which  are  about  %  an 
inch  in  length,  and  appressed  into  a  spike-form  panicle ;  glumes  terminating  in 
scabrous  bristles,  which  vary  in  length, 
Hob.  Slaty  hills :  not  common.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Collected  by  JOSHUA  HOOPES,  September,  1852.  The  dense 
terminal  panicles  of  this  species  (which  has  been  hitherto  over- 
looked,) have  much  resemblance  to  those  of  the  following. 

3*  M.  Mexicans!,.  Trinius.  Culms  ascending,  much  branched ; 

panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  contracted,  dense-flowered ;  glumes 

unequal. 

Agrostis  lateriflora.     MX.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  56. 

MEXICAN  MUHLENBERGIA. 

Culms  18  inches  to  3  feet  long,  with  numerous  swelling  nodes,  much  branched 
and  leafy  above,  often  naked  below.  Leaves  2  to  5  inches  long ;  sheaths  compressed, 
smooth,  and  but  partially  embracing  the  culm.    Panicles  numerous, — the  lateral 
ones  partly  sheathed  at  base;  lower palea  sometimes  terminating  in  an  awn. 
Hob.  Moist  grounds;  fence-rows,  Ac.:  common.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

*  *  Lower  palea  bristle-awwd  from  the  tip. 

4.  IH.  sylvatica,   Torr.  $  Gray.    Culms  ascending,  diffusely 
branched ;    panicles   contracted,    densely  many -flowered ;    glumes 
nearly  as  long  as  the  lower  palea. 
Agrostis  sylvatica.     Torrey.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  57. 

WOOD   MUHLEXBERGIA. 


360  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Culms  2  to  3  feet  long,  smooth;  nodes  swelling.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long; 
tTteaths  smooth,  open.  Panicles  slender,  with  the  spikelets  often  densely  clustered 
on  the  branches;  glumes  with  a  slender  acumination,  nearly  equal;  lower palea 
ending  in  an  awn,  which  is  often  purple,  and  4  or  5  times  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods ;  clearings,  &c. :  frequent.  Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

5.  M.  Willcleiluvii,    Trinius.     Culm   erect,   nearly  simple; 
panicle  slender,  loosely-flowered;  glumes  about  half  as  long  as  the 
lower  palea. 

Agrostis  tenuiflora.     Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  57. 

WlLLDENOW's    MUHLENBERGIA. 

(Mm  about  3  feet  high,  sometimes  with  a  few  appressed  branches,  retrorsely 
pubescent  near  the  nodes.  Leaves  6  to  9  inches  long,  broadish,  rough ;  sheaths 
roughish-pubescent.  Panicle  with  long,  rather  remote,  filiform,  erect  branches. 
Lower  palea  terminating  in  an  awn  which  is  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the 
epikelet. 
llab.  Open,  rocky  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

6.  SI.  diffusa,  Schreber.     Culms   diffusely  branched,   slender ; 
panicles  rather  slender,  often  purplish;  glumes  minute, — the  lower 
one  obsolete. 

SPREADING  MUHLENBERGIA.     Drop-seed  Grass. 

Culms  6  to  12  and  sometimes  18  inches  long,  decumbent,  geniculate,  compressed, 
smooth,  very  slender  and  rather  wiry.  Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in  length,  divar- 
icate, roughish ;  sheaths  smooth,  rather  open,  pubescent  at  throat.  Panicles  ter- 
minal and  lateral,  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long, — the  branches  alternate,  rather  distant, 
appressed ;  spikelets  racemose,  pedicellate ;  lower  palea  terminating  in  a  very 
elender  awn,  which  is  generally  purplish,  and  a  little  longer  than  the  palea. 
Hob.  Pastures;  yards,  Ac. :  common.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  delicate  little  grass  is  rather  abundant,  in  autumn; 
but  neither  has  it,  nor  any  of  the  species  here  described,  much 
agricultural  value. 

4?4.  BRACHYEI/YTRIJM,  Beauvois. 

[Gr.  Brachys,  short,  and  Elytron,  a  cover ;  alluding  to  the  very  short  glumes.] 
Spikelets  few,  in  a  simple  racemose  panicle, — each  spikelet  with  a 
filiform  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second  florest.  Lower  glume  obsolete  ; 
the  upper  one  subulate,  persistent.  Paleae  involute,  scabrous, — the 
lower  one  5-nerved,  terminating  in  a  long  straight  awn, — the  upper 
one  2-pointed,  the  sterile  pedicel  lodged  in  the  groove  on  its  back. — 
Stamens  2.  Perennial :  rhizoma  creeping ;  culms  simple ;  spikelets 
long. 

1.  IS.  aristatuin ,  Beauv.    Culm  erect,  retrorsely  pubescent ; 
leaves  rather  broadly  lance-linear,  rough,  with  pubescent  sheaths. 
Muhlenbergia  erecta.     Schreb.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  58. 
AWNED  BRACHYELYTRUM. 

Culm  2  to  3  feet  high.  Leaves  4  to  6  inches  long,  scabrous,  somewhat  hairy, 
ciliate  on  the  margins.  Panicle  erect;  spikelets  all  pedicellate,  half  an  inch  long ; 
paleae  strongly  nerved,  scabrous,  the  lower  one  terminating  in  an  awn,  which  is 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  palea.  Seed  linear,  grooved  on  one  side,  with  a 
long  white  pubescent  acumination. 
Sab.  Rocky  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 


GRAMINEAE  361 

|  ft  Glumes  and  paleae  not  bristle-pointed ;  florets  turrounded  by  a  tuft  of  hairt  at 
base. 

415.  CALAJIAGROS'TIS,  Adanson. 

[Or.  Kalamos,  a  Reed,  and  Agrostis ;  from  its  afllnity  to  both.] 
Spikelets  in  an  open,  or  contracted  (sometimes  spiked),  panicle, — 
each  with  a  rudimentary  pedicel  of  an  abortive  second  floret.  Glumes 
nearly  equal,  keeled,  acute,  longer  than  the  floret,  which  is  invested 
at  base  by, a  tuft  of  white  hairs.  Lower  palea  mostly  awned  on  the 
back, — the  upper  shorter,  with  the  rudimentary  pedicel,  at  its  base, 
often  pencil-tufted.  Stamens  3.  Perennials:  culms  simple,  rigid, 
and  rather  tall. 

1.  C.  COarctata,  Torrey.  Panicle  densely  contracted  and  some- 
what spikeform,  glaucous;  lower  palea  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
with  a  rigid  awn  above  the  middle. 
CONDENSED  CALAMAGRGSTIS. 

Culm  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high,  erect.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  somewhat  hairy 
and  rough,  with  white  keel  and  nerves.    Panicle,  terminal,  ohlong,  stiffly  erect ; 
branches  short,  aggregated ;  glumes  with  a  subulate  acumination,  the  margins 
often  purple. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fl.  Ang.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  The  C.  Canadensis,  Beauv.  may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  a 
doubtful  Chester  County  plant;  and  I  therefore  omit  it,  for  the 
present. 

C«  STINPEAE:  Inflorescence  racemose)  or  panicled;  spikelets  usually 
rather  large;  paleae  coriaceous,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  1-  to 
3-awned  at  apex  ;  scales  mostly  3. 

476.  ARIS'TIDA,  L. 

[Latin,  Arista,  an  awn,  or  beard ;  characteristic  of  the  genus.] 
Glumes  unequal,  membranaceous,  often  cuspidate.  Florets  stipitate. 
Paleae  mostly  2, — the  lower  one  involute,  3-awned  at  apex, — the 
upper  one  much  smaller,  or  obsolete.  Stamens  mostly  3 ;  filaments 
adnate  at  base  to  the  stipe  of  the  ovary.  Scales  2.  Culms  wiry, 
branching ;  leaves  narrow,  often  involute ;  panicle  racemose. 

4S?*  Awns  distinct,  and  not  articulated  with  the  palea,— the  middle  one  bent  back~ 
ward,  and  sometimes  contorted. 

1.  A.  dichotoma,  MX.   Culms  oblique,    somewhat  dichotom- 
ously  branched;  lateral  awns  minute, — the  middle  one  about  ao 
long  as  the  palea,  and  contorted. 

FORKED  ARISTIDA.     Poverty-Grass. 

Annual  t    Culms  9  to  15  inches  long,  oblique  or  decumbent,  geniculate,  smooth. 
Leaves  2  to  8  inches  long,  flat,  with  setaceous  points :  sheaths  very  short,  open, 
hairy  at  throat.    Spikelets  elongated,  slender,  on  clavate  peduncles. 
Hob.  Dry,  slaty  hills:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  A.grracili§,  Ell.  Culms  erect,  branched  at  base,  very  slender; 
lateral  awns  as  long  as  the  palea, — the  middle  one  twice  as  long, 
bent  back  but  not  contorted. 

A.  stricta.     Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  53. 
SLENDER  ARISTIDA.     Poverty-grass, 


362 


ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 


Annual.    Culms  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  smooth.     Leaves  1  to  6  inches  long, 
setaceously  narrow,  erect,  involute  toward  the  apex;  sheaths  short,  with  long 
hairs  at  throat.    Spikelets  acicular,  in  a  very  slender  erect  racemose  panicle. 
Hob.  Sterile  old  fields,  and  dry  banks :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  These  dry  slender  grasses  are  remarkably  worthless,  to  the 
Farmer, — as  their  common  name  would  indicate. 

TRIBE  3.  CHLORID'EAE. 

Spikelets  rarely  1-  usually  several-flowered,  with  the  upper  or  terminal  floret  im- 
perfect, disposed  in  one-sided  racemose  or  digitate  spikes ;  glumes  persistent,— the 
upper  one  appearing  as  the  outer  one;  rachis  not  jointed;  stamens  2  or  3. 

gl.  Spikelets  strictly  l-flowered,— in  pedunculate  pendulous  spikes. 

477.  SPARTTV]VA,  Schreber. 
[Gr.  Spartin,  or  Spartine,  a  cord ;  from  its  long  tough  leaves.] 
Spikelets  much  compressed,   closely  imbricated  in  2  rows  on  the 
outer  side  of  a  triangular  rachis.     Glumes  unequal,  acute,  or  bristle- 
pointed,   serrulate   on   the  keel, — the   upper  one  larger.     Paleae 
membranaceous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  upper  glume.  Stamens  3. 
Perennials :  rhizomas  extensively  creeping ;  culms  simple,  reed-like ; 
leaves  long,  and  sublinear;  spikes  racemose,  smooth. 

1.  S.  cy  IIOSH roitlcN,  Willd.  Culms  rather  slender ;  leaves  nar- 
row, tapering  to  a  point;  spikes  5  to  10,  scattered;  glumes  bristle- 
pointed. 

CYNOSURFS-LIKE  SPAEUNA.     Cord-grass. 

(Mm  3  to  5  feet  high.    Leaves  2  feet,  or  more,  in  length,  and  less  than  half  an 
inch  wide,  inclining  to  become  involute.    Spikes  1%  to  3  inches  long,  alternate, 
on  peduncles  half  an  inch  to  2  inches  in  length.    Anthers  pale  yellow.    Styles 
united  to  near  the  summit :  stigmas  white.    Seed  compressed. 
Hob.  Margin  of  the  Schuylkill :  rare.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

§2.  Spikelets  1%-flowered ;  i.  e.  with  1  (rarely  2  or  3)  perfect,  and  I  imperfect,  or 
rudimentary  floret. 

478.   BOtrTEL,OITA,,  Lagasca. 

[Probably  named  after  some  Spanish  Botanist.] 

Spikelets  crowded  and  closely  sessile  in  a  short  spike,  on  one  side  of 
a  flat  rachis, — the  spikes  in  a  simple  raceme.  Glumes  keeled, — the 
lower  one  shorter.  Lower  palea  of  the  perfect  floret  3-nerved,  3- 
toothed  at  apex, — the  upper  palea  2-nerved  and  2-toothed,  the 
nerves  projecting  in  mucronate  points;  while  in  the  pedicellate 
abortive  floret,  the  nerves  of  the  lower  palea  are  extended  into  bristle- 
like  awns.  Stamens  3.  Perennial :  culms  cespitose,  erect,  wiry ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  short,  sub-secund,  often  purplish. 

1.  K.  raccin  6sa,  Lag.  Spikes  numerous,  distichously  alternate, 
on  short  flat  peduncles,  spreading,  finally  deflected  and  turned  to 
one  side. 

Atheropogon  apludoides.     Muhl.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  81. 
RACEMOSE  BOUTELOUA. 

Culms  1  to  3  or  4  feet  high,  often  geniculate  at  base.  Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long, 
attenuate  toward  the  apex,  and  inclining  to  became  involute.    Spikes  20  to  40,— 


GRAMIXEAE 


363 


each  about  half  an  Inch  in  length,  and  containing  6  or  8  gpikekts,  which  are  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  the  under  side  of  the  spreading  or  reflected  rachis.    Perfect 
florets  sessile;  anthers  bright  red. 
Hob.  Dry  banks  ;  Serpentine  rocks  :  not  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  remarkable,  and  rather  pretty  grass,  seems  to  be 
almost  entirely  restricted  to  Serpentine  rocks,  in  Chester  County. 
It  has  but  little  agricultural  value. 

§3.  Spikelets  several-flowered;  pericarp  loose,  like  a  utricle. 


.         ,,  Gaertner. 

[From  Eleusis;  where  Ceres,  the  Goddess  of  harvests,  was  worshipped.] 
Spikelets  2-  to  6-flowered,  with  a  terminal  naked  rudiment,  closely 
imbricate-spiked  on  one  side  of  &  flatfish  rachis,  —  the  spikes  digitate 
or  fascicled.  Glumes  unequal,  shorter  than  the  florets,  keeled, 
pointless.  Paleae  membranaceous,  awnless,  —  the  lower  one  ovate, 
keeled,  —  the  upper  one  smaller,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Pericarp 
thin  and  membranaceous,  loose  on  the  transversely  rugose  seed. 
Annual  :  culms  low  and  spreading  ;  spikes  2  to  &,  or  6  (rarely  soli- 
tary), pale  green. 

1.  E.  Indica,  Gaertner.     Culms  branched  at  base,  ascending,  com- 
pressed ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  about  5-flowered. 
INDIAN  ELEUSINB.     Dog's-tail  Grass. 

Culms  6  to  12  or  18  inches  long,  oblique,  or  nearly  procumbent,  smooth.    Leaves 
2  to  12  inches  long,  rather  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  linear  ;  sheaths  loose, 
pilose  at  the  throat.    Spikes  1  or  2  to  4  inches  in  length,  smooth.    Grain  trian- 
gular-ovoid, dark  brown. 
Hob.  Farm-yards,  &e.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  extensively  naturalized,  here,  —  and  in  the  latter 
part  of  summer,  makes  a  fine  green  carpeting  for  yards,  and  lanes, 
that  had  been  previously  naked  and  muddy.  Cattle  and  hogs  are 
fond  of  feeding  on  it. 

TRIBE  4.  FESTUCIN'EAE.l 

Spikdets  several-  (few-  to  many-)  flowered,  often  with  the  uppermost  (rarely  the 
lowest)  floret  imperfect,  or  abortive,—  usually  disposed  in  open  panicles  ;  paleae 
pointless,—  or  the  lower  one  sometimes  tiptwith  a  straight  awn,  or  bristle;  stamens 
Itu3;  scoZes2. 

§  1.  Grain  free  in  the  paleae,  and  smooth. 
A.  Lowest  floret  of  the  spikelet  imperfect. 

480.  PIIR  iC;>II  TES,  Trinius. 
[Gr.  Phragmos,  a  partition,  or  hedge  ;  from  its  alleged  use,  as  such.] 
Spikelets  lance-linear,  3-  to  5-  or  7-flowered  ;  florets  rather  distant, 
on  conspicuously  silky-bearded  pedicels,  —  all  perfect  and  triandrous, 
except  the  lowest,  which  is  sessile,  and  either  neutral,  or  monandrous, 
and  naked  at  base.   Glumes  shorter  than  the  florets,  very  unequal, 
keeled,  paleae  slender,  unequal,  —  the  lower  one  much  longer,  with  a 
long  involute  awn-like  acumination.     Perennials  :  culm  simple,  tall 
and  stout;  leaves  broad;  panicle  terminal,  large. 


364  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

1.  P.  COinnninis,  Trin.     Culm  terete,  smooth ;  leaves  lance- 
olate ;  panicle  loosely  expanded ;  spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered. 
Arundo  Phragmites.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  61. 
COMMON  PHRAGMITES.     Reed-Grass. 

Oulni  8  to  12  feet  high,  and  often  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  at  base.  Leavet 
1  to  2  feet  long,  and  about  2  inches  wide  at  base,  attenuated  at  apex,  glaucous, 
scabrous  on  the  margins ;  sheaths  closely  embracing  the  culm.  Panicle  much 
branched, — the  branches  semi-verticillate,  long  and  slender,  with  a  tuft  of  soft 
hairs  at  base;  spikelets  usually  3-flowered, — the  lowest  florets  staminate, — the  ped- 
icels of  the  upper  florets  finally  clothed  with  white  silky  hairs  which  are  nearly  as 
long  as  the  florets  (though  scarcely  perceptible  on  the  young  panicle). 
Sab.  Swamps;  Wynn's  meadows,  Brandy  wine:  rare.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  stout  grass — which  attains  to  the  usual  size  of  Broom," 
corn — seems  to  be  common  to  both  hemispheres.  It  is,  however,  of 
little  value  in  agriculture.  A  nearly  allied  plant  (Arundo  Donax,  L.) 
is  often  seen  in  the  yards  and  gardens  of  the  curious,  under  the 
name  of  cane. 

B.  Lower  florets  perfect, — the  terminal  ones  abortive. 

a.  Lower  palea  2-  or  3-pointed  at  apex. 

481.  TRICUS'PIS,  Beauvois. 

[Latin, — meaning  3-pointed ;  in  reference  to  the  lower  palea.] 
Spikelets  subterete,  3-  to  12-  (usually  4-  or  5-)  flowered, — the  ter- 
minal one  abortive.  Glumes  unequal,  mucronate.  Rachis  of  the 
epikelet  bearded  below  each  floret.  Paleae  chartaceous, — the  lower 
one  much  larger  than  the  upper,  convex,  hairy  on  the  back,  3- 
nerved,  tricuspidate  at  apex  by  the  projection  of  the  nerves, — the 
upper  palea  emarginate,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose, 
dark  purple.  Perennials :  culms  erect,  hard  and  smooth ;  panicle 
very  loose,  and  spreading,  usually  purple. 

1.  T.  SCSlerioides,  Torrey.     Points  of  the  nerves,  in  the  lower 
palea,  scarcely  exceeding  the  intermediate  membranous  teeth, — the 
apex  thus  appearing  5-toothed. 
SESLERIA-LIKE  TRICUSPIS.     Tall  Red-top. 

Culm  3  to  4  or  5  feet  high.  Leaves  6  to  15  inches  long ;  sheaths  bearded  at  throat, 
— upper  ones  smooth,  those  below  often  quite  hairy.  Panicle  somewhat  nodding, 
— the  branches  alternate,  or  in  pairs,  long,  flexuose,  smooth,  pilose  in  the  axils. — 
Spikelets  on  short  peduncles,  alternate  and  rather  distant  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
branches,  usually  4-flowered.  Seed  oval,  a  little  gibbous,  2  horned  at  apex. 
Sab.  Sandy  banks,  and  old  fields :  frequent.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  grass — though  lauded  by  PURSH — is  certainly  of  very 
little  agricultural  value. 

b.  Lower  palea  1-pointed,  or  mucronate. 

482.  DAC'TYLIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Daktylos,  a  finger ;  in  reference  to  the  form,  or  size,  of  the  spikes.] 
Spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered,  compressed,  crowded  in  dense  one-sided 
paniculate  clusters.      Glumes  unequal,  acuminate,  ciliate-scabrous  on 
the  keel.     Paleae  nearly  equal,  acuminate, — the  lower  one  emargin- 
ate, cuspidate,  5-nerved, — the  upper  one  2-keeled,  bifid  at  apex. 


OBAMINEAB  365 

Stamens  3.  Scales  bifid.  Grain  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end. 
Perennials:  culms  cespitose,  rather  stout;  the  clustered  spikelet* 
pale  green. 

l.£  D.    GLOMERATA,    L.     Rough  and  glaucous ;   panicle  distantly 
branched ;  spikelets  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
CLUSTERED  DACTYLIS.     Orchard-Grass.     Rough  Cock's-foot  Grass. 
Culms  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high.    Leaves  6  to  18  inches  long;  sheaths  striate;  ligule 
elongated,  lacerate.    Panicle  racemose  at  summit,  rather  one-sided;  branches 3  to 
5,  solitary,  erect,  subdivided  toward  the  extremity ;  spikelets  about  4-flowered. 
Hob.  Fields,  orchards,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  May.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  Cultivated  to  some  extent,  and  naturalized  among  us.  It  is 
more  valued  for  pasture,  than  for  hay.  It  is  of  quick  growth,  and 
is  speedily  reproduced  after  being  cut,  or  eaten  down  by  Stock  :  so 
much  so,  that  we  may  almost  literally  apply  to  it  the  lines  of 
VIRGIL — 

"  Et  quantum  longis  carpent  armenta  diebus 
Exigua  tantum  gelidus  ros  nocte  reponet." — Georg.  2. 

or,  as  SOTHEBY  renders  them — 

"  Cool  dews  restore  beneath  night's  transient  hours, 
All  that  the  herd  each  live-long  days  devours." 

c.  Lower  palea  mostly  pointless.    J  Glumes  very  dissimilar. 
483.  REBOITL.EA,  Kunth. 

[Named  from  Eugene  de  Rebmtl^—yo.  Italian  Botanist.] 

Spikelets  usually  2-flowered,  with  an  abortive  pedicel-like  rudiment 
of  a  third,  in  a  contracted  slender  panicle.  Glumes  nearly  equal  in 
length,  rather  shorter  than  the  florets, — the  lower  one  narrowly 
linear,  1-nerved  and  keeled, — the  upper  one  obovate,  3-nerved. — 
Lower  palea  oblong,  obtuse,  chartaceous, — the  upper  one  very  thin 
and  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Grain  linear-oblong,  not  grooved.  Per- 
ennials :  culms  slender ;  leaves  and  sheaths  more  or  less  pubescent. 

1.  R.  Peiiiisy  Ivaiiica,  A.  Gray.     Panicle  long  and  slender, 
rather  loose ;  spikelets  a  little  compressed,  shining ;  upper  glume 
barely  obtuse. 

Koeleria  Pennsylvanica.     DC.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  65. 
PENNSYLVANIAN  REBOULEA. 

Oulms  2  to  3  feet  high.    Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long  ;  sheathe  sometimes  smoothish . 
Panicle  4  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  very  slender;  spikelets  not  crowded,  pale  yollowieli- 
green. 
Sab.  Moist  woodlands,  and  low  grounds;  frequent.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

2.  R.  obtusata,  A.  Gray.  Panicle  oblong,  rather  dense,  some- 
what interrupted ;  upper  glume  rounded-truncate,  roughish. 
Koeleria  truncata.     Torrey.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  66. 

BLUNTED  REBOULEA. 

Oulms  about  2  feet  high.    Leaves  3  to  8  Inches  long;  sheaths  striate,  usually 
softly  pilose.    Panicle  3  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  contracted, — the  branches  short  and 
nearly  erect;   spikelets  crowded,  glaucous  or  ash-colored, — appearing  somewhat 
acuminate,  by  reason  of  the  paleae  projecting  beyond  the  glumes. 
Bab.  Fields  and  open  woodlands :  not  very  common.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 


366  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

JJ  Glumes  nearly  similar,  though  often  unequal. 
•H-  Lower  palea  convex,  not  keeled. 

484,  GL,YCEVR1A,  R.  Brown. 

[Gr.  GlyJceros,  sweet;  alluding  to  the  sweet  taste  of  the  seeds.] 

Spikelets  several-  or  many-flowered ;  florets  oblong,  sessile,  early 
deciduous  with  the  joints  of  the  rachis,  leaving  the  persistent  mem- 
branaceous  glumes  behind.  Paleae  nearly  equal,  naked,  somewhat 
chartaceous, — the  lower  one  mostly  7-nerved,  usually  scarious  at 
apex, — upper  one  2-keeled.  Stamens  3,  or  2.  Scales  2,  truncate, 
more  or  less  connate.  Stigmas  plumose,  the  hairs  dichotomous ; 
grain  oblong.  Perennial,  smooth,  semi-aquatic  grasses :  culms  sim- 
ple, often  tall ;  leaves  flat ;  sheaths  nearly  entire,  or  united  round  the 
culm. 

•f-  Spikelets  ovate  ;  upper  palea  entire,  and  very  obtuse  ;  stamens  2-. 

1.  Cr.  CanadensiS,  Trinius.     Panicle  oblong-pyramidal,  finally 
spreading ;  spikelets  6-  to  8-flowered,  drooping,  becoming  broad ; 
glumes  purplish. 

CANADIAN  GLYCERIA. 

Culm  2  to  3  or  4  feet  high.    Leaves  6  to  15  inches  long,  roughish  and  somewhat 
glaucous;  sheaths  smooth;  liguU  ovate.    Panicle  6  to  9  inches  long, — the  branches 
virgate,  at  length  much  spreading ;  spikelets  ahout  two  lines  long ;  glumes  much 
shorter  than  the  florets ;  grain  oblong,  brown. 
Hab.  Margins  of  swamps:  not  common.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  Collected  on  the  northern  side  of  the  County,  in  1841,  by 
Mr.  JOHN  M'MiNN.  The  G.  elongata,  Trin. — (inserted  in  the  2nd 
Edition,  as  Poa  elongata,  Torrey — )  seems  yet  to  be-  an  uncertain 
plant,  of  the  County ;  and  therefore  is  now  omitted. 

t  f  Spikelets  ovate-oblong,  diffusely  panicled;  upper  palea  2-toothed  at  apex;  sta- 
mens 3. 

2.  €r.  nervata,  Trin.  Spikelets  numerous,  3-  to  5-  or  7-flowered, 
nodding  on  the  very  slender  branches ;  paleae  oval,  obtuse,  nearly 
equal, — the  lower  one  prominently  nerved. 

Poa  nervata.     Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  76. 
NERVED  GLYCERIA. 

Culm  3  to  4  feet  high,  slender.  Leaves  6  to  15  inches  long,  rough  on  the  upper 
surface;  sfieaths  striate,  roughish;  ligule  oblong-orate.  Panicle  with  the  loose 
spreading  branches  by  twos  or  threes,  subdivided,  angular  and  scabrous ;  florets 
caducous ;  glumes  very  small ;  upper  palea  subcoriaceous,  concave  above ;  grain 
ovate,  acute,  dark  brown. 
JIab.  Swamps,  and  along  muddy  rivulets :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

tttSpikelets  linear,  appressed  on  the  branches  of  a  racemose  elongated  panick  ; 
ligule  long ;  stamens  3. 

3.  G.  fliiitans,  R.  Brown.   Spikelets  7-  to  13-flowcred;  lower 
palea  oblong,  obtuse,  erosely  dentate  at  apex,  longer  than  the  upper 
one. 

FLOATING  GLYCERIA.     Manna-grass. 


GRAMINEAE  367 

Oulm  4  to  6  feet  high,  erect,  or  ascending,  compressed.  Leaves  4  to  10  inches 
long,  lance-linear,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  upper  surface;  sheaths  nerved, 
smooth ;  ligule  very  large,  oblong.  Panicle  9  to  15  inches  long,  partly  concealed 
in  the  sheath  of  the  upper  leaf ;  branches  mostly  simple ;  spikelets  about  an  inch 
long ;  anthers  large,  yellow ;  scales  subcordate ;  grain  linear-oblong. 
Hob.  Shallow  ponds,  and  wet  places :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

•i-  H-  Lower  palea  usually  compressed)  or  keeled;  panicle  generally  open. 

485.  POVA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  n  ame  for  herbage,  or  pasture.] 

Spikelets  ovate,  or  oblong,  compressed,  few-  or  several-flowered.-— 
Glumes  mostly  shorter  than  the  florets, — the  lower  one  smaller. 
Lower  palea  herbaceous,  with  a  scarious  margin,  keeled,  or  convex, 
pointless,  5-nerved, — the  nerves  often  clothed  at  base  with  cobweb- 
like  hairs;  upper  palea  rather  smaller,  membranaceous,  2-keeled, 
deciduous  with  the  lower  one.  Stamens  2,  or  3.  Stigmas  simply 
plumose.  Grain  oblong.  Culms  cespitose. 

f  Panicle-branches  mostly  I  or  2  at  a  node. 
*  Branches  smooth  and  sliort ;  florets  not  webbed  at  base. 

1.  P.  dnnua,  L.  Culms  short,  spreading,  compressed;  leaves  short; 
spikelets  3-  to  7-flowered,  on  short  pedicels,  rather  crowded. 
ANNUAL  POA.     Early,  or  Dwarf  Meadow-grass. 

Culms  3  to  9  inches  long,  often  nearly  procumbent,  geniculate,  glabrous.  Leaves 
1  to  3  inches  long ;  sheaths  loose,  smooth ;  ligule  oblong,  dentate.    Panicle  often 
rather  secund,— the  branches  solitary,  subdivided. 
Hab.  Yards ;  along  foot-paths,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  April.  Fr.  June. 

Obs.  I  incline  to  think  this  humble  species  is  not  indigenous, 
here.  STILLINGFLEET  says,  it  "makes  the  finest  of  turfs.  It  grows 
every  where  by  way  sides,  and  on  rich  commons  (in  England).  It 
is  called  in  some  parts  the  Suffolk  Grass." 

*  *  Panicle-branches  long,  roughish;  florets  webbed  at  base. 

£«  I",  pfmg'ens,  Nuttall.     Culms  compressed;  radical  leaves 
long,  linear, — those  of  the  culm  few,  short,  and  cuspidate;  spike- 
lets  3-  to  5-flowered,  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
PUNGENT  POA. 

Perennial.  Culms  1  to  2  feet  long,  glabrous,  somewhat  cespitose.  Leaves  2  to  9 
inches  in  length,— usually  2  on  the  culm;  sheaths  striate,  roughish,  rather  loose; 
ligule  truncate,  lacerate,  sometimes  abruptly  acuminate.  Panicle  nearly  simple, 
small,  spreading  below,  contracted  and  almost  racemose  at  summit ;  branches  in 
twos  or  threes ;  grain  oblong,  2-horned  at  apex. 
Hab.  Hilly  woodlands,  along  Brandywine :  not  common.  Fl.  April.  Fr.  May. 

Obs.  This  early-flowering  species  (which  by  a  singular  misnomer 
has  been  also  called  P.  autumnalis,)  is  frequent  in  woodlands  along 
the  Brandywine ;  but  I  have  rarely  met  with  it  elsewhere. 

t  f  Panicle-branches  in  semi-verticils  of  3  to  5,  or  more;  spike] ets subsessile,  crowded 
on  tfie  branches;  florets  more  or  less  webbed  at  base. 

3.  P>  trivialis,  L.  Culms  sub-terete  and,  with  the  sheaths,  retrorsely 
scabrous;  ligule  elongated,  acuminate;  spikelets  2- to  3-flowered ; 
florets  slightly  webbed. 


368  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

TRIVIAL  (OR  WAT-SIDE)  POA.     Rough  Meadow-grass. 

Perennial.    Culms  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  often  declined  at  base,  geniculate,  stolon- 
iferous.    Leaves  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long;  sheaths  striate-nerved ;  UguLe  remarkably 
large  and  whitish.    Panicle  loose,  expanding. 
Hob.  Moist  places.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  has  considerable  resemblance  to  the  following  one, — 
but  is  decidedly  inferior  in  value.  The  features  mentioned  will 
readily  serve  to  distinguish  them. 

4»  P.pratensis,  L.  Culms  erect,  terete  and,  with  the  sheaths,  smooth ; 
ligule  short,  truncate;  spikelets  3-  to  5-flowered;  florets  conspicu- 
ously webbed. 
MEADOW  POA.     Smooth  Meadow-grass.     Green-Grass. 

Perennial.  Culms  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high.  Radical  leaves  often  very  numerous, 
and  very  long  (1  to  2  feet,  or  more,  in  rich  soils),  scarcely  a  line  wide,  and  exactly 
linear,  terminating  abruptly  in  a  boat-shaped  or  keeled  point,  deep-green, — culm 
leaves  shorter  than  the  sheaths.  Panicle  at  first  rather  contracted,  finally  expand* 
ing  and  pyramidal. 
Sab.  Fields,  meadows,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  varies  greatly,  in  size  and  appearance,  when  growing 
in  different  soils  and  situations.  It  is  believed  to  be  a  foreigner ; 
but  is  thoroughly  naturalized.  In  our  best  soils,  the  radical  leaves 
are  very  luxuriant, — when  it  is  known  by  the  name  of  "Green- 
Grass."  It  is  the  profusion  of  the  nutritious  radical  leaves,  which 
constitutes  the  chief  excellence  of  this  grass, — which  is,  indeed,  the 
most  valuable  known  in  our  pastures.  The  slender  culms  afford  a 
good  material  for  the  manufacture  of  Leghorn  hats. 

5.  P.  compressa,  L.  Culms  ascending,  much  compressed  and,  with 
the  sheaths,  smooth ;  panicle  contracted,  somewhat  one-sided. 
COMPRESSED  POA.     Blue-Grass.     Wire-Grass. 

Perennial.  Rhizwnas  branching  and  creeping.  Culms  9  to  18  inches  long, 
oblique  and  geniculate,  often  procumbent  and  radicating  at  base.  leaves  2  or  3  to 
5  or  6  inches  long,  linear,  keeled,  and,  with  the  culm,  of  a  bluish-green,  or  glau- 
cous hue.  Panicle  at  first  almost  spicate,  finally  expanding;  spikelets  5-  or  6-flow- 
ered,  often  purplish. 
Sab.  Fields,  and  pastures.  Nat.  of  Europe.  FL  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  species  is  also  thoroughly  naturalized,  and  is  universally 
known,  here,  by  the  name  of  Blue-grass, — though,  in  Kentucky,  that 
name  is  given  to  the  preceding  (our  Green- Grass).  It  affords  much 
less  pasture  than  the  Green-Grass, — and  therefore  is  less  valuable; 
but  what  there  is,  is  believed  to  be  even  more  nutritious.  The 
rhizomas  are  exceedingly  tenacious  of  life, — which  renders  the  grass 
rather  troublesome,  in  cultivated  grounds,  among  other  crops. 

486.  ERAGROS'TIS,  Beauvois. 

[Perhaps  from  the  Gr.  Era,  the  earth,  and  Agrostis ;  being  sometimes  procumbent.] 
Spikelets  nearly  as  in  Poa,  few-  or  many-flowered,  in  an  open  panicle. 
Glumes  unequal.  Lower  palea  3-nerved,  not  webbed  at  base, — the 
upper  one  persistent  on  the  rachis.  Chiefly  annuals:  culmt  often 
branching,  geniculate  and  oblique,  or  sometimes  creeping  j  ligult 
ehort,  often  bearded. 


GRAMINEAE  369 

1.  E,  megasttichya,  Link.     Panicle-branches  single,   or  in  pairs, 
mostly  naked  in  the  axils;    spikelets  8-  to  30-  or  40-flowered, 
usually  lead-colored. 

Poa  Eragrostis.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  79. 
LARGE-SPIKED  ERAGROSTIS. 

GuLms  6  inches  to  1  or  even  2  feet  long,  somewhat  decumbent,  smooth.    Leaves  3 
to  6  inches  in  length,  lance-linear;  sheaths  striate,  smooth,  somewhat  pilose  at 
throat.     Panicle  pyramidal,— the  branches  flexuose,  scabrous,  the  subdivisions 
often  bearing  2,  3,  or  4  ovate-oblong  spikelets;  grain  roundish-ovoid,  brown. 
Hob.  Gardens,  roadsides,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept 

Obs.  This  grass,  when  fresh  gathered,  emits  a  peculiar  and  rather 
unpleasant  odor, — as  if  scorched. 

2.  E.  pildsa,  Beauvois.     Lower  panicle-branches   subverticillate, 
hairy  in  the  axils ;  sheaths  with  long  white  hairs  at  throat ;  spike- 
lets  5-  to  12-flowered ;  glumes  very  unequal. 

Poa  pilosa.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  78. 
HAIRY  ERAGROSTIS. 

Ctdms  6  to  12  inches  long,  often  decumbent  and  geniculate  at  base,  slender, 
smooth.    Leaves  1  to  3  or  4  inches  in  length.    Panicle  loose;  branches  flexuose ; 
spikelets  sub-linear ;  grain  oblong,  brown. 
Hob.  Gardens,  roadsides,  &c.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  E.  caplllslris,  Nees.  Panicle-branches  very  slender,  naked 
in  the  axils ;  spikelets  about  3-flowered,  green,  on  long  capillary 
pedicels. 

Poa  capillaris.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  77. 
CAPILLARY,  OR  HAIR-PANICLED  ERAGROSTIS. 

Culms  6  to  12  inches  long,  oblique,  or  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  much  branch- 
ed at  base,  smooth.  Leaves  3  to  6  inches  in  length ;  sheaths  rather  loose,  often 
ciliate  along  the  margins.  Panicle  long  (often  longer  than  the  culm),  loose,  much 
branched;  spikelets  ovate,  sometimes  5-flowered;  glumes  nearly  equal;  grain  oval, 
gibbous  at  base,  reddish-brown. 
Bab.  Sandy  soils;  slaty  hills :  not  very  common.  FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  A  variety  of  this, — with  an  erect  culm,  long  radical  leaves,  and 
a  large  capillary  panicle,  with  spikelets  1-  to  3-flowered, — occurs 
on  our  slaty  hills. 

4.  E.  §pect£blli§,  A.  Gray.     Panicle-branches  rigid,  finally 
divaricate,  bearded  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  5-  to  ID-flowered,  mostly 
purple. 

Poa  hirsuta.     Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  78,  not  of  MX. 
SHOWY  ERAGROSTIS. 

Culm  9  to  18  inches  long,  rather  stout,  mostly  simple  and  smooth.    Leaves  6  to 
15  inches  long;  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  internodes,— the  lower  ones  hairy, 
upper  ones  smooth ;  ligule  densely  bearded.     Panicle  8  to  15  inches  long,  much 
branched ;  spikelets  lance-oblong ;  glumes  nearly  equal ;  grain  minute,  purple. 
Hob.  Sterile,  sandy  fields;  roadsides,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  handsome,  showy  grass,  has  no  agricultural  value; 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  all  the  preceding  species. 

24 


370  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

22.  Grain  mostly  adherent  to  the  upper palea,  hairy  at  summit;  lower  palea  cflorta- 
ceous,  or  coriaceous. 

48?.  FESTtTCA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Latin  name.] 

SpiMets  oblong,  subterete,  rather  dry  and  harsh,  2-  3-  or  many- 
flowered,  panicled,  or  racemose;  florets  not  cobwebby  at  base. — 
Glumes  unequal,  mostly  keeled,  shorter  than  the  florets.  Lower 
palea  subcoriaceous,  convex,  nerveless,  not  scariously  margined, 
either  awned,  mucronate,  or  pointless.  Stamens  mostly  3. 
f  Florets  awned  from  the  tip;  panicle  contracted,  racemose. 

1.  F.  tcnclla,  Willd.    Culm  filiform ;  leaves  setaceous ;  panicle 
somewhat  secund ;  spikelets  3-  to  9-flowered. 
TENDER,  OR  LITTLE  FESTUCA. 

Annual.    Culm  6  to  12  inches  high,  often  growing  in  bunches.    Leaves  1  to  3 
inches  long,  setaceously  linear ;  sheaths  slightly  pubescent.    Panicle  2  to  4  inchef 
long, — the  lower  branches  in  pairs ;  spikelets  usually  5-  to  7-flowered,  becoming 
brown  when  old  ;  grain  linear,  grooved  on  the  upper  side. 
Hob.  Dry,  sterile  banks :  frequent.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

f  f  Florets  pointless,  or  merely  mucronate  ;  panicle  open ;  grain  sometimes  fret. 

£.  F.  elatior,  L.  Panicle  spreading,  and  somewhat  nodding ;  spike- 
lets  4-  to  6-flowered ;  lower  palea  somewhat  mucronate. 
TALLER  FESTUCA. 

Perennial.     Culm  3  to  4  or  5  feet  high.    Leaves  9  to  15  inches  long;  sheathi 
smooth;  ligule  very  short.     Panicle  5  to  10  inches  long,  generally  nodding: 
branches  mostly  in  pairs.    Grain  oval,  concave  on  the  upper  side. 
Sab.  Wet  meadows.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  partially  naturalized, — but  is  much  less  common, 
and  also  less  valuable,  than  the  next  following ;  to  which,  however, 
it  is  nearly  allied. 

3.  F.  pratensis,  Hudson.    Panicle  rather  erect  and  secund ;  spike- 
lets  7-  to  9-flowered ;  lower  palea  never  mucronate. 

MEADOW  FESTUCA.     Fescue-Grass. 

Perennial.  Culm  2  to  3  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  4  to  8  and  12  inches  long, 
lance-linear,  tapering  to  a  point,  smooth  and  shining,  yellowish-green, — the  radi 
cal  ones  numerous ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  very  short  or  obsolete.  Panicle  4  to  £ 
inches  long;  branches  generally  single,  often  subdivided;  spikelets  racemose  on 
the  branches,  frequently  purplish. 
Sab.  Fields,  waysides,  &c.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  a  valuable  grass, — and  has  become  thoroughly 
naturalized  in  all  our  good  lands. 

4.  F.  nutans,  Willd.    Panicle  of  several  long  slender  naked 
branches,  which  are  mostly  in  pairs ;  spikelets  subterminal,  pedicel- 
late, finally  nodding,  about  3-flowered. 

NODDING  FESTUCA. 

Perennial.    Culm  about  3  feet  high,  rather  slender,  smooth ;  nodes  blackish.— 
Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  deep  green;  sheaths  nerved,  often  pilose;  ligule  short, 
gerrate.    Panicle  very  loose ;  spikelets  few,  2  to  5  flowered ;  florets  rather  tumid. 
Bab.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 


GRAMINEAE  371 

488.  BROVMUS,  L. 

[Or.  Brana,  food ;  Bromos  was  an  ancient  name  for  Oats.] 
Spikelets  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  compressed,  3-  or  5- 
to  many-flowered,  in  a  loose  panicle.  Glumes  unequal, — the  lower, 
1-  to  5-nerved, — the  upper,  3-  to  9-nerved.  Lower  palea  convex, 
bifid  at  apex,  usually  awned  a  little  below  the  tip ;  upper  palea 
pectinate-ciliate  on  the  two  keels,  finally  adhering  to  the  groove  of 
the  linear-oblong  grain.  Stamens  3.  Coarse  grasses,  with  rather 
large  spikelets,  which  are  finally  nodding. 

1.  B.  ci  1  hit  UK,  L.  Panicle  compound,  with  elongated  branches ; 
spikelets  lanceolate;  florets  pubescent,  and  conspicuously  ciliate, 
rather  longer  than  the  straight  awn. 

B.  pubescens.     Muhl.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  70. 
CILIATE  BROMUS.     Wild  Brome-grass. 

Perennial.  Culm  3  to  4  feet  high,  smooth  above ;  nodes  black.  Leaves  6  to  12 
inches  long,  pilose  on  the  upper  surface ;  sheaths  nerved, — the  lower  ones  retrorsely 
pilose,  the  upper  ones  smooth.  Panicle  very  loose, — the  branches  in  pairs,  or  3  to 
5,  slender,  subdivided,  flexuose  and  sharply  scabrous ;  spikelets  about  10-flowered ; 
tower  glume  smaller,  almost  subulate,  1-nerved, — the  upper  one  3-nerved.  Lower 
palea  7-nerved,  clothed  with  appressed  hairs. 
Hob.  Woodlands  i  frequent.  FL  June.  Fr.  July. 

2.  B.  secaltnus,  L.  Panicle-branches  nearly  simple ;  spikelets  ovate- 
oblong,  somewhat  turgid ;  florets  smooth,  distinct,  longer  than  the 
flexuose  awn. 

BYE  BROMUS.     Cheat.     Chess. 

Annual.  Culm  3  to  4  feet  high,  smooth;  nodes  pubescent.  Leaves  6  to  12  inches 
long,  rough  and  pilose  on  the  upper  surface;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule  oblong,  lacin- 
iate-dentate.  Panicle  4  to  8  inches  long, — the  branches  semi-verticillate ;  rough 
and  pubescent;  spikelets  8-  or  10-flowered ;  tower  glume  shorter,  5-nerved,  some- 
times mucronate,*— the  upper  one  7-nerved,  obtuse,  or  emarginate.  Lower  palea, 
obscurely  7-n«rv«d,  slightly  pubescent  near  the  apex,— the  awn  sometimes  want- 
ing, or  a  mere  rudiment.  Grain  closely  embraced  by  the  lower  palea,— the  upper 
palea  doubled  in  the  groove,  and  adherent. 
Hob.  Grain-fields,  and  pastures.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  foreigner  is  a  well-known  intruder  among  our  crops  of 
Wheat  and  Rye, — and  often  appears  in  the  same  fields,  for  a  year 
or  two,  after  those  crops ;  but,  being  an  annual,  it  is  soon  choked 
out  by  the  perennial  grasses.  The  vulgar  error,  that  this  plant  is 
transformed  Wheat,  came  to  us  with  the  earliest  Immigrants, — and, 
notwithstanding  the  boasted  "march  of  mind,"  it  yet  prevails  among 
a  certain  class  of  our  farmers,  to  a  considerable  extent.  Any  one, 
however,  who  has  had  an  opportunity  to  observe  the  uniformity  and 
constancy  of  the  Laws  which  govern  the  development  of  living 
bodies,  and  yet  persists  in  believing  in  the  transmutation  of  genera 
and  species,  may  be  fairly  placed  in  the  category  of  him  who  be- 
lieves in  equivocal  generation, — of  whom  it  is  said,  in  the  Amoenitates 
Academicae,  "certe  fungum  habet  pro  cerebro." 

3.  B.  mtUis?  L.    Panicle  erect,  somewhat  spreading;   spikelets 
ovate-lanceolate,  compressed ;  florets  pubescent,  closely  imbricated, 
about  as  long  as  the  straight  awn. 
B.  arvensis.    L?  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2. p.  69. 


372  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

SOFT  BROMUS. 

Biennial?     Culm  about  2  feet  high,  smooth;  nodes  nearly  Mack,  retrorsely 
pubescent.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  hairy  on  both  sides;  sheaths  retrorsely 
and  softly  pilose ;  ligule  ohlong,  lacerate.     Panicle-brancfies  often  simple,  some- 
times subdivided,  rough ;  spikdets  about  7-flowered. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows ;  pastures,  &c,    Nat.  of  Europe.     Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  I  am  not  quite  certain,  as  to  this  species ;  but  I  now  incline 
to  think  it  may  be  the  B.  mollis,  of  the  European  Botanists.  , 

TRIBE  5.  HORDEIN'EAE. 

Spilcelets  several-  (rarely  1-)  flowered,  sessile  on  opposite  sides  of  a  flexuose  toothed 
rachis,  forming  &  solitary  spike, — the  terminal  or  lateral  florets  often  abortive; 
glumes  sometimes  collateral,  occasionally  wanting;  paleae  awned,  or  awnless; 
stamens  mostly  3. 

§1,  Spikelets  single  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  several-flowered. 

489.  TRIT'ICUM,  L. 

[Latin,  tritus,  a  rubbing,  or  grinding ;  the  grain  being  so  treated.] 
Spikelets  3-  to  several-flowered,  compressed,  with  the  flat  side  against 
the  rachis ;  florets  distichous.  Glumes  nearly  equal  and  opposite. 
Lower  palea  very  like  the  glumes,  convex,  awned,  or  merely  mucron- 
ate;  the  upper  one  flat,  bristly-ciliate  on  the  two  keels,  free,  or 
adherent  to  the  groove  of  the  grain.  Ovary  pubescent  at  summit. 
Annuals,  or  perennials,— -the  former  yielding  bread-corn. 

fANNUAi:  Spike  ^sided;  glumes  ventricose,  obtuse.    [GENUINE  TRITICTJM]. 
1.  T.  VULGARE,  Villars.     Spike  imbricated,  with  a  tough  rachis ; 
spikelets  4-  or  5-flowered,  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  florets  mucronate, 
or  often  awned ;  grain  free. 
T.  sativum.     L.  #  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  86. 
COMMON  TRITICUM.     Wheat.     Winter,  and  Spring  Wheat. 

Culm  2  or  3  to  5  feet  high,  terete,  smooth ;  nodes  striate,  pubescent.  Leaves  6  to 
15  inches  long ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  truncate,  dentate.  Spike  3  to  5  inches  in 
length ;  rachis  flat  and  broad,  hirsute  on  the  margins ;  spikelets  sessile,  compress- 
ed at  apex ;  florets  usually  3  fertile  and  2  abortive,— the  penultimate  one  pistillate, 
the  terminal  one  neutral,  and  pedicellate;  grain  ovoid-oblong,  grooved  on  the 
upper  side,  whitish,  pale  yellowish,  or  brown. 
Hob.  Fields.  Native  Country  uncertain.  FL  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Long  culture,  in  various  soils  and  climates,  has  produced 
numerous  varieties  of  this  most  important  grass ;  in  some  of  which 
the  chaff  is  awnless,  and  the  grain  nearly  white, — in  others,  the 
lower  palea  terminates  in  a  long  awn,  and  the  grain  is  reddish  or 
dark  brown. 

ft  PERENNIAL:  Spike  distichous;  glumes  lanceolate,  often  acuminate. 
[COUCH  GRASSES]. 

*J.  T.  repens,  L.     Rhizomas  creeping ;  spike  compressed ;  spikelets 
4-  to  8-flowered,  lance-oblong,  acute ;  florets  mostly  awnless. 
CREEPING  TRITICUM.     Couch-grass. 

Rhizomas  jointed,  white.  Plant  sometimes  bluish-glaucous.  Oulms  about  2 
feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  4  to  12  inches  long;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule  short, 
truncate.  Spike  3  to  5  inches  long;  rachis  flexuose,  flat,  mostly  scabrous  on  the 


GRAMINEAK  373 

margins ;  glumes  acuminate,  keeled,  strongly  6-  or  7*nerved,  roughish,— the  outer 
margin  broader ;  lower  palea  acuminate,  or  mucronate,  5-nerved,  smooth. 
Hob.  Pastures,  and  Lots.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  species— which  is  quite  distinct  in  habit  from  the 
geniune  Wheat — is  gradually  extending  itself  over  the  County ;  and 
will  no  doubt  become  troublesome,  in  our  cultivated  grounds,  by 
reason  of  the  great  tenacity  of  life  in  its  rhizomas,  or  creeping  sub- 
terranean stems. 

490.  SEC  AXE,  L.     >-••'," 

[Latin,  secare>  to  cut;  or  perhaps  from  the  Celtic  Sega,  a  sickle.] 
Spikelets  2-flowered,  arranged  as  in  Trilicum.  Glumes  sub-opposite, 
keeled.  Lower  palea  awned  at  apex,  keeled,  with  unequal  sides, — 
the  outer  side  broader  and  thicker;  upper  palea  shorter,  2-keeled. 
Grain  free,  pubescent  at  summit.  A  tall,  annual,  bluish-glaucous 
grass;  florets  long-awned. 

1.  S.  CEREXLE,  L.     Spike  compressed,  linear ;  glumes  subulate ; 
lower  palea  bristly-ciliate  on  the  keel  and  outer  margin. 
HARVEST  SECALE.     Bye.     Common  Rye. 

Culm  4  to  6  feet  high,  hairy  near  the  spike.    Leaves  6  to  18  inches  long ;    sheaths 
membranaceous,  smooth ;  ligvle,  short,  dentate.    Spike  4  to  6  inches  long,  2-sided 
and  flattish ;  spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,  with  an  awh*like  rudiment  of  a  third. — 
Grain  oblong,  subcylindrical,  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  dusky  brown. 
Hob.  Fields.    Nat.  of  the  East.    Fl.  June.  Fr>  July. 

Obs.  Being  in  quality  decidedly  inferior  to  Wheat,  this  grain  is 
only  partially  cultivated)  and  that  on  our  thin  slaty  soils,  where  it 
succeeds  best. 

491.  LO'UITM,  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name.) 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  alternate,  distichously  arranged  in  a  simple 
terminal  spike, — with  the  edge  of  the  spikelets  to  the  common  rachis. 
Glumes  (except  at  the  terminal  spikelet)  only  one,  and  that  on  the 
outer  side;  for  the  rest,  much  resembling  the  Couch  Grasses. — 
Grain  adherent  to  the  Upper  palea,  smooth. 

1.  L.  perenne,  L.     Spikelets  compressed,  longer  than  the  glumes, 
about  7-flowered;  florets  mostly  awnless. 
PERENNIAL  LOLIUM.     Rye-  or  Ray-grass*     Darnel. 

Perennial.  Culm  1  to  2  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  4  to  10  inches  long,  shining 
green;  slieaths  smooth;  liguLe  truncate.  Spike  about  6  inches  long;  rachis  flex- 
uose,  channelled  or  concave  opposite  the  spikelets.  Spikelets  12  to  20,  a  little  dis- 
tant,—each  sessile  in  the  axil  of  a  single  glume,  which  resembles  a  short  rigid 
leaf. 
Hob.  Meadows,  and  Lots.  Nat.  of  Europe.  Fl  June.  Fr*  July* 

Obs.  This  has  been  introduced,  as  suitable  for  Lawns,  &c.  and 
has  become  partially  naturalized ;  but  it  does  not  seem  to  command 
the  attention  of  our  farmers — either  for  pasture,  or  hay.  STILLING- 
FLEET  says,  "many  are  tempted  by  the  facility  of  procuring  the 
seed  of  this  grass  to  lay  down  grounds  near  their  houses,  where 
they  want  to  have  a  fine  turf  with  it ;  for  which  purpose,  unless 
the  soil  be  very  rich,  a  worse  grass  cannot  be  sown,  as  it  will 
certainly  die  off  in  a  very  few  years  intirely." 


374  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

g  2.  Spikelets  2  to  4  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis;  glumes  collateral,  or  wantittg. 
492.  E'L-YMUS,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name,  of  obscure  derivation.] 

Spikelets  mostly  2  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  all  fertile,  each  2-  to 
7-flowered, — the  terminal  floret  abortive.  Glumes  nearly  equal, 
placed  side  by  side  in  front  of  the  spikelets,  rarely  wanting.  Paleae 
coriaceous, — the  lower  one  convex,  usually  awned  at  apex.  Grain 
adherent  to  the  involving  paleae,  pubescent  at  summit.  Perennial 
grasses, — often  with  spikes  somewhat  resembling  those  of  Barley, 
or  Rye. 

f  Glumes  unequal-sided,  rigid,  nerved  and  awned. 

1.  E.  Yirginicus,  L.     Spike  erect,  straight,  dense  and  thick- 
ish ;  spikelets  about  3-flowered ;  glumes  linear-lanceolate ;  florets 
smoothish. 

VIRGINIAN  ELYMUS.     Wild  Rye.     Lyme-Grass. 

Culm  2  to  3  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  broadish,  scabrous; 
sheaths  nerved,  sometimes  pubescent ;  spike  3  to  5  inches  long ;  rachis  Bmoothish. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds ;  along  streams :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

2.  E.  Caiiadeiisis,  L,     Spike  rather  loose,  curving  or  some- 
what nodding ;  spikelets  2-  to  5-flowered ;  glumes  lance-subulate ; 
florets  hairy. 

CANADIAN  ELYMUS. 

Ctdm  3  or  4  feet  high,  rather  stout,  smooth.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  rough- 
ish,  green,  and  sometimes  glaucous;  sheaths  smooth.    Spiked  to  8  inches  long; 
rachis  hirsute. 
Hob.  Low  grounds ;  along  streams :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  E.  strisitais,  Willd.     Spike  rather  dense,  but  slender,  some- 
times nodding ;  spikelets  1-  to  3-flowered ;  glumes  subulate ;  rachis 
and  florets  hispidly  pilose. 

E.  villosus.     Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  84. 
STRIATE  ELYMUS. 

Culm  2  to  3  feet  high,  rather  slender,  striate,  smooth.    Leaves  6  to  8  inches  long, 
pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  scabrous  on  the  margins  ;  sheaths  hairy,  or  the 
tipper  ones  smoothish .    Spike  2  to  3  inches  long,  at  first  erect,  finally  loose  and 
somewhat  nodding ;  rachis  villous. 
Hob.  Along  streams :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  f  Glumes  mere  rudiments,  or  wanting;  when  present,  awn-like. 

4,  E.Hys'trix,  L.  Spike  erect,  open ;  spikelets  about  3-flowered, 
distant,  diverging;  florets  smoothish,  long-awned. 
PORCUPINE  ELYMUS.     Bottle-brush  Grass. 

Culm  2  to  4  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  4  to  8  inches  long,  rough  on  the  tipper 
surface,  often  glaucous ;  sheaths  smooth.  Spike  3  to  6  inches  long ;  rachis  smooth- 
ish, serrulate  on  the  margins ;  spikelets  finally  spreading  almost  horizontally, — 
often  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis ;  glumes  generally  wanting,  or  mere  callous 
rudiments,— or  sometimes  the  upper  and  lower  spikelets  have  one  or  two  subulate 
glumes,  as  long  as  the  fiorets. 
Hob.  Moist,  rocky  woodlands:  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  expanded  bristly  spike  of  this  species  somewhat  re- 
sembles an  Apothecary's  bottle-brush. 


GRAMINEAE  375 

493.  HOR'DElTlftl.  L. 

[The  ancient  Latin  name.] 

Spikelets  1 -flowered  (with  a  subulate  rudiment  of  second  floret), 
arranged  in  threes  at  the  joints  of  the  rachis,  but  the  lateral  ones 
often  abortive.  Glumes  collateral,  lance-linear,  rigid,  subulate- 
awned.  Paleae  herbaceous, — the  lower  or  front  one  convex,  long- 
awned  at  apex.  Stamens  included.  Grain  oblong,  pubescent  at 
summit,  usually  adherent  to  the  paleae. 

1.  H.  VULGXRE,  L.     Spikelets  all  fertile,  and  awried, — arranged  so 
as  to  form  a  4-  (or  somewhat  6-)  sided  spike. 

COMMON  HORDEUM.     Four-rowed  Barley. 

Annual.    OulmZto  3  feet  high,  smooth.    Leaves  6  to  15  Inches  long;  sheaths 
smooth,  auriculate  at  throat.    Spike  about  3  inches  long ;  rachis  pubescent  on  the 
margins. 
Hob.  Fields.    Nat  of  Sicilly  and  Tartary.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  June. 

2.  H.  DIS'TICHUM,  L.     Lateral  spikelets  abortive  and  awnless, — the 
fertile  ones  distichous,  forming  a  2-sided  spike. 

DISTICHOUS  HORDEUM.     Two-rowed  Barley. 

Annual.    Oulm  2  to  3  feet  high,  smooth.    Leaves  6  to  15  inches  long;  sheaths 
smooth,  auriculate  at  throat.    Spike  3  to  4  inches  in  length;  rachis  hirsute  on  the 
margins. 
Bub.  Fields.    Nat.  of  Tartary.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Both  species  were  formerly  much  cultivated,  in  this  County ; 
but,  of  late,  the  culture  seems  to  be  transferred  to  western  New 
York. 

TRIBE  6.  AVEVNEAE. 

Spikelets  2-  or  several-flowered,  panicled, — the  terminal  floret  mostly  abortive; 
glumes  and  paleae  membranaceous,  or  chartaceous, — the  lower  palea  mostly  bear- 
ing a  bent  or  twisted  awn  on  the  back ;  stamens  3. 

g  1.  Lower  palea  3-  to  ^nerved,  thin  and  membranaceous. 

494.  AI'RA,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name,  for  another  grass.] 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  in  an  open  diffuse  panicle;  florets  small,  both 
perfect  (often  with  an  abortive  third  one),  sometimes  equalling,  but 
usually  shorter  than  the  membranaceous  shining  glumes.  Paleae 
nearly  equal,  hairy  at  base, — the  lower  one  3-  to  5-nerved,  lacerate- 
toothed  at  apex,  awned  on  the  back  below  the  middle.  Grain 
oblong,  smooth.  Dry,  wiry,  slender  grasses,  with  smooth  culms, 
and  lead-colored  glumes. 

1.  A.  caespltosa,  L.    Leaves  flat,  roughish ;  lower  palea  4- 
toothed  at  the  truncate  apex ;  awn  short,  and  mostly  straight. 
CESPITOSE  AIRA. 

Perennial.  Culms  2  to  3  feet  high,  growing  in  tussMks.  Leaves  6  to  15  inches 
long,  narrow,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligide,  elongated, 
acuminate.  Panicle  oblong,  at  first  contracted,  finally  diffuse ;  branches  semi-ver- 
ticillatc,  capillary,  sharply  scabrous ;  florets  as  long  or  rather  longer  than  the 
bluish  glumes.  Grain  free,  not  grooved. 
HJ^I  Moist  places,  on  Serpentine  rock :  frequent  there.  Fl.  May.  Fr.  July, 


376  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Obs.  This  is  not  generally  diffused,  —  but  seems  to  be  restricted 
to  Serpentine  banks.  The  A.  flexuosa  is  so  uncertain,  as  a  Chester 
County  plant,  that  I  think  it  best  to  omit  it,  for  the  present. 

495.  TRISE^TUM,  Persoon. 
[Latin;  meaning  three  bristles  ;  a  feature  of  the  lower  palea.] 
Spikelets  2-  to  several-flowered,  usually  in  a  contracted  panicle. 
Lower  palea  keeled,  bicuspidate  at  apex,  and  awned  below  the  tip: 
otherwise  nearly  as  in  Air  a.     Slender  perennials,  —  intermediate 
between  Aira  and  Avena. 

1.  T.  pal  list  re,  Torrey.     Smooth;  panicle  long  and  slender, 

somewhat  nodding,  yellowish-green;    spikelets  much  compressed, 

2-  to  3-flowered. 

Avena  palustris.     MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  67. 

MARSH  TRISETUM. 

(Mm  2  to  3  feet  high;  nodes  contracted.  Leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  roughish; 
tigule  oblong,  lacerate.  Panicle  5  or  6  inches  long,  often  somewhat  secund; 
frrcmc/iesseini-verticillate;  spikelets  all  pedunculate;  glumes  nearly  equal,  rather 
shorter  than  the  florets;  upper  floret  on  a  hairy  pedicel,  with  the  awn  of  the  lower 
palea  contorted,  or  bent,  as  long  as  the  floret  ;  lower  floret  often  awnless,--  the 
lower  palea  merely  bicuspidate.  Grain  compressed,  free. 
llab.  Swampy  meadows  :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

g  2.  Lower  palea  7-  to  many-nerved,  chartaceous,  or  subcoriaceous. 


496.  DAWTHCraiA,  DC. 

[Named  after  M.  Danthoine,  —  a  French  Botanist.] 

Spikelets  2-  to  7-flowered,  in  a  racemose  panicle.  Glumes  nearly 
equal,  awnless,  loose,  longer  than  the  imbricated  florets.  Paleae 
hairy  at  base,  —  the  lower  one  bifid  at  apex,  with  a  flattish  twisted 
awn  (composed  of  the  3  middle  nerves,)  between  the  segments. 
Grain  smooth  and  free. 

1.  0.  spicata,  Beauvois.  Leaves  short,  involute-subulate  ;  panicle 
simple,  rather  secund  ;  spikelets  about  7-flowered. 
SPICATE  DANTHONIA.     Wild  Oat-grass. 

Perennial.  Culms  12  to  18  inches  long,  slender,  somewhat  cespitose,  often  a  little 
decumbent  at  base.  Lower  leaves  3  to  6  inches  long  ;  culm  leaves  short,  erect, 
subulate  ;  sheaths  pilose  at  throat,  and  near  the  nodes  ;  ligule  very  short.  Panicle 
short,  erect,  sometimes  the  lower  branches  divided  ;  spikelets  3  to  5,  —  occasionally 
10  or  15.  Grain  oblong,  compressed,  incurved,  longitudinally  striate,  —  the  apex 
slightly  2-horned. 
Hob.  Dry  banks;  borders  of  woods  :  common.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

497.  AVE'WA,  L. 

[The  Classical  Latin  name.] 

Spikelets  2-  to  5-flowered,  in  a  loose,  large,  and  somewhat  nodding 
panicle  ;  florets  rather  distant,  —  the  terminal  one  abortive.  Glumes 
nearly  equal,  awnless,  loose  and  membranaceous,  often  longer  than 
the  florets.  Lower  palea  convex,  mostly  bifid  at  apex,  with  a  bent 
or  twisted  awn  on  the  back  (proceeding  from  the  middle  nerve, 
only).  Stamens  included.  Grain  oblong,  grooved  on  the  upper 
side,  hairy  at  summit. 


GRAMINEAE  377 


1.  A.  SATIVA,  L.  Panicle  regular ;  spikelets  2-flowered,  pendulous ; 
florets  shorter  than  the  glumes,  naked  at  base. 
CULTIVATED  AVENA.     Common  Oats. 

Annual,  Culm  2  to  4  feet  high,  smooth,  and  rather  soft.  Leaves  6  to  15  inches 
long,  rough;  sheatlis  smooth,  somewhat  loose;  ligule  lacerate.  Spikelets  all  pedun- 
culate ;  lower  floret  mostly  awned  near  the  bifid  apex ;  upper  floret  awnless, — with 
a  pedicel  at  the  base  of  the  upper  palea,  bearing  at  its  summit  membranaceoua 
rudiments  of  a  third  floret.  Grain  closely  invested  by  the  smooth,  shining,  sub- 
coriaceous  paleae,  and  slightly  adherent  to  the  upper  one. 
Hob.  Fields.  Native  Country  uncertain.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  great  English  Lexicographer  defined  Oats  as  being  the 
food  of  Horses,  in  England, — and  of  People,  in  Scotland.  Dr.  DARWIN, 
also,  seemed  by  the  following  couplet,  to  regard  the  plant  as  some- 
what Scottish,  in  its  associations: — 

"  Two  Sister-nymphs,  the  fair  AVENAS,  lead 
Their  fleecy  squadrons  on  the  lawns  of  Tweed." 

The  Founders  of  the  Edinburgh  Review  had  reference  to  the  same 
Johnsonian  idea,  when  they  thought  of  adopting  for  a  motto — 
"  Tenui  Musam  meditamur  Avend." 

And  it  was,  doubtless,  while  those  Reviewers  were  supping  their 
thin  Parritch,  that  the  interesting  inquiry  occurred  to  them — "Who 
reads  an  American  Book?"*  On  our  side  of  the  Atlantic,  the 
Avena  is  cultivated  almost  entirely  as  a  pabulum  for  Farm  Stock, — 
and  has,  as  yet,  very  little  connection  with  our  Literature. 

DIVISION  II.  PHALARID'EAE. 

Spikelets  more  or  less  panicled,  somewhat  3-flowered,  with  the  middle  floret,  only, 
perfect, — the  lower  and  terminal  ones  (or  the  apparently  lateral  ones)  imperfect — 
either  staminate,  rudimentary,  or  neutral ;  or  sometimes  the  terminal  floret,  per- 
fect, and  the  two  lower  ones  imperfect. 

Jl.  Middle  floret  perfect. 
498.  ARRHEtf  ATHEVRIJM,  Beauvois. 

[Gr.  Arrhen,  male,  and  At  her,  awn ;  the  staminate  floret  being  awned.] 
Spikelets  2-flowered,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  third,  terminal  one ; 
middle  floret  perfect, — the  lower  palea  convex,  with  a  short  awn  near 
the  slightly  bifid  apex ;  lowest  floret  staminate  only, — the  lower 
palea  convex,  bearing  a  long  twisted  awn  on  the  back,  below  the 
middle ;  otherwise  nearly  as  in  Avena. 

1.  A.  AVENACEUM,  Beauv.  Leaves  flat;  panicle  linear-oblong,  con- 
tracted, finally  spreading ;  glumes  unequal, — the  lower  one  shorter 
than  the  florets. 

Avena  elatior.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  66. 
OAT-LIKE  ARRHENATHERUM.     Tall  Oat-grass. 

Perennial.    Rhizoma  nodose,  creeping.  Culms  about  3  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves 
4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  rough  on  the  upper  surface ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  short, 
retuse.    Panicle  6  to  9  inches  long,  finally  somewhat  nodding. 
Hab.  Meadows,  and  lots :  cultivated.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 

*  Since  that  inquiry  was  made,  however,  it  js  believed  that  gome  American 
Books  have  been  read ;  and,  it  is  said,  some  curious  people  have  even  been  seen 
going  to  look  at  an  "American  Statue." 


378  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Obs.  This  has  been  introduced,  and  occasionally  cultivated,  under 
the  absurd  misnomer  of  "  Grass  of  the  Andes;"  but  it  is  not  likely 
to  become  a  favorite,  with  our  farmers.  It  is  partially  naturalized, 
in  some  neighborhoods. 

499.  HOI/CUS,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name, — of  obscure  meaning.] 

Spikelets  2-  to  3-flowered, — the  florets  pedicellate,  so  as  to  appear 
side  by  side,  shorter  than  the  membranaceous  glumes.  Lowest  floret 
neutral,  or  obsolete ;  middle  one  perfect,  chartaceous,  and  awnless ; 
upper  one  staminate  only,  awned  near  the  tip.  Grain  free,  smooth. 

1.77.  landtus,  L.     Softly  hoary-pubescent;  panicle  oblong,  rather 

contracted ;  awn  of  the  staminate  floret  recurved,  included  in  the 

glume. 

WOOLLY  HOLCUS.    Feather-grass.    White  Timothy. 

Perennial.    Culms  \%  to  2  feet  high.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long;  liguLe  -white, 
truncate,  dentate.    Panicle  2  to  4  inches  long,  somewhat  dense,  whitish,  tinged 
with  purple ;  glumes  roughish-pubescent ;  florets  smooth  and  shining. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  Extensively  naturalized ;  but  not  esteemed  by  our  Farmers. 
§2.  Terminal  floret  perfect,  and  awnless, — sometimes  diandrous. 

5OO.  AtfTHOXAlVTIIUM,  L.  <K 

[Or.  Anfhos,  flower,  and  anthon,  of  flowers ;  flower  of  flowers',  fide  A.  Gray.'] 
Spikelets  in  a  condensed,  oblong,  spike-form  panicle, — each  spikelet 
somewhat  3-flowered,  but  the  lower  two  (or  apparently  lateral) florets 
neutral,  consisting  merely  of  a  narrow  palea,  which  is  hairy,  and 
awned  on  the  back ;  the  terminal  (or  central)  floret  diandrous,  with 
2  short,  smooth,  shining  paleae.  Glumes  very  unequal,  thin,  acute, 
keeled.  Grain  smooth,  closely  embraced  by  the  paleae. 

1.  A.  odordtum,  L.  Spikelets  somewhat  fascicled  on  short  peduncles ; 

paleae  of  the  neutral  florets  ciliate. 

FBAGRANT  ANTHOXANTHUM.     Sweet-scented  Vernal-grass. 

Perennial.    Cidms  9  to  18  inches  high,  slender.    Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long, 
pubescent;  sTieaths  nerved;  ligule  elongated.    Panicle  a  sort  of  loose  spike,  1  tOs 
2  or  3  inches  in  length,  becoming  yellowish  when  mature. 
Sab.  Moist  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  May.  Fr.  July.  fc».^  - 

Obs.  This  has  been  much  noticed,  in  Europe,  as  a  fragrant 
meadow-grass ;  but  it  seems  to  affect  a  thin,  moist  soil, — and  is  by 
no  means  regarded,  here,  as  a  grass  of  superior  value.  When  cut, 
and  partly  dry,  it  emits  an  agreeable  odor — often  remarkable  in 
new-mown  hay.  The  culms  have  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
imitation  Leghorn  hats.  This  is  the  grass  so  fancifully  referred  to, 
by  Dr.  DARWIN,  in  the  following  lines  of  the  Botanic  Garden. 

"  Two  gentle  shepherds,  and  their  sister-wives, 
With  thee,  ANTHOXA  !  lead  ambrosial  lives ; 
Where  the  wide  heath  in  purple  pride  extends, 
And  scatter'd  furze  its  golden  lustre  blends, 
Clos'd  in  a  green  recess,  unenvi'd  lot ! 
The  blue  smoke  rises  from  their  turf-built  cot ; 
Bosom'd  in  fragrance  blush  their  infant  train, 
Eye  the  warm  sun,  or  drink  the  silver  rain." 


GRAMINEAE  379 

501.  PHAI/ARIS,  L. 

[Or.  Phalos,  shining;  alluding  to  the  shining  florets,  or  paleae.] 
Spikelets  in  a  dense  panicle  (sometimes  spiked), — each  spikelet  con- 
sidered as  3-flowered,  but  the  two  lower  (or  lateral)  florets  mere 
neutral  rudiments,  at  the  base  of  the  perfect  one.  Glumes  nearly 
equal,  boatshaped,  nerved.  Paleae  shorter  than  the  glumes,  finally 
coriaceous,  and  shining,  closely  investing  the  smooth  grain. 

1.  P.  arundin&cea,  L.    Panicle  oblong,  with  the  spikelets 
clustered,  and  somewhat  secund,  on  the  branches ;  glumes  obtusely 
keeled ;  neutral  rudiments  hairy. 
HEED-LIKE  PHALARIS. 

Perennial.  Culm  3  to  5  feet  high.  Leaves  3  to  12  inches  long,  lance-linear, 
keeled,  deep  green ;  sheaths  smooth ;  liguU  ovate,  obtuse.  Panicle  erect,  finally  a 
little  spreading,  glaucous ;  glumes  acute,  or  acuminate,  3-nerved,  whitish,  with 
green  nerves ;  paleae,  pilose  with  appressed  hairs ;  anthers  yellow ;  grain,  obovate, 
dark  brown. 
Hob.  Swampy  rivulets,  and  ditches :  frequent.  Fl.  June.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  is  a  fine-looking,  deep-green  grass, — but  is  not  regarded 
as  of  much  agricultural  value.  Is  it  really  native  ?  The  foreign 
var.  picta,  with  striped  leaves — called  Ribbon-grass — is  often  seen  in 
gardens.  The  P.  Canariensis,  L.  with  ovate  spikes,  is  also  some- 
times cultivated,  for  the  seeds,  to  feed  birds. 

DIVISION  III.  PANFCEAE. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  but  the  lower  floret  always  imperfect  (either  staminate,  or 
neutral),— often  reduced  to  a  single  empty  palea,  or  glume ;  grain  compressed, — 
or  sometimes  grooved  on  the  back,  with  the  embryo  at  the  bottom  of  the  groove  ; 
flowers  often  polygamous,  or  monoicous. 

TRIBE  7.  PANFCEAE  PROPER. 

Paleae  of  the  fertile  florets  coriaceous,  or  chartaceous,  awnless,  not  keeled,  em- 
bracing the  smooth  grain,  flattened  parallel  with  the  herbaceous  glumes. 

A.  Spikelets  appearing  simply  \-flowered,  from,  Vie  suppression  of  ttie  lower  glume 
(an  empty  palea  occupying  its  place). 

502.  PAS'PAL,IJ]Tl,  L. 

[Gr.  Paspalos ;  said  to  be  an  ancient  name  for  Millet.] 
Spikelets  racemose-spiked,  usually  in  2  rows,  on  one  side  of  a 
flattened  continuous  rachis,  jointed  with  their  very  short  pedicels, 
plano-convex,  and  nearly  orbicular.  Glume  and  empty  palea  few 
nerved.  Perennials :  culm  erect,  smoothish ;  spikes  single,  digitate, 
or  racemed. 

1.  P.  setaceimi,  MX.  Culm  slender;  leaves  hairy;  spike  mostly 
solitary,  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle. 
SETACEOUS  PASPALUM. 

Culm  1  to  2  feet  high,  setaceously  slender,  often  purplish  below,  and  somewhat 
hairy.  Leaves  2  to  6  inches  long,  hairy  on  both  sides;  sheaths  smooth,  pilose  at 
throat.  Spike  2  to  4  inches  in  length,  very  slender,— often  with  another  on  a 
short  peduncle  from  the  same  sheath,— sometimes  others  from  the  lower  eheatha, 
Hob.  Sandy  fields,  and  roadsides :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


380  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

2.  P.  la&ve,  MX.     Culm  rather  stout ;  leaves  generally  smooth ; 
spikes  2  to  6,  alternate  and  approximated  at  the  summit  of  the 
culm,  or  long  naked  peduncle. 

SMOOTH  PASPALUM. 

Culm  1%  to  3  feet  high,  green.    Leaves  3  to  9  inches  long,  pilose  at  base.  Spikes 
2  to  4  inches  long,  with  a  few  long  white  hairs  at  base;  rachis  flat  on  the  back, 
flexuose ;  spikelets  broader  than  the  rachis. 
Hob.  Grassy  flats,  and  moist  grounds :  frequent.    FL  Aug.  Fr,  Sept. 

B.  Spikelets  manifestly  1%-  or  2-flowered  (the  lower  floret  neutral,  or  staminate),-— 
the  lower  glume  being  mostly  present. 

503.  PAWICtJM.  L> 

[Supposed  from  the  Latin,  Pants,  bread ;  which  some  species  afford.] 
Spikelets  sometimes  spiked,  or  racemose, — usually  panicled.  Glumes 
unequal, — the  lower  one  short,  or  minute,  sometimes  wanting. — 
Lower  floret  neutral,  or  staminate,  rarely  awned, — mostly  consisting 
of  a  single  palea,  which  resembles  the  upper  glume.  Upper  floret 
perfect,  coriaceous,  inclosing  the  free  and  grooveless  grain.  Stamens 

3.  Stigmas  plumose,  usually  purple. 

gl.  DIGITARIA:  Annuals:  Spikelets  crowded  2  or  3  together,  in  simple  one-sided 
digitate-fascicled  spikes;  neutral  floret  with  a  single  palea;  lower  glume 
minute,  or  wanting. 

1.  P.  sanauinale,  L.  Culms  geniculate,  decumbent  and  radicating  at 
base ;  spikes  4  to  8  or  10 ;  upper  glume  shorter  than  the  floret. 
Digitaria  sanguinalis.     Scop.  $•  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p>.  44. 

BLOODY  (OR  PURPLE)  PANIOUM.     Crab-grass.     Finger-grass. 

Culms  1  to  2  feet  long,  ascending,  geniculate,  smooth,  somewhat  branching 
from  the  sheaths.     Leaves  2  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  softly  pilose;  sheatfis  strigose- 
ly  hairy ;  ligitle  short.    Spikes  2  to  6  inches  in  length,  often  in  2  fascicles,  usually 
becoming  purple. 
Hob.  Gardens,  and  lota.    Nat.  of  Europe.    FL  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  Grasses  of  this  Section  (Digitaria)  are  probably  all 
introduced, — at  least  into  this  region.  This  is  a  very  troublesome 
one,  in  the  latter  part  of  summer,  in  Gardens  and  cultivated  lots ; 
and,  like  the  most  of  the  Panicums,  is  little  worth,  in  an  agricul- 
tural point  of  view. 

2.  P.  glabrum,  Gaudin.     Culms  procumbent  and  spreading,  rarely 
radicating ;  spikes  2  or  3  to  6  ;  upper  glume  nearly  as  long  as  the 
floret. 

Digitaria  glabra.     Roem.  $  Schultes.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  594. 
SMOOTH  PANICUM. 

Oulms  6  to  12  inches  long,  often  closely  prostrate.    Leaves  1  to  2  or  3  inches  in 
length;  sheaths  smooth,  a  little  pilose  at  throat.    Spikes  1  to  3  inches  long,  seldom 
more  than  3  in  number ;  spikelets  greenish  purple. 
Sab.  Cultivated  grounds.    Nat.  of  Europe.     Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Naturalized  in  all  our  cultivated  lots,  and  Indian-Corn  fields  ; 
but  not  so  troublesome  as  the  preceding. 

3.  P.  filiforme,  L.     Culms  erect,  very  slender ;  spikes  2  to  4  or  6 
(rarely  single),  filiform  ;  lower  glume  wanting. 

Digitaria  filiformis.     Ell.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  44. 


GRAMINEAE  381 

FILIFORM  PANICUM. 

Culm  I  to  2  feet  high.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  in  length,  slightly  hairy;  lower 
sheaths  hairy,— upper  ones  smooth.     Spikes  1  to  3  inches  long,  usually  2  or  3  in 
number ;  spikelets  in  twos,  or  threes,  on  pedicels  of  different  length. 
Uab.  Sandy  fields,  and  roadsides.    Nat.  of  the  South.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  is  said,   in  the  books,  to  be  a  native  of  our  Southern 
Country ;  but  I  suspect  it  is  a  stranger,  here. 

§2.  PANICUM  proper :  Spikelets  scattered  in  panicles. 

a.  Sterile  floret  neutral,    f  Panicle  elongated ;  spikelets  racemose. 

*  Neutral  floret  with  2  paleae. 

4.  P.  anceps,  MX.  Culms  ancipital;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  with  the  point  a  little  curved ;  upper  glume  7-nerved. 
TWO-EDGED  PANICUM. 

Perennial.  Culm  2  to  4  feet  high,  smooth,  somewhat  geniculate  at  hase.  Leaves 
1  to  2  feet  long,  keeled,  hairy  on  the  upper  surface ;  ligvle  obsolete.  Panides 
terminal  and  lateral ;  branches  erect ;  spikelets  somewhat  secund,  in  interrupted 


Hub.  Fields,  and  meadows :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

5.  P.  agrostoides.,  Sprengel.   Culms  compressed ;  leaves  elon- 
gated; panicles  pyramidal;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  acute;  upper 
glume  5-nerved. 
AGEOSTIS-LIKE  PANICUM. 

Perennial.  Culm  1  to  3  feet  high.  Leaves  6  to  15  inches  long,  usually  forming 
a  large  tuft  at  the  root,  smooth;  ligvle  very  short,  truncate.  Panicles  mostly 
dark  purple,  terminal  and  lateral, — the  lateral  ones  on  long  compressed  peduncles  ; 
branches  slightly  flexuose,  finally  spreading  horizontally ;  spikelets  in  somewhat 
eecund  racemes,  crowded,  on  short  pedicels,  often  with  slender  setaceous  bracts  at 
base. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows ;  borders  of  swamps :  frequent.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

*  *  Neutral  floret  with  a  single  palea. 

G.  P»  proliferum,  Lamarck.     Smooth;  culms  rather  stout 
and  succulent,  geniculate,  ascending,   or  procumbent;   spikeleta 
lance-oval,  appressed. 
PROLIFEROUS  PANICUM. 

Annual.    Culms  1  to  2  feet  long,  branching.    Leaves  3  to  12  inches  long ;  sheaths 
loose ;  ligvle,  ciliate.    Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  spreading ;  branches  straight, 
scabrous ;  spikelets  pale  green ;  lower  glume  short  and  broad,  clasping, — upper  one 
7-nerved,  acute. 
Hob.  Wet  meadows ;  roadsides :  frequent.    Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

ff  Panicle  capillary,  large  and  loose;  neutral  floret  with  a  single  palea. 

7.  P.  capillare,  L.   Sheaths  hirsute ;  panicle-branches  finally 
divaricate ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  acuminate. 
HAIR-LIKE  PANICUM.     Old-witch  Grass. 

Annual.  Culm  6  inches  to  1  or  2  feet  high,  rather  erect,  often  branching.— 
Leaves  3  to  10  inches  in  length,  lance-linear,  hairy ;  ligule  beard-like.  Panicle  6  to 
12  inches  long,  pyramidal ;  spikelets  small,  on  long  hispid  peduncles,  often  purple, 
£06.  Sandy  grounds ;  Indian-corn  fields,  &c. :  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 


882  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

Obs.  In  autumn,  the  dry  culms  of  this  worthless  grass  break  off, 

and  the  divaricate  panicles  are  rolled  over  the  fields,  by  the  winds, 

until  they  accumulate  in  great  quantities,  along  fences  and  hedges. 

t>.  Sterile  floret  mostly  staminate,  with  Zpaleae-. 

f  Panicle  elongated,  compound. 

8.  P.  Virgatlim,  L.     Glabrous;    culms  tall;   panicle-branches 
virgate,  finally  spreading,  and  somewhat  nodding ;  spikelets  ovate, 
acuminate. 

VIRGATE,  OR  LONG-PANICLED  PANICUM. 

Perennial:  often  purple :  Culms  3  to  5  feet  high.    Leaves  1  to  3  feet  long,  pilose 
at  base ;  liguk  fringed  with  long  white  hairs.    Panicle  1  to  2  feet  long ;  spikdets 
rather  large,  scattered ;  sterile  floret  staminate,'— the  upper  palea  membranaceoue 
and  white,  infolding  the  purple  stamens. 
Hob.  Along  streams ;  Brandy  wine :  not  common.    Fl.  Augv  Fr.  Sept. 

ft  Panicle  short,  simple;  leaves  broad. 

9.  P.  latifolium,  L.     Culms  simple;  nodes  retforsely  hairy; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate ;  sheaths  usually  smoothish. 
BROAD-LEAVED  PANICUM. 

Perennial.  Culm  1  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  3  or  4  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch 
•wide,  clasping;  sheaths  ciliate,  sometimes  pubescent.  Panicle  2  to  3  inches  in 
length,  generally  exserted;  spikelets  oblong-ovoid,  pubescent,  large ;  sterile  Jkfet 
with  3  perfect  stamens. 

Hob.  Shaded  ditch  banks;  thickets,  &c.:  frequent.    FL  June.  Fr.  Aug. 
c.  Sterile  floret  neutral,  with  2  paleae. 
f  Culm-leaves  broad,  several-nerved. 

10.  P,  clanclCNtimiin,  L.  Culms  branching ;  nodes  smooth ; 
leaves  cordate-lanceolate ;  sheaths  hispid,  inclosing  the  short  lateral 
panicles. 

CLANDESTINE,  OR  HIDDEN-FLOWERED  PANICUM. 

Perennial.    Culm  1  to  3  feet  high,  leafy  at  summit, — one  or  two  upper  branches 
finally  much  elongated.    Leaves  3  to  6  inches  long,  ciliate  at  base ;  sheaths  deeply . 
striate,  strigosely  hairy  in  the  grooves.     Panicles  lateral,  few-flowered,  nearly 
concealed  in  the  sheaths ;  spikdets  oblong-ovoid,  rather  obtuse,  large,  pubescent. 
Hob.  Moist,  low  grounds ;  along  rivulets :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

11.  P.  microcarpon,  Muhl.   Culms  simple ;  sheaths  smooth ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate  at  base;  panicle  rather  large;  spikelets 
small,  ovoid,  or  obovoid. 

SMALL-FRUITED  PANICUM. 

Perennial.    Culm  \%  to  3  feet  high,  smooth;  nodes  glabrous.   Leaves  3  to  9 
inches  long,  roughish  on  the  upper  surface,— the  radical  ones  ovate,  acute;  sheaths 
smooth,  deeply  striate;  ligule  none.  Panicle  3  to  6  inches  in  length,  much  branch- 
ed, somewhat  pyramidal,  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle ;  spikelets  numerous,  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  nearly  smooth;  perfect  floret  bluish  white. 
Sab.  Moist  woodlands,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 
t  f  Culm-leaves  narrow,  few-nerved. 

12.  P.  dicliotomum,  L.  Culms  at  first  simple,  finally  dicho- 
tomous,  with  fascicled  leafy  branches, — or  often  a  few  elongated 
ones  ;  panicles  capillary,  slender. 

Also,  P.  nitidum.    Lam.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  46. 


GRAMINEAE  383 

DICHOTOMOUS  PANICUM. 

Perennial.  Culm  I  to  2  feet  high;  nodes  often  villous,  sometimes  smooth.— 
Leaves  1  or  2  inches  long,— the  short  ones  numerous  on  the  fascicled  branches, 
hairy,  or  smooth;  sheaths  often  hairy;  ligule  bearded.  Panicles  terminal  and 
lateral,— the  former  on  long  peduncles,— the  latter  few-flowered,  simple,  on  short 
peduncles;  spikelets  small. 
Hob.  Dry  woods ;  clearings,  &c. :  common.  FL  June.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  assumes  many  forms ;  and  I  have  had  occasion  fully 
to  verify  Prof.  A.  GRAY'S  remark,  that  P.  dichotomum  is  the 
autumnal  state  of  several  slender  varieties  of  Panicum,  observable  in 
the  earlier  part  of  the  season, — and  which  have  heretofore  ranked 
as  species. 

13.  P.  depauperatum,  Muhl.    Culms  simple,  cespitose; 
upper  leaves  elongated ;  panicle  terminal,  simple,  few-flowered, — 
the  branches  erect  and  flexuose. 

P.  rectum.     R.  $  S.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  45. 
IMPOVERISHED  PANICUM, 

Perennial.  Culms  6  to  15  inches  high,  roughish ;  nodes  hairy.  Leaves  3  to  6 
inches  long,  erect,  involute  at  apex,  more  or  less  pilose, — the  upper  one  overtop- 
ping the  panicle ;  sheaths  pubescent  with  long  hairs.  Panicle-branches  somewhat 
in  pairs,— one  of  then  longer  and  bearing  2  spikelets ;  spikelets  rather  large, 
smooth,  all  pedunculate. 

Hob.  Dry  hills;  Serpentine  ridge:  abundant.    FL  May.  Fr.  July. 
2  3.  ECHINOCHIXH  :  Spikelets  imbricate-spiked  on  paniculate  branches ;  sterile  floret 

neutral,  (sometimes  staminate),  with  2  paleae, — the  lower  one  awned,  or  TOM- 

cronate. 

14.  P.    Crus-gdlli,  L.     Culms  stout,   smooth;   spikes  alternate, 
secund;  glumes,   and  lower  palea  of  the  neutral  floret,  hispid; 
rachis  hirsute. 

COCK'S-FOOT  PANICUM. 

Annual.  Culm  2  to  5  feet  high.  Leaves  9  to  15  inches  long,  broadish,  serrulate  on 
the  margins;  sheaths  rather  loose,  compressed,  smooth;  ligule  none.     Panicle 
pyramidal,  with  the  spikelets  crowded  in  dense  spike-form,  compound  racemes ; 
spikelets  ovoid,  plano-convex,  echinate,  awned,  or  sometimes  awnless. 
Sab.  Moist  places ;  Barnyard  drains.    Nat.  of  Europe.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  coarse,  weed-like  grass,  is  usually  stated  to  be  indi- 
genous in  all  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe ;  but  I  believe  it  to  be  a 
naturalized  foreigner,  in  Chester  County. 

5O4.  SETA'RIA,  Beauvois. 

[Latin,  Seta,  a  bristle;  from  the  involucre-like  bristles  of  the  spikelets.] 
Spikelets  as  in  Panicum  proper, — awnless,  but  with  short  peduncles 
(abortive  spikelets?)  produced  beyond  them  into  solitary,  or  clus- 
tered bristles,  resembling  awns.  Inflorescence  a  dense  spiked  panicle, — 
or  sometimes  apparently  a  cylindrical  spike.  Annuals :  introduced 
from  Europe,  and  are  all  naturalized  weeds, — except  the  last,  which  is 
occasionally  cultivated. 

f  Bristles  single,  or  in  pairs,  retrorsely  scabrous. 

1«  S.  vertidllata,  Beauv.  Spike  pale  green,  nearly  cylindrical,  some- 
what interrupted ;  spikelets  subverticillate;  bristles  in  pairs,  rather 
short,  adhesive. 


384  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS 

VERTICILLATE  SETARIA. 

Culm  about  2  feet  high,  rather  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  3  to  9  inches  long; 
sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  bearded.  Spike  2  to  3  inches  in  length ;  rachis  angular, 
eulcate,  scabrous ;  spikelets  clustered  on  short  pedicels ;  bristles  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  spikelets,  yellowish-green,  sometimes  purplish  ;  paleae  of  the  perfect  floret 
roughish-dotted,  or  papillose. 
Hab.  Gardens,  and  lots :  not  yet  very  common.  Fl.  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  The  adhesive  bristles  of  this  species  are  calculated  to  make 
it  something  of  a  nuisance,  if  it  becomes  abundant. 

f  f  Bristles  in  clusters  of  4  to  8  or  10,  antrorsely  scabrous. 

2.  S.  fflauca,  Beauv.     Spike  tawny,  quite  cylindrical ;  bristles  6  to 
10  in  a  cluster,  long ;  paleae  of  the  perfect  florets  transversely 
rugose. 

GLAUCOUS  SETARIA.     Fox-tail  Grass. 

Culm  2  to  3  feet  high,  smooth,  sometimes  branching,  often  several  from  the 
same  root.  Leaves  6  to  15  inches  long,  somewhat  glaucous ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligvle 
short,  fringed.  Spike  2  to  6  inches  in  length  ;  rachis  pubescent ;  bristles  2  or  3 
times  as  long  as  the  spikelets ;  perfect  florets  plano-convex — the  paleae  firm  and 
almost  horn  like,  wavy-wrinkled. 
Hab.  Stubble  fields,  orchards,  Ac. :  common.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

3.  S.  viridis,  Beauv.     Spike  green,  subcylindrical,  or  oval-oblong, 
somewhat  compound ;  bristles  4  to  10  in  a  cluster,  longish ;  paleae 
of  the  perfect  florets  striate  lengthwise,  puncticulate. 

GREEN  SETARIA.     Bottle-grass. 

Culm  1  to  2  or  3  feet  high,  often  branching  near  the  base.    Leaves  3  to  8  inches 
long ;  sheaths  smooth ;  ligule  fringed.    Spike  1  to  4  inches  long,  often  so  compound 
as  to  be  swelling  in  the  middle;  rachis  hirsute  with  short  hairs;  bristles  3  or  4 
times  as  long  as  the  spikelets. 
Hab.  Cultivated  grounds ;  roadsides,  &c. :  frequent.    F  Z.July.  Fr.  Aug. 

4.  S.  ITA"LICA,   var.  GERMANICA,  Kunth.     Spike  yellowish,  ovoid- 
oblong,  compound,  interrupted  at  base  ;  bristles  4  to  8  in  a  cluster, 
short ;  paleae  of  the  perfect  floret  smooth,  minutely  striate-punctate. 
ITALIAN  SETARIA  (GERMAN  VARIETY).     Millet.     Bengal-grass. 

Culm  2  to  4  or  5  feet  high.    Leaves  6  to  18  inches  long,  broadish ;  sheaths  striate; 
ligule  beard-like.    Spike  (or  rather  densely  contracted  panicle)  3  to  6  inches  in 
length ;  rachis  densely  hirsute  with  longish  hairs ;  bristles  about  as  long  as  the 
spikelets.  sometimes  longer. 
Hab.  Fields :  cultivated.    Nat.  of  Europe,  and  India.     Fl  July.  Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  is  sometimes  cultivated,  to  eke  out  the  hay-crop ;  but 
it  is  not  likely  to  become  general, — as  a  crop  of  Oats  can  be  as 
easily  raised,  and  is  more  valuable, 

505.  CEIV'CHRIIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Kenchros,  the  ancient  name  of  Millet.] 

Spikelets  as  in  Panicum, — awnless,  but  inclosed  (1  to  5  together,)  in 
a  globular,  bristly,  or  spinose  involucre,  which  becomes  coriaceous, 
forming  a  deciduous  bur,  in  fruit.  Involucres  sessile,  in  a  terminal 
spike.  Scales  none.  Styles  united  below.  Grain  free,  included  in 
the  paleae. 


GRAMINEAB  885 

1.  C.  tribuloldes,  L.  Culms  branched  at  base,  geniculate,  ascending, 
or  procumbent ;  spike  oblong ;  involucre  spinose,  pubescent,  split 
on  one  side. 
TEIBULUS-LIKE  CENCHRUS.     Bur-grass.     Hedgehog-Grass. 

Annual.  Culms  9  to  18  inches  long,  smooth.  Leaves  3  to  8  inches  long;  sheaths 
loose,  smooth ;  ligule  beard-like.  Spike  terminal,  consisting  of  6  to  12,  or  more, 
alternate  involucrate  heads,  or  clusters ;  rachis  angular,  flexuose,  slightly  sca- 
brous; involucre  urceolate,  or  subglobose,  laciniate,  armed  externally  with  rigid, 
subulate,  scabrous  spines,  villous  within,  embracing  1,  2,  or  3  spikelets ;  sterile 
floret  mostly  staminate. 
Hob.  Old  fields.  Nat.  of  the  South,  fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  pestilent  grass  is,  happily,  yet  rare  in  our  County; 
but  is  gradually  extending  itself, — and,  if  not  vigilantly  watched, 
will  one  day  be  found  a  great  nuisance,  around  our  dwellings.  It 
is  very  abundant  in  the  sandy  districts  of  New  Jersey ;  but  whether 
indigenous  there,  I  cannot  say. 

TRIBE  8.  SACCHA^REAE. 

Paleae  of  the  fertile  florets  membranaceous,  always  thinner  and  more  delicate 
than  the  (often  indurated)  glumes, — frequently  awned  at  apex ;  spikelets  usually 
in  pairs,  or  threes,  spiked,  or  panicled,  some  of  them  entirely  sterile  (m&noicous, 
or  polygamous). 

§  1.  SPIKELETS  MONOICOUS  :  Pistillate  spikelets  imbedded  in  the  rachis  of  the  contin- 
uous spike,  or  in  its  separable  joints. 

506.  ZEXA,  L. 

[Gr.  Zao,  to  live;  from  the  sustenance  it  affords  to  animal  life.] 
STAMINATE  SPIKELETS  in  terminal,  fascicled,  spicate  racemes,  2- 
flowered;  glumes  herbaceous,  pubescent;  paleae  membranaceous, 
awnless ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  linear,  erect ;  scales  2,  collateral,  fleshy, 
glabrous.  PISTILLATE  SPIKELETS  sessile,  2-flowered  (the  lower  one 
abortive),  in  dense  continuous  spikes,  which  terminate  short,  nodose, 
axillary  branches, — the  spikes  enveloped  by  the  sheaths  of  abortive 
leaves,  called  husks;  glumes  fleshy-membranaceous,  very  broad, 
ciliate, — the  lower  one  emarginately  2-lobed;  paleae  fleshy-mem- 
branaceous,— the  abortive  floret  with  2  paleae.  Ovary  roundish- 
ovoid  ;  style  capillary,  very  long,  exserted  from  the  envelopes  of  the 
spike,!" pubescent  at  summit,  and  mostly  bifid  (stigmas?).  Grain 
usually  crowded,  and  then  compressed,  cuneate,  or  roundish- 
reniform,  with  a  shallow  groove  on  the  upper  side  containing  the 
embryo, — the  base  imbedded  in  the  persistent  glumes  and  paleae. 
Annual :  culm  stout,  solid  with  pith ;  pistillate  spikelets  in  8  to  12 
longitudinal  rows,  on  the  thick  subcylindric  rachis,  the  rows  always 
in  approximated  pairs,  before  the  spaces  are  filled  by  their  growth ; 
spikes  (or  ears)  1  to  3  or  4  (rarely  more — usually  2)  on  a  culm. 

1.  Z.  MXvs,  L.     Leaves  flat,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  a 
broad  midrib  channelled  above. 
Indian  Corn.     Maize. 

Culm  4  to  15  feet  high,  and  about  an  inch,  or  inch  and  a  half,  in  diameter,  sim- 
ple (often  producing  branches,  or  suckers,  at  base),  nodose,  semi-terete,  or  with  a 
broad  shallow  channel,  on  alternate  sides,  between  the  nodes.  Leaves  2  to  3  feet 

25 


386  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

long,  and  2  to  4  inches  wide,  pubescent  above,  smooth  beneath ;  slieaths  smooth, 
pubescent  along  the  margins ;  ligule  short. 
Hub.  Fields.    Nat.  of  Southern  America.    Ft.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  Long  culture  has  produced  several  varieties  of  this  noble 
Grass, — with  grains  of  differant  form  and  color.  There  is  also  a 
remarkable  vanity— fre^nt,  I  believe,  in  the  South  west — in  which 
a  kind  of  hu^k,  or  involucre,  is  developed  around  every  grain,  or 
sp'kelet,  on  the  receptac'e.  The  Goethean  theory  of  the  modification 
of  leaves,  at  the  successive  stages  of  the  vegetable  progress,  from 
cotyledons  to  flowers,  is  well  illustrated  by  the  envelope,  or  "  husk," 
of  an  Etr  of  Indian  Corn.  Few  heedless  observers  would  be  apt  to 
recognize  the  fact,  that  the  several  portions  of  that  envelope  are 
the  sheaths  of  abortive  leaves :  and  yet  nothing  is  more  obvious,  when 
we  examine  them  by  the  light  of  that  theory.  The  spike  of  pistil- 
late flowers  is  supported  on  a  short  axillary  branch,  with  numerous 
nodes,  and  very  short  internodes.  As  nodes  are  the  points  at  which 
leaves  originate,  we  accordingly  find  a  leaf — or  rather  the  sheathing 
petiole  of  an  imperfect  one^-at  each  node  of  this  short  flowering- 
branch  ;  and  as  the  nodes  are  very  close  together,  the  sheaths 
necessarily  over-lap  one  another,— and  thus  furnish  a  manifold 
wrapper  to  the  spike  of  flowers  and  fruit  (i.  e.  the  "Ear").  That 
these  several  layers  of  the  envelope  are  the  sheathing  portions  of 
abortive  leaves,  is  demonstrated  by  the  laminae,  more  or  less  de- 
veloped, at  their  summits, — and  which,  indeed,  are  sometimes  seen 
expanded  to  nearly  half  the  size  of  an  ordinary  full-grown  blade. — 
The  sam3  doctrine  applies  to  the  chaff,  or  floral  coverings,  of  all  the 
Grasses;*  as  it  does,  in  fact,  to  those  of  all  the  flowering  tribes. 

507.  TRIP'SACUHI,  //. 

[Gr.  tribo,  to  rub ;  perhaps  in  reference  to  the  polished  fertile  spike.] 
Rpikelets  sessile,  in  terminal  and  subterininaiyomtee?  spikes, — which 
spikes  are  solitary,  or  often  digitate  in  twos  or  threes,  the  staminate 
part  above.  STAMINATE  SPIKELETS  in  pairs  on  each  triangular  joint, 
longer  than  the  joint,  collateral,  2-flowered, — the  florets  each  witli 
Zpaleae,  and  3  stamens;  anthers  orange-colored,  opening  by  2  pores 
at  summit.  PISTILLATE  SPIKELETS  single,  2-flowered  (the  lower  one 
neutral),  deeply  imbedded  in  each  oblong  joint  of  the  cartilaginous 
thickened  rachis,  and  occupying  a  boat-shaped  cavity  which  is 
closed  by  the  polished  cartilaginous  ovate  outer  glume ;  inner  glume 
much  thinner,  boat-shaped.  Paleae  very  thin,  hyaline,  and  closely 
packed  together.  Stifle  long;  stigmas  very  long,  plumose,  dark 
purple.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  Perennial:  culms  cespitose,  tall,  branch- 
ing, hard  and  smooth,  solid  with  pith ;  leaves  very  long,  sublinear, 
acuminate ;  spikes  separating  at  the  articulations  spontaneously,  at 
maturity. 

1.  T.  dactyloldes,  L.     Spikes  usually  2  together,  with  the 
contiguous  sides  flat,  the  upp3r  half  staminate. 
FINGER-LUCK  TRIPSACUJI.     Gama  Grass.     Sesame  Grass. 

Culms  3  to  6  feet  high,  the  internodes  broadly  channelled  on  alternate  sides  ; 

*  "  Perigonia  gramiuum  sunt  vaginae  foliorum  superstites,'' — LISK. 


GRAMTXEAE  387 

nodes  smooth.    Leaves  2  to  4  feet  long,  and  about  an  inch  wide,  sharply  scabrous 
on  the  margins,  striate-nerved  ;   midrib  keeled,  channelled  and  white  above; 
Hgule  very  short,  ciliate.    Spikes  4  to  8  inches  long,—  when  single,  the  pistillate 
portion  is  terete,—  when  in  pairs,  semi-terete  as  if  split  down. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows  ;  Great  Valley  :  rare.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.  This  stout  and  remarkable  grass  was  at  one  time  extolled 
as  an  article  of  fodder,  for  Stock;  but  I  think  it  can  never  take  the 
place  of  the  present  cultivated  grasses. 

g  2.  SPIKELETS  POLYGAMOUS  :  Fertile  spikclets  with  1  perfect,  and  one  sterile  floret  ; 
lower  palea  of  the  perfect  floret  owned. 


508.  , 

[Greek;  literally  Man's  beard,—  in  allusion  to  the  hairy  spikelets.] 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  in  pairs  upon  each  joint  of  the  slender  raehist 
spiked,  or  racemose,  —  one  of  the  spikelets  pedicellate  and  sterile, 
often  a  mere  rudiment,  —  the  other  sessile,  with  the  lower  floret 
neutral  and  of  a  single  palea,  the  upper  one  perfect,  of  2  thin  hyaline 
paleae,  which  are  shorter  than  the  subcoriaceous  glumes.  Stamens 
1  to  3.  Grain  free,  enveloped  by  the  glumes  and  paleae.  Perennials  : 
culms  rigid  ;  nodes  smooth  ;  spikes  terminal  and  lateral,  digitate, 
simple,  or  clustered,  the  rachis  hairy,  or  plumose-bearded. 

t  Spikes  digitate;  sterile  spikelets  staminate  (3  stamens),  awnless. 

1.  A.  furc&tus,  Muhl.  Spikes  hairy,  often  purple,  —  usually  in 
threes  or  fours  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  in  pairs  on  the  branches. 
FORKED  ANDROPOSON.  Finger-spiked  Indian-Grass. 

Calm  about  4  feet  high,  smooth,  terete  below,  semi-terete  above.    Leaves  6  to  12 
inches  long;  sheaths  smooth;  ligule  obtuse,  fringed.     Spikes  2  to  3  inches  in 
length. 
Hob.  Slaty  hills,  and  sterile  low  grounds  :  frequent.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

Obs.   This,   and  all  the  following,    are  remarkably  worthless 
grasses. 

1  1  Spikes  simple  ;  sterile  spikelet  neutral,  the  lower  glume  owned. 

*i.  A.  sfopiirius,  MX.  Culms  paniculate  above  with  long  slender 
branches  ;  spikes  terminal,  loose  and  slender,  on  long  peduncles. 
BROOM  ANUROPOGON.     Indian-Grass.     Wood-Grass. 

Culm  3  or  4  feet  high,  rather  slender,  smooth,  somewhat  compressed  ;  branches 
in  lateral  fascicles,  sometimes  in  pairs,  often  subdivided.    Leaves  6  to  12  inches 
long;  sJieatfis  roughish  ;  ligule  truncate  ;  spikes  about  2  inches  long  ;  rachis  plano- 
convex, pilose  at  the  edges. 
Hob.  Sterile  banks  ;  old  fields,  &c.  :  common.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 

f  ft  Spikes  clustered;  sterile  spikelet  reduced  to  a  mere  plumose  pedicel;  fertile 
florets  monandrous. 

3.  A.  Virginicus,  L.  Culms  with  remote  short  branches  above  ; 
sheaths  compressed,  smooth  ;  spikes  2  to  3,  in  distant  appressed 
clusters. 

VIRGINIAN  ANDROPOGON. 
Cukn  about  3  feet  high,  smooth,  sparingly  branched,—  the  brancJut  partly  con- 


000  ENDOGENOUS   PLANTS 

cealed  by  the  sheaths.    Leaves  3  to  12  inches  long ;  ligule  short,  ciliate.    Spikes 
about  an  inch  long,  in  scattered  lateral  fascicles  on  the  short  slender  branches ; 
rachis  filiform,  pilose  with  long  white  silky  hairs. 
Jfifo&.  Sterile  hills;  dry  swamps:  frequent.    Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

4.   A.   iiicicroiiriitt,  MX.     Culms  rather  stout,   corymbosely 
bushy-branched  at  summit;  sheaths  roughish ;  spikes  in  pairs,  on 
sheathed  peduncles. 
LARGE-TAILED  AND.ROPOQON.     Cluster-flowered  Indian-Grass. 

Culm  1%  to  3  feet  high,  smooth.     Leaves  3  to  12  inches  long  ;  sheaths  rather 
open;  ligule  short,  truncate,  minutely  fringed.  Spikes  scarcely  an  inch  long,  part* 
ly  concealed  in  the  compressed  boat-shaped  sheaths ;  rachis  filiform,  clothed  with 
long  white  silky  hairs. 
Hah.  Swampy  sterile  grounds :  frequent.    Fl.  Sept.  Fr.  Octo. 

509.  SORGHUM,  Persoon. 
[The  ancient  name  of  a  cultivated  species.] 

Spikelets  2  or  3  together,  on  the  branches  of  a  mostly  loose  and 
open  panicle, — the  lateral  ones  sterile,  or  often  mere  rudiments, — 
the  middle  (or  terminal)  one,  only,  fertile.  Glumes  coriaceous,  some* 
times  awnless.  Stamens  3.  For  the  rest,  as  in  Andropogon. 

f  Culm  slender,  fistular. 

1*  S.  nutaiis,  A.  6fray.     Leaves  lance-linear ;  ligule  elongated, 
truncate;  panicle  narrowly  oblong;  fertile  spikelets  russet-brown. 
Andropogon  nutans.     L.  §  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  88. 
NODDING  SORGHUM.     Oat-like  Indian-Grass. 

Perennial.  Culm  3  to  5  feet  high,  simple,  terete,  smooth;  nodes  bearded  with 
white  appressed  hairs.  Leaves  6  to  18  inches  long,  roughish.  Panicle  6  to  9 
inches  in  length,— the  pedicels  of  the  upper  spikelets  plumosely  hairy;  perfect 
spikelets  clothed  with  tawny  hairs,  shorter  than  the  twisted  awn,  finally  drooping. 
Hob.  Sterile  soils ;  neglected  old  fields :  frequent.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Sept. 
tfCulm  stout,  solid  with  pith. 

%.  S.  SACCHARATUM,  Pers.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  ligule  short, 
ciliate ;  panicle  with  long  verticillate  branches,  loosely  expanding. 
SUGAR  SORGHUM.  Broom-Corn. 

Annual.  Culm  6  to  9  feet  high,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  diameter ;  nodes 
tumid,  with  a  ring  of  short  appressed  hairs  at  the  base  of  the  sheaths.  Leaves 
about  2  feet  long,  and  2  inches  wide.  Panicle  1  to  2  feet  long,— the  branches  num- 
erous, nearly  simple,  long  and  slender;  spikelets  mostly  in  pairs  (the  terminal 
ones  in  threes),  in  racemose  clusters  near  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  clothed , 
with  glossy  appressed  hairs;  stigmas  greenish-yellow. 
Hob.  Fields  and  gardens.  Nat.  of  India.  Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs,  Cultivated  for  the  panicles, — of  which  brooms  and  brushes 
are  made;  According  to  Mr.  WATSON'S  Annals,  CHARLES  THOMSON, 
the  Secretary  of  the  Revolutionary  Congress,  said  he  well  remem- 
bered the  first  introduction  of  Broom  Corn  into  our  Country.  Dr. 
FRANKLIN  chanced  to  see  an  imported  Corn  Whisk  in  the  possession 
of  a  Lady,  and  while  examining  it,  as  a  novelty,  spied  a  grain  of  it 
still  attached  to  the  stalk.  This  he  took  and  planted. 


GRAMINEAE  389 

3.  S.  VULGARE,  Pers.     Panicle  erect,  somewhat  contracted;  glumes 
of  the  fertile  spikelets  pubescent. 

COMMON  SORGHUM.     Indian  Millet. 

Annual.    Culm  5  to  9  feet  high ;  nodes  pubescent.    Leaves  9  to  18  inches  long.~ 
ranide  6  to  12  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Gardens.    Nat.  of  India.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octe. 

Obs.  This  is  sometimes  cultivated ;  fewt  rather  as  a  curiosity, 
than  for  any  important  object.  There  is  a  variety  (bicolor,)  called 
Chocolate  Corn, — with  a  spreading  panitdt,  and  glumes  smoothish, 
•with  fringed  margin, — which  has  also  been  cultivated,  and  the 
grains  used  as  a  poor  substitute  for  coffee. 

4.  S.  clsRNUCM,  Willd.     Panicle  densely  contracted,   oval,  mostly 
rigidly  recurved  or  nodding;  glumes  villous,  fringed. 
DROOPING  SORGHUM.     Guinea-Corn. 

Annual.    Culm,  5  to  8  feet  high;  lower  nodes  emitting  verticillate  radicles.— 
Leaves  12  to  18  inches  long.    Panide  4  to  6  inches  long ;  florets  villous,  fringed } 
scarcely  awned. 
Hob.  Fields,  and  Gardens.    Nat  of  India.    -Fl.  Aug.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  Occasionally  cultivated,  as  food  for  poultry ;  but  more  as  a 
curiosity.  I  sometimes  observe  a  very  similar  plant,  in  the  gardens, 
with  the  dense  oval  panicle  erect, — perhaps  only  a  variety. 


390  ACROQENOUS    PLANTS 

SERIES  II. 

CKYPTOG'AMOUS  OR  FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

VEGETABLES  destitute  of  proper  flowers  (stamens  and  pistils),  and 
producing  seeds  of  homogeneous  structure  (called  spores),  in  which 
there  is  no  embryo  or  plantlet  manifest,  before  germination. 

CLASS  III. 

ACKO'GENOUS  OR  APEX-GROWING 
PLANTS. 

Cryptogamous  Plants  with  a  distinct  axis  (stem  and  branches],  growing 
from  the  apex  only, — containing  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  and  usually 
with  a  distinct  foUage. 

ORDER  CXIX.  EQUISET.VCEAE. 

Leafless  plants,  with  rush-like  hollow  articulated  stems,,  rising  from  creeping 
rhizomax,  and  terminated  by  the  fructification,  which  is  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  or 
spike,  composed  of  peltate  pedicellate  scales  bearing  the  sporanges  (or  spore-cases) 
underneath. 

510.  EQUISErTUIwr,  L. 

[Latin,  Eqmis,  a  horse,  and  Seta,  a  bristle ;  resembling  a  horse-tail.] 
Sporanges  6  or  7,  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  angular  scales  of 
the  cone,  1 -celled,  opening  down  the  inner  side  and  discharging  the 
numerous  loose  spores.  Spores  embraced  by  4  hygrometric  clavate 
filaments  (called  elaters),  which  relax  or  uncoil  when  dry.  Stems 
striate-grooved ;  joints  separable,  embraced  by  sheaths  which  are 
toothed  at  summit;  branches,  when  present,  verticillate. 

§1.  Stems  annual, — the  fertile  stems  different  from  the  sterile  ones. 
•f  Fertile  stems  never  branching. 

1.  E.  arvense,  L.     Sterile  stems  with  simple  ascending  3-  or 
4-angled  branches ;  sheaths  of  the  fertile  stems  remote. 

FIELD  EQUISETUM. 

Fertile  stems  appearing  first,  6  to  9  inches  high,  with  an  ovoid-oblong  brownish 
spike  about  2  inches  in  length ;  sheaths  large,  loose,  with  long  acute  teeth,  dark 
purplish-brown,  whitish  at  base.  Sterile  stems  9  to  15  inches  high,  with  a  verticil 
of  slender  articulated  branches  from  the  base  of  the  sheaths ;  branches  4  to  8 
inches  long,  scabrous,  green,— each  branch  with  its  own  sheath  at  base,  and  sheath- 
ed at  each  articulation. 

Hob.  Moist  grounds ;  borders  of  thickets :  frequent.    Fr.  April,  May. 
ft  Fertile  stems  producing  branches  after  fructification. 

2.  E.  syl  vat  iciim,  L.     Sterile  and  fertile  stems  both  branch- 
ing; branches  compound,  curved  downward. 

WOOD  EQUISETUM.     Horse-tail. 

Stems  9  to  18  inches  high, — the  joints  invested  with  loose  sheaths  which  are  divid- 
ed at  summit  into  several  broad  lanceolate  tawny-ferruginous  teeth,  or  sometimes 
parted  into  2  or  3  lance-oblong  segments  ;  fertile  stems  with  verticils  of  rather  short, 
divaricate,  or  deflected  branches,  from  the  base  of  the  3  or  4  uppermost  sheaths, 
and  terminating  in  an  oblong-ovoid  brownish  S2>ike  about  an  inch  in  length ;  stcr- 


EQUISETACEAE  391 

ik  stems  usually  taller  and  more  slender, — the  joints  nearly  all  furnished  with 
verticils  of  branches  which  are  longer,  and  considerably  subdivided. 
Hub.  Low  grounds ;  borders  of  woods :  frequent.    Fr.  Mny. 

g  2.  Stems  evergreen,  all  alike,  and  mostly  branchless. 

3.  E.  hyemsile,  L.     Steins  rather  stout,  very  rough;  sheaths 
short,  close,  whitish,  with  small  blackish  deciduous  teeth  at  sum- 
mit. 
WINTER  EQUISETUM.     Scouring  Rush. 

Stems  1  to  2  feet  high,  glaucous  (purplish-black  at  base),  terminating  in  an 
ovoid  blackish  spike  about  half -an  inch  in  length ;  shettths  whitish,  with  a  purplish 
black  band  at  base,  and  at  summit  a  ring  of  small  blackish  teeth,  which  soon 
fall  off,  leaving  the  sheath  truncate  and  entire. 
Hub.  Margins  of  Swamps  :•  frequent.    Fr.  June. 

ORDER   CXX.  FILTCES.    FERNS. 

Plants  consisting  chiefly  of  horizontal  rhizomas,  and  stipitute  leaf-lile  expansions, 
called  fronds,  which  are  mostly  circinate  in  the  bud,  and  bearing  on  the  veins  of 
their  lower  surface,  or  along,  the  margips,  the  simple  Jructijication,  which  consists 
of  1-celled  sporanges,  opening  in  various  ways,  and  discharging  the  numerous 
minute  spores. 

SUBORDER  I.  POLYPODIN'EAE. 

Sporanges  collected  in  dots,  lines,  or  variously  shaped  clusters  (called  sori),  on 
the  back  or  margins  of  the  frond,or  its  divisions,  reticulated  and  pellucid,  pedi- 
cellate, surrounded  by  an.  elastic  vertical  ring,  and  which  by  straightening  at 
maturity  ruptures  the  sporange  tranversely  on  the  inner  side,  discharging  the 
spores ;  sort  often  covered  by  a  membrauaceous  scale,  or  modified  margin  of  the 
frond,  which  is  termed  the  indu&ium. 

§1.  POLY  PODIEAE  :  Sori  without  a  special  indusium,  orbicular. 

511,  POL.YPOWUIH,  L. 

[Gr.  Poly,  many,  and  Pous,  a  foot ;  from  its  numerous  stipes.] 

Sort  scattered  irregularly  on  the  back  of  the  frond ;  veins  simple, 

forked,  or  pinnate.     Rhizoma  covered  with  tawny  chaff-like  scales. 

f  Fronds  simply  pinnatifid,  evergreen ;  sori  large. 

1.  P.  Ylllg&re,  L.     Fronds  lance-oblong,   smooth,   deeply  pin- 
natifid ;  pinnae  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrulate. 
COMMON  POLYPODIUM. 

Fronds  4  to  8  or  10  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  inches  vdde;  stipe  (or  petiole)  naked 
and  smooth,  flattish  and  somewhat  channelled  on  the  upper  side.    Sori  in  2  rows 
on  the  back  of  each  segment,  distinct,  or  finally  in  contact. 
Hub.  Rocky  woodlands :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

f  f  Fronds  bipinnatiful,  annual ;  sori  small. 

2.  P.  hexagonopterum,  MX.     Fronds  broadly  triangular; 
lower  divisions  connected  by  an  oblong  hexagonal  wing. 
HEXAGONAL-WINGED  POLYPODIUM. 

Fronds  6  to  9  inches  long,  and  about  the  same  width,  at  base,— forming,  in  their 
outline,  a  nearly  equilateral  triangle;  pinnae  lanceolate,  pinnatifid;  stipe  8  to  12 
or  15  inches  long,  slender,  naked.    Sori  distinct,  somewhat  in  2  rows,  but  often, 
irregular,  on  the  back  of  the  \&nce-ob\on%  pinnules. 
Ifab.  Moist  woodl  ands,  and  thickets :  frequent.    IV.  July. 


392  ACROGENOUS   PLANTS 

g  2.  PTERIDEAE  :  Sori  covered  by  a  special  indusium,  which  is  marginal,  and  laterally 
continuous,  or  sometimes  interrupted. 

512.  PTE^RIS,  L. 

[Gr.  Pteron,  a  wing;  a  name  given  to  Ferns,  on  account  of  their  -winged  fronds.] 
Sori  linear,  continuous  laterally  in  a  line  which  borders  the  divisions 
of  the  frond, — the  indusium  fixed  at  the  very  margin,  with  the  inner 
edge  free ;  veins  forked  and  free,  bearing  the  sporanges  at  their  apex. 
Fronds  subcoriaceous,  pinnately  dissected. 

!•  I",  aquilina,  L.    Frond  3-parted,  on  a  tall  erect  stout  stipe; 
branches  bipinnate;  pinnules  lance-oblong;  indusmm  narrow. 
AQUILINE  PTERIS.     Brake,  or  Bracken. 

Fronds  1  to  3  feet  long,  decompound,  spreading;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate; 
Stipe,  1  to  2  feet  high,  angular,  smooth,  tawny.    Sori  resembling  a  narrow  russet 
border,  or  hem,  along  the  edge  of  the  pinnules,  on  the  under  side. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands,  and  thickets  :  frequent.    Fr.  July,  Aug. 
2.  I".  at  ropurpikrca,  L.     Frond  simply  pinnate,   or  sub- 
bipinnate,  on  a  short  dark  purple  stipe ;  pinnae  obliquely  truncate, 
or  subcordate,  at  base. 
DARK-PURPLE  PTERIS. 

Fronds  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  1  to  3  or  4  inches  wide  across  the  lower  divi- 
sions, which  are  often  ternate,  or  odd-pinnate  in  fives  or  sevens;  pinnae  and  pin- 
nules subsessile,  varying  from  oval  to  linear-oblong;  stipes  2  to  4  inches  long, 
terete,  often  numerous,  with  a  dense  tuft  of  tawny-ferruginous  chaffy  hairs  at 
base. 
Hob.  Limestone  rocks;  Great  Valley:  rare.  Fr.  July. 

513.  AIMTAIVT'IJM,  L. 

[Gr.  a,  not,  and  diaino,  to  moisten ;  its  surface  repelling  rain-drops.] 
Sori  oblong,  of  somewhat  lunate,  interrupted,  occupying  the  edge 
of  the  pinnae,  or  lobes  of  the  frond,— 4he  indusium  appearing  as  a 
reflexed  portion  of  its  margin,  bearing  the  sporanges  on  its  under 
side,  on  the  free  ends  of  the  simply  forking  veins.  Stipe  and  rachis 
black  and  polished. 

1.  A.  pedatum,  L.     Frond  forked,  the  forks  pedately  branch- 
ing ;  divisions  pinnate ;  pinnae  semi-rhomboid,  stipitate, — the  upper 
margin  incisely  lobed. 
PEDATE  ADIANTUM.     Maiden's  Hair. 

Fronds  6  to  9  inches  long,  and  9  to  12  inches  wide,  glabrous,  pale  bluish-glaucous 
green ;  pinnae  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  entire  on  the  lower  margin,  as  if 
halved ;  stipes  6  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  slender,  compressed,  chaffy  at  and  near 
the  base. 
Hob.  Rich,  rocky  woodlands:  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

514.  CHEttAtfTIIES,  Swartz. 

[Gr.  Cheitos,  a  lip,  and  anthos,  a  flower;  from  the  shape  of  the  indusium.] 
Sori  roundish,  solitary,  or  contiguous,  on  the  margins  of  the  pinnule- 
lobes;  indusium  usually  reniform,  fixed  to  the  margin  at  the  point 
where  the  sporanges  arise,  free  along  the  inner  edge.     Frond  bi-  tri- 
pinnatifid;  stipe  roughish-hairy. 

1.  C.  vestita,   Willcf.    Fronds  bipinnate,  hairy  on  both  sides ; 


PILICES  393 

pinnae  subsessile ;  pinnules  short,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  roundish ; 
son  finally  crowded,  or  confluent. 
CLOTHED  CHEILANTHES. 

Fronds  3  to  6  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch  wide,  lance-oblong  in  their  out- 
line; pinnae  about  half  an  inch  long,  ovate-lanceolate,— the  tower  ones  distant, 
pinnate  (the  upper  ones  only  pinnatifid) ;  pinnules  oblong,  obtuse,  crenately  pin- 
natifid; stipe  1  to  3  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Rocky  banks :  frequent.    Fr.  July,  Aug. 

23.  ASPLENIEAE  :  Sori  elongated,  oblique  to  the  midrib, — each  covered  with  a  special 
indusium,free  along  one  side. 

a.  Veins  reticulated,  except  next  the  margin. 

515.  CAMPTOSOVRUS,  Link. 

[Gr.  Kamptos,  bent,  and  Soros,  fruit-dot;  descriptive  of  the  sori.] 
Sori  linear,  irregularly  scattered  on  the  reticulated  veins  of  the 
simple  frond,— often  approximating  in  pairs  by  their  free  margins, — 
or  becoming  confluent  at  their  ends,  and  forming  crooked  lines. 

1.  C.  rfeizopIiyl'lUS,  Link.  Fronds  auriculate-cordate  at  base, 
lanceolate,  with  a  long  slender  acumination  which  often  takes  root 
at  apex. 

Asplenium  rhizophyllum.     L.<$  Fl.  Ceslr.  ed.  2.  p.  580. 
ROOTING-LEAVED  C.vMPTOSORUS.     Walking-Leaf. 

Frond  3  to  9  inches  long,  and  %  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide,  evergreen,  some- 
times bifid,  with  2  acuminations ;  stipe  1  to  4  inches  long,  slightly  margined 
above,  smooth.    Son  often  %  of  an  inch  in  length. 
Hob.  Rocky  woodlands :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

Ob*.  The  rooting  apex  of  the  runner-like  frond,  often  gives  rise 
to  new  fronds,— and  those  again  to  others. 

b.  Veins  forked,  free,— none  of  them  reticulated. 

516.  ASPL,EV]«IUM,  L. 

[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Spkn,  the  spleen ;  from  supposed  remedial  virtues.] 
Sori  linear-oblong,  oblique,  never  in  pairs,  all  attached  lengthwise 
to  the  upper  side  of  the  simple,  forked,  or  pinnate,  free  veins;  in- 
dusium  opening  along  the  side  toward  the  midrib. 

f  Indusium  straight,  fixed  by  Hie  whole  length. 

1*  A.  Ruta-mttr^riSI,,  L.     Fronds  bipinnate  at  base,  simply 
pinnate  above ;  pinnae  rhomboid-cuneate,  stipitate,  small. 
WALL-RUE  ASPLENIUM. 

Fronds  1  to  2  inches  long,  and  'half  an  inch  to  an  inch  wide,  smooth,  dingy 
green;  pinnae  2  to  4  lines  long,  dentate  or  partially  lobed,  above  the  middle; 
Stipe  1  to  2  inches  long,  flat,  smooth.    Sori  finally  confluent,  of  a  dark  ferruginous 
color. 
Hub.  Limestone  rocks,  and  cliffs;  Great  Valley:  rare.    Fr.  July. 

a.  A.  Tricll6manes,  L.  Fronds  spreading,  simply  pinnate; 
pinnae  subsessile,  roundish-obovate,  obliquely  cuneate  at  base; 
stipe  dark  purple. 

Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  and  %  to  ^  an  inch  wide,  lance-linear  in  their  outline, 
often  procumbent ;  pinnae  2  to  3  lines  long,  crenate  at  apex,  entire  at  base,  and 
often  a  little  auriculate  on  the  upper  edge ;  stipe  1  to  2  inches  long,  semi-terete, 
ulightly  margined,  smooth  and  polished.    Sori  finally  oval. 
Sab.  Shady  rocky  banks :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 


894  ACROGENOUS    PLANTS 

3.  A.  ebciieum,  Aiton.     Fronds  erect,  simply  pinnate  ;  pinnae 
sessile,  lance-oblong,   sub-falcate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  edge  ; 
stipe  black. 
EBONY  ASPLENIUM. 

Fronds  6  to  12  inches  long,  and  %  of  an  inch  to  1^  inches  wide  ;  pinnae  %  to 
%  of  an  inch  long,  serrate,  sometimes  a  little  cordate  at  base;  stipe  1  to  3  inches  In 
length.    Sori  oblong,  finally  confluent. 
Hob.  Rocky  woodlands  :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

4»  A.  thelypterotdes,  Mb\     Fronds  pinnate,  with  the  pinnae 
deeply  pinnatifid  ;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate. 
THELYPTERIS-LIKE  ASPLENIUM. 

Fronds  12  to  18  inches  long,  and  4  to  6  inches  wide,  —  in  their  outline  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  rather  flaccid,  smoothish,  and  pale  glaucous-green  ;  pinnan 
2  to  5  inches  long,  acuminate,  pinnatifid,  —  the-  acumination  crenate-serrate  ; 
common  rachis  slender,  slightly  pubescent;  stipe  6  to  10  inches  long,  slender, 
slightly  chaffy.  Sori  acute  at  each  end  ;  indusium  convex,  thickish. 
Hab.  Moist  woods  ;  shaded  banks  of  streams  :  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

ium./naKy  lunate,  or  reniform,  free  at  the  ends. 


5.   A.   FiliiX-foemilia,  R.   Br.     Fronds  bipinnate;  pinnae 
lanceolate  ;  pinnules  lance-linear,  incised-serrate,  confluent  at  base  ; 
sori  oblong,  lunate,  at  first  straight. 
Aspidium  asplenioides.      Wttld.  J-  FL  Cestr..  ed.  2.  p.  579. 

Fronds  12  to  18  inches  long,  and  4  to  8  inches  wide;  pinnae  2  to  4  inches  long, 
subsessile  ;  pinnules  oblong,  doubly  and  unequally  incised-serrate  ;  common  rachis 
3-grooved  above,  naked,  and.  smoothish;  stipe  6  to  12  inches  long,  smooth.  Sori 
short,  in  a  double  row,  near  the  midrib  of  the  pinnules,—  the  indusium  bursting 
along  the  convex  margin. 
Hab.  Moist  woodlands:  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

§4.  DICKSONIEAE:  Sori  round  and  dot-like,  marginal,  with  a  kind  of  double,  or  2- 
lobed  indusium. 

517.  DICKSOWIA,  L'-Heritier. 
[Dedicated  to  James  Dickson  ;  an  English  Eotanist.] 

Sori  globular,  small,  —  each  placed  on  the  apex  of  a  free  vein,  or 
fork,  and  inclosed  in  a  little  2-lipped  sac,,  consisting  of  a  reflexed 
and  modified  lobelet,  or  tooth  of  the  frond,  united  by  its  edges  with 
those  of  a  nearly  similar  proper  indusium,  which  is  fixed  along  its 
base  on  the  inner  side  ;  the  receptacle  elevated. 

1.  D.  pimctilolmlcl,  Hooker..    Fronds  thin  and  pale  green, 
bipinnately  dissected  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  bipinnatifid,  and  incised- 
serrate  ;  sori  solitary,  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe. 
D.  pilosiuscula.      Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  584. 

DOTTED-LOBED   DlCKSONIA. 

Minutely  glandular  and  hairy,  somewhat  odorous.    Fronds  1  to  2  feet  long,  and 
4  to  6  inches  wide,  lance-oblong  in  their  outline;  pinnae  3  to  4  inches  long,  most- 
ly alternate,  sessile;  pinnules  about  half  an  inch  in  length,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes 
with  2  to  4  teeth  ;  stipe  4  to  8  inches  long,  hairy,  pale  green,  or  reddish  tawny. 
Hab.  Moist  shaded  grounds  :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 


FILICE8. 


395 


2  5.  AspmiEAE :  Sori  mostly  orbicular,— rarely  ollwg,  and  then  placed  across  tl* 
vein;  im.lu.-ium  orbicular,  reniform,  or  hooded. 

a.  Yeins  all  free,  none,  reticulated. 
•M- Indusium  inflated,  fixed  by  half,  or  all,  the  margin. 

518.  WOODS'IA,  R.  Brown. 
[Dedicated  to  Joseph  Woods;  an  English  Botanist.] 

Sori  globular,  borne  on  the  back  of  simply  forked  veins ;  indusium 
thin,  attached  all  round  the  receptacle,  open,  or  early  bursting,  at 
the  top,  or  centre,-^-thQ  orifice  jagged,,  and  often  fringed  with  hairs 
which  involve  the  sporanges. 

f  Indusium  soon  spreading  open,  larger  than  the,  sorus,  and  appearing  as  if  placed 
under  it,jagged-lobed,  but  not  fringed  with  hairs. 

1.  W.  obt  lisa,  Torrey.     Fronds  sub-bipinnate,  glandular-hairy ; 
pinnae  rather  remote ;   pinnules  oblong,   very  obtuse,    crenately 
pinnatifid. 

W.  Perriniana.     Hook  $  Grev.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  580. 
OBTUSE  WOODSIA. 

Fronds  3  to  6  or  8  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  or  3  inches  wide,  lance-oblong  in  their 
outline ;  pinnae  %  an  inch  to  1%  inches  long,  subsessile ;  common  rachis  slightly 
chaffy  above ;  stipe  2  to  3  inches  long,  chaffy.  Sori  near  the  margin  of  the  lobes, 
finally  almost  confluent;  indusium  sub-hemispherical,  at  length  resembling  a 
calyx,  with  small  spreading  denticulate  segments. 
Hab.  Rocky  banks ;  along  streams :  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

f  t  Indusium  minute,  soon  opening  flat,  and  concealed  under  the  sorus,  except  itt 
marginal  fringe. 

2,  W.  11  veil  sis,  R.  Br.  Fronds  pinnate,  thickly  clothed  beneath 
with  russet  bristle-like  chaff;  pinnae  crowded,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
the  lobes  obscurely  crenate. 

ELBA  WOODSIA. 

Fronds  2  to  4  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch  wide,  oblong-lanceolate  in  their 
outline ;  pinnae  %  to  %  of  an  inch  long,  subsessile ;  common  rachis  chaffy ;  stipe 
1  to  3  or  4  inches  long,  chaffy,  with  a  tuft  of  tawny  chaff  at  base.  Sori  finally 
confluent ;  sporanges  slightly  pedicellate. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks  of  streams;  Schuylkill :  not  common.    Fr.  July. 
«-«•  *+  Indusium  flat,  reniform,  or  orbicular  and  umbtticate,  opening  round  the  whoh 
margin. 

519.  DRYOP'TERIS,  Adanson. 

[Gr.  Drys,  an  oak,  and  Pteris,  a  fern  ;  from  their  growing  usually  in  woods.] 
Sori  roundish,  borne  on  the  back,  or  near  the  apex,  of  the  simple 
and  free  pinnate  veins,  or  their  forks.     Indusium  flattish,  roundish- 
reniform,  fixed  at  the  sinus,  opening  round  the  margin.     Fronds 
thinnish,  simply,  or  bi-  tri-  pinnate. 

f  Veins  simple  and  straight,  or  simply  forlced;  stipes  nearly  naJ<ed;  fronds  pinnate. 

1.  D.  Thelyp'terls,  A.  Gray.  Fronds  lanceolate ;  pinnae  linear- 
lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid, — the  lobes  nearly  entire,  withrevolute 
margins;  sori  soon  confluent. 


396 


ACROGENOUS   PLANTS 


Aspidium  Thelypteris.     Willd.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  577. 

Fronds  6  to  12  inches  long,  and  3  or  4  inches  wide ;  pinnae  1  to  2  inches  long, 
subsessile,  slightly  pubescent;  stipe 9  to  15  inches  long.    Son  commencing  in 
small  marginal  dots,  finally  confluent,  and  usually  covering  the  under  surface  of 
all  the  lobes  of  the  frond. 
Hob.  Swamps,  and  wet  thickets :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

3«  I>.  NoveboraceilSiS,  A.  Gray.  Fronds  oblong-lanceolate ; 

pinnae  lance-oblong,  pinnatifid, — the  lobes  flat,  ciliate;  sori  never 

confluent. 

Aspidium  Noveboracense.      Willd.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  677. 

NEW- YORK  DRYOPTERIS. 

Fronds  9  to  18  inches  long,  and  3  to  5  inches  wide ;  pinnae  2  to  3  inches  long, 
thin  and  delicate,  pale  green ;  stipe  3  to  6  inches  long,  slender,  channelled  above. 
Sori  small,  marginal,  in  2  rows  on  each  lobe ;  the  fronds,  however,  are  often  sterile. 
nab.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

ff  Veins  more  than  once  forked,  or  somewhat  pinnately  branching  ;  stipes  cliaffy. 
*  Fronds  sub-tripinnate  (i.e.  the  pinnules  pinnatijid). 

3*  D.  intermedia,  A.  Gray.  Fronds  ovate-oblong ;  pinnae 
lance-oblong ;  pinnules  oblong-linear,  distinct,  incisely  pinnatifid, — 
the  lobes  mucronate. 

Aspidium  dilatatum.  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  578.  not  of  Sw.  and  Willd. 
INTERMEDIATE  DRYOPTERIS. 

Fronds  12  to  20  inches  long,  and  5  to  8  or  9  inches  wide,  elliptic-lanceolate  In 
their  outline ;  pinnae  3  to  5  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  inches  wide ;  common  rachis 
somewhat  chaffy ;  stipe  6  to  15  inches  long,  clothed  with  large  brownish-tawny 
chaffy  scales.  Sori  rather  large,  numerous ;  indusium  orbicular-reniform,  umbili- 
cate  in  the  centre. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

*  *  Fronds  bipinnate  only,  with  the  pinnules  (or  sometimes  only  lobes)  merely  incised,  or 
tootJied  ;  stipes  somewhat  chaffy. 

4.  U.  cristata,  A.  Gray.     Fronds  linear-oblong;  pinnae  short, 
triangular-ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  lobes  oblong, 
obtuse,  incised-serrate  at  apex. 

Aspidium  Lancastriense.     Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  577. 
CRESTED  DRYOPTERIS. 

Fronds  18  inches  to  2  feet  long,  and  3  or  4  inches  wide,  smoothish,  deep  green ; 
pinnae  1%  to  3  inches  long,  sub-opposite, — the  lower  ones  stipitate,  the  upper 
ones  sessile  and  confluent :  stipe  8  to  12  inches  long,  rather  slender,  often  smooth- 
ish,— the  chaff  being  deciduous.  Sori  medium  size,  distinct,  dark-brown,  in  2 
rows,  generally  confined  to  the  upper  half  of  the  frond ;  indusium  orbicular-reni- 
form. 
Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  not  very  common.  Fr.  July. 

5.  I>.  inargllialis,  A.   Gray.     Fronds  ovate -oblong ;  pinnae 
lanceolate,  broad  at  base,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  lobes  oblong,  crenate- 
serrate, — the  lower  ones  nearly  distinct;  sori  marginal. 
Aspidium  marginale.      Willd.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  578. 
MARGINAL  DRYOPTERIS. 

Fronds  9  to  15  inches  long,  and  4  to  6  inches  wide ;  pinnae  2  to  4  inches  long, 
sub  pinnate,— the  acumination  crenate;  stipe  4  to  8  inches  long,  clothed  with  a 


FILICES.  397 

tawny  membranaceous  chaff,  especially  at  base.    Son  medium  size,— one  at  each 
notch  in  the  lobes  of  the  upper  pinnae, — the  lower  ones  being  mostly  sterile ; 
induiium  orbicular- reniform. 
Huh.  Rocky  woodlands :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

520.  POLiYS'TICHUM,  Roth. 

[Gr.  Poly,  many,  and  StMtos,  a  row,  or  line;  the  sori  sometimes  in  close  lines.] 
So-ri  round,  borne  on  the  back  of  pinnately-forked  veins.  Indusium 
orbicular,  umbilicate  (i.  e.  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre),  opening 
all  round  the  margin.  Fronds  subcoriaceous  and  evergeen,  simply, 
or  bi-  tri-pinnate ;  pinnae  auricled  at  base,  on  the  upper  edge ;  stipe 
chaffy. 

1.  P.  aCFOSticllOides,  Schott.     Fronds  lance  oblong,   simply 
pinnate ;  pinnae  lance-linear,   sub-falcate,  bristly-cuspidate ;   sori 
finally  confluent. 
Aspidiuin  acrostichoides.      Willd.  $  FL  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  576. 

ACROSTICHUM-LIKE    POLYSTICHUM. 

Fronds  9  to  18  inches  long,  and  2  to  4  inches  wide;  pinnae  1  to  2  inches  long, 
alternate,  finely  serrate,  the  serratures  bristly-mucronate ;  rachig  clothed  with 
lance-linear  chaff ;  stipe  2  to  5  inches  long,  chaffy.  Sori  in  a  single,  or  more  com- 
monly in  a  double  row,  near  the  midrib  of  the  smaller  pinnae  toward  the  summit 
of  the  frond,  at  first  distinct. 
2Iab.  Rocky  woodlands :  common.  Fr.  July. 

b.  Yeins  of  the  sterile  frond  finely  reticulated. 

521.  OSTOCLE'A,  L. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name;  applied  to  this  genus.] 

Fertile  frond  bipinnate,  much  contracted, — the  pinnules  short  and 
revolute,  usually  rolled  up  into  closed  berry-like  involucres  filled 
with  sporanges,  and  forming  a  one-sided  spike,  or  raceme.  Sori  one 
on  the  middle  of  each  simple  primary  vein,  round,  soon  all  confluent. 
Indusium  very  thin,  hood-like,  lateral,  fixed  by  its  lower  side,  free 
on  the  upper  (i.  e.  toward  the  apex  of  the  pinnule).  Sterile  frond 
rising  separately,  pinnate. 

1.  O.  sensibiliS,  L.     Sterile  fronds  oblong- triangular ;  pinnae 
lanceolate, — the  lower  ones  distinct,  pinnatifid-dentate, — the  upper 
confluent,  repand-dentate,  or  entire. 
SENSITIVE  OXOCLEA. 

Sterile  froruls  6  to  15  inches  long,  and  5  to  12  inches  wide  at  base ;  lower  pinnae 

3  to  6  inches  long ;  stipe  6  to  10  inches  long,  slender,  angular,  naked.  Fertile  fronds 

4  to  8  or  10  inches  long;  pinnae  1  to  3  inches  long,  nearly  erect;  pinnules  triangu- 
lar-globose, smoothish,  dark  brown,  resembling  berries  in  2-rowed  unilateral  spikes ; 
stipes  8  to  12  inches  long,  rather  stout,  terete,  naked. 

Hob.  Moist  woodlands :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 

SUBORDER  II.  OSMUNDIN'EAE. 

Sporanges  variously  collected,  destitute  of  any  proper  ring,  cellular-reticulated, 
opening  length-wise  by  a  regular  slit,— sometimes  striate-rayed  on  the  top. 

522.  OSBHWDA,  L. 

[A  name  supposed  to  be  of  Celtic  origin.] 

Sporanges  globose,  stipitate,  naked,  entirely  covering  the  fertile 


398  ACROGENOUS   PLANTS 

pinnules  (which  are  contracted  to  the  mere  rachis),  thin  and  reticu- 
lated, not  striate-rayed  at  summit,  opening  by  a  slit  across  the  top 
into  2  valves.  Spores  green.  Fronds  tall  and  upright,  bipinnate,  or 
simply  pinnate ;  veins  forking  and  free. 

•f  Fronds  bipinnate, — the  pinnules  substipitate,  serrulate. 

1.  O.   Specttifoilis,    Willd.     Smooth;    sterile  pinnules   lance- 
oblong,  oblique  but  not  auricled  at  base ;  fertile  pinnules  forming 
a  terminal  racemose  panicle. 

SHOWY  OSMUNDA.     Flowering  Fern. 

Fronds  3  to  4  feet  high,  branching,  pale  greyish  green;  sterile  pinnules  1  to  2 
inches  long,  the  veins  a  little  prominent;  fertilt pinnules  contracted,  covered  with 
clusters  of  small  capsules,  which  are.  at  first,  pale  greenish-tawny,  finally  ferrugi- 
nous ;  panicle  oblong,  4  to  8  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Moist  meadows,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fr.  July, 
f  f  Fronds  pinnate, — the  fertile  portion  bipinnate;  sterile  pinnae  merely  pinnatijuf. 

2.  O,  Claytoiliaiia,  L.     Loosely  woolly  when  young,   soon 
smooth  ;  pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  some  of  the  middle  ones  fertile ; 
sporanges  brownish. 

0.  interrupta.     MX.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  5&5. 
CLAYTON'S  OSMUNDA. 

Fronds!  to  near  2  feet  long,  and  3  to  6  inches  wide,  lance-oblong  in  their  out- 
line; pinnae  2  to  4  inches  long.    Fertile  pinnae  in  2  to  4  pairs,  near  the  middle  of 
the  frond ;  common  radds  channelled  above ;  stipe  6  to  9  inches  long,  channelled, 
smoothish,  chaffy-tomentose  at  base. 
Hob.  Moist  low  grounds,  and  thickets :  frequent.    Fr.  June,  July. 

3.  O.  cinnamoiiiea,  L.    Clothed  with  tusset  wool  when 
young, — the  sterile  fronds  finally  snlooth ;  fertile  fronds  separate, 
contracted,  racemose,  covered  with  clfinamon-cotared  sporanges. 
CINNAMON-COLORED  OSMUNDA. 

Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  growing  together  in  bunches,  "but  distinct,— the  sterile 
ones  most  numerous,  1  to  2  feet  in  length,  and  5  to  10  inches  wide,  lance-oblong  in 
their  outline ;  pinnae  3  to  6  inches  long ;  stipe  9  to  18  inches  long.  Fertile  fronds 
9  to  18  inches  long,  and  about  an  inch  wide ;  pinnae  all  fertile  1  to  1%  inches 
long,  erect,  lanuginous;  pinnules  crowded,  covered  with  clusters  of  minute  cap- 
pules;  stipe  1  to  2  feet  long,  rather  stout,  and,  with  the  rachis,  clothed  with  a 
long  loose  membranaceous  reddish  tomentum. 
Hah.  Moist  low  grounds :  frequent.  Fr.  July,  Aug. 

SUBORDER  III.  OPHIOGLOSS'EAE. 

Kporanges  spiked,  in  double  rows,  naked,  coriaceous  and  bpaque,  not  reticulated, 
destitute  of  a  ring,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit  into  2  valves,  discharging  the 
copious  dust-like  sulphur-colored  spores.  Fronds  straight,  never  circinate  in  the 
bud. 

523.  BOTRYCO'IITM,  Swartz. 

[Gr.  Botrys,  a  cluster  of  grapes ;  in  allusion  to  the  fructification.] 
Frond  rising  straight  from  the  clustered  roots,  with  the  sterile  and 
fertile  portions  distinct, — the  lateral  portion  sterile,  spreading, 
ternately  divided,  with  forking  free  veins, — the  terminal  portion 
wholly  fertile,  erect,  contracted  into  pinnately  panicled  spikes. — 
Sporanges.  clustered,  but  distinct. 


FILICES  399 

1.  H.^luiiarioldes,  Sw.     Sterile  division  of  the  frond  near  the 
base  of  the  stipe,  biternately  dissected,  stipitate. 

B.  fumarioides.      Willd.  Also,  B.  dissectum,  Muhl.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed. 

2.  p.  587. 

LtJNARIA-LIKE    BOTRYCHIUM.       Moon-WOrt. 

Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  about  3  inches  long,  and  4  inches  wide,  triangular  in 
the  outline,  sub-divisions,  or  leaflets,  varying  from  obliquely  lance-ovate  to  cun- 
eate-oblong  and  linear,  finely  crenate,  or  incised-dentate,  connected  with  the  base 
of  the  upright  fertile  portion  by  a  partial  stipe,  or  petiole,  2  to  3  inches  in  length  . 
Fertile  portion  on  a  scape-like  ere  ct  stipe  6  to  9  in  ches  high,  in  a  tawny  compound 
ppike  2  to  4  inches  in  length. 
Hub.  Moist  low  grounds  :  frequent.  Fr.  July,  Aug. 

2.  B.  Tirafiiiicwin,  Sw.     Sterile  division  of  the  frond  about 
the  middle  of  the  stipe,  ternately  divided  to  the  base,  sessile. 
VIRGINIAN  BOTRYCHIUM.     Rattlesake  Fern. 

Somewhat  hairy.  Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  3-parted  ;  the  divisions  4  to  6 
inches  long,  broad-ovate,  or  somewhat  deltoid,  in  their  outline,  bipinnatifid,  green  ; 
pinnae  1  to  3  inches  long,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  cuneate-oblong,  incised- 
dentate  at  apex.  Fertile  portion  on  an  erect  stipe  9  to  18  inches  high,  in  a  reddish- 
tawny  compound  spike  2  to  5  inches  in  length. 
Hob.  Rich  hilly  woodlands  :  frequent.  Fr.  June,  July. 


524.  opmoGL-oss'irui,  L. 

[Or.  Ophis,  a  serpent,  and  Glossa,  a  tongue;  from  the  form  of  the  spike.] 
Frond  erect  and  scape-like,  bearing  a  lateral  sterile  portion  in  the 
form  of  an  oblong-ovate  entire  leaf  with  finely  reticulated  immersed 
veins,  and  a  terminal,  simple  spike,  on  which  the  sporanges  are  closely 
packed,  and  more  or  less  coherent  together. 

1.  O.  vulffiitmii,  L.     Sterile  division  sessile  near  the  middle  of 
the  stipe,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  spike. 
COMMON  OPHIOGLOSSUM.     Adder'  s-tongue. 

Sterile  portion  of  the  frond  1%  to  3  inches  long,  and  1  to  2  inches  wide,  some- 
what clasping  at  base,  smooth,  light  green.  Fertile  portion  on  a  scape-like  erect 
stipe,  4  to  10  inches  hi.jh,  in  a  compressed  lance-linear  2-rowed  spike  1  to  1%  inches 
in  length.  Sporanges  partially  imbedded  in  the  rachis,  at  first  connate,  finally 
distinct,  pale  tawny. 
Hab.  Moist  low  grounds  ;  woods,  and  thickets  :  frequent.  Fr.  Jun  e. 

ORDER  CXXI.  LYCOPODIACEAE. 

Jlum'ilf,  evergreens,  usually  of  Moss-like  aspect  ;  stems  solid,  and  often  woody, 
thickly  clothed  with  simple  sessile  lanceolate  or  subulate  leaves,  and  bearing  the 
2-  to  4-valved  sporanges  sessile  in  their  axils. 

525.  I/rCOPOvDIUM:,  L. 

[Gr.  Li/\-ox,  a  Wolf,  and  P.iux,  a  foot;  from  some  fancied  resemblance.] 
Sporanges  of  only  one  kind,  resembling  those  of  Ophioglossum, 
coriaceous,  flattened  and  usually  reniform,  1  -celled,  opening  by  a 
tran  sverse  line  round  the  margin,  thus  2-valved,  discharging  the 
minu  te  spores  in  the  form  of  a  copious  sulphur-colored  inflammable 
powder.  Leaves  1-nerved,  imbricated  or  crowded  in  several  ranks. 


400  ACROGENOUS   PLANTS 

2 1.  SELAGO  :  Sporanges  scattered  in  the  axils  of  the  uniform  (dark-green,  sinning, 
rigid,  and  %-ranked)  leaves. 

1.  l<«  lucidlllum,  MX.     Stems  ascending,  tliickish,  bifid,  or  2 
or  3  times  forked;  leaves  lance-linear,  acute,  denticulate,  spreading, 
or  reflexed. 
BRIGHTISH  LYCOPODIUM. 

Stem  6  to  12  inches  long,  nearly  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent  and  radicating 
near  the  base.    leaves  %  to  near  %  an  inch  long.    Sporanges  subreniform,  or 
semi-orbicular,  palish  yellow,  seated  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  about  an  inch  from 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  or  branches ;  also  in  interrupted  series,  below, — these  lower 
series  being  the  persistent  sporanges  o  f  preceding  years. 
Hob.  Moist  woods,  and  low  grounds :  frequent.    Fr.  July. 
§2.  LTCOPODIUM  proper:  Sporanges  borne  only  in  Hue,  axils  of  tJie  upper,  or  bracteal 
leaves, — thus  forming  terminal  spikes. 

a.  Leaves  of  the  stem  and  brandies — and  those  of  tJie  simple  spike — all  alike,  and 

many-ranked. 

2. 1L.  i  ii  11  ii  «1  at  mil ,  L.  Sterile  stems  creeping,  flaccid,  forking ; 
fertile  ones  erect,  solitary,  bearing  a  short  thick  spike. 
FLOODED  LYCOPODIUM. 

Sterile  stems  4  to  8  inches  long ;  fertile  ones  1  to  4  inches  high.    Leaves  }/±\&% 
an  inch  in  length,  lance-subulate,  spreading.    Spike  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half 
in  length. 
Hob.  Wet,  sandy  places ;  New  London :  rare.    Fr.  Aug. 

Obs.  This  was  collected,  in  1848,  by  Mr.  VINCENT  BARNARD, — 
an  intelligent  and  enterprising  young  Naturalist,  of  this  County. 

b.  Leaves  (bracts)  of  the  ament-like  spikes  scale-like,  imbricated,  ovate,  yellowish, — 

unltice  those  of  the  sterile  branches. 

f  Spikes  sessile  (or  Hie  branches  equally  leafy  up  to  the  spikes'). 

3.  L.  dendroideuni,  MX.     Stem  erect,  simple  below,  bushy- 
branched  at  summit, — the  branches  spreading,  fan-like ;  leaves  4- 
to  6-ranked;  spikes  mostly  several. 
TREE-LIKE  LYCOPODIUM.     Ground  Pine. 

Stem  6  to  9  inches  high,  terete,  flexuose.  iearesabout2  lines  long,  those  on  the 
branches  somewhat  4-rowed,  obliquely  subulate-linear,  deep-green.  Spikes  mostly 
several  (1  to  6),  about  2  inches  long,  erect,  terete,  a  little  tapering  to  the  summit. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  shaded  thickets :  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

Obs.  This  pretty  species — of  unfading  verdure  (together  with  L. 
complanatum,  L.} — is  much  employed  in  making  garlands,  and 
festoons,  wherewith  to  decorate  Country  parlors ;  and  is,  moreover, 
regularly  sought  after,  by  those  who  venerate  pleasing  ancient 
usages,  for  the  purpose  of  trimming  Churches,  at  Christmas, 
f  f  Spikes  pedunculate  (i.  e.  (lie  leaves  very  minute  on  tJie  fertile  branches). 

*  Leaves  homogeneous  and  equal,  many-ranked;  stems  terete. 
41.  l<.  Clav&tuni,  L.     Stems  creeping  extensively,  with  similar, 
short,    ascending  branches;  spikes  mostly  in  pairs,   on  terminal 
peduncles. 
CLAVATE  LYCOPODIUM.     Club-Moss. 

Stem  2  to  4  or  6  feet  long,  rather  stout,  prostrate  and  somewhat  radicating 


LYCOPODIACEAE  401 

branches  1  to  4  or  5  inches  long,  alternate,  often  subdivided,  very  leafy.  Leaves 
3  to  5  lines  in  length,  pale  green,  incurved-spreading,  subulate-linear,  with  a  long 
hair-like  point,  forming  a  hairy  tuft  at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  Spikes  (some- 
times 1— rarely  3,)  %  an  inch  to  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  yellowish,  erect  on  an 
ascending  leafy  branch-like  peduncle  2  to  4  inches  long ;  scales  ovate,  setaceously 
acuminate. 
Hob.  Woodlands,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fr.  July. 

**  Leaves  of  2  farms  and  unequal,  few^ranked;  stems  or  branches  flattened. 

5.  I*,  complanatum,  L.  Stems  trailing  extensively ;  brandies 
ascending,  dichotomously  and  pedately  subdivided,  spreading  and 
fan-like;  spikes  several. 
FLATTED  LYCOPODIUM. 

Stem  2  to  6  or  8  feet  long,  rather  slender,  somewhat  leafy,  procumbent  (some- 
times rhizoma-likc,  and  more  or  less  buried) ;  branches  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long, 
erect  or  ascending,  yellowish-green,  somewhat  pedately  divided  at  summit,  and 
these  divisions  dichotomously  subdivided  into  numerous  spreading  flatted  branchlets 
with  winged  serrated  margins.  Peduncles  4  to  6  inches  long,  slender,  terete,  with 
a  few  remote  subulate  leaves,  dichotomously  subdivided  at  summit  2  or  3  times, 
so  as  to  bear  4  to  8  pedicellate  spikes  each  about  an  inch  in  length;  scales  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, acuminate. 
Hob.  Borders  of  woods,  and  thickets :  frequent.  Fr.  Octo. 

Obs.  My  friend,  JOSHUA  HOOPES,  finds  specimens  on  our  slaty 
hills,  which  he  regards  as  almost  specifically  distinct, — having  the 
trailing  stems  mostly  buried  and  rhizoma-like,  the  branches  of  a 
brighter  green,  the  ultimate  branchlets  not  so  coarse,  and  twice  as 
numerous,  while  the  spores  are  matured  2  or  3  months  earlier  than 
on  the  common  form. 

526.  SEL,AGIffEL/L,A,  Beauvois. 

[Diminutive  of  Selago,  an  ancient  name  of  Lycopodium.] 
Sporanges  of  two  kinds, — one,  like  those  of  Lycopodium,  but  very 
minute  and  oblong,  or  globular,  containing  powdery  orange-colored 
spores, — the  other,  of  3-  or  4-valved  tumid  vesicles  (by  way  of  dis- 
tinction, termed  sporocarps,)  filled  by  a  few  much  larger  globose- 
angular  spores ;  these  latter  either  intermixed  with  the  former  in 
the  same  axils,  or  solitary  in  the  lower  axils  of  the  leafy,  4-ranked, 
sessile  spike. 

f  Leaves  all  alike,  equally  imbricated. 

1.  S.  rupestris,  Spring.     Stem  creeping ;   branches  ascending, 

rather  rigid ;  leaves  subulate,  bristle-tipt,  densely  appressed-imbri- 

cated,  greyish-green. 

Lycopodium  rupestre.     L.  ^  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  589. 

ROCK  SELAGINELLA. 

Stem  \  to  3  inches  long,  much  subdivided ;  branches  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  long, 
ascending,  terete.  Leaves  serrulate-ciliate, — their  membranaceous  hair-like  points 
forming  a  bluish-white  pencil-tuft  at  the  summit  of  the  branches.  Spikes  %  to 
half  an  inch  long,  somewhat  4-angled,  sessile  and  terminal  on  the  branches ; 
scales  ovate-lanceolate. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks ;  Chester  Creek :  not  common.    Fr.  July. 

26 


402  ACROGENOUS   PLANTS 

ft  Leaves  of  two  sorts,  appearing  ^-ranked. 

2*  S.  SipllS,  Spring.  Stem  nearly  prostrate,  flaccid,  much  branched  : 

leaves  obliquely  ovate,  pellucid,  spreading,  with  2  rows  of  smaller 

appressed  ones. 

Lycopodium  apodum.     L.  $  Fl.  Cestr.  ed.  2.  p.  589. 

FOOTLESS  SELAGINELLA. 

Plant  pale  green,  smooth,  resembling  a  Moss.  Stem  1  or  2  inches  long,  filiform. 
Leaves  less  than  a  line  in  length,  distichous,  with  smaller  acuminate  ones,  mostly 
appressed,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  branches,  nearly  opposite  the  lateral  ones. 
Spikes  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  in  length,  terminal  and  sessile,—  apparently  a  mere 
continuation  of  the  branches. 
Sab.  Moist,  rocky,  shaded  spots  :  frequent.  Fr.  July,  Aug. 

ORDER  CXXII.  HYDROPTERIDES. 

Cryptogamous  aquatics,  of  diverse  habit;  the  fructification  borne  either  at  the 
bases  of  the  leaves,  or  on  submerged  branches,  —  consisting  of  two  sorts  of  organs, 
contained  in  indehiscent  or  irregularly  bursting  involucres,  called  sporocarps. 

SUBORDER  I.  ISOETIN'EAE. 

Apparently  stemless  perennials,  —  growing  in  and  mostly  under  water  ;  sporocarps 
in  the  axils,  and  immersed  in  the  inflated  base,  of  the  somewhat  grass-like  or 
rather  chive-looking  leaves  (clustered  subulate-linear  fronds). 


.  ISOVETES,  L. 

[Gr.  Isos,  equal,  and  -Bios,  year  ;  having  the  same  appearance  all  the  year.] 
Stem  a  mere  disk-like  succulent  rhizoma,  rooting  from  beneath,  and 
covered  above  with  the  dilated  imbricated  bases  of  the  elongated 
sub-terete  cellular  fronds.  Sporocarps  ovoid,  and  plano-convex, 
rather  large,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  fronds,  adherent  to  their 
excavated  dilated  bases  and  covered  by  an  interior  thin  membran- 
'  aceous  scale,  indehiscent,  traversed  internally  by  filaments  forming 
a  kind  of  partitions  ;  those  of  the  central  fronds  filled  with  minute 
powdery  spores,  —  the  exterior  ones  filled  with  larger  roundish-quad- 
rangular spores. 

1.   I.  lacustris?  L.     Rhizoma  broad  and  depressed;  fronds 
mostly  submersed,  dark  green  ;  spores  roughish-granulated,  scarce- 
ly reticulated. 
LAKE  ISOETES.     Quill-wort. 

Fronds  numerous,  4  to  12  or  15  inches  long,  whitish  at  base,  and  imbricated  in 
a  dense  tuft,  semi-terete  and  angular  above  the  base,  composed  of  longitudinal 
tubes  which  are  jointed,  or  interrupted  by  transverse  partitions. 
Hob.  Shallow  ponds,  and  shaded  wet  places  :  not  very  common. 

Obs.  There  is  some  doubt  whether  our  plant  may  not  prove  to 
be  the  /.  Engelmdnni,  Braun;  but  I  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to 
determine  the  matter,  satisfactorily.  In  the  last  edition  of  his 
valuable  Text  Book,  Prof.  A.  GKAY  intimates  that  this  Suborder  should 
rather  be  appended  to  the  preceding  Family  of  LYCOPODIACEAE  ; 
in  which  case,  perhaps,  the  Selaginellas,  or  some  of  them,  might  be 
arranged  in  the  same  Suborder  with  Isoetes. 


MUSCI  403 

CLASS  IV. 

AN'OPHYTES.* 

Cryptogamous  acrogenous  plants,  composed  of  cellular  tissue  only, 
but  with  the  general  type  or  habit  of  the  superior  orders, — growing 
upward  by  an  axis  or  stem,  emitting  roofs  downward,  and  usually 
furnished  with  distinct  leaves  (sometimes  the  stem  and  foliage  con- 
fluent into  a  frond). 

ORDER  CXXIII.  MUS'CL 

Low  tufted  plants,  mostly  perennial,  -with  a  stem  and  distinct  (sessile)  leaves, — pro- 
ducing spore-cases  (or  capsules)  which  usually  open  by  a  terminal  lid  (operculum), 
and  contain  simple  spores  only.^ 

SUBORDER  I.  BRYA^CEAE. 

Calyptra,  circumscissed  at  base ;  fruit  terminal,  or  lateral ;  lid  opening  elastically, 
or  sometimes  indehiscent ;  orifice  of  the  capsule  naked,  or  more  commonly  with 
aperistome;  columetta  manifest. 

DIVISION  I.  ACROCAKPI  :  Pedicel  or  fruitstalk  terminal. 


*  For  the  Mosses  and  Hepaticae  of  Chester — so  far  as  they  are  yet  known — I  am 
indebted  to  my  friend  THOMAS  P.  JAMES,  of  Philadelphia, — an  acute  and  zealous 
Bryologist,  who  (as  his  other  engagements  permitted,)  has  diligently  explored  the 
ANOPHTTES  of  our  ancient  Bailiwick ;  and  has,  morever,  prepared  and  presented  to 
the  CJiester  County  Cabinet  of  Natural  Science,  an  elegant  Collection  of  those  in- 
teresting little  plants.  The  intelligent  reader  will  perceive  that  the  descriptions 
are  chiefly  derived  from  the  Contributions  of  that  eminent  Botanist,  WILLIAM  S. 
SULIJVANT,  Esq.  to  GRAY'S  MANUAL. 


t  The  reproductive  organs  of  the  MOSSES  are  of  two  kinds:—"!.  The  sterile  flower , 
consisting  of  numerous  (4 — 20)  minute  cylindrical  sacs  (antheridia),  which  dis- 
charge from  their  apex  a  mucous  fluid  filled  with  oval  particles,  and  then  perish. 
2.  The  fertile  flower,  composed  of  numerous  (4—20)  flask-like  bodies  (pistittidid), 
each  having  a  membranous  covering  (calyptra),  terminated  by  a  long  cylindrical 
funnel-mouthed  tube  (style).  The  ripened pistillidium  (seldom  more  than  one  in 
a  flower  maturing,)  becomes  the  capsule,  which  is  rarely  iudehiscent,  or  splitting 
by  4  longitudinal  slits,  but  usually  opens  by  a  lid  (operculum) :  beneath  the  lid, 
and  arising  from  the  mouth  of  the  capsule,  are  commonly  either  one  or  two  rows 
of  rigid  processes  (collectively  the  peristome),  which  are  always  some  multiple  of 
4;  those  of  the  outer  row  are  called  teeth — of  the  inner,  cilia.  An  elastic  ring  of 
cells  (annules)  lies  between  the  rim  of  the  capsules  and  operculum.  The  powdery 
particles  filling  the  capsule  are  spores.  The  thread-like  stalk  (pedicel,  or  seta,) 
supporting  the  capsule  is  inserted  into  the  elongated  torus  (vaginula)  of  the 
flower.  The  pedicel  continued  through  the  capsule  forms  the  columella;  enlarged 
under  the  capsule  it  sometimes  forms  an  apophysis.  The  calyptra,  separating 
early  at  its  base,  is  carried  up  on  the  apex  of  the  capsule ;  if  it  splits  on  one  side  it  is 
hood-shaped  or  cuculliform, — if  not,  it  is  mitre-shaped  or  mitriform.  Intermixed 
with  the  reproductive  organs  are  cellular  jointed  filaments  (paraphyses).  The 
leaves  surrounding  the  antheridia  are  called  the  perigonial  leaves,  those  around 
the  pistillidia  or  pedicel  the  perichaetial  leaves."— GRAY'S  Manual. 


404  ANOPHTTES 

TRIBE  1.  PHASCAVCEAE. 
528.  PHAS'CVM,  L.    Earth-Moss. 

[Gr.  Phaskon  ;  the  ancient  name  for  some  Moss.] 

Calyptra  mitriform,  or  cuculliform.  Capsule  indehiscent  (lid  persist- 
ently closed).  Fructification  monoicous,  or  dioicous.  Very  diminu- 
tive Mosses. 

1.  P.  Crassinervilim,  Schwaegr.    [Thick-nerved']:    Stemless; 
leaves  lance-linear,  or  subulate,  denticulate,  erect-spreading,  rigid, 
the  broad  nerve  excurrent  ;  calyptra  mitriform  ;  capsule  globular, 
subsessile.     Moist  grounds. 

2.  P.  CUSpidatlllll,  Schreb.     [Cuspidate]:     Stem   simple,    or 
forked-branched;  leaves  erect,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  —  the  nerve 
excurrent;  calyptra  cuculliform;    capsule  immersed,   roundish.  — 
Clay  soil  ;  old  fields. 

3.  P.  Cl'i  spum,  Hedw.     [Curled]:     Stems  usually  branched; 
leaves  lance-subulate,  entire,  flexuose,  crisped  when  dry  ;  capsule 
nearly  spherical.     Old  fields. 

4.  P.  a  He  r  11  i  folium,  Bruch  $  Schimper.   [Alternate-leaved]  : 
Stems  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  spreading,  the  nerve  ex- 
current.     Old  fields. 

5.  P.  lliuficillll,  Schreb.  [Pointless]:  Stemless;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  concave,  serrate,  conuivent,  the  nerve  reaching  to  the  point. 
Old  fields  ;  Coventry.     Decem.  1850. 

<>.  P.  Siilmlatiiin,/'.  [Subulate]:  Leaves  subulate-setaceous, 
straight,  the  nerve  disappearing  below  the  summit.  Old  fields. 
April,  1850. 

529.  BRITCH'IA,  Schwaegr. 
[Named  for  Prof.  Bruch  •  a  distinguished  Bryologist.] 

Calyptra  mitriform,  laciniate  at  base.  Capsule  oval,  beaked,  in- 
dehiscent.  Fructification  dioicous.  A  very  minute  Moss,  with  straw- 
colored  stems  and  fruit. 

1.  B.  flexuosa,  B.  $  S.  [Flexuose]  :  Stems  mostly  simple  ; 
leaves  oblong-ovate,  the  nerve  continued  into  a  long  flexuose  point; 
capsule  oblong-pyriform,  with  a  short  acute  beak.  Damp  ground. 

TRIBE  2.  POTTIA^CEAE. 


530.  APHAtfORECnUA,  Sulliv. 

[Greek  ;  literally  an  imperceptible  seam,  or  place  of  rupture.] 

Calyptra  bell-shaped,  awl-pointed,  4-  5-laciniate  at  base.  Capsule 
spherical.  Peristome  none.  Lid  hemispherical,  apiculate.  Fructi- 
fication monoicous. 

1.  A.  serrata,  Sulliv.  [Serrate]:  Stems  simple,  or  branched; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  spreading,  serrate,  the  nerve  failing  near 
the  apex  ;  capsule  separating  transversely  by  an  indistinct  suture. 
Damp  grounds;  Coventry. 


MUSCI  405 

TRIBE  3.  FUNARIA^CEAE. 

531.  FUJ¥AVRIA,  Schreb.     Cord-Moss. 
[Latin,  Funis,  a  cord ;  from  the  long  twisting  pedicel.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform,  ventricose,  with  a  subulate  beak.  Capsule 
pyriform,  nodding,  the  orifice  oblique.  Peristome  double, — the  outer 
of  16  lance-subulate  teeth  coherent  at  apex,  the  inner  of  16  cilia 
opposite  the  teeth.  Lid  plano-convex.  Monoicous.  Paraphyses 
clavate. 

1,  F.  liyarroinetrica,  Hedw.  [Hygrometric] :  Leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  concave,  imbricated,  the  nerve  reaching  to  or  beyond 
the  point ;  capsule  annulate,  when  dry  grooved, — the  orifice  with  a 
red  border;  pedicels  1  to  1£  inches  long,  twisting  and  incurved, 
very  hygrometrical.  Old  walls ;  burnt  grounds,  &c. 

532.  PHYSCOMIT'RIUM,  B.  $  S. 

[Gr.  Physkon,  something  inflated,  and  Mitrion,  a  little  cap.] 
Calyptra  mitriform,  lobed  at  base,  or  inflated-cuculliform,  beaked. 
Capsule  symmetrical,  pyriform.     Peristome  none.     Lid  convex,  with 
or  without  a  point.     Monoicous. 

1.  P.  pyrif  orme,  B.  $  S.  [Pyriform'] :  Leaves  spatulate- 
lanceolate,  serrate,  spreading,  the  nerve  nearly  percurrent ;  capsule 
roundish-pyriform,  or  obovoid,  on  an  exserted  pedicel  £  to  J  an 
inch  in  length;  lid  with  a  short  point;  calyptra  mitriform,  torn  at 
base.  Wet  banks. 

TRIBE  4.  WEISSIAXCEAE. 

533.  WEISS'IA,  Hedw. 
[Dedicated  to  Frederick  William  Weiss,— a  German  Botanist.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform.  Capsule  regular.  Peristome  single,  of  16 
lanceolate  entire  erect  equidistant  teeth.  Lid  beaked.  Monoicous. 

1.  "W.  COIltrov^rsa,  Hedw.  [Disputed] :  Leaves  lance-linear, 
with  involute  margins,  crisped  when  dry;  nerve  strong,  excurrent; 
capsule  ovoid-elliptical;  pedicels  very  slender,  £  to  J  of  an  inch 
long.  Waste  fields :  very  common. 

534.  DII>Y]JI'ODO]V,  Hedw. 
[Gr.  didymos,  twin,  and  Odous,  a  tooth ;  the  teeth  being  in  pairs.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform.  Capsule  regular.  Lid  conical,  or  beaked. 
Peristome  single,  of  16  or  32  teeth  approximated  in  pairs  or  united 
at  base. 

1.  D.  cylindriCUS,  var?  Wilson.  [Cylindrical"]:  Stems  tufted, 
somewhat  elongated ;  leaves  linear-acuminate,  flexuose  and  crisped ; 
capsule  nearly  cylindrical ;  pedicels  very  slender,  ^  to  f  of  an  inch 
long.  Shaded  bank,  near  Judge  SHAFER'S,  Coventry.  Dec.  1850. 

Obs.  Mr.  JAMES  gives  the  Weissia  tenuirostris,  Hook.  $  Taylor,  as 
a  synonym  of  this, — and  adds,  "possibly  sp.  nova." 


406  ANOPHYTES 

TRIBE  5.  GRIMMIAVCEAE. 

535.  GRIMM'IA,  Ehrh. 
[Named  for  F.  C.  Grimm ;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Calyptra  mitriform,  lobed  at  base.  Capsule  regular.  Peristome  of 
16  equidistant  lanceolate  teeth,  which  are  entire  or  perforated, 
rarely  2-  or  3-cleft  at  apex.  Monoicous,  or  dioicous.  Sterile  fl. 
axillary. 

1.  Cc.  Pennsylvania,  Schwaegr.     [Pennsylvanian]  :   Leaves 
elongated-lanceolate,  with  a  long  diaphanous  point ;  capsule  oval, 
immersed ;  lid  conical,  pointed.     On  rocks ;  common. 

2.  Cr.  apoc  Jirpa,  Hedw.     [Fruitful] :  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
recurved-spreading,  rather  diaphanous  at  apex ;  capsule  oval,  im- 
mersed; teeth   of  the  peristome   entire  or  sparingly  perforated, 
bright  purple.     On  rocks,  along  streams. 

3.  Cr.  Mllhlenbergii,  Brid.     [Muhlenberg 's] :    Leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  concave,  when  dry  incurved,  the  nerve  vanishing 
below  the  point;  pedicel   exserted;  capsule  erect,  oval;  teeth  of 
the  peristome  linear,  deeply  cleft ;  lid  subulate  from  a  conic  base  ; 
calyptra  large,  mitriform,  longitudinally  plicate,  crenate-lacinate 
at  base.     Dry  rocks. 

4.  G-.  trichopliyl'la,  Grev.    [Hair-leaved]  :  Stems  elongated, 
loosely  tufted;  leaves  lax,  wavy,   lanceolate,    gradually  tapering 
into  a  diaphanous  point,  the  margins  recurved;  pedicel  flexuose 
and  curved ;  capsule  elliptic-ovate,  sulcate ;  lid  beaked.     On  rocks, 
in  streams.     April,  1851. 

536.  RACOMIT'RIUM,  Brid. 

[Gr.  rdkos,  a  shred,  and  mitrion,  a  little  cap ;  from  the  torn  calyptra.] 
Calyptra  mitriform,  or  campanulate-subulate,  laciniate  at  base.   Cap- 
sule regular.  Peristome  of  16  filiform  and  deeply  2-  or  3-cleft  teeth. 
Lid  conical,  subulate.     Dioicous. 

1.  R.  Ui  i  C  roc  ar  poll,  Brid.  [Small-fruited]  :  Stems  ascend- 
ing, branched ;  leaves  spreading,  lanceolate,  acuminate, — the  upper 
ones  with  the  points  diaphanous  and  somewhat  dentate.  Moist 
rocks. 

537.  IIEDWIG'IA,  Mrh.  not  of  Hook. 

[Dedicated  to  Prof.  J.  G.  Hedwig  ;  a  German  Botanist.] 

Calyptra  conical.  Capsule  globose.  Peristome  none.  Lid  plano- 
convex. Monoicous.  Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1.  H.  Ciliata,  Hedw.  [Ciliafe]:  Leaves  spreading,  sometimes 
secund,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  apex  diaphanous  and  erose-denticu- 
late ;  perichaetial  leaves  ciliate ;  calyptra  minute,  smooth,  or  hairy. 
On  rocks :  common.  Plant  glaucous  green ;  stems  1  to  3  or  4 
inches  long,  branching.  The  Hedwigia  of  HOOKER  (English  Flora), 
belongs  among  the  PLEUROCARPI. 


MUSCI  407 

TRIBE  6.  ORTHOTRICHAXDEAE. 
538.  ORTHO'TRICHUItt,  Hedw.     Bristle-Moss. 

[Or.  orthos,  straight,  &  Thrix,  hair ;  the  calyptra  often  clothed  with  straight  hairs.] 
Calyptra  campanulate,  plicate,  usually  hairy.  Peristome  double,  or 
single, — the  outer  of  16  teeth  approximated  in  pairs,  when  dry 
reflexed, — the  inner  of  16  or  8  horizontal  cilia  (sometimes  wanting). 
Lid  elongated-conical.  Monoicous,  or  dioicous. 

t  Peristome  double;  cilia  8. 

1.  O.  crispum,  Hedw.     [Curled']:     Leaves  spreading,  linear- 
lanceolate,  when  dry  very  much  crisped;  capsule  elongated,  clavate, 
grooved;  calyptra  very  hairy.     On  trees  :  common. 

2.  O.  Hlltchinsiae,  Hook.  $  Tayl.  [Miss  Hutchins's] :  Leaves 
dark  green,  lanceolate,  erect,  when  dry  appressed ;  capsule  exserted, 
grooved;  calyptra  hairy.     On  shaded  rocks. 

3*  O,  Llldwigli,  Schwaegr.  [Ludwig's]  :  Leaves  erect-spread- 
ing, yellowish-green,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  crisped  when  dry; 
capsule  exserted,  pyriform,  smooth,  grooved  only  at  summit,  the 
orifice  much  contracted;  calyptra  hairy,  laciniate  at  base.  On 
trees. 

f  f  Peristome  single. 

4,  O.  Strangulatum,  Beauv.  [Strangulated]  :  Leaves  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  straight  when  dry,  and  tawny  brown ;  capsule  im- 
mersed, grooved ;  teeth  of  the  peristome  never  recurved ;  calyptra 
plicate-ribbed,  smooth,  or  slightly  hairy.  On  trees:  very  common. 

539.  »RUMMO]VDVIA?  Hook. 

[Dedicated  to  Thomas  Drummond;  a  Scotch  Botanical  Collector.] 
Calyptra  large,  cuculliform,  beaked,  ventricose  and  somewhat  plicate 
at  base.     Capsule  exserted.     Peristome  of  16  very  short  truncated 
teeth.     Lid  convex-beaked. 

1.  D.  €  lave  Hal  si,  Hook.  [Clubbed] :  Stems  prostrate  and 
creeping,  with  crowded  erect  branches ;  capsule  ovoid,  pedicellate  ; 
leaves  oblong,  acuminate,  densely  imbricated,  the  nerve  vanishing 
near  the  apex ;  beak  of  the  lid  long,  oblique  from  a  convex  base. — 
On  trees,  forming  large  dark-green  patches. 

TRIBE  7.  TETRAPHID'EAE. 

54O.  TE'TRAPHIS,  Hedw.     Four-toothed  Moss. 

[Gr.  Tetra,  four,  and  phys,  brought  forth ;  alluding  to  the  4-toothed  peristome.] 

Calyptra  mitriform,  plicate,  and  rather  lacerated  at  base.  Peristome 

single,  of  4  equidistant  erect  3-sided-pyramidal  teeth,  ribbed  on  the 

back,  not  articulated.     Lid  conical.     Monoicous. 

1.  T.  pel  like  id  a,  Hedw.  [Pellucid]:  Stems  sparingly  branched ; 
lower  leaves  minute, — upper  ones  lance-ovate  and  oval,  acuminate, 
nerved  to  near  the  apex ;  capsule  oblong-cylindrical ;  pedicel  about 
£  an  inch  long.  Woodlands ;  on  rotten  stumps. 


408  ANOPHTTES 

TRIBE  8.  TRICHOSTOMA^CEAE. 

541.  TRICHOS'TOMITM,  Hedw.     Fringe-Mass. 
[Gr.  Thrix,  hair,  and  Stoma,  mouth;  from  the  hair-like  teeth  of  the  peristome,] 
Calyptra  cuculliform.     Peristome  of  32  slender  capillary  teeth  ap- 
proximated in  pairs.     Lid  elongated-conical. 

1.  T.  pal  lid  H  111,  Hedw.     [Pale]  :     Monoicous,'   stems  short; 
leaves   setaceous  from  a  lanceolate  base,   the  nerve    excurrent, 
denticulate  at  apex;    capsule   oblong,  erect,   or  slightly  curved; 
pedicel  1  to  2  inches  long,  straw-colored ;  lid  conical,  short-beaked. 
Open  woods,  on  the  ground. 

2.  T.  tortile,  Schrad.     [Twisted]:     Dioicous;  leaves  spreading, 
lance-subulate,  channelled,  denticulate  at  the  apex  of  the  excurrent 
nerve ;  capsule  erect,  oblong-elliptical ;  pedicel  £  to  f  of  an  inch  in 
length ;  teeth  of  the  peristome  somewhat  oblique.     Clay  grounds ; 
roadsides,  &c. 

542.  BAR'BUXA,  Hedw.     Beard-Moss. 

[Latin,  diminutive  of  Sarba,  a  beard ;  in  reference  to  the  capillary  peristome.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform.  Peristome  of  32  filiform  spirally-twisted  teeth, 
Lid  elongated-conical. 

1.  B.  imguicul&ta,  Hedw.  [Clawed']:  Dioicous;  stems  elon- 
gated, dichotomous;  leaves  erect-spreading,  oblong-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, pointed  by  the  excurrent  nerve,  the  margins  revolute ;  capsule 
cylindrical ;  pedicel  about  £  an  inch  long ;  lid  long-beaked,  subulate. 
Clay  grounds. 

2.  B.  caespitjsa,  Schwaegr.     [Tufted]:     Monoicous;  stems 
short;    leaves  pale  green,  crowded,  linear-oblong,  taper-pointed, 
mucronate  by  the  excurrent  nerve,   wavy;    capsule   cylindrical, 
slightly  curved,  yellowish ;  pedicels  J  an  inch  to  an  inch  long ; 
teeth  of  the  peristome  long,  and,  with  the  lid,  red.     Dry  woods,  at 
the  base  of  trees. 

TRIBE  9.  DICRANAVCEAE. 

543.  CERAT'ODON,  Brid. 

[Gr.  Keras,  a  horn,  and  Odous,  a  tooth ;  the  teeth  nodulose,  like  a  goat's  horn.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform.  Capsule  oblong,  somewhat  strumose.  Peri- 
stome single,  of  16  lanceolate  teeth  2-cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  their 
articulations  prominent.  Lid  conical-beaked.  Dioicous. 

1.  C.  purpureilS,  Brid.  [Purple]  :  Stems  tufted,  fastigiately 
branched;  leaves  keeled,  oblong-lanceolate,  nerved  to  the  apex, 
the  margins  reflexed  ;  capsule  cylindrical,  nodding,  striate ;  pedicel 
f  of  an  inch  long,  and,  with  the  capsule,  dark  shining  purple.  Old 
roofs ;  and  on  the  ground :  common. 

544.  »ICRAVI¥UM,  Hedw.     Fork-Moss. 

[Gr.  Dikranon,  a  flesh-fork;  the  peristome-teeth  cleft,  or  forked.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform.     Peristome   single,    of  16  equidistant  teeth 

which  are  2-  or  3-cleft  nearly  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  equal  and 

parallel.    Lid  beaked. 


MITSCI  409 

«ft0.  [Broom]:  Stems  2  inches  long,  ascend- 
ing, branched ;  leaves  falcate,  secund,  lance-subulate,  channelled, 
serrulate ;  capsule  subcylindric,  rather  nodding ;  pedicel  1£  inches 
long;  lid  long-beaked.  Woodlands;  on  the  ground,  and  decayed 
logs. 

2.  D.  undulatum,  Ehrh.  [  Wavy] :  Stems  about  an  inch 
long ;  leaves  subsecund,  lanceolate,  nearly  flat,  thin,  serrulate,  trans- 
versely undulate ;  capsule  subcylindric,  curved ;  pedicels  fascicled 
(2  to  5  from  the  same  perichaeth),  1J  inches  in  length.  On  the 
ground. 

«J.  I>.  Scliradori,  Web.  $  JHohr.  [Schrader's]:  Stems  erect; 
leaves  crowded,  erect,  not  secund,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
slightly  denticulate,  when  dry  somewhat  rugose ;  capsule  oblong ; 
pedicel  1,  or  1J  inches  long.  Damp  woods. 

4.  D.  flagellare,  Hedw.     [  Whip-like] :  Stems  erect,  near  2 
inches  high,   densely  crowded,  emitting  from  near  their  summits 
slender  and  rigid  innovations  furnished  'with  minute  imbricated 
leaves ;  stem-leaves  linear-subulate,  secund ;  capsule  subcylindric, 
erect ;  pedicels  about  an  inch  long.     Damp  woods;  decayed  logs. 

5.  H.  longifolilim,  Ehrh.    \Long-leaved~\-.    Stems  ascending, 
branched;  leaves  falcate,  secund,  elongated,  bristly-subulate,  slightly 
serrulate,  the  nerve   very  broad;   capsule  oblong,   erect;  pedicel 
about  an  inch  long.     Hilly  woodlands. 

6.  D.  beteromallum,  Hedw.      [Part-villous]:  Stem   erect, 
nearly  simple ;  leaves  falcate,  secund,  subulate  from  a  broad  base, 
slightly  serrulate ;  capsule  obovoid-oblong,  slightly  nodding ;  pedi- 
cel £  an  inch  to  f  in  length,  and,  with  the  capsule,  reddish-brown ; 
lid  with  an  oblique  subulate  beak.     Shaded  banks. 

•?.  I>.  variiim,  Hedw.  [  Various]  :  Stems  short,  nearly  simple  ; 
leaves  erect-spreading,  sometimes  secund,  lance-subulate;  capsule 
obovoid,  rather  oblique ;  pedicel  £  to  £  an  inch  long ;  lid  conic, 
with  a  short  beak.  Moist  grounds.  Whole  plant  reddish-brown. 

TRIBE  10.  LEUCOBRYA^CEAE. 

545.  I.EtJCO^BRYUM,  Hampe. 
[Gr.  Leukos,  white,  and  Bryon,  Moss ;  from  its  pallid  color.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform.   Capsule  oblong.  Peristome  single,  of  1C  slen- 
der 2-cleft  densely-jointed  teeth, — the  lobes  equal,  divergent.     Lid 
with  a  subulate  beak. 

1.  Ij.  vulgare,  Hampe.  [Common]:  Stems  erect,  2  inches  high, 
divided  above,  fastigiate,  fragile ;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  erect, 
ovate-lanceolate,  channelled,  rather  obtuse,  nerveless,  entire;  cap- 
sule slightly  strumose  and  curved,  striate  when  dry ;  pedicel  about 
£  an  inch  long.  Wet  woods ;  growing  in  dense  glaucous-green  tus  • 
socks. 

TRIBE  11.  FISSIDENYTEAE. 

546.  FISS'IDENS,  Hedw.     Split-tooth  Moss. 

[Latin,  Jissus,  split,  and  dens,  tooth ;  the  teeth  of  the  peristome  being  cleft.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform,  rarely  conic-mitriform.     Pedicel  sometimes 


410  ANOPHYTES 

lateral,  or  from  the  root.  Peristome  single,  of  16  linear-lanceolate 
2-cleft  teeth,  the  divisions  unequal,  divergent.  Lid  conic-beaked. 
Frond-like  plants;  leaves  bifarious,  vertical, — "their  proper  lamina 
infolded-boat-shaped,  producing  from  the  keel  an  equitant  blade 
which  forms  the  principal  portion  of  the  leaf." 

t  Pedicel  terminal. 

1.  F.  miniltulllS,  Sulliv.  [Very  small]:  Dioicous;  stems  sim- 
ple ;  leaves  lance-linear,  margined  by  a  transparent  rather  wavy 
border;  capsule  erect,  oval;  pedicel  1  to  2  lines  long;  lid  elongat- 
ed-conic. On  stones  in  brooks ;  very  diminutive. 

£•  F.  bryoides,  Hedw.   [Bryum-like]:  Monoicous;  stems  near- 
ly simple,  ascending ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  margined,  minutely 
pointed  by  the  excurrent  nerve  ;  capsule  oblong-oval ;  pedicel  J  to 
£  of  an  inch  long,  lid  conic-pointed.     Moist  places, 
ft  Pedicel  lateral. 

3.  F.  adiailtoidcs  1    Hedw.     [Adiantum-like] :    Stems  much 
branched;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate,  the  marginal   cells 
transparent,  the  nerve  percurrent ;  capsule  oblique  ;  lid  with  a  long 
beak.     Shaded,  moist  places,  on  the  ground ;  1  to  2  inches  high. — 
Inflorescence  as  in  F.  bryoides. 

Obs.  This  has  not  been  found  in  fruit,  within  the  County, 
t  f  t  Pedicel  arising  from  the  root. 

4.  F.  taxlfolius,  Hedw.     [Yew-leaved]:   Stems  short,  tufted; 
perichaetial  leaves  ovate,  sheathing,  convolute,  pointed ;  capsule 
oblong;  pedicel  £  to  ^  an  inch  long;   lid  conic-pointed.     Moist 
places. 

54?.  COffOMIT'RHIM,  Montague. 
["Gr.  Konos,  a  Cone,  and  mitrion,  a  cap ;  in  reference  to  the  Calyptra.] 
Calyptra  conic-mitriform,  wavy  at  base.     Capsule  terminal  upon 
axillary  branches.     Peristome  of  16  short  and  truncated  irregularly 
divided  or  perforated  teeth.   Lid  conical,  minutely  beaked.    Monoi- 
cous.    Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1.  C.  Jlllianiim,  Mont.  [Julian] :  Stems  2  to  5  inches  long, 
filiform,  floating,  much  divided;  leaves  distant,  narrowly  lance- 
olate, acute,  the  nerve  extending  to  near  the  apex;  capsule  obconic, 
tapering  to  a  short  pedicel ;  lid  conic,  with  a  long  erect  beak,  which 
alone  is  covered  by  the  calyptra, — the  latter  fleshy  and  sometimes 
throwing  out  rootlets  from  it  base.  Immersed  in  springs  and  brooks. 

TRIBE  12.  POLYTRICHA^CEAE. 
548.  A'TRICIIUM,  Beauv.  Smooth-cap  Moss. 

[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Thrix,  hair ;  from  the  smooth  calyptra.] 
Calyptra  narrowly  cucullate,  naked,  spinulose  at  apex.  Capsule 
elongated-cylindraceous,  slightly  curved.  Peristome  single,  of  32 
short  ligulate  teeth,  incurved  and  adhering  by  their  summits  to  the 
margin  of  the  disk-like  apex  of  the  columella.  Lid  subulate-beaked. 
Sterile  fl.  cup-shaped. 


MTJSCI 


411 


1.  A.  iiiHluliitillil ,  Beauv.    [  Wavy] :  Monoicous ;  steins  about 
2  inches  high,  erect,  mostly  simple ;  leaves  long,  ligulate-lance- 
olate,  undulate,  spinulose-toothed,  narrowly  margined,  the  nerve 
with  2  to  4  narrow  lamellae ;  capsule  about  J  of  an  inch  long ; 
pedicel  1  to  1|  inches  in  length.     Moist  grounds. 

2.  A.  angustatum,  Beauv.     {Narrowed] :     Dioicous;  stems 
shorter  and  more  slender  than  the  preceding ;  leaves  narrower,  not 
denticulate  below  the  middle,  the  nerve  with  more  and  broader 
lamellae ;  pedicel  £  an  inch  to  near  an  inch  long.     Shady  woods ; 
along  fences,  &c. 

549.  POGOIVA^TUIH ,  Beauv.     Hair-cap  Moss. 

[Gr.  Pogon,  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  hairy  calyptra.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform,  densely  hairy.  Capsule  cylindrical.  Peri- 
stome  single,  of  32  teeth,  adherent  by  their  summits  to  the  mem- 
branous-dilated apex  of  the  columella.  Lid  beaked.  Dioicous.  Sterile 
fl.  cup-shaped. 

1.  P.  brcvicaikle,  Brid.  [Short-stemmed'] :  Stems  about  1 
line  long;  leaves  few,  crowded  and  appressed,  subulate  from  a 
membranaceous  base,  denticulate ;  lid  with  a  short  oblique  beak ; 
capsule  smooth;  pedicel  about  an  inch  long;  calyptra  apparently  a 
dense  web  of  hoary  hairs.  Moist  clayey  banks:  "the  ground 
around  is  always  covered  by  a  green  stratum  of  confervoid  fila- 
ments." 

550.  POLYTRICHUM,  L.     Hair-Moss. 

[Gr.  Polys,  many,  and  Thrix,  hair;  the  calyptra  consisting  chiefly  of  hairs.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform,  densely  hairy.     Capsule  4-  or  6-sided,  with  a 
discoid  apophysis.     Peristome  single,  of  64  teeth,  adherent  by  their 
summits  to  the  membranous-dilated  apex  of  the  columella;  other- 
wise as  in  Pogonatum. 

1.  P.  font  lit  line,  L.     [Common] :     Stems  simple,  nearly  erect, 
1  to  2  inches  high ;  leaves  spreading  or  recurved,  linear-lanceolate, 
serrate  on  the  margins  and  back;  capsule  oblong,   4-sided,  the 
angles  acute ;  lid  short-beaked  from  a  convex  base ;  pedicels  2  to  3 
inches  long.     Shady  moist  places. 

2.  P.  fbrillosimi,  Hedw.     [Handsome']:     Nearly  allied  to  the 
preceding;    capsule  longer  and  slightly  curved,  with  the  angles 
obtuse ;  apophysis  smaller  and  tapering  into  the  pedicel ;  lid  conical. 
Woods,  at  the  base  of  trees. 

3.  P.  juniperiniim,  Hedw.     [Juniper-like'] :     Stem  1  to  2 
inches  high,  simple,  or  divided ;  leaves  lance-linear,  awn-pointed, 
the  margins  involute,  entire ;  capsule  and  lid  as  in  No.  1 ;  pedicel 
about  1  £  inches  long.     On  high  ground. 

TRIBE  13.  BUXBAUMIA^CEAE. 

551.  DIPHYS'CIUM,   Web.  $  Mohr. 

[Gr.  dis,  twice,  and  Physke,  a  bladder;  from  the  two  membranes  of  the  capsule.] 
Calyptra  conic-mitriform.  Capsule  immersed,  ovoid-ventricose,  ob- 
lique at  base.  Peristome  double ;  the  exterior  of  16  minute  crena- 


412 


ANOPHTTES 


tures;  the'  interior  a  white  plicate  cone-shaped  membrane.  Lid 
conical.  Monoicous.  Sterile  fl.  terminal. 

1.  D.  fbliosum,  W.  $  M.  [Leafy] :  Stems  about  a  line  high ; 
lower  leaves  ligulate,  upper  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  laciniate 
at  apex,  with  a  long  excurrent  nerve ;  capsule  remarkably  large, 
slightly  pedicellate.  Shady  woods. 

TRIBE  14.  BARTRAMIA^CEAE. 
552.  BARTRAMVIA,  ffedw. 

[Dedicated  to  John  Bartram, — the  Botanical  Patriarch  of  our  Country.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform.     Capsule  subglobose,  unequal  at  base,  ribbed 
and  grooved.     Peristome  double;  the  outer  of  16  lanceolate  teeth; 
the  inner  a  membrane  divided  into  16  two-cleft  divisions.  Lid  small, 
depressed-conic. 

1.  B.  pom  i  form  is.  ffedw.  [Apple-shaped]:  Stems  some- 
what elongated  (£  an  inch  to  an  inch),  fork-branched, — the  branches 
fastigiate;  leaves  spreading,  subulate-linear,  longish,  serrulate, 
crisped  when  dry,  the  nerve  excurrent ;  pedicel  ^  an  inch  to  f  in 
length ;  sterile  and  fertile  fl.  together.  Moist  banks,  in  woods ; 
"grows  in  large  cushion-like  patches  of  a  light-green  color." 

2»  B.  foil  la  11  a,  Brid.  [Fountain]:  Dioicous;  stems  much 
elongated  (2  or  3  inches),^ — the  branches  rather  short;  leaves 
glaucous-green,  closely  imbricated,  oval,  pointed,  or  elongated- 
lanceolate,  rigid,  often  secund,  serrulate,  the  nerve  extending  to  the 
apex ;  capsule  obliquely  ovoid ;  pedicel  1  to  1  %  inches  long,  lateral 
from  innovations.  Sterile  fl.  disk-like,  or  cup-shaped.  In  springy, 
wet  places. 

TRIBE  15.  BRYE^AE. 
553.  BRYVUM,  L.     Thread-Moss. 

[Gr.  Bryon, — an  ancient  name  for  Moss.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform.  Capsule  smooth.  Peristome  double ;  the  outer 
of  16  lanceolate  teeth ;  the  inner  a  membrane  divided  into  16  pro- 
cesses,— often  with  ciliolae,  or  filiform  segments,  between  them:  annu- 
lus  mostly  present. 

§1.  Innovations  proceeding  from  near  the  summit  of  the  stem. 
f  Ciliolae  smooth. 

1.  B.  piilclivlliini,  Hedw.   [Pretty]:  Dioicous;  small;  leaves 
lanceolate,  serrulate  at  apex,  nerved  to  the  summit;  capsule  nod- 
ding, short-pyriform  or  obovoid,  not  annulate ;  pedicel  £  an  inch 
to  f  in  length ;  lid  convex,  apiculate.     Clay  banks ;  New-Garden. 

2.  B.  Walllenbergii,  Schwaegr.     [Wahlenberg's]:     Leaves 
yellowish-green,  glossy,  ovate,  lanceolate,  serrulate  at  apex,  with  a 
nearly  percurrent  nerve ;  capsule  short-pyriform  or  turbinate,  in- 
clined or  drooping,  not  annulate;  pedicel  f  to  an  inch  long;  lid 
convex-mammillate ;  sterile  fl.   conspicuous,   disked-shaped,  on  a 
separate  individual.     Springy  places ;  New-Garden. 


MUSCI  413 

•f-fCiliolae  with  appendages  at  their  articulations. 

3.  B.  pyriforilie,  Hedw.     [Pear-shaped] :     Stem  nearly  sim- 
ple; leaves  setaceous-subulate,  serrulate,  the  nerve  broad,  excur- 
rent ;  capsule   inclined,  ventricose-pear-shaped ;    pedicel   1  or  1£ 
inches  long,   and,  with  the   capsule,   reddish  orange-color  when 
mature.     Damp  shaded  places. 

4.  B.  billl mil,  Schreb.     [Biennial] :     Stems  elongated ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  with  reflexed  margins,  mucronate  by  the  excurrent 
nerve, — obsoletely  denticulate  at  apex ;  capsule  oblong-pyriform, 
drooping ;  pedicel  1  to  2  inches  long.     Woods,  and  wet  places. 

5.  B.  caespitltium,  L.     [Turfy']:     Dioicous;  stems   short, 
much  branched  by  innovations,  forming  dense  tufts  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  slightly  denticulate  at  apex,  the  margins  revolute,  the 
nerve  excurrent ;  capsule  oblong-pyriform,  drooping  ;  pedicel  about 
an  inch  long,  reddish  orange-color.     Dry  woods ;  old  walls,  &c. 

6.  B.  argrenteuill,  L.   [Silvery"]:  Dioicous;  stems  and  branches 
crowded,   short,   subcylindric ;   leaves  closely  imbricated,  broadly 
oval,  short-pointed,  the  nerve  vanishing  at  the  apex ;  capsule  oval- 
oblong,  nodding ;  pedicel  £  to  f  of  an  inch  long,  dark  purple.    Old 
roofs;  roadsides,  &c.,  common.     The  color  of  the  leaves  varying 
from  glaucous  green  to  silvery  white. 

§  2.  Innovations  proceeding  from,  the  base  of  the  stem. 
4®^  Ciliolae  (except  in  B.  roseum)  smooth,    f  Leaves  margined. 

I.  B,  punctatuni,  Hedw.      [Dotted]:  Dioicous;  stems   elon- 
gated ;  leaves  large,  distant,  roundish-obovate  or  oval,  narrowed  at 
base,  wavy-dotted,  entire,  with   the  margin   thickened,  the  nerve 
disappearing  below  the  summit ;  capsule   oval,  rather  pendulous  : 
pedicel  about  f  of  an  inch  long ;  lid  nearly  conic,  short-beaked ; 
sterile  fl.  discoid.     Wet  places. 

8.  B.  liorillim,  Hedw.     [This  year's]:     Dioicous ;  stems  elon- 
gated; leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  erect-spreading,  spinulose-serrate, 
and  spinulose  on  the  back,  the  nerve  vanishing  near  the  apex ;  cap- 
sule ovoid-elliptic,  nodding;  pedicel  about  1  finches  long;  lid  hem- 
ispherical-conic, apiculate.     Damp  shady  places. 

9.  B.  cuspidal  Hill,  Hedw.     [Cuspidate]:     Stems  elongated; 
leaves  obovate,  acute,  and  pointed  with  the  excurrent  nerve,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  the  margins  thickened  and  wavy -denticulate ;  cap- 
sule oval,  nodding  ;  pedicel  f  of  an  inch  long  ;  lid  conic-hemispher- 
ical, often  obtuse.     Damp  woods. 

10.  B.  affme,  End.     [Kindred] :     Dioicous ;  stems  elongated : 
leaves  oval-lanceolate,  and  ligulate-lanceolate,  wavy,  sharply  ser- 
rate, the  nerve  excurrent ;  capsule  elongated-oval,  nodding ;  pedicel 
1  to  1J  inches  long,  often  2  or  more  together;  lid  hemispherical- 
mamillate.     Damp  situations. 

II.  B.  roseum,  Schreb.     [Rosaceous]:     Dioicous;  stems  £  of 
an  inch  to  1£  inches  long,  nearly  leafless  below;  leaves  large,  deep 
green ;  crowded  and  rosulate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  spatulate, 


414  ANOPHYTES 

flat,  acute,  or  cuspidate,  the  nerve  reaching  to  the  point;  capsule 
ovoid-oblong  or  subcylindric,  slightly  curved;  pedicel  about  an 
inch  long  ;  lid  as  in  the  preceding.  Moist  woods,  at  the  roots  of 
trees. 

f  f  Leaves  not  margined. 

12.  B.  stellare,  Hedw.  [Starry']  :  Leaves  oval-oblong,  point- 
ed, irregularly  serrate,  the  nerve  vanishing  considerably  short  of 
the  apex  ;  capsule  oval,  horizontal  ;  lid  hemispherical,  without  any 
apiculus.  Woods.  Dioicous:  sterile  fl.  discoid. 


554.  AFJLACOIWraiOIV,  Schwaegr. 

[Gr.  Avlax;  a  furrow,  and  muion,  a  name  for  Moss;  the  Capsule  ribbed  and  grooved.] 
Calyptra  small,  cuculliform.  Capsule  ribbed  when  dry,  annnulate. 
Peristome  double;  the  outer  of  16  lance-subulate  teeth;  the  inner 
a  membrane  divided  into  16  processes,  with  ciliolae  interposed.  Lid 
convex-beaked. 

1.  A.  heterosticlmm,  Br.  $  Sch.     [One-sided]:  ^   Monoicous  ; 
leaves  obovate-oval,  strongly  serrate,  turned  to  one  side,  the  nerve 
proceeding  nearly  to  the  summit  ;  capsule  cylindric-oblong,  slightly 
curved;  pedicel  about  f  of  an  inch  long;    lid  obliquely  beaked; 
sterile  fl.  axillary.     Woods  ;  hill  sides,  &c. 

2.  A.  palu§tre9  Schwaegr.     [Marsh]  :     Dioicous  ;  leaves  elon- 
gated-lanceolate, denticulate  at  apex,  the  nerve  failing  below  the 
summit;  capsule  oblong,  strongly  ribbed  and  grooved,  drooping; 
pedicel  1  to  1^  inches  long  ;  lid  conical  ;  sterile  fl.  discoid.   Borders 
of  swamps. 

DIVISION  II.  PLEUROCAB/PI  :    Pedicel  or  fruitstalk  lateral. 
TRIBE  16.  PTEROGONIAVCEAE. 

555.  PTEROGOV1VIUM  ,  Swarte. 

[Gr.  Pteron,  a  wing,  and  gonos,  a  shoot;  from  the  winged  branches.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform,    smooth,   or  hairy,     Peristome  double;   the 
outer  of  16  lanceolate  teeth  ;  the  inner  a  delicate  membrane  lining 
the  inner  face  of  the  teeth,  or  divided  into  16  free  processes.     Lid 
conic-beaked.     Monoicous.     Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1.  P.  illlricsitiim,  Hedw.     [Tangled]:     Stems  creeping,  the 
branches  entangled;   leaves  imbricated,   ovate-lanceolate,  secund, 
nerveless  ;  capsule  erect,  oblong-ovoid  ;  pedicel  %  an  inch  to  f  in 
length  ;  lid  with  a  short  oblique  beak.     On  the  bark  of  trees. 

2.  P.  ripens,  Schwaegr.     [Creeping]:     Stems  creeping,  much 
branched  ;  branches  erect,  crowded  ;  closely  imbricated,  oval,  short- 
pointed,  with  a  short  forked  nerve  at  base,  the  margins  reflexed  ; 
capsule  erect,  ovoid-cylindrical  ;  pedicel  about  f  of  an  inch  long.  — 
On  old  logs,  &c. 

3.  P.  subcapillatlim,  Hedw.  [Somewhat  hairy]:  Stems  mnt- 
ted  together  ;  leaves  imbricated,  lance-linear,  acuminate  ;  capsule 
inclined,  cylindrical-oblong  ;  pedicel  minutely  muricate,  ^  to  J  an 
inch  in  length  ;  calyptra  sparsely  hairy  ;  lid  rather  long,  beaked.  — 
On  trees.     Resembles  P.  intricatum,  but  smaller. 


MUSCI 


415 


4.  P.  Iiirtellum,  Hedw.  [Roughish-haired] :  Stems  creeping, 
throwing  up  densely-crowded  cylindrical  branches;  leaves  closely 
imbricated,  deltoid,  pointed,  minutely  fringed  on  the  margins, 
nerveless ;  capsule  oblong,  slightly  ventricose  at  base ;  teeth  of  the 
peristome  long  and  white ;  pedicel  about  £  an  inch  long.  "Woods, 
investing  the  bases  of  young  trees  (particularly  of  Hickory  §  Horn- 
beam) with  dense  glaucous-green  mats." 

556.  L-EPT'ODOIV,   Weber. 

[Gr.  Leptos,  slender,  and  odous,  tooth ;  in  reference  to  the  peristome.] 
Calyptra  large,    cuculliform,   hairy.      Capsule  oblong.      Peristome 
double;  the  outer  of  16  linear-lanceolate  teeth;  the  inner  as  in 
Pterogonium.     Lid  conic,  somewhat  beaked. 

1.  Li.  tricllOIllitrlOIl,  Mohr.  [Hairy-cap] :  Main  stem  creep- 
ing, leafless,  throwing  out  pinnate  branches ;  leaves  when  moist 
erect-spreading,  oblong-ovate,  pointed,  nerveless,  the  margins  re- 
flexed  ;  perichaetial  leaves  large,  scarious,  convolute,  as  long  as  the 
pedicel ;  capsule  ovoid-cylindrical.  On  trees. 

557.  USUCTODOIV,  Schwaegr. 

[Gr.  Leufcos,  white,  and  odous,  a  tooth ;  in  reference  to  the  peristome.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform,  large,  rather  ventricose,  plicate  at  base. — 
Capsule  roundish-oval  or  oblong-ovoid.  Peristome  double ;  the  outer 
of  16  linear-oblong  perforated  teeth ;  the  inner  as  in  Pterogonium. 
Lid  small,  depressed-conic,  rather  short-beaked. 

1.  I*  jiilsiceus,  Hedw.  [Ament-like~\ :  Main  stem  creeping, 
leafless ;  branches  crowded,  erect,  simple,  cylindrical ;  leaves  densely 
imbricated,  ovate,  nerveless,  spreading  horizontally  when  moist; 
perichaetial  leaves  large,  scarious,  convolute,  f  the  length  of  the 
pedicel.  Woods,  on  trees. 

3.  1L.  bracliypus,  Brid.  [Short-pedicel] :  Allied  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  the  branches  longer,  more  slender  and  recurved ;  leaves 
elongated,  when  moist  erect-spreading,  secund;  capsule  oblong- 
ovoid,  on  a  very  short  lateral  pedicel.  On  trees  and  rocks. 

'  TRIBE  17.  NECKERA^CEAE. 
558.  JVECKE'RA,  Hedw. 

[Dedicated  to  N.  J.  Necker,— a  German  Botanist.] 

Calyptra  halved-mi  triform.  Peristome  double;  the  outer  of  16  linear 
teeth ;  the  inner  16  cilia  arising  from  a  very  narrow  membrane. — 
Lid  conic,  more  or  less  beaked.  Monoicous.  Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1.  JV.  pennata,  Hedw.  [Feathered] :  Stems  decumbent ;  branches 
nearly  pinnate,  flat;  leaves  bifarious,  lance-ovate,  slightly  wavy, 
membranaceous ;  capsule  ovoid,  erect,  short-pedicelled,  immersed 
in  the  large  perichaetial  leaves.  On  trees. 

TRIBE  18.  LESKEAVCEAE. 

559.  ISOTHEVCIU!«,  Brid. 
[Or.  Jsos,  equal,  and  Thekion  a  little  case;  from  the  symmetrical  capsule.} 

Calyptra  cuculliform.     Capsule  erect,  annulate.     Peristome  double ; 


416  ANOPHYTES 

the  outer  of  16  linear  teeth  ;  the  inner  16  cilia,  connected  at  base 
by  a  very  narrow  membrane.  Lid  conic,  more  or  less  beaked. — 
Monoicous.  Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1. 1.  Cladorrllizans,  Hedw.  [Branch-rooting] :  Stems  pros- 
trate ;  branches  sub-pinnate,  much  compressed ;  leaves  imbricated, 
concave,  oblong-ovate,  apiculate,  shining ;  capsule  erect,  cylindri- 
cal ;  pedicel  about  f  of  an  inch  long  ;  lid  elongated-conic.  On  old 
logs,  forming  large  mats. 

2.  I.  COmpreSSlim,  Hedw.      [Compresed] :     Allied  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  smaller  and  more  delicate,  of  a  lax  mode  of  growth ; 
stems  more  regularly  pinnate ;  leaves  less  densely  imbricated ;  lid 
taper-beaked ;  fruit  less  copious. 

3.  T.  seductrix,  Hedw.     [Seductive] :    Allied  to  the  preceding, 
but  the  branches  cylindrical ;  leaves  more  closely  imbricated  ;  fruit 
more   abundant,  pedicels  reddish-brown,      Margins   of   swamps; 
roots  of  trees,  &c. 

4.  I,  breviS^tum,  Wils.  $  Hook.     [Short-bristled] :     Branches 
short,   crowded,   thick,  not  compressed ;  leaves  rather  loosely  im- 
bricated ;  acuminate,    pale   green ;    pedicels  about  an  inch  long, 
brownish  yellow.     On  stumps,  &c. 

5. 1.  vitiCUl&SUlll,  Hedw.  [  Vinelef] :  Stems  creeping,  loosely 
branched ;  branches  nearly  erect,  elongated,  simple,  terete ;  leaves 
deep  green,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  crowded,  spreading;  capsule 
cylindric ;  lid  conic,  pointed.  On  trees,  at  the  base ;  old  logs,  &c. 

56O.  UES'KEA,  Hedw. 

[Dedicated  to  N.  G.  Leske,—&  German  Botanist.] 

Catyptra  cuculliform.  Capsule  erect,  or  inclined.  Peristome  double ; 
the  outer  of  16  teeth  ;  the  inner  of  16  cilia  arising  from  a  broad 
keeled  membrane.  Lid  conic,  more  or  less  beaked.  Monoicous. — 
Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1.  li.  attenuata,  Schreb.    [Attenuated] :  Stems  creeping,  much 
branched, — the  branches  often  attenuated  at  apex  ;  leaves   ovate, 
rather  obtuse  and  one-sided,  spreading  at  apex,  the  strong  nerve 
vanishing  near  the  point ;  capsule  erect,  cylindric ;  pedicel  £  an 
inch  to  f  long:  lid  conical,  obtusely  pointed.     Shaded  rocks,  and 
damp  places. 

2.  It.  imforicatula,  Hedw.     [Imbricated] :     Stems  creeping ; 
branches  crowded,   attenuated;   leaves  closely  imbricated,   erect- 
spreading,  ovate  and  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pale  green  and  shining, 
the  serrulate  margin  somewhat  reflexed;  capsule  erect,  cylindric; 
pedicel  about  J  an  inch  long.  Woods,  on  old  stumps.  Very  variable. 

3.  L<«  ol>SCllra?  Hedw.     [  Obscure] :    Leaves  dark  green,  opaque, 
ovate,  rather  obtuse,  the  nerve  extending  to  near  the  apex ;  capsule 
erect,  oblong-elliptic ;  pedicel  \  an  inch  to  f  in  length ;  lid  conic. 
Wet  banks,  on  trees.     Fruit  copious. 


417 

4.  I*,  rosf  rata,  Iltdw.     [Beaked]:    Stems  ascending,  variously 
divided ;  branches  very  crowded,  short,  erect,  terete ;  leaves  pale 
green,  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuated,   the  strong  nerve  percurrent; 
capsule  ovoid-oblong ;  pedicel  about  £  of  an  inch  long ;  lid  obliquely 
beaked  from  a  conic  base.     Woods,  at  roots  of  trees. 

5.  I*.   deiltiClllata,  Sulliv.     [Denticulate'] :     Stems  creeping 
and  fastigiately  branched ;  branches  erect,  crowded,  a  little  com- 
pressed ;  leaves  palish  green,  densely  imbricated,  ovate,  concave, 
pointed,  denticulate,  nerveless;  capsule  oval-oblong;  lid  obliquely 
short-beaked.     On  rocks,  and  roots  of  trees.     Fruit  very  rare. 

6.  L,.    Iiil^ilis,    Hook.    $    Wils.     [Fragile]:     Stems  creeping, 
irregularly   divided ;    branches   filiform,    rigid   and   very   fragile ; 
leaves  deep  green,  minute,   appressed  when  dry,  ovate-lingulate, 
rather  acute,  nerved  to  the  middle.     On  trees.     Fruit  not  seen. 

TRIBE  19.  HYPNA'CEAE. 
561.  IIYP'WUM,  L.     Feather-Moss. 

[An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  MOBS.] 

Calyptra  cuculliform.  Capsule  nodding,  unequal  (the  upper  side 
more  convex),  with  an  oblique  orifice.  Peristome  double;  the  outer 
of  16  lanceolate  teeth;  the  inner  a  keeled- furrowed  membrane 
divided  into  16  entire,  or  perforated  cilia,  with  ciliolae  interposed. 
Lid  various.  Fructification  monoicous,  or  dioicous. 
$1.  Stems  and  branches  flat;  leaves  bifarious. 

1.  II.  syliiiticiim,  L.     [Wood]:     Stems  tender  and  fragile; 
branches  lance-linear,  frond-form,  tapering,  loose,  sometimes  root- 
ing at  apex;  leaves   broadly  lanceolate,   pointed,   with  narrowly 
reflexed  margins,   decurrent,   shining;  capsule  oblong,   erect-nod- 
ding ;  pedicel  near  an  inch  long ;  annulus  large ;  peristome  white  ; 
lid  elongated-conic,  acute.     Crevices  of  moist  rocks. 

2.  H.  deplanatum,  Br.   $  Sch.     [Flatted] :     Stems  tough, 
much  divided;  branches  obtuse,  rather  short,  rooting  along  their 
whole  length  ;  leaves  slightly  serrulate ;  capsule  short,  oblique,  or 
somewhat  horizontal.     Woods,  on  roots  of  trees,  &c. 

3.  II.  Silesiacum,  Beauv.     [Silesian]:     Stems   decumbent; 
leaves   lanceolate,  with  an  attenuated  flexuose  point,   serrulate ; 
capsule  cylindrical,  erect-nodding ;  annulus  large ;  pedicel  £  to  £ 
an  inch  long ;  lid  hemispherical-conic,  apiculate.     At  roots  of  trees. 

4.  H.  riparium,  L.     [Bank]  :    Stems  procumbent,  extended, 
branched ;    branches  divided,    flaccid ;    leaves   distant,    divergent, 
ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  entire,  nerved  half-way  up ;  capsule  oblong, 
rather  nodding ;  pedicel  near  an  inch  long ;  lid  conic,  mammillate. 
On  logs  in  swamps :     Variable  in  size. 

5.  II.   serrulatum,   Hedw.      [Serrulate]:     Stems  creeping, 
irregularly  divided ;  leaves  distant,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate, 
the  nerve  extending  above  the  middle ;  capsule  oblong,  nodding ; 
annulus  none ;  pedicel  about  f  of  an  inch  long ;  lid  conic,  long- 
beaked.     Dry  woods,  on  the  ground. 

27 


418  ANOPHYTES 

§2.  Stems  and  branches  elongated,  flaccid,  rather  compressed  ;  leaves  loosely  placed ; 
pedicels  minutely  roughened. 

6.  H.  llians,  Iledw.  [Gaping] :  Stems  prostrate,  much  ex- 
tended, vaguely  branched ;  branches  ascending;  leaves  spreading, 
shining,  ovate-cordate,  serrulate,  the  nerve  of  uniform  size,  stop- 
ping about  midway ;  lid  beaked,  as  long  as  the  nodding  capsule ; 
pedicel  about  an  inch  long.  Woods,  among  decayed  leaves,  &c. 

g  3.  Stems  procumbent,  fasciculately  branched,  the  terete  branches  turgid ;  leaves 
cordate-ovate,  lurid  green. 

*y.H.ru§cif61ium?-iV<?c&.  [Ruscus-leaved]:  Stems  and  branches 
floating,  1  to  3  or  4  inches  long ;  leaves  sometimes  bifarious,  spread- 
ing, loosely  imbricated,  concave,  acute,  serrulate,  the  nerve  vanish- 
ing below  the  apex ;  capsule  ovoid,  nodding ;  pedicel  about  f  of  an 
inch  long ;  lid  long-beaked.  On  wood  and  stones,  in  swift  water. 

§  4.  Branches  terete,  plumose  ;  pedicels  smooth,  or  rough. 

Su  H.  pseudo-plum i>SUlll,  Brid.  [False-plumose] :  Stems 
Variously  branched ;  leaves  erect-spreading,  imbricated,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire,  not  striate,  the  nerve  reaching  to  the  middle ; 
capsule  ovoid-oblong,  oblique  ;  pedicel  f  to  an  inch  long,  muricate- 
roughened  above ;  lid  conic,  acute.  On  rocks,  in  running  water. 

9.  II.  Rutabllllim,  L.     [Poker] :     Stems  vaguely  branched ; 
leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  concave,  serrulate,  nerved  halfway ;  cap- 
sule ovoid,  gibbous,  oblique,  annulate ;  lid  conic  ;  pedicel  about  an 
inch  long,  rnuricate-roughened  its  whole  length.      "Wet,   springy 
places. 

10.  H.    salebrosum,  Ilo/m.      [Rugged]:      Stems  procum- 
bent or  ascending,  variously  branched ;  leaves  pale  green,  nearly 
entire,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  more  or  less  striate,  the  nerve 
extending  above  the  middle;  capsule  oblong,  nodding;  lid  conic- 
acuminate  ;  pedicel  purple,   about  an  inch  long.     On  the  ground, 
and  decayed  logs,  &c.  variable. 

§5.  Stems  elongated,  flaccid;  branches  turgid, terete',  leaves  densely  imbricated, 
obtuse ;  pedicels  smooth. 

11.  H.  Boscii,  Schwaegr.     [Base's] :  Stems  rather  fasciculately 
branched;  branches  elongated,  obtuse;  leaves  greenish-yellow,  shin- 
ing, ovate,  apiculate,  concave,  serrulate,  slightly  auricled  at  base, 
nerve  running  f  the  length ;  lid  conic,  beaked ;  pedicels  near  an 
inch  long.     Rocky  banks. 

g6.  Stems  ascending ;  branches  short,  pinnately  disposed;  leaves  shining,  appressed, 
convolute  at  the  pointed  tips  of  the  branches. 

12.  H.  Sclireberi,,  Willd.  [Schrcber's] :    Branches  rather  com- 
pressed, tapering;  leaves  ovate,  concave,  entire,  faintly  2-nerved 
at  base;  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  nodding;  lid  conic,  acute;  pedicels 
aggregated,  slender,  reddish,  1  to  1 J  inches  in  length.  On  dry  hills, 
and  banks. 


MTJSCI  419 

g7.  Stems  bi-tri-pinnately  branched;  branches  spreading,  rigid,  attenuated;  leaves 
minute,  fragile ;  pedicels  aggregated. 

13.  II.  tamariscinum,  Hedw.    [Tamarix-like]  :    Steins  pro- 
cumbent, tripinnately  branched;  leaves  appressed  when  dry,  cordate- 
ovate,  acute,  crenulate-serrate,  papillose  on  the  back,  not  shining ; 
capsule  oblong,  nodding ;  pedicel  an  inch  and  half  long ;  annulus 
distinct ;  lid  conic,  with  a  long  curved  beak.     On  the  ground ;  old 
logs,  &c. 

14.  H.  ill  in  ill  ilium,  Hedw.     [Little] :     Allied  to  the  preced- 
ing, but  smaller  throughout ;  stems  not  so  compound ;  leaves  less 
evidently  papillose,  more  crisped  when  dry.     On  dry  ground. 

15.  H.  gTiicile,  Br.   $  Sch.     [Slender] :     Stems   procumbent, 
rooting ;  divisions   simply   and  densely  pinnate ;  leaves  as  in  If. 
lamariscinum ;  capsule  obovoid-oblong,  nodding ;  pedicel  an  inch  or 
inch  and  quarter  long;  lid  hemispherical-apiculate.     Woods,  and 
damp  places. 

16.  H.  scitiilil,  Beauv.     [Goodly?]  :     Mode  of  growth  of  No. 
15,  and  the  foliage  of  No.  13;  but  the  capsule  cylindrical,  almost 
erect ;  lid  conic,  beaked.     On  the  base  of  trees. 

17.  H.   splendens,  Hedw.     [Glittering']:     Stems   ascending, 
bipinnate,  the  branches  interruptedly   crowded  ;  leaves  loosely  im- 
bricated, spreading,  cordate-ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
shining;  pedicels  clustered,  %  of  an  inch  long;  capsule  obovoid, 
nodding ;  lid  conic,  beaked.     Hilly  woods. 

g  8.  Stems  prostrate,  the  divisions  erect,  naked  below,  fasciculately  branched  at  sum- 
mit (tree  form). 

18.  H.  slrigo§um,  Hoffm.     [Strigose] :     Leaves  cordate-ovate, 
more  or  less  elongated,  rather  obtuse,  serrulate  above,  the  strong 
nerve  nearly  percurrent ;  capsule  ovoid,  oblique,  nodding ;  pedicel 
£  an  inch  to  £  long ;  lid  conic,  with  an  acute  incurved  beak.     On 
the  ground,  in  hilly  woods. 

§9.  Stems  irregularly  branched;  leaves  squarrose,  or  erect-spreading  (mostly  larger 
and  robust  species.) 

19.  H.  triqu^trum,  L.     [Three-sided] :     Stems  3  to  5  inches 
high,  nearly  erect,  sparingly  divided,  firm,  the  divisions  thickened 
at  their  tips,  pinnate ;  branchlets  somewhat  recurved,  attenuated ; 
leaves  squarrose,  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  stri- 
ate,  2-nerved  at  base ;  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  nodding ;  pedicel  about 
J  of  an  inch  long ;  lid  conic,  apiculate.     Woods,  on  the  ground. 

{j  10.  Leaves  rather  squarrose,  stellately  expanding  at  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

SO.  II.  Stellalum,  Schreb.  [Stellate]:  Stems  procumbent, 
the  branches  ascending ;  leaves  yellowish-brown,  ovate-lanceolate, 
long-acuminate,  entire,  nerveless  or  nerved  halfway ;  capsule  nearly 
cylindrical,  curved,  nodding;  pedicel  about  £  of  an  inch  long;  lid 
conic,  mucronulate.  Wet  ground. 


420  ANOPHYTES 


91.  II.  hispiduluin,   Srid.     [Somewhat  hispid]:     Stem  and 
branches  closely  entangled;  leaves  distant,  cordate-ovate,  pointed, 
minutely  crenate-denticulate,    the   point   entire ;    capsule   oblong, 
nodding;  pedicel  about  an  inch  long;  lid  conic,  acute.     Woods,  and 
rocky  hills,  on  the  ground.  Fruit  abundant,  and,  with  the  pedicels, 
reddish-brown. 

§11.  Stems  vaguely  branched;  leaves  erect-spreading,  elongated,  acute. 

92.  H.  S6rpens,  L.     [Creeping']:  Leaves  loosely  placed,  ovate- 
acuminate  and  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  the  nerve  vanishing  below 
the  apex;  capsule  rather  large,  cylindric,  curved,   erect-nodding; 
pedicel  1  to  near  2  inches  long,  reddish-orange;  lid  convex-conic, 
acute.     Wet  places.     Variable. 

23.  H.  adn&tlim,  Hedw.  [Adnate]:  Stems  creeping ;  branches 
crowded,  terete;  leaves  closely  imbricated,  ovate-lanceolate,  con- 
cave, entire,  nerveless;  perichaetial  leaves  erose-denticulate  at 
apex ;  capsule  small,  ovoid,  nodding,  annulate ;  pedicel  very  slender, 
about  £  an  inch  long ;  lid  short-conic,  obtuse.  Woods;  on  rocks,  &c. 

$12.  Stems  mucti  elongated,  irregularly  Irranched;  leaves  hooked,  or  curved  (swamp 
species). 

94.  II.  aduncum,  L.     [Claw-like] :     Leaves  falcate,  secund, 
lance-subulate,  entire,  nerved  beyond  the  middle,   the  margins  of 
the  upper  portion  involute ;  capsule  nearly   cylindrical,  nodding 
lid  depressed-conic,  acute.     Swamps. 

95.  H.  imcinsttlim,  Hedw.     [Hooked] :    Leaves  bright  green, 
or  pale  yellow,  shining,  setaceous-subulate,  falcate,  secund,  striate, 
serrulate,  the  nerve  vanishing  below  the  summit ;  capsule  cylindric, 
curved ;  pedicel  about  an  inch  long ;  lid  conic,    apiculate.     Wet 
places. 

?  13.  Sterna  pinnately  brancJied,  or  nearly  so;  leaves  generally  more  or  less  falcate, 
and  secund. 

26.  H.  imp5nens?  Hedw.     [Imposing] :     Stems  creeping,  di- 
vided, pinnate ;  leaves  pale  green,  lanceolate,  pointed,  nearly  entire ; 
perichaetial  leaves  long,  reflexed,  strongly  serrulate ;  capsule  slen- 
tler,  cylindrical,  nearly  regular,  almost  erect ;  pedicel  about  an  inch 
long;  lid  elongated-conic,  acute.     Woods,  on  old  logs. 

27.  H.  recurvans,  MX.     [Recurving]  :     Stems  creeping,  pin- 
nately  branched ;  leaves  tawny-yellowish-green,  shining,  lanceolate, 
pointed,  the  point  strongly  serrulate,  margins  narrowly  reflexed; 
capsule  obovoid-oblong,  small,  nodding ;  pedicel  about  £  of  an  inch 
long ;  lid  conic,  long-pointed.     Old  logs,  and  rocks. 

<J8.  H.  curvifolium,  Hedw.  [Curved-leaved]:  Stems  pros- 
trate, pinnately  branched;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pointed, 
nearly  entire;  perichaetial  leaves  large,  convolute,  whitish,  striate; 
capsule  oblong,  curved,  ribbed  when  dry ;  lid  hemispherical-conic, 
acute.  Woods,  on  decayed  logs. 


MUSCI  421 


29.  H.   Haitian  ianimi,    Grev.     [Haitian's]:     Stems  pros- 
trate, rather  pinnately  branched;  branches  long,  compressed ;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate,  pointed,  entire,  not  falcate  nor  secund ;  capsule 
elongated-cylindrical,  erect-nodding;  pedicel  about  an  inch  long; 
lid  conic,  with  a  long  curved  beak.     Wet  woods. 

30.  II.  Crista-castrensis,  L.  [Camp- Crest]:  Stems  ascend- 
ing, simply  pinnate   and  plume-like ;  branches   crowded ;   leaves 
pale  green,  imbricated,  secund,   strongly   falcate,   lance-subulate, 
striate,  serrulate;  capsule  subcylindric,  curved,   nodding;  pedicel 
about  2  inches  long ;  lid  conic,  acute.     Cold  woods,  on  the  ground. 

31.  H.  Ill olB li scum,  Hedw.     [Soft]  :     Stems  procumbent,  di- 
vided, simply  pinnate,  the  plume-like  branches  revolute  at  their 
tips ;  leaves  imbricated,  falcate,  serrulate,  smooth ;  capsule  oblong- 
ovoid;  pedicel  £  to  f  of  an  inch  long;  lid  conic,  acute.     Shady 
woods,  on  the  ground. 

562.  CL,IMAVCIUM,   Web.  $  Mohr.     Tree-Moss. 
[Or.  Klimakion,  a  small  ladder;  from  the  appearance  of  the  inner  peristome.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform.      Capsule  equal  and  symmetrical.     Peristome 
double;  the  outer  of  16  linear-lanceolate  teeth;  the  inner  of  16 
keeled  processes  splitting  along  the  keel,  arising  from  a  very  nar- 
row membrane.     Lid  conic-convex,  short-beaked.  Dioicous.  Sterile 
fl.  axillary. 

1.  C.  dendroides,  W.  $  M.  [Tree-like]:  Stems  creeping, 
subterranean,  throwing  up  erect  tree-like  branches  (innovations), 
which  are  about  3  inches  high,  nearly  naked  below,  with  the  sub- 
divisions or  branches  clustered  above ;  leaves  crowded,  erect-spread- 
ing, ovate-lanceolate,  concave,  plicate,  the  upper  half  denticulate, 
nerved  to  near  the  apex  ;  capsule  erect,  long  and  cylindrical ;  pedicel 
1  to  1 J  inches  long.  Woods,  and  borders  of  swamps. 

TRIBE  20.  FONTINAVLEAE. 
563.  FOJVTIIVAXIS,  L.     Fountain-Moss. 

[Latin,  Fans,  a  fountain;  from  its  place  of  growth.] 

Calyptra  mi  triform,  somewhat  lacerate  at  base.  Capsule  sessile, 
immersed.  Peristome  double ;  the  outer  of  16  linear-lanceolate 
teeth ;  the  inner  a  conical  tessellated  membrane.  Lid  conic,  pointed. 
Dioicous.  Sterile  fl.  axillary. 

1.  F.  Sqiiamusa,  L.  [Scaly]  :  Stems  floating,  about  6  inches 
long,  flexible,  vaguely  branched ;  leaves  trifarious,  elongated-lance- 
olate, concave,  not  infolded-keeled.  In  rivulets. 

564.  DICIIEL,YXMA,  Myrin.     Brook-Moss. 

[Or.  dicliao,  to  halve,  and  Elyma,  a  covering ;  from  the  halved  calyptra.] 
Calyptra  cuculliform,  entire  at  base.    Capsule  pedicellate,  emergent, 
or  immersed.     Peristome  double  ;  the  ouier  of  16  linear  teeth;  the 
inner  of  16  free  cilia, — or  as  in  Fontinalis.     Lid  conic,  short-beaked. 


422  ANOPHYTES 

1«  D.  Capilliireiim,  Myrin.  [Hair-like]  :  Steins  elongated, 
sparingly  branched;  branches  squarrose;  leaves  secund,  subulate 
by  the  long  excurrent  nerve  from  an  ovate  base ;  capsule  oblong, 
on  a  short  pedicel.  In  rivulets. 

SUBORDER  II.  SPHAGNAVCEAE. 

Calyptra  bursting  in  the  middle,  persistent ;  fruit  on  short  terminal  pedicels  ; 
lid  opening  elastically;  orifice  of  the  capsule  naked;  columella  at  maturity  obso- 
lete. 

565.  SPHAGNUM,  Dillen.     Peat-Moss. 

[From  Sphagnos,  the  ancient  Greek  name.] 

Calyptra  irregularly  torn.  Capsule  sessile  on  the  pedicel-like  torus 
(vaginula).  Peristome  none.  Lid  deciduous.  Monoicous.  Soft, 
flaccid,  pale-colored  or  whitish  Mosses,  growing  in  bogs,  or  very 
wet  places; — affording  an  excellent  envelope  for  the  roots  of  plants, 
which  are  to  be  removed  to  a  distance. 

1.  S.  cymbi folium,  Ehrh.     [Boat-leaved'] :     Stems  elongated 
(6  to   12  inches);  branches  cylindrical,    turgid;  leaves   ovate,   or 
oblong,  obtuse,  concave,  closely  imbricated.     Swamps,  &c. 

2.  S.    iU-lltiOliiim,   Ehrh.     [Acute-leaved]:     Leaves   ovate- 
lanceolate,  involute  at  apex,  acute,  crowded.  Bogs,  and  wet  places. 
Smaller  than  the  preceding. 

ORDER  CXXIV.  HEPAT'ICAE. 

Moss-like  plants,  perennial,  or  annual,  of  a  loose  cellular  texture,  usually  procum- 
bent and  emitting  rootlets  from  beneath ;  the  calyptra  not-  separating  from  the 
base,  but  usually  rupturing  at  apex;  the  capsule  not  open  ing  by  a  lid,  containing 
spores  usually  mixed  witfi  elaters  (thin  thread-like  cells,  containing  one  or  two 
spiral  fibres  which  uncoil  elastically  at  maturity).* 

SUBORDER  I.  JUNGERMANNIAVCEAE. 

Annual,  or  perennial;  frondose,  or  distinctly  leafy,  often  stipulate  (i.  e.  with 
amphigastria);  antheridia  scattered,  free,  stipitate  or  immersed ;  pistillidia  solitary, 
or  rarely  several,  in  involucres  immediately  arising  from  the  stem,  or  frond,  calyp- 
trate;  capsule  mostly  4-valved,  pedicellate;  spores  mixed  with  elaters, — the  elaters 
usually  with  2  spiral  fibres. 

TRIBE  1.  JUNGERMANNID'EAE. 

*  The  Vegetation  of  the  HEPATICAE  is  "  sometimes  frondose,  i.  e.  the  stem  and 
leaves  confluent  into  an  expanded  leaf-like  mass;  sometimes  foliaceous,  when  the 
leaves  are  distinct  from  the  stem,  as  in  true  Mosses,  entire  or  cleft,  2-ranked,  and 
often  with  an  imperfect  or  rudimentary  row  (amphigastria)  on  the  under  side  of 
the  stem.  Reproductive  organs  of  2  kinds,  viz.  antheridia  and  pistillidia,  much  as 
in  Mosses  (which  see),  variously  situated.  The  matured  pistillidium  forms  the 
capsule,  which  is  either  sessile  or  borne  on  a  long  cellular  pedicel,  and  dehiscent 
by  irregular  openings,  by  teeth  at  its  apex,  or  lengthwise  by  2  to  4  valves.  A 
columella  is  rarely  present.  The  perianth  is  a  tubular  organ  inclosing  the  calyptra, 
which  directly  includes  the  pistillidium.  Surrounding  the  perianth  are  involucral 
leaves  of  particular  forms.  The  antheridia  in  the  foliaceous  species  are  situated  in 
the  axils  of  pcrigonial  leaves."— GRAY'S  Manual. 


HEPATICAE  423 

566.  PLAGIOCIHXA,  Nees  #  Mont. 

[Gr.  Playios,  turned  to  one  side,  and  Chtios,  herbage;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Fructification  terminal  or  lateral.  Involucral  leaves  2,  larger  than 
the  cauline.  Perianth  compressed  at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of 
the  stem  ;  the  mouth  truncate,  entire  or  ciliate-toothed.  Pistillidia 
numerous.  Calyptra  membranaceous.  Antheridia  covered  by  small 
and  ventricose-imbricated  perigonial  leaves.  Stem-leaves  succubous, 
with  the  dorsal  margin  decurrent  and  reflexed,  often  turned  to  one 
side. 

f  Amphigastria  none;  orifice  of  the  perianth  cUMe-toothed. 

1. 1*.  «isplen ioidcs,  N.  $  M.  [Asplenium-like'}  :  Leaves  some- 
what imbricated,  oblique,  spreading,  rounded-obovate,  entire  or 
denticulate  ;  perianth  terminal.  Banks  of  rivulets. 

ft  Amphigastria  fugacious,  2-  to  3-deft. 

«J.  P.  porelloides,  Lindenberg.  \_Porella-like'\ :  Stems  divided ; 
the  branches  ascending ;  leaves  rather  imbricated,  convex-gibbous, 
rounded-obovate, — those  at  and  near  the  summit  of  the  stem  repand- 
denticulate,  the  others  entire;  perianth  oblong,  the  mouth  denticu- 
late. Among  moss,  at  the  base  of  trees. 

56?.  SCAPAflTIA,  Lindenberg. 
[Gr.  Skapane,  a  shovel ;  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf-lobes] 
Fructification  terminal.  Involucral  leaves  2,  larger  than  the  cauline. 
Perianth  compressed,  parallel  to  the  plane  of  the  stem, — the  mouth 
entire,  or  ciliate-toothed.  Pistillidia  few.   Calyptra  membranaceous. 
Antheridia  in  the  angles  of  small  saccate  equally  2-lobed  perigonial 
leaves.  Stem-leaves  succubous,  complicate-  2-lobed, — the  dorsal  lobe 
smaller.     Amphigastria  none. 

1.  S.  neniori>sa,  Nees.  [Grove"]  :  Stems  ascending,  crowded  ; 
leaves  ciliate-toothed,  each  lobe  convex,  obtuse ;  the  ventral  obovate, 
oblique,  twice  as  large  as  the  other.  Moist  banks.  Variable. 

568.  JUNGERIttAHWIA,  L.     Scale-Moss. 

[Dedicated  to  Ludurig  Jungermann ;  a  German  Botanist.] 
Fructification  terminal.  Involucral  leaves  free,  like  or  unlike  the 
stem-leaves.  Perianth  membranaceous,  tubular,  plicate-denticulate 
at  apex, — the  mouth  3-  to  6-cleft.  Calyptra  included,  rarely  pro- 
jecting. Antheridia  in  the  base  of  inflated  perigonial  leaves. — 
Stem-leaves  succubous.  Amphigastria  present,  or  absent. 

f  Leaves  2-cleft ;  amphigastria  none. 

1.  J.  COnniven§,  Dickson.  [Connivent]:  Stems  creeping,  flex- 
uose ;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  with  a  broad  decurrent  base,  distant, 
a  little  wider  than  the  stem,  2-cleft  to  |  or  £  of  their  length,  the 
sinus  obtuse ;  segments  acute,  connivent ;  reticulations  large ;  in- 
volucral  leaves  3-  to  5-cleft ;  perianth  slender,  the  mouth  lacerate- 
ciliate.  On  rotten  wood. 


424  ANOPHYTES 

2.  J.  Clirvifolia,  Dicks.  [Curve-leaved]:  Fruit-bearing  branch 
short;  stems   creeping;   leaves  imbricated,   ascending,    nearly  or- 
bicular, inflated  at  the  ventral  base,  lunately  2-cleft, — the  segments 
long-linear,   inflexed ;  involucral  leaves  erect,   2-  3-cleft,   serrate ; 
perianth  narrow,  plaited-triangular,  the  mouth  denticulate.  Rotten 
logs,  &c. 

f  f  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  undivided;  amphigastria  differing  from  the  leaves,  or 
obsolete. 

3.  J.  Scliradori,  Mart.  [Schrader '«] :  Stems  creeping,  flexuose  ; 
leaves  elliptic-orbicular,  ascending;  outer  involucral  leaves  large, 
elongated,  entire,   or  emarginate,  spreading  at  apex;  the  inner 
smaller,  more  or  less  laciniate ;  amphigastria  obsolete ;  perianth 
oval-obovate, — the  mouth  plicate-lobed,  the  lobes  ciliate.     Old  logs, 
&c.     Foliage  often  dark  purple. 

569.  SPIIAGWICOEVTIS,  Nees.     Peat  Scale-Moss. 

[Gr.  Sphagnos,  peat-moss,  and  Koitis,  a  little  bed ;  from  the  appearance  &  growth.] 
Fructification  terminal,  upon  a  short  proper  branch  arising  from  the 
ventral  side  of  the  stem.  Involucral  leaves  small,  few,  incised. — • 
Perianth  ascending,  terete,  3-angled  at  apex,— ^the  mouth  denticu- 
late. Calyptra  membranaceous.  Capsule  oblong.  Stem-leaves  suc- 
cubous,  orbicular.  Amphigastria  none,  except  upon  the  gemmiferous 
branches.  Stems  furnished  with  runner-like  rootlets. 

1.  S.  COllimiinis,  Nees.  [Common] :  Stems  creeping;  leaves 
elliptic-orbicular,  entire,  ascending.  On  Moss,  and  decayed  wood. 

5TO.  I^PIIOCO^EA,  Nees. 

[Gr.  Lophos,  a  crest,  and  Xoleos,  a  sheath ;  from  the  crested  calyptra.] 
Fructification  terminal  on  the  main  stem  or  primary  branches.  In- 
volucral leaves  2  to  4,  large.  Perianth  tubular  below,  acutely  tri- 
angular above,  8-lobed, — the  lobes  tooth-crested.  Calyptra  short, 
membranaceous,  circumscissile  at  base,  or  rupturing  irregularly  at 
apex.  Capsule  pedicellate,  oval.  Antheridia  in  the  saccate  bases 
of  small  imbricated  perigonial  leaves.  Stem-leaves  succubous,  nearly 
horizontal,  decurrent  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  stem,  flaccid,  1-  to 
several-cleft  at  apex.  Amphigastria  2-  to  4-parted, — the  divisions 
more  or  less  incised. 

1.  Ei.  bidentata,  Nees.  [Two-toothed]'.  Stems  elongated,  spar- 
ingly branched ;  leaves  ovate-triangular,  spreading,  loose,  pale,  12- 
toothed  ;  teeth  oblique,  acute,  with  a  crescent-like  sinus ;  involucral 
leaves  acutely  2-cleft  and  somewhat  toothed.  Moist  places,  among 
Mosses,  &c. 

5*1.  CHIL,OSCYNPHFS,  Corda. 

[Gr.  Chilos,  herbage,  and  Skyphos,  a  cup ;  from  the  herbaceous  calyptra.] 
Fructification  terminal  upon  a  short  lateral  branch.  Involucra Heaves 
2  to  6,  different  from  and  smaller  than  the  stem-leaves.     Perianth 
usually  short,  deeply  2-  or  3-cleft.   Calyptra  globose,  or  subclavate, 
slightly  chartaceous,  often  longer  than  the  perianth,  rupturing 


- 

HEPATICAE  425 

irregularly  at  apex.  Capsule  pedicellate.  Perigonial  leaves  like  the 
cauline,  concealing  antheridia  in  their  saccate  dorsal  bases.  Stem- 
leaves  succubous,  decurrent  on  the  back  of  the  stem,  rather  hori- 
zontal ;  rootlet*  from  the  base  only  of  the  deeply  2-cleft  amphi- 
gastria. 

1.  C.  pOlyimtllOS,  Corda.  [Many-flowered] :  Stems  procum- 
bent ;  leaves  ovate-quadrate ;  involucral  leaves  2,  slightly  2-toothed  ; 
perianth  3-lobed,  the  lobes  short  and  nearly  entire.  Rocks,  &c. 

TRIBE  2.  GEOCALYCEXAE. 

5T2.  GEO'CALYX,  Nees. 

(Gr.  Gea,  the  earth,  and  Galyx ;  the  fructification  becoming  subterranean.] 
Involucral  leaves  none.  Perianth  fleshy,  glabrous,  attached  by  one 
side  of  its  mouth  to  the  stem,  pendulous.  Calyptra  membranaceous, 
free.  Capsule  pedicellate,  4-valved, — the  valves  narrow,  straight 
(not  twisted),  striate,  finally  spreading.  Antheridia  on  spike-like 
lateral  branches,  in  th«  axils  of  scale-like  perigonial  leaves.  Stem- 
leaves  succubous. 

1.  €r.  graveolens,  Nees.  [Strong -scented]  :  Leaves  light  green, 
ovate-quadrate,  2-toothed ;  amphigastria  oval-lanceolate,  2-cleft  to 
the  middle ;  perianth  subterranean.  On  the  ground. 

TRIBE  3.  TRICHOMANOFDEAE. 
5T3.  CALYPOGErA,  Raddi, 

[Or.  Kalyx,  flower-  or  fruit-cup,  &  hypogaia,  under  ground;  descriptive  of  plant.] 
Involucral  leaves  none.  Perianth  oblong,  saccate,  truncate,  fleshy, 
hairy,  attached  by  one  side  of  its  mouth  to  the  stem,  pendulous. — 
Calyptra  membranaceous,  partly  connate  with  the  perianth.  Capsule 
pedicellate  from  the  bottom  of  the  perianth,  oblong,  twisted, — the 
valves  narrow  and  contorted.  Antheridia  on  short  lateral  capitate 
branches,  one  in  each  of  the  scale-like  perigonial  leaves.  Stem-leaves 
incubous,  entire  or  2-toothed.  Amphigastria  2-cleft. 

1.  C.  Triclioimillis,  Corda,  [Fern] :  Leaves  roundish-ovate, 
obtuse,  spreading,  imbricated;  perianths  imbedded  in  the  soil. — 
Moist,  springy  places.  Foliage  delicate,  pale  glaucous-green. 

574.  >IASTIGOXBRYUM,  -Nee*.     Great  Scale-Moss. 

[Gr.  Mastix,  a  whip-lash,  and  Bryon,  Moss;  from  its  rootlet-like  runners.] 
Fructification  terminal,  on  short  proper  branches,  arising  from  the 
axils  of  the  amphigastria.  Involucral  leaves  small,  narrow,  acutely 
incised  at  apex.  Perianth  elongated,  triangular,  the  mouth  3-toothed. 
Calyptra  membranaceous.  Capsule  pedicellate.  Antheridia  on  short 
branches  from  the  axils  of  the  amphigastria,  2  in  each  perigonial 
leaf.  Stem-leaves  incubous,  imbricated,  oblique,  usually  3-toothed 
at  apex.  Stems  2  to  3  inches  long,  forked  and  sparingly  branched, 
the  branches  obtuse ;  rootlet-like  runners,  furnished  with  minute 
leaves,  proceeding  from  the  axils  of  the  amphigastria. 

1.  M.  trilob&tum,  JVeea.  [Three-lobed]:  Leaves  olive-green 
and  brownish-yellow,  ovate,  antrorsely  gibbous  at  the  dorsal  base, 
broad  and  acutely  3-toothed  at  apex ;  amphigastria  4-  to  6-toothed, 
the  teeth  denticulate.  On  damp  ground. 


426  ANOPHYTES 

TRIBE  4.  PTILID'IA. 

575.  TRICIIOCO'UEA,  Nees.     Downy  Scale-Moss. 

[Gr.  Thrix,  hair,  and  Koleos,  a  sheath  ;  from  the  hairy  involucre.] 
Fructification  dichotomal.  Involucral  leaves  numerous,  coalescent 
into  an  oblong  truncate  coriaceous  hairy  tube.  Perianth  and  calyp- 
tra  none.  Capsule  pedicellate  from  the  bottom  of  the  tube.  — 
Antheridia  on  the  upper  side  of  the  stem  in  the  axils  of  leaves. 
Leaves  incubous,  palmately  divided,  the  divisions  laciniate. 

1.  T.  Tomentella,  Nees.  [Down]  :  Stems  forked,  bi-  tri- 
pinnately  branched  ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  capillary-many-cleft  ; 
amphigastria  setaceously  many-cleft.  Moist  places,  in  large  patches. 
Foliage  pale  green,  soft-hairy. 

576.  PTIMD'IUM,  Nees.     Fringed  Scale-Moss. 
[Gr.  Ptilon,  a  downy  feather,  and  Eidos,  form  ;  from  the  fringed  foliage."] 
Fructification  terminal  on  short  branches.     Involucral  leaves  2  to  4, 
four-cleft.     Perianth  terete,  obovate,  —  the  mouth  connivent,  plicate, 
denticulate.  Pistillidia  numerous.   Calyptra  pear-shaped,  coriaceous, 
style-bearing.     Capsule  pedicellate,  ovoid,  4-valved  to  the  base.  — 
Dioicous.  Antheridia  covered  by  closely  imbricated  perigonial  leaves. 
Stem-leaves  bifarious,  incubous,  complicate  2-lobed,  each  lobe  di- 
vided.    Amphigastria  4-  or  5-lobed. 

1.  P.  Ciliiire,  Nees.  [Fringed]  :  Stems  crowded  together,  rather 
pinnate  ;  leaves  4-cleft  and  amphigastria  both  lacerately  ciliate,  — 
the  fringe  long  and  setaceous.  On  rotten  logs. 

TRIBE  5.  JUBULE^AE. 


.  RHAD'UL.A,  Nee*. 

[Gr.  Rhadalos,  soft  or  pliant;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 

Fructification  terminal  on  short  branches,  or  dichotomal.  Involucral 
leaves  2,  deeply  2-lobed.  Perianth  compressed,  or  nearly  terete,  — 
mouth  dilated.  Pistillidia  numerous.  Calyptra  pear-shaped,  per- 
sistent, with  a  style,  opening  below  the  apex.  Capsule  pedicellate, 
oval,  4-parted,  —  the  valves  erect  spreading,  within  nodulosely  stri- 
ate.  Elaters  attenuated  at  both  ends.  Spores  large,  globose.  — 
Monoicous.  Antheridia  in  the  ventricose  base  of  minute  perigonial 
leaves.  Stem-leaves  bifarious,  incubous,  2-lobed,  —  the  small  in- 
flexed  ventral  lobe  producing  rootlets.  Amphigastria  none. 

1.  R.  COItlpl£ina,ta,,  Dum.  [Even,  or  planed]  :  Stems  flat, 
irregularly  and  somewhat  pinnately  branched,  flaccid  ;  leaves  im- 
bricated; dorsal  lobe  roundish,  —  the  ventral  much  smaller,  tri- 
angular-ovate, appressed  ;  perianth  oblong,  compressed.  On  trees. 

578.  MADOTIIEVCA,  Dum.     Free  Scale-Moss. 

[Gr.  Mados,  bald,  and  tfieke.  capsule;  the  elaters  falling  from  the  valves.] 
Fructification  lateral,  nearly  sessile.  Involucral  leaves  2  or  4,  2-lobed. 
Perianth  ovate,  biconvex,  the  mouth  2-lipped,  incised,  or  entire.  — 
Pistillidia  numerous.    Calyptra  globose,  persistent,  rupturing  below 
the  apex.     Capsule  short-pedicelled,  globose,  4-parted,  —  the  valves 


HEPATICAE  427 

erect,  incurved.  Elaters  free,  attenuated  at  both  ends.  Spores 
large,  rather  angular.  Dioicous.  Antheridia  in  the  saccate  base  of 
closely  imbricated  2-lobed  perigonial  leaves.  Stem-leaves  bifarious, 
incubous,  deeply  and  unequally  2-lobed.  Amphigastria  large,  decur- 
rent. 

1.  M.  platypliyl'la,  Dum.  [Broad-leaved] :  Stems  irregularly 
bipinnate  ;  dorsal  lobe  of  the  leaf  roundish-ovate,  the  basal  margin 
more  or  less  undulate;  ventral  lobe  smaller,  oblique,  cordate-oval, 
the  margins  reflexed ;  amphigastria  round-obovate ;  mouth  of  the 
perianth  nearly  entire.     On  trees,  and  rocks.     Variable. 

2.  M.  Porella,  Nees.     [Little  pore]  :    Stems  2  to  3  inches  long, 
bi-  tri-pinnate, — the  forked  branches  divergent;    leaves  distant; 
dorsal  lobe  oblong-ovate,   obtuse, — the  ventral  much  smaller,  ap- 
pressed  to  the  stem,  oblong,  flat ;   amphigastria  quadrate ;  mouth  of 
the  perianth  crenulate.     Stones,  and  roots  of  trees  subject  to  in- 
undation. 

579.  FRUM-AUTIA,  Raddi. 

[Said  to  be  a  personal  name.] 

Fructification  terminal  on  proper  branches.  Involucral  leaves  2  or  4, 
2-lobed,  not  auriculate.  Perianth  oval,  or  obovate,  terete,  or  3-  or 
4-angled,  mucronate  at  apex  by  a  tubular  mouth.  Pistillidia  2  or  4. 
Calyptra  pear-shaped,  persistent,  with  a  style,  rupturing  below  the 
apex.  Capsule  pedicellate,  globular,  4-cleft  halfway  down, — the 
valves  erect-spreading.  Elaters  truncate  at  both  ends,  with  one 
spiral  fibre,  adherent  to  the  valves,  erect.  Spores  large,  irregular, 
minutely  muricate.  Dioicous.  Antheridia  in  the  saccate  base  of 
closely  imbricated  2-lobed  perigonial  leaves.  Stem-leaves  bifarious, 
incubous,  2-lobed,  the  lower  lobe  usually  an  inflated  helmet-shaped 
appendage  (auricle).  Amphigastria  entire,  or  2-toothed,  throwing 
out  rootlets  from  their  base. 

1.  F.   Cilrayaiia,  Mont.     [Gray's"]:     Stems   creeping,    simply 
pinnate ;    leaves   glossy,    deep   purplish-brown,    nearly   orbicular, 
concave ;  auricle   oblong-clavate ;  amphigastria   oblong ;    perianth 
3-sided,  obtusely  keeled  beneath.     On  trees,  and  rocks. 

2.  F,  Tirgillica,  Lehm.   [  Virginian] :  Stems  creeping,  vaguely 
branched ;  leaves   green,    nearly   ovate,    entire,    concave ;    auricle 
sometimes  expanded  into  a  lanceolate  lamina ;  amphigastria  round- 
ovate  ;  perianth  compressed,  tuberculate,   4-keeled  beneath,  2-  4- 
keeled  on  the  back, — the  keels  crested.     Rocks  and  trees. 

3.  F.  Eboraceiisls,  Lehm.     [York]  :     Stems  creeping,  fascic- 
ulately  branched;    leaves  roundish-ovate, — the  cauline  loose,  the 
rameal  imbricated ;  amphigastria  ovate ;  perianth  smooth,  slightly 
compressed  and  repaud,  obtusely  keeled  beneath,  and  gibbous  near 
the  apex.     On  trees. 

4.  F,  aeolotis,  Nen.     [Various- auricled]:     Stems  procumbent, 
vaguely  or    pinnately  branched;  leaves  half  vertical,   spreading, 
obliquely  cordate-ovate ;  auricle  usually  an  ovate-lanceolate  lamina ; 
amphigastria  ovate  or  obovate ;  ventral  lobe  of  the  involucral  leaf 
incised.     Trees.     Allied  to  the  preceding. 


428  ANOPHYTES 

580.  L-EJEUITIA,  Lib. 

[Dedicated  to  A.  L.  S.  Lcjeune,—&  French  Botanist.] 

fructification  lateral,  or  terminal,  on  proper  branches.  Involucral 
leaves  2,  deeply  2-lobed.  Perianth  oval  or  obovoid,  terete  or  angular, 
winged  or  ciliate-crested  on  the  angles,  the  mouth  3-  or  4-lobed. 
Pistillidium  single.  Calyptra  obovoid,  persistent,  with  a  style, 
rupturing  below  the  apex.  Pedicel  short,  jointed  in  rings,  when 
dry  zigzag.  Capsule  globose,  membranaceous,  pale,  4-cleft  to  the 
middle,  the  valves  connivent.  Maters  persistent,  adherent  to  the 
tips  of  the  valves,  erect,  the  upper  end  truncate-dilated,  with  a 
single  spiral  fibre.  Spores  large,  irregular.  Dioicous.  Antheridia 
on  proper  branches  lodged  in  the  ventricose  base  of  imbricated  2- 
lobed  perigonial  leaves.  Foliaceous :  stem-leaves  bifarious,  incubous. 

1.  I«.  crl.vpciltil,  Schwein.  [Bucklered]  :  Stems  procumbent, 
somewhat  pinnately  branched;  leaves  very  pale  green,  with  the 
upper  lobe  round-obovate  and  deflexed,  the  lower  oblong,  quadrate; 
amphigastria  orbicular,  approximated;  perianth  lateral,  sessile, 
obovoid,  obtusely  keeled  on  the  back,  2-keeled  beneath,  the  margin 
rather  compressed.  On  old  trees,  &c. 

TRIBE  6.  FRONDO^SAE. 
581.   PEM7IA,  Radd, 

[A  personal  name.] 

Fructification  proceeding  from  the  back  of  the  frond,  near  the  apex. 
Involucre  cup-shaped,  short,  the  margin  lacerate.  Perianth  none. — 
Calyptra  oval,  membranaceous,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  involucre. 
Capsule  globose,  pedicellate,  4-valved.  Elaters  long,  free,  with  2 
fibres.  Monoicous.  Antheridia  globose,  immersed  in  the  upper 
surface  of  the  broad  indeterminate  midrib  of  the  frond. 

1.  P.  epipliyl'la,  Nees.  [Epiphyllous]  :  Frond  dark  olive- 
green,  rather  membranaceous,  sparingly  divided ;  divisions  oblong, 
somewhat  cuneate,  repand-lobed  $  calyptra  exserted,  smooth. — 
Moist  shady  places,  on  the  ground,  forming  large  patches. 

582.  AtfEU'RA,  Dumortier. 
[Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Neuron,  a  nerve;  the  frond  being  nerveless.] 

Fructification  arising  from  the  under  side  near  the  margin  of  the 
frond.  Involucre  cup-shaped,  very  short  and  lacerate,  or  none. — 
Perianth  none.  Calyplra  ascending,  nearly  cylindrical,  fleshy. — 
Capsule  pedicellate,  oval  or  oblong.  Elaters  adherent  to  the  apex 
of  the  valves,  containing  a  single  broad  spiral  fibre.  Inflorescence 
mouoicous.  Antheridia  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  receptacles 
proceeding  from  the  margin  of  the  frond,  which  is  fleshy  and  des- 
titute of  a  midrib. 

1.  A.  S6s§ilis,  Sprengel.  [Sessile]  :  Fronds  1  to  2  inches  long, 
and  3  to  5  lines  wide,  irregularly  lobed ;  involucre  none ;  calyptra 
papillose  at  apex ;  pedicel  9  to  12  lines  high ;  sterile  receptacles 
elongated  and  tapering  deflexed  processes.  Rotten  logs. 

Obs.  Specimens  have  been  found  (though,  as  yet,  only  in  a  sterile 
state,)  which  agree  well  with  the  description  of  A.  multifida, 
Dumort, 


HEPATICAE  429 

583.  METZGEVRIA,  Radd. 

[Dedicated  to  G.  B.  Metzger,—*  German  Botanist.] 

Fertile  fructification  arising  from  the  lower  surface  of  the  midrib. — 
Involucre  1-leaved,  scale-like,  finally  ventricose  and  2-lobed.  Peri- 
anth none.  Calyptra  ascending,  oblong-obovoid,  rather  fleshy. — 
Capsule  pedicellate,  ovoid,  dehiscing  by  4  equal  valves.  Elaters 
with  one  spiral  fibre,  adherent  to  the  tip  of  the  valves.  Dioicous. 
Antheridia  1  to  3,  inclosed  by  a  1-leaved  involucre  on  the  under 
side  of  the  midrib. 

1.  M.  I  ill-cat  a,  Nees.  [Forked']:  Fronds  linear,  thin  and 
inembranaceous,  forking,  or  proliferous,  sprinkled  with  white 
pellucid  hairs.  Woods ;  mostly  on  rocks. 

SUBORDER  II.  MARCHANTIA^CEAE. 

Frondose  perennials,  growing  in  moist  places ;  frond  lobed,  often  porous;  an- 
theridia,  or  sterile  receptacle,  sometimes  immersed  in  the  frond,  sometimes  disk- 
form  and  sessile, — occasionally  peltate  and  pedicellate;  pistittidia,  or  fertile  re- 
ceptacle, raised  on  a  peduncle,  capitate,  or  radiate,  bearing  pendent  calyptrate 
capsules  from  the  under  side,  which  open  variously,  not  4-valved ;  spores  mixed 
with  elaters,  which  are  usually  with  2  spiral  fibres. 

584.  FIMBRIAVRIA,  Nees. 

[Latin,  Fimbria,  a  fringe ;  in  allusion  to  the  perianth.] 

Fertile  receptacle  hemispherical,  concave  beneath,  expanded  at  the 
margin  into  4  large  pendent  campanulate  truncate  involucres. — 
Perianth  oblong  oval,  projecting  for  half  its  length  beyond  the  rim 
of  the  involucre, — the  projecting  portion  splitting  lengthwise  into 
8  to  12  fringe-like  segments.  Calyptra  with  a  long  style,  fugacious. 
Capsule  sessile,  globose,  dehiscing  by  an  irregular  cireumscissile 
line  near  the  middle.  Monoicous.  Antheridia  immersed  in  the 
substance  of  the  frond,  not  collected  into  disks.  Frond  thickened  in 
the  middle,  with  a  keel-like  midrib. 

1*  F.  tenella,  Nees.  \_Delicate~]:  Frond  elongated-cuneate, 
nearly  simple,  emarginate,  green  above,  purple  on  the  margins  and 
underneath ;  peduncle  1  to  2£  inches  long.  Shaded  places,  on  the 
ground. 

585.  REBOtJIL/MA,  Raddi. 

[A  personal  name;  inconveniently  near  Reboulea,  otKunth.] 
Fertile  receptacle  conic-hemispherical  or  flattened,  1-  to  5-lobed, 
peduncled.  Involucres  1  to  5,  opposite  to  and  coherent  with  the 
lobes  of  the  receptacle  on  the  under  side,  2-valved.  Perianth  none. 
Calyptra  minute,  lacerate,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  capsule. 
Capsule  globose,  nearly  sessile,  rupturing  irregularly  at  the  apex. 
Spores  muricate.  Inflorescence  monoicous  A ntheridia  immersed  in 
sessile  crescent-shaped  disks.  Frond  rigid ;  the  midrib  broad, 
strong,  and  distinct. 

1.  R.  horn  i  s  pli  :ic  ri  r  a ,  RaddL  [Hemispheric] :  Frond  forking 
and  growing  by  joints  from  the  extremities,  green  above,  purple 
beneath  ;  the  peduncle  bearded  at  its  base  and  apex ;  fertile  recep- 
tacle papillose  on  the  summit.  Shady,  moist  places. 


430  ANOPHYTES 

586.  FE€cATEI/L,A,  Raddi.     Great  Liverwort. 

[Believed  to  be  a  personal  name.] 

Fertile  receptacle  conical-mitriform,  membranaceous,  peduncled. — 
Involucres  5  to  S,  tubular,  1 -flowered,  suspended  from  the  apex  of 
the  peduncle,  and  coherent  with  the  interior  surface  of  the  recep- 
tacle, opening  by  a  longitudinal  slit.  Perianth  none.  Catyptra 
persistent,  bell-shaped,  opening  at  the  apex  by  2  to  4  lobes. — 
Capsule  globular,  dehiscing  by  5  to  8  revolute  segments,  deciduous 
with  its  short  pedicel.  Inflorescence  dioicous.  Antheridia  immersed 
in  sessile  roundish  disks  near  the  apex  of  the  forking  frond.  Mid- 
rib distinct,  narrow. 

1.  F.  coiiica,  Corda.  [Conic']  :  Fronds  3  to  6  inches  long,  5 
to  9  lines  wide.  Springy  places.  The  largest  of  our  Hepaticae  ; 
seldom  in  fruit. 

587.  MARCHAIV'TIA,  L.     Brook  Liverwort. 

[Dedicated  to  Nicholas  Marchant, — a  French  Botanist.] 

Fertile  receptacle  radiated.  Involucres  alternate  with  the  rays,  2- 
valved,  lacerate,  inclosing  3  to  6  4-  or  5-cleft  perianths.  Calyptra 
opening  at  the  apex,  persistent.  Capsule  globular,  pendulous,  ex- 
sertly  pedicellate,  dehiscing  at  apex  by  several  revolute  segments. 
Dioicous.  Sterile  receptacle  pedicellate,  peltate,  lobed  or  radiate, 
papillose  on  the  upper  surface  by  the  apices  of  the  immersed 
antheridia.  Lentil-shaped  buds  (gemmae)  in  cup-like  receptacles  on 
the  back  of  the  frond.  Frond  expanded,  forking,  with  a  broad  dif- 
fused midrib. 

1.  M.  polymorplia,  L.  [Many-form]-.  Fertile  receptacle 
deeply  divided  in  a  star-like  manner, — the  rays  8  or  10,  terete ; 
peduncle  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  long.  Moist,  shaded  places. 

SUBORDER  III.  ANTHOCEROVTEAE. 

Terrestrial  annuals;  mostly  frondose,  with  the  fruit  protruded  from  the  upper 
surface  of  the  frond;  perianth  none;  capsule  pod-like,  1-  or  2-valved,  \vith  a  free 
central  columetta ;  elaters  imperfect,  or  wanting. 

588.  AlVTHO'CEROS,  Mich. 

[Gr.  Anthos,  a  flower,  &  keras,  horn ;  from  the  shape  of  the  involucre  and  capsule.] 
Involucre  tubular.  Calyptra  conical,  with  a  nearly  sessile  stigma. 
Capsule  narrowly  linear,  silique-like,  2-valved,  pedunculate. — 
Elaters  flexuose,  the  spiral  fibre  imperfect,  or  wanting.  Spores 
minutely  muricate.  Monoicous.  Antheridia  sessile  in  a  cup-shaped 
involucre,  on  the  back  of  the  frond.  Vegetation  frondose,  orbicular, 
radiate,  with  dark-green  grains  (gemmae)  scattered  within  its  sub- 
stance. 

1.  A.  Ia&viS?  L.  [Smooth']  :  Surface  of  the  frond  smooth ; 
mouth  broadly  scarious.  Wet,  shaded  places.  The  curious  erect 
linear-subulate  half-bifid  fructification  1  to  2  inches  high. 

589.  tfOTOTHYXAS,  Sulliv. 

[Or.  notos,  back,  and  thylas,  bag ;  in  reference  to  the  involucre.] 
Involucre  a  protrusion  of  a  portion  of  the  upper  stratum  of  the  frond, 
opening  irregularly  at  apex.     Calyptra  none  ?     Capsule  included  in 


HEPATIC  AE  431 

the  involucre,  oblong,  spheroidal,  flattish,  or  ovoid-cylindrical, 
slightly  pedicellate,  dehiscing  in  a  2-valved  manner  from  the  apex 
halfway  down  by  a  suture,  or  rupturing  irregularly.  Columella 
linear.  Elaters  wanting.  Spores  produced  in  Ifours.  Monoicous. 
Antheridia  globular,  immersed  in  the  frond, — which  is  orbicular, 
laciniate,  tender,  undulate-crisped  on  the  margin,  with  gemmae  as 
in  Anthoceros. 

1.  HT«  valvata,  Sulliv.  [  Valvate']  :  Involucre  horizontal,  elon- 
gated, tapering-deflexed ;  capsule  elongated-cylindrical,  somewhat 
curved,  with  a  dark-colored  suture ;  spores  light  yellowish-brown. 
Moist  grounds. 

SUBORDER  IV.  RICCIAVCEAE. 

Frondose'annuals,  mostly  floating ;  the  fructification  of  both  kinds  immersed  in  the 
frond ;  involucre,  perianth,  and  elaters,  all  wanting ;  capsule  bursting  irregularly. 

59O.  RIC'CIA.  Mich.     Floating  Liverwort. 

[Dedicated  to  Pietro  Francesco  Ricci,—&  Florentine  Botanist.] 

Fruit  immersed  in  the  lobed  or  cleft  frond.     Calyptra  adherent  to 

the  sessile  globose  capsule,  crowned  with  the  persistent  style. — 

Spores  angular.     Monoicous,  or  dioicous. 

•j-  TERRESTRIAL  :    Frond  witfiout  air-cavities. 

1.  R.  uj  a  11  €«i ,  L.    [  Glaucous]  :    Frond  somewhat  stellate-lobed ; 
divisions  linear-obovate,  emarginate-lobed,  channelled,  dotted,  glau- 
cous, membranous  along  the  margin.     Moist  grounds. 

f  t  FLOATING  (in  still  waters') :    Frond  with  large  air-cavities. 

2.  R.  fliiitaiis,  L.     [Floating]  :    Frond  pale  or  yellowish-green, 
radiately  expanding  from  a  centre ;  divisions  narrowly  linear,  re- 
peatedly forking,   nearly  membranaceous, — the   apex  thickened, 
emarginate  and  cavernous.     Ditches,  &c. 

CLASS  V. 

THAL'LOPHYTES.* 

VEGETABLES  composed  of  parenchyma  alone,  of  congeries  of  cells, 
or  of  seperate  cells, — often  vaguely  combined  in  a  thallus,  never 
exhibiting  a  marked  distinction  into  root,  stem,  and  foliage,  or  into 
axis  and  leaves;  fructification  of  the  simplest  kinds, — the  spores 
often  termed  sporules  and  sporidia. 

ORDER  CXXV.  LICHENES. 

PERENNIAL  plants,  often  spreading  over  the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  of  rocks,  or 
trees,  in  the  form  of  a  lobed  and  foliaceous,  or  hard  and  crustaceous,  or  leprous 

*The  Chester  County  Plants  of  this  obscure  Class  have  been  investigated  with 
singular  diligence  and  success,  by  my  ingenious  friend  EZRA  MICHENER,  M.  D.  to 
whose  kindness  I  am  indebted  for  the  following  account  of  them ;  the  Lichens 
being  arranged  in  conformity  with  the  excellent  work  of  EDWARD  TUCKERMAN,  A.  M. 


432  THALLOPHYTES 

substance,  called  a  thattus.*    Some  beautiful  and  valuable  Dyes  are  affor Jed  by 
plants  belonging  to  this  order. 

*Tbe  following  definitions,  and  cbaracteristic  details,  are  from  TUCKEKMAN'S 
valuable  Synojisis: — 

"  Perennial,  aerial  Algae,  vegetating  only  under  the  influence  of  moisture, 
which  is  imbibed  by  the  whole  surface,  propagated  by  spores  (sporidia),  and  also 
by  the  cells  (gonidia)  of  the  green  layer. 

Thallus  (universal  receptacle,  Ach.)  composed  of  three  layers,  viz :  the  cortical, 
the  medullary,  and  the  gonimous ;  evolved  from  a  hypothallus  (the  elementary 
state  in  which  the  layers  are  confused,  and  discernible  afterwards  as  cylindrical 
cells,  and  also  as  fibres  on  the  under  side  of  foliaceous  Lichenes,  and  forming  the 
base,  closely  adnate  to  the  matrix,  in  crustaceous  ones),  typically  horizontal  or 
vertical.  The  horizontal  thallus  is  either  crustaceous  (often  somewhat  lobed  at  the 
circumference  or  squamulose).  or  foliaceous  (becoming  sometimes  in  degenerate 
states  crustaceous).  The  vertical  thallus  is  either  compressed  (sub foliaceous),  or 
terete  (fruticulosR) ;  of  both  of  which  the  filamentous  thallus  and  the  pendulous 
thallus  are  degenerations.  In  Cladouia  and  Stereocaulon  a  vertical  thallug 
(podetium)  arises  from  the  primary  horizontal  thallus,  and  is  itself  often  be- 
sprinkled with  a  kind  of  secondary  horizontal  thallus  in  the  form  of  leaf-like  scales. 

Lichenes  are  reproduced  in  two  ways;  1.  by  gonidia,  the  (normally  green)  cells 
of  the  green  (gonimous)  layer,  which  appear  on  the  surface  as  irregularly  shaped 
powdery  masses  (soredia),  and  propagate  either  on  the  original  thallus,  forming 
foliaceous  or  squamulose  expansions, — or  external  to  the  original  thallus,  forming 
new  individuals  of  the  parent  thallus;  and  2.  by  sporidia,  consisting  of  subglo- 
bose  or  elliptical  cells,  which  are  either  naked  or  contained  in  other  elongated  more 
or  less  vertical  cells  (asci),  and  immersed  in  the  thalamium  (or  fructification  proper), 
and  propagate  new  individuals  of  the  species.  The  thalamium  is  either  rounded, 
gelatinous-waxy,  and  the  asci  converging  (nuclei form), — or  flattened  at  length  into 
a  rigid,  persistent,  or  afterward  collapsing  lamina  (subdisciform), — or  originally 
disciform  (open) ;  and  is  itself  contained  in  a  receptacle  (exciple),  either  of  the  same 
color  with  and  like  the  thallus  (thalline  exciple),  or  of  different  color  and  nature 
(proper  exciple).  The  whole  fructification  constitutes  the  apothecium,  which  is 
typically  round,  though  also  occurring  normally  oblong  and  linear  (lirellaeform,) 
and  is  either  excavated  with  a  contracted  margin  (urceolate), — or  slightly  concave 
with  an  elevated  margin  (scutettaeform), — or  very  concave-scutellaeform  (cyalhi- 
form), — or  very  concave-scutellaeform  and  pervious  (infundibuliform, — a  term 
applied  also  to  the  pervious  cup-bearing  podetia  of  Cladoniae), — or  goblet-shaped 
and  stipitate  (crateriform), — or  dilated,  flat,  and  without  prominent  margin 
(peltaeform,  of  which  the  reniform  is  a  variation). — or  convex  with  repressed  mar- 
gin (cephaloid), — or  between  scutellaeform  and  peltaeform  (disciform), — or  between 
gcutellaeform  and  cephaloid  (tuberculate).  When  the  thalline  exciple  is  prolonged 
below  into  a  footstalk,  it  is  said  to  be  pedicellate ;  a  proper  exciple  in  like  manner 
prolonged  is  said  to  be  stipitate.  When  the  proper  exciple  is  originally  and  typi- 
cally closed,  the  apothecium  receives  the  name  of  perithecium.  In  the  ANGIOCARPI, 
several  thalamia  are  sometimes  contained  in  the  same  exciple  (composite  apothecia)  ; 
and  in  the  GYMNOCARPI,  in  like  manner,  several  disks  are  sometimes  confluent 
(symphycarpeous  apothecia).  The  colors  of  the  thallus  in  Lichens  are  disposed  by 
I'RIES  In  four  series: — 1.  from  pale  green  becoming  glaucous;  2.  from  yellowish 
green  becoming  ochroleucous ;  3.  from  dark  green  becoming  fuscous  or  olivaceous ; 
4.  from  pale  yellow-green  becoming  lemon -colored.  Each  series  has  its  peculiar 
variation.".  The  glaucous  runs  into  pale  green,  ceruleseent,  and  white;  the 
fuscous  into  dark  green,  olivaceous,  cinereous,  greyish-fuscous,  and  dark  chestnut; 
the  ochroleucous  into  yellowish  green  and  albescent;  the  lemon-colored  into  pale 
yellow,  orange-red,  and  vermilion-red." 


IICHENES  438 

SUBORDER  I.  GYMNOCARP1. 

Apothecia, open,  discifbrm;  txcipU  thalline,  or  proper;  disk  ascigerous,  persistent. 

TRIBE  1.  PARMELIAVCEAE. 

ApotlKcia  rounded,  from  concave  becoming  explanate,  scutellaeform,  or  rarely 
peltate;  disk  somewhat  waxy,  contained  in  a  thalline  exciple. 


SUBTRIBE  1.  USNEE^AE. 

Disk  open;  thallus  subvertical,  or  pendulous-sarmentose,  centripetal,  without 
apparent  hypothallus. 

591.  USffE'A,  Dillen. 

[A  name  derived  from  Arabic  authors.] 

Apothecia  subterminal,  orbicular,  peltate,  radiate-ciliate,  seated  on 
the  medullary  stratum.  Thallus  suffruticulose,  cartilagineous,  pale, 
filiform-ramose;  medulla  thread-like,  elastic,  subdiscrete.  Plant 
suberect,  or  pendulous. 

l.U.  barbuta,  Fr.  [Bearded}-  Thallus  terete,  irregularly 
branched,  becoming  annulate-cracked,  glaucous ;  apothecia  discoid, 
nearly  immarginate,  pale.  We  find  the  following  Vara. 

Tar.  a.  florida,  Fr.  much  branched,  scabrous,  sub-erect,  divergent,  fibrillose ; 
apothecia  large,  long-rayed. 

Far.  b.  strigosa,  Ach.  small,  everywhere  thickly  fibrillose-strigose. 

Far.  c.  nibiyinea,  MX.  small,  suberect-spreading,  ferruginous. 

Far.  d.  hirta,  Fr.  dwarfish,  much  branched,  slender,  hirsuto-fibrillose,  often 
pulverulent-scabrous. 

Far.  e.  plicata,  Fr.  elongated,  pendulous,  dichotomously  branched,  smooth,  pale. 

Far.  f.  dasypoga,  Fr.  elongated,  pendulous,  sub-simple,  divaricate-fibrous. 
Hoi).  Vars.  a.  b.  e.  and  f.  mostly  on  trees ;  c.  and  d.  on  fences :  common. 

Obs.  These  varieties,  except  a,  mostly  sterile  with  us. 

2. 17,  anglllata,  Ach.     [Angled'] :     Thallus  elongated,  pendul- 
ous,  flexuose,    sparingly  branched,   angular, — the  angles  acute, 
scabrous ;  fibres  horizontal,  simple,  short,  terete-attenuate. 
Hob.  Trunks  of  trees :  rare.     Sterile  with  us. 

592.  EVER'WIA,  Ach.       ' 

[Gr.  Eu.  well,  and  Ernos,  a  branch;  the  species  being  much  branched.] 
Apothecia  scutellaeform,  marginal,  seated  upon  the  medullary  layer. 
Thallus  sub-erect,  terete-fruticulose,  or  coinpressed-foliaceous,  fist- 
ular,  or  containing  a  cottony  medulla. 

t  Thallus  terete-JUamentous. 

1.  E.  jubiita, />.  [Maned]:  Thallus  smooth,  divaricate-branched, 
dark-fuscous,  sometimes  paler,  apices  simple;  apothecia  innate- 
sessile,  entire,  of  the  same  color  with  the  thallus. 

Far.  b.  cTialybeiformis,  Ach.  sub-filamentous,  decumbent,  apices  paler,  often 
White-sorediiferous. 
Bab.  Old  rails,  Ac.  common.    Sterile.    We  have  only  the  Far. 

ft  Thallus  compresscd-foliaceous,  channelled  beneath. 
28 


434  THALLOPHYTES 

2.  E.  furfurftcea,  Mann.  [Scurfy']  :  Thallus  laciniate-foliace- 
ous,  linear,  dichotomous,  channelled  and  becoming  black  beneath ; 
apothecia  pedicellate ;  disk  rufescent. 
Hob.  Old  fences,  Ac.  rather  rare.    Mostly  sterile. 

Obs.  Sometimes  remarkably  cinereous-furfuraceous. 

593.  RAHALIWA,  Ach. 

[Latin,  Ifamcde,  a  dead  branrh ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance.] 
Apothecia  scutellaeform,  thick,  pedicellate-subpeltate,  open,  scat- 
tered above  and  beneath;  disk  open,  placed  upon  the  gonimous  layer. 
Thallus  erect-spreading,  ramose-laeiniate,  of  the  same  substance  and 
color  throughout. 

1.  R.  C'SUiniris,  FT.     [Cup-like]:     Thallus  ramose-foliaceous, 
cartilagineous,  rigescent,  lacuno'-e,  glaucous ;  apothecia  plane  with 
an  elevated  margin,  pale.     The  following  vars.  occur: — 

Var.  &.fraxinea,  Fr.  laciuiae  long,  expanded;  apoth'%cia  lateral. 

Var.  To.fastigiata.  Fr.  laciniae  shorter,  fasligiato;  apolheda  subterminal. 

Var.  c.  canaliculata,  Fr.  laciniae  linear,  attenuated,  channelled  beneath;  apoth- 
cia  subterminal. 

Var.  a.  farinacea,  Schaer.  laciniae  linear-attenuate,  rugose-lacunose,  sorediifer- 
ous ;  apothecia  scattered. 
Hob.  On  trunks  of  trees ;  fences,  &c. :  common. 

2.  R.  polymorplia,  Ach.     [Many-form]:     Cespitose;  thallus 
cartilagineous,  rigid,  longitudinally  costatc-rugose,  glaucous,  often 
sorediiferous  and  the  soredia  termin;  tl-capituliform ;  apothecia  sub- 
terminal,  margin  elevated,  disk  pale. 

Sab.  On  rocks;  Buck  Run:  rare.    Smaller  than  the  preceding. 

594.  CETRAVRIA,  Ach. 

[Latin,  Cktra,  an  ancient  buckler;  from  the  form  <>f  the  apothecia.] 
Apothecia  scutellale,  subpcltate,  seated  obliquely  on  the  apices  of 
the   thallus.      Thallus  cartilagineous-nicmbranaceous,    ascendant, 
smooth  beneath;  lobes  subt<:rcte,  or  foliaceous  and  somewhat  con- 
cave above. 

JB^F" Thallus  coriaccous-membranaceous. 

1,  C.    glattca,   Ach.     [Glaucous]:      Thallus  membranaceous, 
foliaceous,  sinuate-lobed,  ascendant,  glaucous,  becoming  black 
the  under  side ;  apothecia  dark  reddish-chestnut. 

Var.  b.  sterilis,  Fr.  laciniae  short, broad,  rather  deprc**ed,  fuscous-black  beneatl 
Hob.  On  trunks  of  trees;  fences,  &c.:  common.  The  var.  only  has  yet  been  fbun 

2,  C.  C'iliiiris,  Ach.     [Fringed']:  Thallus  foliaccoas,  rcticulat 
lacunose,  glaucous-green  passing  to  fuscous ;  under  side  whitish 
fuscescent;  lobes  crisped,  oil iate,  or  black-denticulate;    apotheci 
elevated,  crenate,  dark-fuscous. 

Hob.  On  trees,  and  fences :  common. 

3,  C.  lactmusa,  Ach.     [Pitted"]  :     Thallus  cnrtilagineous-cor 
aceous,  foliaceous,  round-lobed,  rugose  or  reticulate-cellulose,  glai; 
cescent,  under  side  whitish,  or  spotted  with  white ;  lobes  crenatt 
crisped,  black-denticulate ;    apothecia  elevated,  large,  entire,  dar 
reddish. 


LICHENES  435 

Far.  b.  Atlantica,  Tuckerm.  gubmembranaceous,  lacunoee-rcticulatc,  apothecia 
becoming  perforate. 
JIa.lt.  On  rails  and  trunks  of  trees :  common.    The  var.  only,  found. 

4.  C.  aur£sccns,  Tuckerm.  [Golden]  :  Thallus  subcoriaceous, 
foliaceous,  plane,  sinuate-lobed,  yellowish-green ;  beneath  whitish 
with  pale  fuscescent  fibres ;  margins  of  the  lobes  elevated,  crisped, 
black-denticulate  ;  apothecia  large,  elevated,  chestnut,  with  a  thin 
crenulate  margin. 
Hob.  On  fences,  &c. :  rare. 

Obs.  In  the  specimen  before  me,  the  apothecia  are  small  (imper- 
fect?), the  thallus  lacunose  beneath,  and  the  fibres  mostly  white. 

SUB-TRIBE  2.  PARMELIE^AE. 

DitJc  at  first  closed,  linaily  becoming  discoid-open;  Viullus  horizontal,  centrifugal, 
with  a  hypctbailus. 

595.  X  EPII'RODIA.  Ach. 

[Gr.  Ncphros,  n  kidney,  and  nmos,  like ;  from  the  shape  of  the  apothecia.] 
Apothecia  reniform,  adnate  to  the  under  side  of  the  thallus,  plane, 
with  an  elevated  thallinc  margin.     Thallus  membranaceous,  soft, 
subvilluuj  beneath. 

1.  HT.  rcsupln^ium,  Ach.     [Resupinate]:    Thallus  cartilagin- 
eous-membranaccoua,  smooth,  glaucous  becoming  fuscescent,  pale 
and   downy  beneath,    with  scattered  whitish   soredia ;    apothecia 
rufous-fuscous. 

Hab.  Trunks  of  trees  (often  on  Mountain  Ash);  rocks,  Ac. 

2.  W.  IlelVt'tfClim?  Ach.     [£wtw]:    Thallus  cartilagineous- 
membrauaceous,  rigid,  glaucous-fuscescent ;  underside  tomentose, 
becoming  black;  margins  of  the  thallus  and  apothecia  fimbriate- 
toothed;  apothecia  blackish. 

Hob.  On  mo-sHy  trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks. 

Obs.  I  have  only  seen  a  small  sterile  form, — which  renders  the 
species  somewhat  uncertain. 

596.  PEI/TI'GERA,  Iloffm. 

[Latin,  Pdla,  a  shir-Id,  uud  gc.ro,  to  bear;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Apothecia  orbicular,  peltacform,  plane,  subterminally  adnate  to  the 
upper  side  of  elongated  thalline  lobes,  with  a  thin  thalline  margin. 
Thallus  coriai  eous-membrauaceous,  venous  beneath. 

1.  P.  aplitll  jsa,  Iloffm.  [Aphthous~\:  Thallus  coriaceous,  smooth, 
sparsely   verrucose,   bright  green  varying  to  glaucescent ;    under 
side  reticulate  with  blackish  veins,  and  fibrillose ;  apothecia  ascen- 
dant, large,  round,  with  the  margin  lacerate-crenate. 

Hob.  Mossy  rocks,  and  shaded  banks;  common. 

2.  P.  cailina,  Iloffm.     [Canine]:     Thallus  membranaceous, 
flaccid,  scrobiculate,  subtomentose,  fuscous-green,  sometimes  ciner- 
ascent,  and  hoary ;  under  side  whitish,  reticulated  with  pale  fus- 
cous veins  ;  apothecia  ascendant,  rounded,  revolute,  vertical. 

Hab.  Among  moss,  on  the  earth,  rocks,  and  trunks  of  trees :  common. 


436  THALLOPHTTES 

3*  P.  polydactyla,  Hoffm.     {Many-fingered}  :  Thallus  papyr- 
aceous, very  smooth,  shining,  rufescent,  or  plumbeous- virescent ; 
under  side  nearly  naked,  reticulated  with  spongy  fuscous  veins ; 
fertile  lobules  suberect ;  apothecia  numerous,  revolute. 
Sab.  On  mossy  rocks;  trunks  of  trees,  &c.:  common. 

59?.  STICTA,  Ach. 

[Gr.  Stiktos,  dotted;  from  the  depressed  spots  under  the  thallus.] 
Apothecia  scutellaeform,  centrally  adnate  either  to  the  disk,  or  mar- 
gin of  the  thallus,  oblique,  nucleiform,  becoming  elevated  and  ex- 
planate.  Thallus  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  villous  beneath,  with 
small  urceolate  cavities  (cyphellae},  or  soredia,  or  discolored  naked 
spots. 

1*  S.  aurata,  Ach.  {Gilded}:  Thallus  subcoriaceous,  reddish 
brick-colored  ;  under  side  lanuginous,  with  the  margin  reddish-yel- 
low; cyphellae  yellow,  often  sorediiform ;  lobes  rounded,  wavy, 
sinuate-cut,  crisped,  yellow-pulverulent ;  apothecia  marginal,  plane, 
fuscous-red,  margin  inflexed. 
Sab.  On  mossy  trunks  of  trees :  not  common.  Infertile. 

2.  S.  sylvatica,  Ach.     [  Wood  } :    Thallus  eoriaceous-membran- 
aceous,  lacunulose,  laciniate-lobed,   greenish-fuscous ;  under  side 
tomentose,  pale  fuscous,  with  small  whitish  urceolate  cyphellae ; 
lobes   rounded- truncate,   crenulate;   apothecia  marginal,  peltate, 
rufous-fuscous. 

Sab.  On  rocks,  among  mosses :  common.    Infertile. 

3.  S.  Plllmonaria,  Ach.     {Lungwort} :     Thallus  coriaceous, 
lax,   lacunose-reticulate,    dark  green,   or  olivaceous ;  under  side 
tomentose,  with  large  white  naked  spots ;  lobes  elongated,  sinuate- 
laciniate,  retuse-truncate ;  apothecia  sub-marginal,  rufous. 

Sab.  On  trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks :  very  common.    Infertile. 

4.  S.  glomerulifera,  Delis.      {Glomerule-bearing}  :     Thallus 
coriaceous-cartilagineous,  thick,  orbicular,  appressed,  smooth,  pale 
glaucous-green ;  under  side  villous, — the  excavated  cyphellae  often 
wanting;  lobes  elongated,  sinuate;  apothecia  large,  scattered,  dark 
chestnut,  with  a  rugose  persistent  margin. 

Sab.  On  trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks :  common.    Fertile. 

598.  PARMEXIA,  Ach. 

[Qr.  Panne,  a  small  shield,  and  eileo,  to  surround ;  the  apothecia  being  bordered.] 
Apothecia  scutellaeform,  orbicular,  adnate  horizontally  to  the  disk 
of  the  thallus,  with  an  equal  thalline  margin ;  disk  at  first  conni- 
vent-closed,  somewhat  waxy.  Thallus  expanded  horizontally  from 
a  centre,  two-sided,  of  various  form,  upon  a  hypothallus. 

SECTION  1. 

Thallus  foliaceous ;  hypothallus  fibrillose,  adnate  to  the  thallus,  discrete  from  the 
matrix. 

SUBSECTION  1.  IMBRICXRIA. 

Apothecia  elevated,  subpedicellate ;  disk  very  thin,  naked,  seated  on  the  gonimons 
ayer;  thallus  imbricate-foliaceous,  often  black-dotted. 


LICHENES  437 

SERIES  1.  GLAUCESC£NTES. 

1.  P.  crinita,  Ach.     [Haired]  :     Thallus  submembranaceous, 
glaucous-fuscescent,  and  with  the  apothecia  beset  with  isidioid  (or 
coral-like)    granules   and  branchlets ;  under  side  black,  smoothish, 
with  here  and  there  black  fibres ;  lobes  plane,  erose-crenate,  ciliate  ; 
apothecia  large,  marginal,  cyathiform,  imperforate ;  margin  thin, 
inflexed,  finally  explanate. 

Hob.  On  trunks  of  trees,  and  rails :  common. 

2.  P.  perforata,  Ach.    [Perforated] :  Thallus  membranaceous, 
smooth,  greenish-glaucous;    under  side  black,   with  dark  fibres; 
lobes  rounded,  ascendant,  subcrenate,  ciliate ;  apothecia  large,  fun- 
nel-form, rufous,  perforate,  very  entire. 

ffab.  On  trees,  and  fences :  very  common. 

3.  P.  SCortea,  Ach.     [Leathery]  :  Thallus  subcoriaceous,  orbi- 
cular, smooth,  glaucous-white ;  under  side  black,  hispid-fibrillose ; 
lobes  rather  long,  appressed,  sinuate-crenate,  incised ;  apothecia 
rufous-fuscous,  sub-entire. 

Hob.  On  trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks :  frequent. 

Obs.    This  too  nearly  approaches  the  following, — with  which. 
FRIES  unites  it. 

4.  P.  tilisicea,  Ach.  [Linden]  :    Thallus  membranaceous,  orbi- 
cular,  smoothish,  glaucous-cinerascent ;  under  side   blackish-fus- 
cous, with  black  fibres ;  lobes   sinuate-lacinate,  rounded,  crenate  ; 
apothecia  subfuscous,  crenate,  or  very  entire. 

Hob.  Trunks  of  trees,  &c. :  very  common. 

5.  P.  Borr£rl,   Turn.      [Borrer^s]:      Thallus  cartilagineous- 
membranaceous,   orbicular,  smoothish,  glaucous-cinerascent   (with 
round,  marginate  soredia) ;  under  side  fuscescent,  fuscous-fibrillose  ; 
lobes  rounded  at  the  apices,  naked ;  apothecia  chestnut,  the  margin 
inflexed,  entire. 

Far.  b.  rudecta,  Tuckerm.  MS.  soredia  immarginate ;  the  whole  thallus  beset  with 
isidioid  granules  and  branchlets. 
Hob.  On  trunks,  &c.    We  have  the  var.  only. 

6.  P.  saxatili§,   Ach.      [Rock]:     Thallus   subcartilagineous, 
reticulate-lacunose,   glaucous-cinerascent;   under  side  black  and 
fibrillose ;  lobes  sinuate,  sub-retuse ;    apothecia  dark-chestnut,  at 
length  crenulate. 

Hob.  Rocks ;  trees ;  rails,  &c. :  common. 

7.  P.  aleurites,  Ach.  [Mealy]  :  Thallus  membranaceous,  orbi- 
cular, continuous,  rugose-plicate,  becoming  furfuraceous,  glauces- 
cent ;  under  side   pale,  with  fuscous  fibres ;  lobes  discrete  at  the 
circumference,  rounded,  cut-crenate  ;  apothecia  dark-fuscous,  finally 
crenulate. 

Hob.  Trees;  rails,  and  rocks :  common.    Often  sterile. 

8.  P.  pliySJtles,  Ach.      [Bladder-like]:      Thallus   somewhat 
inflated,  glaucous- white ;  under  side  naked,  black-fuscous;  lobes 
loosely  imbricate,  linear,  convex,  sinuate-multifid ;  apothecia  red- 
dish-brown, with  an  inflexed  entire  margin,  finally  explanate. 

TJab.  Rocks ;  trunks,  and  dead  wood:  frequent.    Infertile  with  us. 


438  THALLOPHYTES 

9.  P.colpodes,  Ach.   [Bosom-like]:  Thallus  somewhat  inflated, 
suborbicular,  greenish-glaucescent ;    under  side  black  and  spongy ; 
lobes  somewhat  plane,  ramose-multifid,  irregularly  dentate ;  apothe- 
cia  chestnut-color,  elevated,  margin  iufiexed,  entire. 

Hob.  Trunks  of  trees:  -very  common. 

SERIES  2.  OLIVACEO-FTJS'CAE. 

10.  P.  Olivarea I  Ach.     [Olive-colored']:    Thallus  membrana- 
ceous,  smooth,  rugulose  (elevated-punctate,  or  granulate-farinose), 
olivaceous-fuscous  ;  under  side  paler,  subfibrillose  ;  lobes  oppressed, 
radiate,  rounded,  crenate ;  apothecia  dark-olive,  with  an  inflexed, 
and  finally  crenate,  margin. 

Hob.  Trees :  somewhat  rare.    Small. 

SERIES   3.    OCHROLEUVCAE. 

11.  P.  caperala,  Ach.     [Wrinkled]'.     Thallus  submembrana- 
ceous,   orbicular,  rugose,  or   granulosc-pulvcrulcnt,  ochrolcucous ; 
under  side  blackish,  sparingly  fibrlllose  ;  lobes   sinuatc-laciniate, 
rounded  and  subcntire  at  apex ;  apothecia  fuscous-red,  with  a  tumid 
incurved  rugose-crenate  margin. 

Sab.  Trunks ;  rails ;  stones,  &,c. :  very  common.    Seldom  fertile. 

12.  P.  COIlSpersa,  Ach.     [Sprinkled]:     Thallus   membrana- 
ceous,  smooth,  polished    (or   oftcncr   sprinkled   with   black  dots), 
greenish-straw-colored ;   under   side   fuscous  and   blnck-fibrillose ; 
lobes  fiexuose,  sinuate,  somewhat  plane  ;  apothecia  dark-che.stnut, 
sub-entire,  mostly  numerous. 

Var.  b.  stenophylla<  Ach.  lobe?  elongated,  linear,  pinnatifid,  imbricate  complicate. 
Bab.  Rocks,  and  stones  :  very  common.    Fertile. 

13.  P.  centriflisrn, I  Ach.     [Centrifugal]:     Thallus  sub-mem- 
branaceous,  orbicular,  groonish-straw-colcr,  or  ochrolcucous;  under 
side  white  and  fibrillose  (the  crust-like  centre  often  falling  away, 
and  leaving  a  concentrically  disposed  circumference) :  lobes  linear, 
convex,  concrete,  rugose ;  apothecia  rufous-fuscous,  sub-entire. 
Hob.  Rocks:  not  common. 

SERIES  4.  CITRI\NAE. 

14.  P.  pariettna,    Fr.      [  Wall]  :     Thallus   membranaceous, 
foliaceous,  or  squamulosc,  imbricate,  sublobiitc,  yellow ;   under  side 
paler  and  obsoletcly  fibrillose ;  apothecia  with  elevated  very  entire 
margins.     Polymorphous.     Wo  find  the  following  varieties  : 

Var.  &.foli<2cea,  Fr.  thallua  foliaceous,  greenish  passing  to  yellow ;  lobe?  appress- 
ed,  explanate. 

Var.  b.  rutilans.  Fr.  thallus   foliaceous  subcrustaceous,  imbricate-oom plicate, 
irregularly  laciniate. 

Var.  c.  laciniosa,  Fr.  thallus  lacerate-dissected,  pquamulope;  lobes  ascending, 
naked. 

Var.  A, polycdrpa,  Fr.  thallus  smaller, conglomerate;  lobes  complicate;  apothe- 
cia very  numerous. 

Var.  e.  citrinella,  Fr.  thallus  wholly  dissolved  into  a  yellowish-green  dust. 
Hob.  Rocks;  old  walls;  trunks,  dead  wood,  Ac.:  common. 


LICHENES 


439 


15.  P.  Clirysoplltll'llllia,  Ack.      [Golden-eyed]:     Thallus 
subfoliaceous,  cartilagincous-tnembranaceous,  lacerate-ramose.  red- 
dish-yellow becoming  whitish  ;  under  side  whitish ;  lobes  pinnatifid, 
plano-convex  with  the  margins  fibrillose ;  apothecia  dark-orange, 
fibrillose-ciliate,  or  naked. 

Far.  b.  exilis,  Fr.  lobe«  very  narrow ;  apothecia  with  the  margins  naked. 
Hub.  Trees,  and  shrubs :  frequent. 

SUB-SECTION  2.  PHYS'OIA. 

Apothecia  at  first  closed,  at  length  dehiscent;  disk  thickish,  waxy,  placed  upon  the 
medullary  layer;  thall^s  ascendant,  or  stellate-appressed. 

16.  P.   leucomela,    Ach.     [White  $  black]:     Thallus  car- 
tilagineous,  whitish ;   lobes  narrow-linear,  dichotomous-divaricate, 
beneath  very  white,  powdery,  channelled ;  lobes  sparingly  ciliate 
with  very  long  simple  black  fibres. 

Hob.  On  mostly  rocks,  and  trunks. 

Obs.  This  beautiful  little  species  is  exceedingly  rare, — and  has 
not  been  found  in  fruit,  with  us. 

lY.  P.  dctoiisa,  Fr.  [Shorn] :  Thallus  cartilagineous,  sub- 
stellate,  glaucous-fusccscent  and  fuscous  ;  under  side  whitish,  with 
black  fibres ;  lobes  narrow,  linear,  gubconvex,  digitate-multifid, 
crowded,  imbricate,  often  semi-terete ;  apothecia  subsessile,  the 
margin  finally  creiiato  and  leafy ;  disk  plane,  becoming  dark- 
fuscous. 
Hab.  Rocks,  and  tree*  :  common. 

IS.P.pUlVCrulenlaj-fV.   [Powdery]:  Thallus  cartilagineous, 
substellate,  pruinosc-cinercous ;  under  side  black,  hispid-tomentose ; 
lobes  linear,  multifid ;  apothecia  sessile ;  disk  plane,  black-fuscous, 
subpruinose, — the  margin  tumid,  entire,  or  squamulose-foliose. 
Hob.  Rockp,  and  ioo*py  trunks:  frequent. 

19.  P.  hypolcwca,  Muhl.     [  While-beneath]  :     Thallus  cartila- 
gineous, sub.-itcllatc,  glabrous,  naked,  glaucous-vircscent  or  whitish ; 
under  side  very  white,  with  dark  fibres ;  lobes  sublinear,  multifid, 
plano-convex, — the  margins  naked ;  apothecia  elevated ;  disk  black, 
naked,  margin  inflexed,  crenulate,  or  foliose. 

Hob.  Trunks  of  trees:  common.    Fertile. 

20.  P.  spcciv*sa,  Ach.     [Elegant]:     Thallus   cartilagineous- 
membranaceou.*,  substellate,  glabrous,  greenish-glaucous,  or  whit- 
ish; under  side  very  white,  with  pale  fibres;  lobes  linear,  incised- 
rainose,    crenate,   ciliatc-fibrillose, — the  margins  often  green-pul- 
verulent; apothecia  elevated;    disk  rufous-fuscous,  nearly  naked; 
margin  incurved,  crenate. 

Far.  b.  gzlactop'tyUa,  Tu:kKrm.  MS.  [P.  ciliaris,  b.  galactophyUa,  Tuckerm.— 
Synopsis]:  very  deliraie,  the  lobes  less  crowded,  very  white  and  powdery  beneath. 
Jfab.  Trees,  and  among  mosses :  frequent.  Infertile. 

21.  P.  Stellftris,   Wallr.     [Star-like]  :     Thallus  snbcartilagin- 
eous,  naked,  glauccscent;  under  side  whitish,  with  dark  fibres; 
lobes   sublinear,  multifid ;  apothecia  sessile ;   disk  fuscous-black, 
subpruinose ;  margin  thickish,  sub-entire. 


440  THALLOPHY.TES 

Var.  a.  stettarirexpama,  Fr.  thallus  stellate-expanded,  fibres  shorter. 

Var.  b.  tribracia,  Fr.  lobes  squamulose,  ascendant,  sparingly  fibrillose,— the 
apices  pulverulent. 
Hob.  Roots,  rocks,  Ac.,  among  mosses :  frequent. 

22.  P.  pliaea,  Tuckerm.  MS.     [Fuscous]  :     Thallus  subcartila- 
gineous,   naked,  glaucous-white;  beneath  whitish  and  sparingly 
ciliate  with  short  black  fibres ;  laciniae  linear,  many-cleft ;  apothe- 
cia  appressed ;  disk  convex,  naked,  a  little  shining,  rufous-fuscous  ; 
margin  not  elevated,  at  length  granulated. 

Hab.  On  quartz  rock :  very  rare. 

Obs.  The  species  is  established  on  a  single  plant.  Should  more 
perfect  specimens  be  obtained,  they  may  render  some  modification 
of  the  characters  necessary. 

23.  P.  Obscftra, ,Fr.     [Obscure]:   Thallus  submembranaceous, 
greenish,  becoming  livid-fuscous  when  dry ;  under  side  black  and 
fibrillose;  lobes   sublinear,  incised-multifid,  often  sorediiferous,  or 
the  margins  pulverulent ;  apotheeia  sessile,  very  entire,  naked,  black- 
fuscous. 

Var.  b.  ulotiirix,  Fr.  lobes  linear,  sub-cfliate;  apotheeia  fibrillose  beneath. 
Sab.  Trunks  of  trees  ;  dead  wood,  &c. :  frequent. 

24.  P.  fibrdsa,  Fr.  [Fibrous] :  Thallus  suborbiculate,  the  lacer- 
ate laciniae  concrete  and  subcrustaceous  at  the  centre,  those  of  the 
circumference  flat,  from  green  becoming  more  or  less  yellow,  be- 
neath cinereous-fibrous ;  apotheeia  crowded,  ve»y  entire,  orange, 
fibrose-radiate  beneath. 

Var.  b.  stdlata,  Tuckerm.  MS.  laciniae  discrete,  stellate. 
Sab.  On  shrubbery,  and  the  branches  of  small  trees. 
Obs.  We  have  only  the  var.  b.  here. 

SECTION"  2. 

ThaUux  subfoliaceous,  st  length  subgranular,— arising  from  a  fifcrfllose  hypo- 
tlsallufl,  which  is  adnate  to  th«  matrix. 

SUBSECTION  Z.  PYX'IKE. 

Apothetia  erunrpent,  closed,  palish,  becoming  patellaeform,  and,  witli  tie  altered! 
thallfoe margin,  black;  finally  cephaloid,  excluding  the  margin. 

25.  P.  MOrediata,  Tuckerm.     [Sorediate]:    Thallus  swbcrusta- 
ceous-foliaceous,  laciniate-multifid,  green  becoming  glaueescent  and 
cinerascent;   under  side  black,  with  crowded  greenish-nigrescent 
fibres ;  lobes  linear,  channelled,  incised,  obtuse,  imbricate  and  con- 
crete at  the  centre,  often  sorediiferous ;  apotheeia  at  first  pale,  and 
concave,  becoming  black,  convex,  finally  proliferous-papillate  and 
irregular. 

Hab.  Trunks,  and  rocks.    Often  sterile. 

Obs.  A  variable  species ;  but  not  presenting  any  well-marked 
varieties. 

SUBSECTION  4.  AMPHILO^MA. 

Apotheeia  erumpent,  subcoronate,  with  an  accessory  thalline  margin ;  disk  waxy, 
thickish,  naked ;  thallus  foliaceous,  submonophyllous,  rounded,  becoming  crus ta- 
ceous  at  the  centre;  hypothallus  spongy-pannose. 


LICHENE8  441 

36.  P.  C  rollia,  Tuckerm.  [Saturnine]:  Thallus  orbicular, 
membranaceous,  smooth,  radiant,  dark  bluish  becoming  pale  lead- 
color,  with  elevated  darker  margins,  and  sprinkled  with  blackish 
points,  and  isidioid  branchlets;  hypothallus  determinate,  dark- 
caerulescent. 
Hob.  Mossy  rocks:  rare.  Small  and  infertile. 

SUBSECTION  5.  PSORO'MA. 

Apothecia  either  adrmtc,  arising  from  the  thallus,  with  a  crenate  thalline  margin; 
or  immersed,  arising  from  the  hypothallus,  with  an  entire  proper  margin;  disk 
Waxy;  thallus  of  discrete  foliaceous  squamules,  often  forming  a  subgranulose 
crust. 

27.  P.  triptophyl'la,  Fr.     [Worn-leaved']:     Thalline  scales 
membranaceous,  livid-fuscescent,  stellate-expanded   and  lacerate- 
ilissected,  at  length  granulose-coralline  ;  hypothallus  bluish-black  ; 
apothecia  somewhat  immersed ;  disk  plane,  rufous-fuscous,  with  an 
«rect  persistent  margin. 

Hob.  On  rocks ;  roots  of  trees,  Ac,    Sterile  with  us. 

28.  P.  leucosticta.  Tuckerm.  MS.     [White-dotted] :    Scales  of 
the  thallus  membranaceous,  at  first  expanded  and  imbricate,  linear- 
multifid,  glaucous-fuscescent,    or  at  length  dark  fuscous ;    hypo- 
thallus black;    apothecia  rather  immersed;    disk  convex,  •  from 
rufous  becoming  blackish,  with  a  persistent  granulate  margin. 
Hab,  On  rocks,  and  bases  of  trunks,  among  mosses,  Ac. 

Obs.  This  species  has  been  heretofore  confounded  with  the  pre- 
ceding, and  some  other  allied  forms. 

SECTION  3. 

Thallus  crustaceous,  lobate  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly  squamulose  and 
«ffigurate. 

SUBSECTION  6.  PLACO^DIUM. 

Apothecia  plano-scutellaeform,  elevated;  disk  without  proper  margin,  naked; 
tha&vA  as  above  (thalline,  margin  often  colored  like  the  disk.) 

29.  P.  saxicola,  Ach.     [Rock] :     Thallus  cartilagineous,  ap- 
pressed,  areolate-squamulose,  pale-greenish ;  the  circumference  of 
somewhat  plane  radiose-lobate  concrete  laciniae;  apothecia  ap- 
pressed;  disk  yellowish-fulvous;  margin  thin,  at  length  crenate. 
Hab.  On  rocks  and  stones. 

30.  P.   clirysomelaeiia,   Ach.     [Gvlden+black]:     Thallus 
crustaceous,    areolate,   yellow;    areolae  flat,    submembranaceous, 
somewhat  lobate,  here  and  there  discrete;    apothecia  appressed; 
disk  plane,  sanguineous-black ;  thalline  margin  elevated,  subrugose, 
at  length  flexuose. 

Hab.  On  rocks,  near  Pierce's  Paper  Mill,  Kennett. 

SECTION  4. 

Thattus  crustaceous,  uniform.  Circumference  similar,  or  the  hypothallus  some- 
times fibrillose-radiaut. 

SUBSECTION  7.  PATELLA^RIA. 

Apothecia  sessile,  scutellaeform,  margin  persistent;  disk  somewhat  plane,  without 
proper  margin,  not  caesious-pruinoee ;  thattus  adnate  to  an  indeterminate,  mostly 
black,  hypothallus. 


442  THALLOPHYTES 

31.  P.  pallcSCCIlS,  Fr.     [Pale] :  Crust  subtartareous,  rugose- 
granulate,  glaucesccnt;  hypothalius  pale;    apothecia  tumid;  disk 
pale,  innate-pruinose,  the  margin  erect,  entire,  persistent. 

Hub.  Trunks,  rails,  and  stones. 

32.  P.  fartarea,  Ach.   [Tartar- -like]:  Cr  :st  tnrtarcous.  granu- 
late-conglomerate, giaiu'csecnt ;  hypoth'Jlu-  pa)    ;  :  poilucia  adnate; 
disk  plai.c,  r«:gu.  :.se,  pale-yelk  whh-flesh-jolorca.   the  margin  in- 
flexed,  e<,ar». 

Var.  b.  frigida,   Ach.    crust  finally  granulate,  whitish;  hypothallus  undis- 
tinguishiible  ;  apoUtecia  small.  n-dJisli. 
Hob.  On  rock*.  The  ear.  incrusiioj.'  Mossc?.  twigs.  Ac.  but  alw.iys  sterile,  with  us. 

Obs.  This  .'pecies,  in  common  with  many  others,  is  employed  to 
produce,  valuable  dyes.  The  "  Cudbear,1"  of  the  shops  (said  k^be 
so  called,  after  a  Mr.  CUTHBKUT,  who  fr  t  brought  it  into  use),  is  a 
European  name  of  this  plant, — which  is  employed  to  produce  a 
purple  for  dyeing  woollen  yarn.  The  crustaceans  spcc'es  abound  in 
red,  the  fo'iacc-uus  ones  in  brown,  colorii  g  matter. 

33.  P.    slllifVisca,    Fr.      [Brownish]:      Crust   cnrtilagineous, 
smooth,  at  T-rat  continuous,  becoming  chinky  and  granulate,  glau- 
cescent;  hypothallus  m-iculate ;  apothecia  Jidnnte;  disk  plano-con- 
vex, subfuscors,  whitish  within,  the  margin  erect,  colored  like  the 
thallus. 

Var.  a.  digcnl/r,  Ft:  disk  thicki.sh,  naked,  either  red,  rufous,  fuscous,  or  black, — 
the  margin  entire,  or  }»e<*oniin^  ru^o.--e. 

Var.  b.  ttistttns,  Fr.  disk  thin,  at  first   pruinose,  pale,  becoming  naked, — the 
margin  elevated,  rrcnulate. 
Hob.  On  trunks,  ro«ks,  &c. :  common,  and  extremely  variable. 

34.  P.  ill1>    Ha,  Ach.     [Whitish]:     Crnst  cartilagineous,  milk- 
white;  apothecia  orbiculate,  tumid,  pale  flesh-color,  whitish-prui- 
nose;  margin  very  entire,  s«  b  evanescent. 

Hob.  ('n  trunks  of  trees. 

35.  P.  Caesio-rill),  lla,   Ach.     [Grey-reddish]:     Crust  thin, 
softish,  white;  apothecia  blattered,  rather  large;  disk  plane,  be- 
coming  somewhat   tumid,    pale  reddish   and   iuscescent,    at  first 
caesious-pruinosc,  equalling  the  tumid  entire  margin. 

Sab.  On  smooth  trunks  (Maple,  &c.). 

36.  P.    Cinerca,    Fr.     [Ash-colored]:      Crust   subtartareous, 
areolate-rimose,  glaucous-cinereous;  hypothallus  black;  apothecia 
innate ;  disk  naked,  nigrescent,  pale  within,  with  a  black  obtuse 
sub-elevated  thalline  margin. 

Hob.  On  rocks  and  stones:  frequent. 

3T.  P.  b'idia,  Fr.  [Liver-brown] :  Crust  cartilagineous,  rimose- 
areolate,  subsquamulose,  dark  olive ;  hypothallus  black ;  disk  naked, 
polished,  fuscous-black,  with  an  entire  persistent  thalline  margin. 

Var.  b.  endocarpaea,  Tuckerm.  MS.  areolae  dispersed,  squamaceoue,  with  sub-im- 
mersed punctiform  (imperfect)  apothecia. 
Hub.  On  rocks  and  stones :  not  frequent.    The  Var.  b.  occurs  here. 


LICHENES 


443 


38.  P.  v:i  E-ia  .  Fr.     [  Various']  :     Crust  cartllagineous,  areolate- 
verrucose,    yellowish-green,    becoming  ochroleucous:   hypothallus 
smooth,  macular;  apothecia  sessile;  disk  polished,  yellowish-flesh- 
colored,  or  discolored,  with  a  thin  erect  entire  margin. 

Sab.  On  fences,  stones,  &c.:  very  common. 

39.  P.  Vitcllimi,  Ach.  [Yvtk-of-cyg}:  Crust  tartarcr  ,.<•»,  sranu- 
lose-coacervate,  dark  reddish  -ye',  low  ;  hypothallus  m.-vcular,  white; 
apothecia  sessile:  disk  yeilow  becoming  fuscous,  margin  simple, 
thin,  erect,  entire,  at  length  of  the  same  color. 

Hob.  On  dead  x'ood,  and  rocks. 

40.  P.  <  i  iiMitUm  ilia.  Ach.    [Cinnabar-colored'}  :     Crust  sub- 
cartilagineous,    smooth,    rimosc-artolate,    or-inge-rul,    covering   a 
black  hypotha'lus;  apothecia  somewhat  immersed:  disk  immargin- 
ate,  dark  orange-red,  thalliue  margin  entire,  persistent. 

Hob.  On  rocks  (diullage,  Ac.);  Serpentine  barrens;  along  with  the  preceding. 

41.  P.  Cerlfia,  Ach.     [Waxy}:     Crust  continuous,   becoming 
granulate,  cinereous,  upon  a  bbiish-black  hypothalius  ;   apothecia 
sessile;    disk  immargirr.tc,    somewhat   wax-colored,    with  a   thin 
equal  opake  entire  th.nllJno  margin. 

Hob.  On  trunks,  rocks,  ic.  :  frequent. 

SUBSECTION  8.  URCKOLARIA. 

Apothecia  innate  in  the  cru«t.  or  immersed  in  prctuLcrant  warts;  lamina  of  the 
disk  urceolate,  or  ]>rotubcr:int,  A  crrucuefonn,  blaci  i:'h,  normally  caesious-pruinose, 
margined  ;  hypothallus  whitish. 

42.  P,  calcarca?  Ach.   [Calcareous]:  Crust  subcartilagineous, 
areobite-vcrrucose,  glauccsccnt  (often  mealy  and  white)  :  dis.k  im- 
mersed in  the  areolae,  from  crncavc  bccom're;  plane,  blackish, 
caesious-pruinose,  with  a  thin,  at  length  discrete,  proper  margin  ; 
thallinc  margin  somewhat  prominent,  sub-entire,  or  rugose-  crenate. 
Ifab.  On  limestone  rocks. 

43.  P.    scr«lp%sa,    Snmmcrf.     [Rugged}:     Crust   tartareous, 
rugose-granulate,    glaucous-cinerasccnt;    hypothallus  white;  apo- 
thecia immersed;  disk  urccoiate,  cacsious-black,  with  a  connivent 
cinereous-blackish  proper  nutrgin,  which  is  at  first  covered  by  the 
crenate  thalline  margin. 

Hub.  On  rocks,  stones,  dead  wood,  and  on  the  earth. 

TRIBE  2.  LECIDCA'CEAE. 

Apothecia  rounded,  a  perfii.-tent  disk  contaire  I  in  un  op«n  proper  exciple,  which  it 
finally  covers,  and  becomes  convex,  cephaloid,  and  immarginate. 


509.  CI,AWO\\IA.  Uoffm. 

[Or.  h'lados,  a  branch  ;  the  rauiiiieutions  being  often  copious.] 
Apothecia  orbiculate,  sub-marginate,  becoming  inflated,  cephaloid, 
and  immarginate,  empty;  disk  open,  at  length  protuberant  and  re- 
flexed,  concealing  the  proper  exciple.  Horizontal  lhallus  squamulose- 
foliaceous,  or  crustaceous,  from  which  arises  a  vertical  caulescent 
cartilagineous  fistular  thallus  (podelium). 

SERIES  1.  FUSCESC^NTES. 
Podetia  greenish-fuscous  and  cinerascent  ;  apotliecia  fuscous. 


444  THALLOPHYTES 

*  SCYPHIFERAE  :    Podetia  passing  into  a  terminal  scyphtis,  closed  with  a  diaphragm. 

1.  C.  C^e§pititia,  Floerk.     [Turfy']:     Thallus  cespitose,  squa- 
mulose,  laciniate,  pale  green;  podetia  very  short,  glabrous,  dilated 
above,  or  sometimes  wanting  ;  apothecia  fuscous. 

Hob.  On  mossy  rocks,  and  roots :  frequent. 

2.  C.  pyxidata,  Fr.     [Box-like]  :    Thallus  squamulose ;  pode- 
tia cartilagineous-corticate,  verrucose  or  furfuraceous,  green-ciner- 
ascent,  the  scyphiferous  ones  turbinate ;  scyphi  cyathiform,  dilated ; 
apothecia  fuscous. 

Sab.  On  the  earth.    Often  sterile. 

3.  C.  Mltl'Hla,  Tuckerm.  MS.    [Little  Mitre]  :  Thallus  of  rather 
thick   erectish  light-green  crenate-laciniate  scales ;  podetia   short, 
simple,  cartilagineous-corticate,  verrucose;  scyphi  obsolete;  apo- 
thecia light-fuscous,  symphycarpeous. 

Bab.  On  dry  sterile  banks;  old  logs,  Ac. 

4.  C.  gradlis,  Fr.     [Slender]  :     Thallus  squamulose ;  podetia 
cartilagineous-corticate,  polished ;  scyphi  somewhat  plane ;  apothe- 
cia fuscescent. 

Var.  a.  verticiUdta,  Fr.  podetia  all  scyphiferous;  scyphi  dilated,  plane,  mostly 
proliferous  from  the  centre. 

Var.  b.  cervicomis,  Auct.  podetia  larger  and  longer,  mostly  proliferous  from 
the  margin. 
Hob.  On  the  earth.    "Most  perfect  in  high  mountains."—  Tuckerm. 

5.  C,  fimbrlata,  Fr.     [Fringed] :     Thallus  squamulose  ;  pode  • 
tia  cylindrical,  the  membranaceous  epidermis  deliquescing  into  a 
fine  glaucous-candicant  dust;  scyphi  cupulaeform,  with  an  erect 
margin. 

Var.  b.  radidta,  Fr.  podetia  elongated,  subulate;  scyphi  proliferous-subulate, 
or  radiate-fimbriate. 
Sab.  On  the  earth. 

6.  C.  COrnuta,  Fr.     [Horned] :     Thallus  squamulose ;  podetia 
cylindrical,    subventricose,    the    epidermis    cartilagineous   below, 
membranaceous  and  becoming  powdery-deliquescent  above ;  scyphi 
narrow, 'with  an  incurved  subentire  margin;  apothecia  fuscous. 
Hob.  On  mossy  logs,  &c. 

**PERVUE:  Scyphi  not  closed;  apices  and  axils  dilated-funnelform,  or  simply  per- 
forate. 

?.  C.  sqnaiiiosa,  Hoffm.  [Scaly] :  Thallus  squamulose,  dis- 
sected, often  pulverulent;  podetia  branched,  lacunose,  becoming 
decorticate  and  exasperate-squamaceous ;  axils  pervious,  denticu- 
late ;  apothecia  cymose,  fuscous. 

Var.  a.  ventricosa,  Fr.  podetia  ventricose :  axils  and  apices  dilated  funnel-form- 
Var.  b.  attenudta,  Fr.  podetia  more  slender ;  axils  perTious ;  apices  subulate. 
Sab.  On  the  earth,  and  among  mosses. 

8.  C.  fiircata,  Floerk.  [Forked]  :  Thallus  squamulose,  some- 
what dissected;  podetia  dichotomous-fruticulose,  cartilagineous- 
corticate,  polished,  greenish-fuscous ;  axils  and  fertile  apices  per- 
vious ;  apothecia  pedicellate,  pale,  becoming  fuscous. 


LICHENES  445 

Var.  a.  crispdta,  Floerk.  turgid;  axils  and  apices  funnelform. 

Far.  b.  cristdta,  Fr.  somewhat  turgid;  obliquely  dilated  and  fimbriate-cristate 
at  the  axils ;  apices  cristate-ramulose. 

Far.  c.  racemosa,  Floerk.  podetia  elongated,  turgescent,  ramose,  and,  as  well  as 
the  axils  gaping ;  branches  recurved  or  erect,  the  fertile  ones  explanate. 

Far.  d.  subuldta,  Floerk.  podetia  more  slender,  with  subpertuse  axils;  apices  of 
the  fertile  ones  cloven;  branches  erectish,  recurved,  or  divergent. 
Hob.  On  the  earth :  common. 

9.  C.  rangif  crina,  Hoffm.    [Rein-deer"} :   Thallus  crustaceous, 
evanescent;  podetia  fruticulose,    trichotomously   and  very  much 
branched,  subtomentose,  cinerascent;   axils  subperforate ;  sterile 
apices  nodding,  fertile  ones  erect,  cymose. 

Far.  b.  sylvdtica,  Fluerk.  slender,  smoother,  pale  straw-color. 

Far.  c.  alpestris,  Floerk.  soflish;  branches  densely  thyrsoid-entangled. 
Hah.  On  the  earth. 

Obs.  We  probably  have  all  these  allied  forms.  This  Lichen  is 
noted,  as  constituting  the  principal  food  of  the  Rein-deer,  in  Lapland. 
"It  is  this,"  says  Sir  W.  J.  HOOKER,  "which  for  the  greater  part 
of  the  year,  and  especially  in  winter,  is  the  support  of  the  vast 
herds  of  Rein-deer, — wherein  consists  all  the  wealth  of  the  Lap- 
landers. No  vegetable,  LINNAEUS  tells  us,  grows  throughout  Lapland 
in  such  abundance  as  this, — especially  in  woods  of  scattered  pines, 
where  for  very  many  miles  together,  the  surface  of  the  sterile  soil 
is  covered  with  it,  as  with  snow.  On  the  destruction  of  forests  by 
fire,  when  no  other  vegetable  will  find  nutriment,  this  Lichen 
springs  up  and  flourishes,  and,  after  a  few  years,  acquires  its  full 
size.  Here  the  Rein-deer  are  pastured ;  and  whatever  may  be  the 
depth  of  snow,  during  the  long  winters  of  that  climate,  these  crea- 
tures have  the  power  of  penetrating  it,  and  obtaining  their  necessary 
food." 

SERIES  2.  CocciFERAE. 
Podetia  greenish,  becoming  fulvescent  at  base;  apothecia  scarlet. 

*  Podetia  cartUagineous-corticate,  never  finely  pulverulent. 

10.  C.  CO  I'll  licopioi  ties,   Fr.     [Cornucopia-like]:     Thallus 
squamulose ;  podetia  glabrous,  becoming  verrucose,  or  granulate- 
eubpulverulent,  yellowish,  finally  cinereous-green,  the  scyphiferous 
ones  elongated-turbinate,    attenuate    below;  scyphi    cyathiform, 
dilated. 

Hob.  On  the  earth :  common.    Often  sterile. 

11.  C.  Floerfeeana,  Fr.     [Floerke's]:     Thallus  squamulose ; 
podetia  cylindrical,    slender,   glabrous,   becoming    granulate-ver- 
rucose,  or  squamose-decorticate,  greenish  and  pallescent,  nigrescent 
at  base ;  scyphi  passing  into  somewhat  digitate  fastigiate  branches. 
Sab.  On  the  earth,  logs,  fences,  &c. :  very  common. 

*  *  Podetia  wiUt  the  epidermis  membranaceous,  and  dissolving  into  a  fine  dust. 

12.  C.  macilenta,  Iloffm.  [Thin,  or  lean]:  Thallus  squamulose ; 
podetia  cylindrical,  slender,  membranaceous-corticate  above,  becom- 
ing hoary-pulverulent ;  scyphi  narrow,  tubaeform  with  an  erect 
margin,  or  obsolete. 


446  THALLOPHYTES 

Far.  &.JHiformis,  Fr.  podetia  very  slender;  scyphi  narrow,  entire,  or  obliterated 
by  a  symphycarpeous  apothecium. 
Sab.  On  decaying  logs,  rocks,  &c. 

Obs.  I  have  not  observed  the  other  var.  Sometimes  the  podetia 
become  exasperate  with  green  thalline  scales.  Au  ochrocarpous 
state,  of  some  of  the  Lichens  of  this  Series,  often  occurs, — with 
pale  ycUoiviish  apothecia. 

GOO.  BAEOMY^ES,  Fr. 

[Gr.  Baios*  small,  and  Myke&,  :i  fungu.--;  ihc  plant  resembling  a  minute  fungus.] 
Apothecia  globose  from  the  first,  immarvcrinate,  velate,  finally  empty 
and  araucous  within,  the  base  closely  surrounding  a  stipe.  Thallus 
crustacoous,  uniform,  protruding  fertile  stipes  which  are  destitute 
of  a  cortical  stratum. 

1.  B.  rv*SCHS,  Pers.     [Rose-colored^ :  Crustverruco.se,  glaucous; 
stipes  short,  cylindrical ;  apotheciu  subglobose,  flesh-colored. 
Hub.  Sterile  clay  soils;  road  sides,  ic. :  common. 

601.  BIATOXRA.  Fr. 

[  ] 

Apothecia  at  first  margined  by  a  waxy  thalline  exciple  converted 
into  a  proper  one,  becoming  hemispherical  or  globose,  sub-immar- 
ginate,  ^olid,  and  ccphaloid;  disk  placed  on  a-  .•substratum  often 
paler,  never  coal-black,  at  length  dilated,  turgid,  concealing  the 
paler  margin.  Thallus  horizontal,  arising  from  a  hypothallus, 
crustacoous.  cffigurate,  or  uniiorm.  Podetia  vv anting,  but  the  apo- 
thecia  sometimes  stipitate. 

SECTION  1. 
Thallus  squamose,  or  lobed  at  tlie  circuinforence. 

4J^="  Apothecia  sessile. 

1.  B.  Micltcntri,  Tuckerm.  MS.     \_Miehener' s]:     Thallus  orbi- 
cular, submonophyllous,  livid  lead-colored,  tips  of  the  lobes  rounded 
and  crenate  ;  hypoth.illu.-i  tomentose,  dark-green;  apothecia naked, 
sub-immarginato,  rufoui,  becoming  convex  and  black. 
Hob.  On  trunks:  exceedingly  rare. 

«J.  B.  rufi)-!! ij?ra,  Tuckerm.     [Reddish-black^  :    Thallus  squa- 
mose,  imbricate,  from  pale  rufous  becoming  blackish ;  scales  irreg- 
ularly suborbiculate,  a.sccnding,  crenate -lobcd ;  apothecia  adnate, 
plane,  obtusely  margined,  atro-rufous,  at  length  convex,  black. 
Hob.  On  rocks. 

SECTION  2. 

ThaUus  effuse,  uniform. 

3.  B.  sangllineo-fttra,  Fr.  [Sanguineous-black] :  Crust  thin, 

membranaceous,    effuse,    whitish-cinereous,    becoming   granulose ; 

apothecia   sanguineous,  with  an   obscure  paler  margin,  at  length 

black. 

Hob.  On  rocks,  and  trunks,  growing  oyer  mosses. 


LICHENES  447 

4.  B.  ScllWCinitzii,  Fr.  MS.  [Schweinitz1 »} :  Crust  of  crowd- 
ed scale-like — or,  at  length,  coraline-branched — greenish-glaucous 
granules,  on  a  white  hypothallus ;  apothccia  sessile,  the  opaque 
disk  ai  length  convex,  from  pale  livid-flcsh-color  becoming  blackish, 
the  margin  rather  thick,  incurved,  pale. 
Hob.  On  old  trunks.  (Frvu-ima,  &c.) 

b.  B.  spatlicr:a,  Ach.  [Chestnut-brown']  :  Crust  cartilagineous, 
membranaceou:-,  granulate,  glauecseent;  apothccia  thick,  the  mar- 
gin very  finely  rugulose;  disk  at  length  convox,  and,  excluding  the 
margin,  light-chestnut,  becoming  blackish,  within  of  the  same  color. 
Sab.  On  truuka  of  trees. 

6.  B.  FUSSllla,  Ach.  not  of  Tuckerm.  Syn.  [Carnation}:  Crust 
subcartil.'igincous,  from  rimo.c<%-aroolate  at  length  granulatc-verru- 
cose,  slauccsccnt  (often  .irrccui.sh);  apothecia  sessile,  glabrous, 
somewhat  tamid,  dark-re-!,  tho  disk  finally  surpassing  the  entire 
thin  pal  r  margin. 
Hob.  On  smooth  trunks;  dead  wood,  &c. 

T,  B.  SUfTiiMl,  Fr.    [Suffused}:     Thallus   eiTuse,  rurnlcse-gran- 
ulose,    iccrusti»»g,    glaucous;  apothccia  dilated,   flat,    the   margin 
fuscous  (rufrsceut  wiicn  moist),  wh:tc-pruinose. 
Sab.  On  rough  trunks, — especially  Nyssa  mullijlura. 

8.  B.  CXi^lia,  Chaub.  [Little}  :  Crust  of  minute  confluent  gran- 
ules, smooth,  oartilajrincous,  ciiKrcous-greonish,  dcrue=satod  bylines 
of  the  black  hypothallus ;  apothccia  submarginatc,  pale  yellowish, 
becoming  fuscou.s. 

Hob.  On  smooth  bark. 

9.  B.  Cliloropliolis,  Tuckerm.  MS.     [Green-scale}  :     Crust  of 
small  rounded  brijrht-givn  granules:  apothccia  very  small,  some- 
what immersed,  the  ual;ed  opaque  flattish  disk  finally  surpassing 
the  very  thin  obtu.-:o  margin,  from  white  becoming  at  length  dark 
fuscous,  and  black. 

Hob.  On  ston-'.s;  old  iHmp  -wrvllp,  mortnr,  &c. 

10.  B.  auranliiical   Fr.     [Orange-colored}:     Cnist  cartila- 
gineous, uncvon,  granulate,  lutescent,  innate  in  a  black  hypothallus ; 
apothccia  somewhat  Hcv.xtod,  with  a  crcnulate  evanescent  spurious 
margin ;  disk  dark  orange,  and  fuscescent,  with  a  thin  proper  mar- 
gin. 

Sab,  On  trunks,  rtcnd  wood,  and  rocka. 

11.  B.  fcrruginra,  Fr.     [Rust-colored} :   Crust  subcartilagin- 
eous,  at  first  continuous,  at  length  vcrruoosc,  whitish,  or,  when  the 
black  hypothallus  predominates,  becoming  ash-colored;  apothecia 
flattish  ;  disk  opaque,  from  orange  becoming  blood-red,  but  always 
more  or  less  ferruginous,  bordered  by  a  paler,  somewhat  polished, 
margin. 

Sab.  On  trunks,  and  dead  branches. 

602.  LECIDIM,  Ach. 

[Or.  Lechis,  a  small  shield,  and  Eidos,  form ;  in  reference  to  the  apothecia.] 
Apothecia  margined  at  first  by  a  very  black  carbonaceous  proper 
exciple,  becoming  scutellaeform,  or  hemispherical,  solid ;  disk  at 


448  THALLOPHYTES 

first  punctiform-impressed,  always  open,  often  horny,  and  placed 
upon  a  carbonaceous  stratum.  Thallus  horizontal,  arising  from  a 
hypothallus,  somewhat  crustaceous,  effigurate,  or  uniform. 

SECTION  1,  Thallus  effuse,  uniform. 

SUBSECTION  1.  AREOLATAE. 

Crust  innate,  originally  areolate  or  becoming  so  ;  hypotltallus  black. 
*  SAXICOLAE. 

1.  Jit.  albo-eaerillescens,  Fr.     [White-bluish']:     Crust  at 
first  continuous,  bluish  becoming  whitish  ;  apothecia  produced  from 
the  crust  ;  margin  of  the  annular  exciple  thin  ;  disk  waxy,  black, 
caerulescent-pruinose,  white  within. 

Far.  b.  immersa,  Fr.  crust  very  than  and  whitish,  or  wanting;  apothecia  small, 
often  immersed. 
Hob.  On  rocks,  and  stones  :  Far.  b.  on  limestone. 

2.  L..  lapicida,  Ach.     [Stone-cutting']  :     Crust  at  length  areo- 
late-verrucose,  from  glaucous  becoming  cinereous-white;  apothecia 
superficial,  produced  from  the  cortical  layer,  sessile,  not  pruinose, 
horny  and  cinerascent-black  within,  with  an  even  naked  disk,  and 
a  thin,  at  length  flexuose  margin  (or,  the  margin  disappearing, 
finally  confluent  and  irregular). 

Sab.  On  rocks  and  stones. 

3.  It.  atro-alba,  Ach.     [Mack  and  white"]  :     Crust  somewhat 
areolate  (the  areolae  commonly  discrete,  verrucaeform),  opaque, 
fuscous  and  greyish-white  ;  apothecia  produced  from  the  hypothallus, 
(small,)   the  obtuse  margin  scarcely  discrete  from  the  naked,  at 
length  somewhat  umbonate,  disk. 

Sab.  On  rocks,  and  stones. 

*  *  CORTICICOLAE. 

4.  li.  parasfcma,  Fr.     [Counterfeit*]:  Crust  somewhat  leprous, 
glaucescent,  becoming  verrucose-areolate,  limited  by  the  black 
hypothallus;  apothecia  sessile,  opaque;   exciple  cupular,   with  a 
thin  margin  ;  disk  horny,  naked,  very  black. 

Sab.  On  trunks,  and  dead  wood:  very  common. 

5.  JL.  enteroleftca,  Fr.     [Internally  white}  ;     Crust  at  first 
continuous,  glaucescent,  deliquescing,  limited  by  the  black  hypo- 
thallus ;  apothecia  adnate  ;  exciple  annular,  with  a  thin  margin  ; 
disk  somewhat  wavy,  often  hyaline,  or  caerulescent,  whitish  within. 
Sab.  On  smooth  trunks. 

TRIBE  3.  GRAPHIDAVCEAE. 

Apothecia  of  various  form  ;  an  altered  thalline  carbonaceous  proper  exciple,  or  an 
originally  proper  exciple  margining  a  gyrose  and  proliferous-papillate,  or  canalicu- 
late disk. 


603.  UMBIL,ICA;RIA,        . 

[So  named  from  the  umbilicated  Thallus.] 

Apothecia  superficial,  the  closed  thalline  exciple  becoming  a  carbon- 
aceous proper  exciple,  more  or  less  open,  and  of  various  form  ; 
disk  horny,  ascigerous,  finally  chinky,  or  gyrose-plicate,  with  an 
incurved  margin.  Thallus  horizontal,  cartilagineous,  foliaceous, 
eubmonophyllous,  afiixed  by  a  central  point. 


LICHBNB3  449 

SECTION  1.  PATELLATAB. 

Apothecia,  orbiculato-patellaeform ;  disk  at  length  clunky,  plicate,  or  proliferous 
papillate. 

1.  V.  OillOllii,  Tuckerm.  [Dillenius's]:  Thallus  coriaceous, 
rather  rigid,  smooth,  glaucous-fuscescent  becoming  dark-fuscous, 
under  side  black,  and  closely  hirsute  with  short  black  crowded 
fibres ;  apothecia  convex,  at  first  orbicular  and  concentrically 
plicate,  finally  lirellate,  with  a  thin  channelled  margin. 
Hob.  On  rocks,  in  mountainous  districts. 

Obs.  I  have  not  yet  met  with  this  species  within  our  limits ;  but 
have  seen  a  specimen  obtained  near  the  Schuylkill.  It,  and  several 
other  species,  are  abundant  a  few  miles  further  north.  This  genus 
furnishes  the  celebrated  "  Tripe  de  roche"  (Tripe  of  the  Rocks),  of 
the  Canadian  and  Western  Hunters,— to  which  they  are  often 
obliged  to  resort,  when  other  means  of  subsistence  fail.  When  pro- 
perly prepared  for  the  table,  it  is  said  to  be  a  tolerable  substitute 
lor  "Tripe," — which  it  also  somewhat  resembles. 

6O4.  OPE'GRAPHA,  Humb. 

[Or.  Ope,  hollow,  and  graphe,  writing;  from  the  lines  of  the  apothecia.] 
Apothecia  somewhat  lirellaeform,  margined  by  a  free,  somewhat 
carbonaceous,  proper  exciple ;  disk  channelled,  at  first  closed  by 
the  inflected-connivent margin,  becoming  open,  indurated  and  horny. 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

gl.  Apothecia  superficial,  destitute  of  a  thalline  margin. 

1 .  O.  atra,  Pers.     [Black] :  Crust  innate  in  the  matrix ;  apothe- 
cia emergent-superficial,  slender,  shining,    acute;  margin  of  the 
subentire  exciple  thin;    disk  linear,   channelled,    naked,  horny 
within. 

Var.  b.  abbrevidta,  Fr.  apothecia  abbreviated,  irregular,  often  radiately  disposed. 

Var.  c.  maculdris,  Fr.  apothecia  dilated  into  somewhat  radiate  immarginatc 
maculae,  and  confluent. 
Hab.  On  trees. 

§2.  Apothecia  erumpent,  coronate  for  the  most  part  with  a  thalline  margin. 

2.  O.  script  a,  Ach.     [  Written]  :     Crust  innate,  becoming  ex- 
posed, uneven,  pulverulent;    apothecia  immersed,  erumpent,  with 
a  raised  thalline  margin, — the  proper  margin  tenuescent,  smooth ; 
disk  linear,  at  first  caesious-pruinose. 

Var.  a.  Umitdta,  Schaer.  apothecia  emergent,  scattered,  various. 

Var.  b.  recta,  Schaer.  apothecia  immersed,  straight,  parallel,  somewhat  dilated. 

Var.  c.  serpentina,  Schaer.  apothecia  immersed,  long,  flexuous,— the  thallioe 
margin  tumid,  evanescent. 

Hab.  On  trees :  Var.  c.  frequent  on  Cherry-trees — where  the  elongation  of  th« 
apothecia  seems  to  be  occasioned  by  the  transverse  expansion  of  the  almost  horny 
outer  bark. 

3.  O.  polymorpha,  Ach.     [Many-form]:     Crust  somewhat 
pulverulent,  whitish-cinerascent,  or  very  white ;  apothecia  rounded, 
or  oblong,  irregular,  without  apparent  proper  margin,  from  plan* 
becoming  tumid  and  elevated-punctate,  angulate,  or  stellate-ramulose, 
caesious-pruinose,  with  more  or  less  thalline  margin. 

Setb.  On  trunke  of  Ash  ( Fraxinus  sambucifctia). 


450  THALLOPHYTES 

TRIBE  4.  CALICIA^CEAE. 

Apothecia,  orbiculate,  or  globose,  always  open,  margined  by  a  proper  exciple,  the 
disk  collapsing  into  naked  sporidia ;  or  immarginate,  and  the  sporidia  capituli- 
form-compact. 

605.  TRACHYI/IA,  Fr. 

[Gr.  Traehys,  rough ;  the  apothecia  being  scabrous  with  naked  spores.] 
Apothecia  sessile,  discrete  from  the  thallus,  orbiculate ;  disk  some- 
what compact,  ascigerous,  margined  by  the  innate  carbonaceous 
proper  exciple,  or  the  exciple  obsolete.  Asci  oblong.  Thallus  crusta- 
ceous. 

1.  T.  Stigonella,  Fr.  [Small-dotted]  :  Parasitic ;  exciple  cupu- 
lar,  innate,  disk  plack,  black-pulverulent,  equalling  the  thin  erect 
black  margin. 
Hob.  On  the  crust  of  Pertusaria  pertusa  :  rare. 

606.  CAM'CIVM,  Per*. 

[Gr.  Kalykion,  a  little  cup ;  in  reference  to  the  Apothecia.] 
Apothecia  crateriform,  the  carbonaceous  proper  exciple  margining  a 
compact  or  powdery  disk,  composed  of  coacervate  naked  sporidia. — 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

SECTION  1.  Apothecia  stipitate. 
GLAUCESCBNTIA  :  Extiple  more  or  less  whitish-cinereous-pruinose. 

1.  C.  Subtile,  Pers.     [Delicate]  :     Crust  filmy,  leprous,  white- 
glaucescent;  stipes  filiform,  flaccid,  black;  apothecia  lentiform- 
globose,  naked,  black,  the  margin  at  length  reflected. 
Hob.  On  old  decaying  wood;  fences,  &c. 

SUBORDER  II.  ANGIOCARP'I. 

jApathecia  closed,  nucleiferous,  pertuse  and  with  an  ostiole,  or  irregularly  dehiscent, 
—the  nucleus  included,  subglobose,  ascigerous. 

TRIBE  1.  ENDOCARPAX2EAE. 

ApotJiecia  immersed  in  the  thallus,  globose,  the  thalline  exciple  attenuated  into  a 
neck,  and  terminated  by  a  discrete  heterogenous  papillaeform  ostiole;  nucleus 
deliquescent ;  ViaUus  horizontal,  foliaceous,  or  crustaceous. 

607.  EffDOC ARP'OIV,  Hedw. 

[Gr.  Ihtdon,  within,  and  Karpos,  fruit ;  descriptive  of  the  fructification.] 
Apothecia  included  in  the  thallus,  globose ;  a  membranaceous  thin 
pale  thalline  exciple  inclosing  a  gelatinous  colored  deliquescent 
nucleus  ;  ostioles  somewhat  prominent.     Thallus  horizontal,  cartila- 
gineous-foliaceous,  subpeltate. 

1.  E.  Mulileiibersrii,  Ach.     [Muhlenberg's] :    Thallus  cartila- 
gineous-coriaceous,  thick,  from  greenish-glaucous  becoming  fusees- 
cent,  very  finely  rugose  and  somewhat  chinky ;  under  side  fuscous- 
black  ;  ostioles  convex. 
Hob.  On  dry  Serpentine  rocks ;  Smedley's  Barrens. 


LICHENES 


451 


2.  E.  flu  vKitile,  DC.     [River} :     Thallus  cartilagineous-mem- 
branaceous,  flaccid,  lobed,  green,  becoming  fuscescent  when  dry , 
lobes  rounded,  auriculate-lobulate ;  under  side  naked,  reticulate- 
rugulose,  pale  fuscous  becoming  black ;  ostioles  rather  prominent, 
black. 

Hob.  On  wet  and  frequently  inundated  rocks. 

3.  E.   pus  1 11 11  III,   Hedw.     [Little] :     Thallus    cartilagineous, 
squamulose-foliaceous,  smooth,   brownish-olivaceous,  pale  on  the 
under  side,  arising  from  a  black  fibrillose  hypothallus;  ostioles 
black,  somewhat  prominent,  pertuse. 

Hob.  On  naked  clays ;  Newlin  Barrens :  very  rare. 

4.  E.  arbftrcuni,  Schweinitz,  MS.  [Tree]:  Thallus  squamulose, 
foliaceous,  subcoriaceous,  from  glaucous  becoming  fuscous ;  scales 
closely  imbricate,  often  concave,  black  and  downy  beneath ;  ostioles 
black,  scarcely  prominent. 

Hob.  On  trunks,  &c. 

Obs.  An  extremely  rare  species.     I  have  only  once  found  it,  on 
the  detached  bark  of  an  old  black-oak  stump. 

60S.  PERTITSA^RIA,  DC. 

[Latin,  pertusus,  punched,  or  bored  through ;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Apothecia  verrucaeform,  formed  from  the  thallus,  including  naked 
waxy-gelatinous  colored  nuclei.     Thallus  crustaceous,  often  passing 
into  soredia  and  isidia. 

1.  P.  pertusa,  Ach.  [Perforate] :  Crust  cartilagineous,  glaucous- 
white;  apothecia  depressed-hemispherical,  irregular;  ostioles  de- 
pressed, discrete,  the  perfect  ones  black-papillate. 

Far.  a.  sorediifera,  Fr.  crust  sterile,  sorediiferous. 

Far.  b.  areoldta,  Fr.  crust  thicker,  rimose-areolate,  often  sterile  and  soredi- 
iferous. 

Fur.  c.  leucostoma,  Fr.  ostioles  white,  the  black  papillae  being  deficient. 
Hob.  On  trunks ;  sometimes  on  stones :  frequent. 

2.  P.  faginea,  Tuckerm.     [Beech]:     Crust  tartareous-cartila- 
gineous,  cinereous-white,  the    circumference   zonate,    often    thin, 
polished,   bluish ;  apothecia  hemispherical,   bursting  into  mealy 
eoredia. 

Far.  b.  orbiculata,  Tuckerm.  apothecia  explanate;  nuclei  expanded  into  asub- 
membranaceous  denudate  flesh-colored  disk. 
Hob.  On  trunks,  rails,  and  rocks:  common. 

3.  P.  globulari§  1  Ach.  [Globular]:  Cnist  of  very  numerous 
eubglobose,   and  ramulose,  glaucescent  granules ;    apothecia  (in- 
frequent) globose,  smooth,  with  a  solitary  impressed  punctiform 
black  ostiole. 

Hab.  On  Mosses,  &c. :  rare. 

TRIBE  2.  VERRUCARIAXCEAE. 

Apothecia  rounded,  a  closed  proper  exciple  (perithecium)  becoming  pertuse  with  an 
t>stiole,  or  at  length  open;  nucleus  gelatinous,  subhyaline,  deliquescent;  thallus 
cnutaceous. 


452  THALLOPHYTES 

6O9.  VERRICA  RIA,  Pers. 

[Latin,  Fferruca,  a  wart;  from  the  wart-like  processes  on  the  thallns.] 
Perithecia  hemispherical-globose,    solitary,   horny,   black,   closed, 
with  a  simple  or  papillaeform  ostiole, — sometimes  becoming  sub- 
scutellaeform,  or  rarely  inclosed  in  a  thalline  verruca. 

1.   V.  elaeochroa?    Tuckerm.     [Olive-colored]:     Crust  ap- 

planate,  rimose-areolate,  olivaceous ;  perithecia  with  a  wide  base, 

globose,  emerging  and  conical  at  apex,  becoming  depressed  and 

umbilicate. 

Hob.  On  limestone  rocks :  frequent. 

Obs.  There  seems  to  be  some  obscurity  about  this  plant ;  but  I 
cannot  tell  where  else  to  place  it.  Perhaps  it  may  prove  to  be 
V.  nigrescens,  Pers. 

%.  T.  CestrenslS,  Tuckerm.  MS.     [Chester']  :     Crust  conspicu- 
ous, chinky,  dark  blackish- green ;  perithecia  dimidiate,  the  base 
inflexed,  much  covered  by  the  thallus,  but  prominent,  globose- 
hemispherical  ;  nucleus  globose,  whitish. 
Sab.  On  trunks  of  Fagus  ferrttginea. 

Obs.  This  fine  new  species  appears  to  be  quite  rare,  here. 

3.  V.  11  it  id  a,    Schrad.     [Shining]:     Crust    smooth,   greenish - 
olivaceous,  or  fuscous ;  perithecia  entire,  covered,  at  length  some- 
what prominent,   persistent,   the   ostioles   subpapillate ;    nucleus 
fluxile. 

Hah.  On  trunks,— especially  Beech  (Fagus  ferrugined). 

4.  V.  alba,  Schrad.     [  White] :     Crust  innate  in  the  matrix,  be- 
coming at  length  denudate,  white;  perithecia  subglobose,  entire, 
denudate,  persistent,  immersed  at  the  base,  ostiole  papillate,  or 
pertuse. 

Hob.  On  trunks. 

ft.  V.  greinmata,  Ach.  [Budded]:  Crust  innate,  effuse,  smooth- 
ish,   white-hoary;    perithecia  hemispherical,    dimidiate   (not  im- 
mersed at  base),  persistent ;  nucleus  whitish. 
Hob.  On  trunks. 

6.  T.  punctinVrmis,  Pers.     [Dot-like']  :     Crust  innate  in  the 
matrix,  or  obsolete ;  perithecia  innate-superficial,  semiglobose,  sub- 
dimidiate,  the  base  inflexed ;  nucleus  globose. 
Sab.  On  trunks  with  smooth  bark. 

1,  T.  lactea,  Ach.  MS.     [Milky]  :     Crust  innate,  effuse,  white; 
perithecia  innate-sperficial,   dimidiate,    sub-conoidal,   inflexed  at 
base. 
Sab.  On  trunks  of  trees. 

Obs.  This  is  a  Southern  Lichen,  and  appears  to  be  very  rare  in 
our  district. 

TRIBE  3.  TRYPETHELIA'CEAE. 

Apoihecia  verrucaeform,  formed  of  the  thallus,  ostiolate-pertuae,  containing  >u 
ono  or  more  perithecia  a  deliquescent  nucleus. 


LICHENES  453 

610,  TRYPETHEXIUIH,  Spreng. 
[Or.  Trypa,  foramen,  and  Thele,  papilla ;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 

Exciple  double, — the  outer  one  of  the  substance  of  the  thallus  and 
wart-like,  including  the  perithecia  or  interior  exciples.  Nucleus 
gelatinous,  deliquescent.  Thallus  crustaceous,  subcartilagineous. 

1.  T.  por  >sum,  Ach.     [Porous]  :     Crust  palish-white  ;  warts 
of  the  apothecia  somewhat  prominent,  broad,  irregular,  confluent, 
of  the  same  color ;  within  whitish. 

Hob.  On  smooth  trunks;  Beech,  Ac. 

Obs.  Our  plant  has  generally  passed  for  a  form  of  Verrucaria 
nitida.  SCHWEINITZ  called  it  V.  composita. 

2.  T.  virens,  Tuckerm.  MS.     [Green]:     Crust  effuse,   waxy- 
cartilagineous,  smooth,  green,  becoming  glaucescent  when   dry; 
warts  rather  prominent,  rounded-irregular,  confluent,  of  the  same 
color  with  the  crust ;  ostioles  minute,  not  prominent,  black ;  peri- 
thecia globose  (10 — 20),  superficial;  sarcothecium  from  fulvous  at 
length  white. 

Hob.  On  smooth  trunks ;  Fagus,  Acer,  &c. 

Obs.  The  term,  Sarcothecium,  has  been  employed  by  FEE,  to 
denote  the  medullary  substance  of  the  warts,  in  which  the  peri- 
thecia nestle.  It  varies  in  color  and  intensity  with  the  species,  and 
affords  an  obvious  character. 

We  probably  have  other  Trypethelia  ;  but  they  have  not  yet  been 
determined.  It  is  chiefly  a  Southern  genus. 

TRIBE  4.  LIMBORIAH3EAE. 

Apothecia  rounded, — the  carbonaceous  proper  exciple  closed,  at  length  variouely 
dehiscent ;  nucleus  subccraccous,  rigescent ;  thallus  crustaceous. 

611.  GYROS'TOMUItt,  Fr.  [Conotrema.  Tuckerm.  Syn.] 

[Gr.  Gyros,  a  circle,  and  sioma,  mouth ;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Perithecia  mostly  solitary,  horny,  black,  at  first  pertuse,  becoming 
open,  with  a  coarctate  inflexed  margin,  including  a  depressed  nucleus 
which  is  elevated  at  the  centre  into  a  somewhat  marginate  disk. — 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

1.  G.  lirceoldtum,  Fr.      [Urceolate]:     Crust  thin,  smooth, 

rugose-rimose,  glaucous-white,  bordered  by  a  black  line ;  perithecia 

scattered,  at  first  covered,  finally  superficial,  conoidal,  white-prui- 

nose. 

I  lab.  On  trunks,  and  branches :  common. 

SUBORDER  III.  COLLEMAVCEAE. 

Filamentous  or  foliaceous  gelatinous-conglutinate  plants,  without  discrete  layers; 
sporidia  included  in  asci,  and  immersed  in  a  thalamium,  which  Is  contained  either 
in  a  thalhne  exciple,  or  a  proper  exciple. 

TRIBE  1.  COLLEMFAE. 

Thallus  gelatinous-conglutinate,  caulescent  or  foliaceous. 


454  THALLOPHYTES 

612.  MYRIAUPGIUM,  Berlc.  <j-  Mont. 

[Gr.  Myrios,  innumerable,  and  Angeion,  a  vessel,  or  cell ;  descriptive  of  the  plant.] 
Apothecia,  tuberculiform,  at  first  closed,  then  open,  plane,  immar- 
ginate.  Hymenium  thick,  many-celled,  each  cell  containing  one 
spherical  ascus.  Sporidia  oblong,  multiseptate.  Thallus  pulvinate, 
swelling  when  wet,  unequal,  tuberculate. 

1.  IH.  Curtisii,  Mont.     [Curtis' a]  :     Irregular,  confluent,  dull, 
blackish. 

Hob.  On  smaller  branches  of  Hickory,  and  Sour  Gum. 

Obs.  Common  with  us, — but  considered  to  be  a  Southern  species. 
I  have  received  it  from  the  gentleman  whose  name  it  bears,  from 
South  Carolina.  TUCKERMAN  remarks,  that  it  is  "new  to  the 
North." 

613.  COULE'MA,  Hoffm. 

[Gr.  Kolle,  gluten;  from  the  gelatinous  nature  of  the  plant.] 
Apotheda  subglobose,  becoming  discoid-open  and   scuttellaeform, 
with   a  thalline  exciple.       Thallus   corneous-gelatinous,   somewhat 
pulpy,  of  a  moniliform-filamentous  texture,  variously  lobed. 

f  Thallus  imbricate-plicate,  becoming  thick  and  turgid  when  wet. 

!•  C.  pulp5sum9  Ach.  [Pulpy"]  :  Thallus  thick,  suborbicular, 
compact,  blackish-green ;  lobes  numerous,  rather  erect  and  entire, 
or  repand-crenate, — those  of  the  circumference  larger  and  some- 
what appressed ;  apothecia  crowded,  slightly  concave,  rufous,  with 
an  elevated  irregular  margin. 
Sab.  On  mos&y  rocks;  limestone,  Ac. 

2.  C.  fascicillare,  Ach.     [Fascicled] :     Thallus   suborbicular, 
olive-green  ;  lobes  dilated  upward,  waved, — those  of  the  circumfer- 
ence rounded,  cut-crenate ;  apothecia  marginal,  elevated-subpedi- 
cellate,  fasciculate ;  disk  convex,  rufous. 

Hob.  On  trunks,  and  rocks. 

f  f  Thallus  thin,  foliaceous,  gelatinous-membranaceous,  lobed  principally  at  the  c«V- 
cumference. 

3*  €)•  Hi  el  aen  11  in,  Ach.  [Black]  :  Thallus  foliaceous  sub- 
stellate,  blackish-green,  the  lobes  elongated,  radiant,  multifid,  with 
elevated  waved  and  crisped  crenate  margins  ;  npothecia  submar- 
ginal,  somewhat  plane,  at  length  rufescent,  with  a  subgranulate 
margin. 
Hob.  On  mossy  rocks,  and  trunks. 

4.  C.  flaccidum,  Ach.     [Flaccid]  :     Thallus  foliaceous,  mem- 
branaceous,  smooth,  flaccid,  blackish-green;  lobes  somewhat  ascend- 
ing, rounded,  rather    entire,   undulate-plicate ;    apothecia  small, 
scattered,  somewhat  plane,  rufous. 
Hob.  On  rocks,  and  trunks. 

Obs.  A  conspicuously  foliaceous  species,  which  often  presents  a 
radiate  or  centrifugal  appearance. 


LICHENES  455 

5.  C.  pule  lU'Iluili,  Ach.     [Handsome] :     Thallus  membrana- 
ceous,  orbicular,  round-lobed  at  the  circumference,  plicate-papulose 
and  dark-green  above,  under  side  paler  and  deeply  lacunose ;  apo- 
thecia  crowded,  elevated ;  disk  urceolate,  pale, — the  margin  thin, 
coarctate,  very  entire,  finally  rugulose. 

Hab.  On  trunks,  &c. 

6.  C1.  s;it ii i  ii in ii 111,  Ach.     [Lead-colored]:     Thallus  rosulate, 
blackish-green, — the  under  side  glaucous  and  subtomentose ;  lobes 
broad,  oblong,  rounded,  wavy,  very  entire;  apothecia  scattered, 
somewhat  plane,  rufous,  the  margin  thin,  entire. 

Hab.  On  trunks,  and  rocks :  frequent. 

614.  L,EPTOVGHJUI,  Fr. 

[Or.  Leptos,  slender,  thin,  or  delicate ;  characteristic  of  the  genus.] 
Apothecia  rounded,  becoming  discoid — open  and  scutellaeform,  sub- 
pedicellate,  with  a  proper  exciple.     Thallus  gelatinous-membrana- 
ceous,  subdiaphanous,  texture  cellulose. 

1.  L«.  tremelloldes,  Fr.     [Tremella-like]:    Thallus foliaceous, 
very  thin,  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  powdery  above,  lead-colored ; 
lobes  oblong,  rounded,  very  entire ;  apothecia  scattered,  elevated, 
plane,  rufous-fuscous,  with  a  paler  margin. 

Hab.  On  rocks,  and  trunks:  common. 

2.  I*  lace  rum,  Fr.     [Torn]:     Thallus  foliaceous,  membrana- 
ceous,  very  thin,  glaucous-fuscescent ;  lobes   small,  subimbricate, 
lacerate-laciniate,  denticulate-ciliate ;   apothecia  small,  scattered, 
subsessile,  somewhat  concave,  rufous,  with  a  paler  margin. 

Hab.  On  mossy  rocks,  and  bases  of  trees :  common. 

3.  L«.  I'ulvillus,  Tuckerm.  MS.     [Little  cushion] :  Thallus  pul- 
vinate,  fruticulose,  much  branched,  blackish-green ;  branches  terete, 
flexuose,  entangled,  more  or  less  denticulate  with  short  fibrillose 
branchlets ;  apothecia  not  seen. 

Hab.  On  rocks ;  Serpentine  ridge,  near  Unionville. 

Obs.  This  species  has  not  yet  been  found  in  fruit ;  and  our  plant 
may  possibly  prove  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  the  one  to  which 
the  name  was  originally  given. 

TRIBE  2.  EPHEBIDEVAE. 

Thallus  filamentous,  not  gelatinous. 

615.  THERMUTIS,  Fr. 

Apothecia  an  orbiculate  marginate  sessile  proper  exciple,  formed  by 
the  coupling  of  several  fibres  of  the  thallus.  Thallut  composed  of 
entangled  opaque  blackish  fibres. 

1.  T.  pamiosa,  Fr.     [Ragged]:     Thallus  blackish-green,  of 
terete  very   delicate  entangled  fastigicate  short  branchlets ;    apo- 
thecia minute,  concave,  obtusely  margined,  but  becoming  convex, 
and,  excluding  the  margin,  of  the  same  color  with  the  thallus. 
Hub.  On  long-exposed  disintegrating  Limestone  rock& 


456 


THALLOPHYTES 


Obs.  The  foregoing  Catalogue  of  Chester  County  Lichen*,  and 
Collemas,  contains  about  twenty  species  never  before  published  in 
this  country,^ — one  half  of  which  are  entirely  new.  For  the  deter- 
mination and  description  of  the  most  of  these,  the  writer  has  availed 
himself  of  the  kind  assistance  of  his  friend  E.  TUCKERMAN,  of 
Cambridge,  Mass,  whose  long  and  assiduous  attention  to  this  much- 
neglected  portion  of  Cryptogamic  Botany  has  intitled  him  to  be 
called  THE  AMEEICAN  LICHENIST.— *E.  M. 


457 


CORRIGENDA  &  ADDENDA. 


Maculae,  quas  aut  incuria  fudit, 
Ant  humane  parum  cavit  natura. 

The  reader  will  please  make,  or  refer  to,  the  following  corrections, 
with  a  pencil,  in  the  pages  and  places  indicated. 

PAGE  8.  In  connection  with  the  MAGNOLIAS,  it  should  have  been 
stated,  that  in  our  American  species  (and  remarkably 
in  M.  glauca,  L.)  the  flower-buds  are  closely  and  com- 
pletely invested  by  a  membranous  hairy  caducous  spathe- 
like  bract. 

"  24.  line  Zfrom  the  top:  for  "oblonga,"  read  vulgaris. 

"  27.  line  10  from  the  bottom:  add  L.  after  "DRbsERA." 

"  34.  line  19/rom  the  bottom:  for  "MULLUGO,"  read  MOLLUGO. 

"44.  7  lines  from  the  top:  add  to  Rhu*  glabra, 

Obs.  A  few  years  since,  Messrs.  R.  KILVINGTON  and 
DAVIS  GARRET,  jr.  detected  a  small  and  very  remarkable 
shrub,  in  Willistown,  Chester  County,  which  seems  evi- 
dently to  be  a  Rhus, — but  with  bipinnate  leaves  about  a 
foot  long,  the  pinnae  3  or  4  inches  long,  and  the  pinnules 
1  to  2  inches  in  length,  linear-lanceolate,  more  or  less 
falcate,  entire  or  rarely  incised-toothed,  glaucous  beneath, 
the  terminal  one  deeply  incised  or  pinnatifid.  Messrs. 
KILVINGTON  and  GARRETT  (both  of  them  intelligent  and 
experienced  Florists)  are  of  opinion  that  the  shrub  is  a 
variety  of  Rhus  glabra.  If  so,  it  is  a  curious  monstrosity, 
or  sport  of  Nature.  Although  carefully  cultivated  by 
those  gentlemen,  since  its  discovery,  it  has  not  yet  pro- 
duced either  fruit  or  flowers ;  but  Mr.  K.  informs  me, 
that  it  propagates  freely  by  the  root. 

"  52.     Before  Polygala  sanguines:  insert  (as  No.  1.), 

1.  P.  in<  arnuta,  L.  Glaucous;  stem  slender,  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched  above ;  leaves  linear-subulate, 
few  and  small;  spike  oblong;  wings  much  shorter  than 
the  conspicuously  crested  corolla;  claws  of  the  petals 
united  in  a  long  and  slender  cleft  tube ;  caruncle  longer 
than  the  funiculus. 
FLESH-COLORED  POLYGALA. 

Stem  9  to  12  or  15  inches  high,  subterete,  or  often  angulate-Bukate, 
emooth.    Leaves  scattered,  %  to  %  an  inch  long,  erect.    Spike  ter. 
minal,  %  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  half  in  length,  rather  loose-flowered; 
flowers  purplish-flesh-color,  sometimes  pale. 
Hob.  Sandy  grounds;  E.Nottingham:  rare.    Fl.  Aug.  Fr. 


458 


CORRIGENDA  AND   ADDENDA. 


Obs.  Collected  by  Mr.  EVAN  PUGH,  Sept.  1851 ;  but 
made  known  too  late  to  be  inserted  in  its  proper  place, 
in  this  edition. 

PAGE  54.  line  5  from  the  top:  for  "or  slender,"  read  on  slender. 
"     55.  before  Vicia  Cracca,  insert 

1 1 PERENNIAL :  peduncles  elongated;  calyx-teeth  very  unequal. 
"     72.  line  22  from  the  bottom:  after  "flowers"  add  white. 

90.  line 22  from  the  bottom:  for  "CracsEA,"  read  CIRCAEA. 
"     92.  after  the  description  of  Lagenaria  vulgaris,  add 

Hob.  Gardens,  &c.    Nat.  of  tropical  regions.    Fl.  July.  Fr.  Octo. 
"     95.  line  10  from  the  top:  for  "sepals  imbricated  &c."  read 
sepals  persistent,  more  or  less  connected  at  base ;  petals 
imbricated  &c. 

"     98.  line  19  from  the  bottom:  for  "28  species,"  read  27  species. 

"  256.  To  "  Obs."  on  CELTIS,  add 

My  friend,  JOSHUA  HOOPES,  is  very  confident  that  the 
form  of  Celtis,  known  as  crassifolia,  is  a  distinct  species 
from  C.  occidentalis ;  and,  after  a  more  careful  observa- 
tion and  comparison,  I  now  incline  to  his  opinion. 

"  271.  line  23  from  the  bottom:  erase  "L.  &,"  next  after  "F. 
sylvatica."  Specimens  of  the  European  F.  sylvatica, 
received  from  my  amiable  and  lamented  friend  Dr. 
BROMFIELD,  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  England,  clearly 
show  it  to  be  distinct  from  our  F.  ferruginea. 

'  "  286.  Urn  3  from  the  bottom:  after  "C.  SATIVA,"  add  L. 
"  299.  After  3rd  line  from  the  top:  add 

Hdb.  Wet,  low  grounds :  common.    Fl.  March.  Fr.  Sept. 

"  326.  line  7  from  the  top:  after  "1  to  2,"  add  inches. 

"  345.  line  21  from  the  top :  for  "Perigynium,"  read  Perigynia. 

"  357.  line  §  from  the  bottom:  after  "A.  perennans,"  for  "A. 
Gray,"  read  Tuckerman.  The  latter  gentleman  had 
previously  (viz.  1843,)  so  named  it,  in  SILLIMAN'S 
Journal,  vol.  45.^?.  44. 

"  414.  line  II  from  the  top:  for  Muion,  read  Mnion. 
"   403.  line  10  from  the  bottom:  for  "annules,"  read  annulus. 
"   450.  line  12  from  the  top:  for  "plack,"  read  plane. 
"   490.  last  line,  second  column:  transfer  "Ilvensis"  to  WOODSIA. 
•"   491.  last  line,  first  column  :  transfer  "palustns''  to  ZANN 

"   xxxvi.  (PRELIMINARY  DISCOURSES)  line  13  from  the  bottom: 

for  "  sous  nel'avonn,"  read  nous  ne  1'avons. 
xxxvii.  last  line:  for  «  1853,"  read  1852.  >f 

LIV.  line  10  from  the  bottom,  second  column:  for  '     -covered, 
read  4-cornered. 


NUMBER  AND  CHARACTER  OF  CHESTER  COUNTY  PLANTS   459 


This  FLORA  comprises  615  Genera,  and  1393  Species,  of  Plants  of 

Chester  County. 
Of  these  Species,  about  1104  are  indigenous,  157  are  naturalized, 

and  132  CULTIVATED  ;  as  set  forth  in  the  following  statement. 


Phaentigamous. 


Species. 


Genera.  Nat.    Natur'd.  Cult'd.     Total. 

Dialypetalous  Exogens  172  227  —  42  —  60  =  329 

Gamopetalous       "        170  264  —  63  —  28  =  355 

Apetalous             "          50  79  —  21  —  14  =  114 

Gymnospermous  "            8  6  —    1  —  12  =    19 

Endogenous  Plants        109  211  —  30  —  18  =  259 


Cryptfyamous. 
Ferns  and  Fern-like 
Mosses 
Hepaticae 
Lichens 


509       787       157       132  =  1076  Phaenogams. 

18  39—  «  —  "  =  " 
38  120—  "  —  "  =  " 
25  33  —  "  —  "  =  " 
25  125—  ««_«'=  « 
=317  Cryptogams 


Genera  615    1104  —157  —132  =  1393  species. 


THE  FOLLOWING  IS  A  CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  THE  NATURALIZED  AND 
CULTIVATED  PLANTS  OF  CHESTER  COUNTY. 


J8@°  The  names  of  those  introduced  plants  which  are  generally 
regarded  as  intrusive  Weeds,  or  nuisances,  are  printed  in  italics;  and 
those  which  are  EMINENTLY  PERNICIOUS,  or  troublesome,  in  SMALL 
CAPITALS. 

Naturalized  Plants.  Cultivated  Plants. 

ORDER  I.  RANUNCULA^CEAE. 

Genus.  Genus. 

5.  Ranunculus  sceleratus. 

"  bulbosus. 

"  acris. 

8.  Delphinium  Consolida. 

ORDER  II.  MAGNOLIA^CEAE. 

12.  Magnolia  acuminata. 

ORDER  VIII.  PAPAVERAVCEAE. 

20.  Papaver  dubium. 

21.  Argemone  Mexicana. 

22.  Chelidonium  majus. 


460  NATURALIZED   AND   CULVIVATED   PLANTS 

ORDER  IX.  FUMARIA^CEAE. 

27,  Fmnaria  officinalis. 

ORDER  X.  CRUCIF'ERAE. 

28.  Nasturtium  officinale.  34.  Brassica  oleracea. 

32.  Barbarea  vulgaris.  "         campestris. 

33.  Sisymbrium  officinale.  "         Rapa. 

"  Thalianum.  35.  Sinapis  alba. 

35.  Sinapis  nigra.  37.  Cochlearia  Annoracia. 

38.  Camelina  sativa.  39.  Lepidium  sativum. 

39.  Lepidium  campestre.  41.  Raphanus  sativus. 

40.  Capsella  Bursa-pastoris. 

ORDER  XV.  HYPERICAVCEAE. 

48.  Hypericum  perforatum. 

ORDER  XVI.  CARYOPHYLLAXTEAE. 
51.  Saponaria  officinalis. 

53.  LYCHNIS  GITHAGO. 

54.  Arenaria  serpyllifolia. 

55.  Stellaria  media. 

56.  Cerastium  vulgatum. 

"        viscosum. 

ORDER  XVII.  PORTULACAX2EAE. 

59.  Portulaca  oleracea. 

ORDER  XVIII.  MALVACEAE. 

62.  Abutilon  Avicennae.  65.  Althaea  officinalis. 

63.  Sida  spinosa.  66.  Hibiscus  esculentus. 

64.  Malva  rotundifolia. 
66.  Hibiscus  Trionum. 

ORDER  XIX.  TILLVCEAE. 

67.  Tilia  Europaea. 

ORDER  XX.  LINA^EAE. 

68.  Linum  usitatissimum. 

ORDER  XXIV.  TROPAEOLAVCEAE. 

72.  Tropaeolum  majus. 

ORDER  XXVI.  XANTHOXYLA^CEAE. 

74.  Ailanthus  glandulosa. 

ORDER  XXVIII.  ACERA^CEAE. 

76.  Acer  Pseudo-Platanus. 
"    platanoides. 

ORDER  XXIX.  SAPINDA^CEAE. 

78.  Aesculus  Hippocastanum. 

ORDER  XXXII.  VITAVCEAE. 

•        83.  Vitis  vinifera. 


NATURALIZED  AND  CULTIVATED  PLANTS  461 

ORDER  XXXIV.  LEGUMINO^SAE. 

88.  Vicia  sativa.  86.  Cicer  arietinum. 

"    hirsute.  87.  Faba  vulgaris. 

98.  Robinia  Pseud-Acacia  89.  Ervum  Lens. 

100.  Trifolium  arvense.  90.  Pisum  sativum. 

44          repens.  91.  Phaseolus  vulgaris. 

"          agrarium.  "  lunatus. 

"          procumbens.  100.  Trifolium  pratense. 

102.  Medicago  lupuliua.  101.  Melilotus  leucantha. 

102.  Medicago  sativa. 

108.  Gymnocladus  Canadensis. 

109.  Gleditschia  triacanthos. 

ORDER  XXXV.  ROSA'CEAE. 

119.  Potentilla  Norvegica.  110.  Persica  vulgaris. 

122.  Rosa  rubiginosa.  "        laevis. 

123.  Crataegus  oxyacantha.          111.  Armeniaca  vulgaris. 

"  dasycarpa. 

112.  Prunus  domcstica. 

"     Chicasa. 

113.  Cerasus  avium. 

"      vulgaris. 

120.  Fragaria  vesca. 

121.  Rubus  strigosus. 

"    Idaeus. 

123.  Crataegus  cordata. 

124.  Pyrus  communis. 

"  Malus. 

125.  Cydonia  vulgaris. 

ORDER  XXXIX,  GROSSULA^CEAE. 

135.  Ribes  Uva-crispa. 

"     rubrum. 
"     nigrum. 

ORDER  XL.  CUCURBITAX3EAE. 

136.  Lagenaria  vulgaria. 

137.  Cucumis  Melo. 

.i'*'t      sativus. 
"        Anguria. 

138.  Citrullus  vulgaris. 
140.  Cucurbita  Pepo. 

"  Melopepo. 

"  verrucosa. 

ORDER  XLIV.  UMBELLIF'ERAE. 

151.  DAUCUS  CAEOTA.  151.  [Daucus  Carota,  Far.] 

158.  Bupleurum  rotundifolium.    153.  Pastinaca  sativa. 
168.  Ooiiiuiu  maculatum.  162.  Apium  graveolens. 

163.  Petroselinum  sativum. 

164.  Carum  Carui. 

165.  Foeniculum  vulgare. 
169.  Coriaudrum  sativum. 


462  NATURALIZED   AND    CULTIVATED   PLANTS 

ORDER  XLVIII.  RUBIAVCEAE. 
178.  Galium  Aparine. 

ORDER  XLIX.  VALERIANAVCEAE. 

183.  Fedia  olitoria. 

ORDER  L.  DIPSA^CEAE. 

184.  Dipsacus  sylvestris.  184.  Dipsacus  Fullonum. 

ORDER  LI.  COMPOS'ITAE. 

197.  Inula  Helenium.  203.  Helianthus  tuberosus. 

200.  Xanihium  strumarium.  208.  Anthemis  nobilis. 

"         SPINOSUM.  212.  Artemisia  Dracunculus. 

203.  Helianthus  annuus.  "         Abrotanum. 

207.  Maruta  Cotula.  "         Absinthium. 

208.  Anthemis  arvensis.  221.  Cynara  Scolymus. 

209.  Achillea  Millefolium.  224.  Cichorium  Endivia. 

210.  LEUCANTHEMUM  VULGARE.     227.  Tragopogon  porrifolium. 

211.  Tanacetum  vulgare.  231.  Lactuca  sativa. 

212.  Artemisia  vulgaris. 
215.  Filago  Germanica. 
218.  Senecio  vulgaris. 
220.   Centaurea  Cyanus. 

222.  Cirsium  lanceolatum. 

"       horridulum. 

"         ARVENSE. 

223.  Lappa  major. 

224.  Cichorium  Intybus. 
230.   Taraxacum  Densleonis. 
233.  Sonchus  oleraceus. 

"       asper. 

ORDER  LVII.  PLANTAGINAVCEAE. 
253.  Plantago  major. 

"        lanceolata. 

ORDER  LVIII.  PRIMULA^CEAE. 

256.  Anagallis  arvensis. 

ORDER  LXI.  BIGNONIAVCEAE. 
262.  Catalpa  bignonioides.  263.  Martynia  proboscidea. 

ORDER  LXIII.  SCROPHULARIArCEAE. 
266.  VEBBASCUM  THAPSUS. 
"  Blattaria. 

266.    LlNARIA   VULGARIS. 

273.  Veronica  officinalis. 
"      serpyllifolia. 
4<      peregrina. 
"      arvensis. 
"      hederaefolia. 

ORDER  LXV.  LABIAVTAE. 

284.  Mentha  viridis.  282.  Ocimum  Basilicum. 

««       arvensis.  283.  Lavandula  vera. 


NATURALIZED   AND   CULTIVATED   PLANTS  463 

288.  Origanum  vulgare.  284.  Mentha  piperita. 

289.  Thymus  Serpyllum.  288.  Origanum  Majorana. 
291.  Calamintha  Clinopodium.      289.  Thymus  vulgaris. 

300.  Nepeta  Cataria.  290.  Satureja  hortensis. 

"     Glechoma.  292.  Melissa  officinalis. 

301.  Brunella  vulgaris.  294.  Hyssopus  officinalis. 
304.  Marrubium  vulgare.  296.  Salvia  officinalis. 

306.  Leonurus  Cardiaca. 

"          Marrubiastrum. 

307.  Lamium  amplexicaule. 

"        purpureum. 

ORDER  LVI.  BORAGINA^CEAE. 

310.  ECHIUM  VULGARE.  311.  Symphytum  officinale. 

313.  Lithospermum  arvense. 
316.  Cynoglossum  officinale. 

ORDER  LXIX.  CONVOLVULAVCEAE. 

321.  CONVOLVULUS  ARVENSIS.       321.  Convolvulus  Batatas. 

"  purpureus. 

322.  Cuscuta  epilinum. 

ORDER  LXX.  SOLANA^CEAE. 

323.  Lycium  Barbarum.  824.  Nicotiana  Tabacum. 

325.  Datura  Stramonium.  328.  Capsicum  annuum. 

326.  Nicandra  physaloides.  329.  Lycopersicum  csculentum. 
330.  Solanum  nigrum.  330.  Solanum  tuberosum. 

"        Dulcamara.  "       Melongena. 

"        CAROLINENSE. 

ORDER  LXXI.  GENTIANA^CEAE. 

332.  Erythraea  ramosissima. 

ORDER  LXXIV.  OLEArCEAE. 
340.  Ligustrum  vulgare. 

ORDER  LXXVII.  CHENOPODIA^CEAE. 

346.  Chenopodium  album.  348.  Beta  vulgaris. 

"          hybridum.        349.  Spinacia  vulgarig. 

347.  Ambrina  Botrys. 

"        anthelmintica. 
"        ambrosioides. 

350.  Amaranthus  albus. 

"  hybridus. 

"  SPINOSUS. 

ORDER  LXXIX.  POLYGONA^CEAE. 

351.  Polygonum  orientale.  352.  Fagopyrum  esculentum. 

'*  Persicaria.  354.  Rheum  Rhaponticum. 

"  Hydropiper. 

"  aviculare. 

"  Convolvulus. 

853.  Rumex  crispus. 

«'  obtusifoliui. 

"  Acetotella. 


484  NATUKALIZED   AND   CULTIVATED    PLANTS 

ORDER  XC.  EUPHORBIAVCEAE. 
367.  Euphorbia  Lathyris. 

ORDER  XCI.  JUGLANDAH2EAE. 
370.  Juglans  regia. 

ORDER  XCII.  CUPULIF'ERAE. 

375.  Corylus  Ayellana. 

ORDER  XCV.  SALICA^CEAE. 

381.  Salix  alba.  381.  Salix  Babylonica 

"      fragilis.  382.  Populus  Graeca. 

"        dilatata. 
"        alba. 

ORDER  XCVII.  URTICA^CEAE. 

285.  Morus  alba.  384.  Maclura  aurantiaca. 

389.   Urtica  dioica.  386.  Broussonetia  papyrifera. 

387.  Cannabis  sativa. 

388.  Humulus  Lupulus. 

ORDER  XCVIII.  CONIF/ERAE. 
398.  Juniperus  communis.  394.  Abies  balsamea. 

"      picea. 
"      excelsa. 
"      alba. 
"      nigra. 

395.  Larix  Cedrus. 

"      Europaea. 

396.  Thuja  occidentalis. 

"       ori  entails. 

397.  Taxodium  distichum. 
390.  Taxus  baccata. 

400.  Salisburia  adiantifolia. 

ORDER  XCIX.  ARA'CEAE. 
403.  Acorus  Calamus. 

ORDER  CXI.  LILIAVCEAE. 

440.  Hemerocallis  fulva.  437.  Asparagus  officinalis. 

441.  ORNITHOQALUM  UMBELLA-    442.  Allium  sativum. 

TUM.  "      Cepa. 

442.  Allium  vineale.  "      Porrum. 

"      Schoenoprasum. 

ORDER  CXV.  COMMELYNA^CEAE. 
455.  Commelyna  angustifolia? 

ORDER  CXVIL  CYPERAX3EAE. 
458.  CTPBEUS  BEPENS, 

ORDER  CXVIII.  GRAMIN^EAE. 
471.  Agrostis  vulgaris.  469.  Phleum  pratense. 

479.  Eleus'ine  Indica.  482.  Dactylis  glomerata. 


NATURALIZED  AND  CULTIVATED  PLANTS 


465 


485.  Poa  annua. 

"    trivialis. 
"    pratensis. 
"    compressa. 

486.  Eragrostis  megastachya. 

"          pilosa. 

487.  Festuca  elatior. 

"      pratensis. 

488.  Bromus  secalinus. 

"     mollis? 

489.  TRITICUM  REPENS. 
491.  Lolium  perenne. 

499.  Holcus  lanatus. 

500.  Anthoxanthum  odcratum. 
603.  Panicum  sanguinale. 

"  glabrum. 
"  filiforme. 
"  Crus-galli. 

504.  Setaria  verticillata. 

"      glauca. 
"      viridis. 

505.  CENCHRUS  TRIBULOIDES. 


489.  Triticum  vulgare. 

490.  Secale  cereale. 
493.  Hordeum  vulgare. 

"         distichum. 

497.  Avena  sativa. 

498.  Arrhenatherum  avenaceum. 
504.  Setaria  Italica,  var. 

506.  Zea  Mays. 

509.  Sorghum  saccharatum. 

"         vulgare. 

"        cernuum. 

Of  these  CULTIVATED  PLANTS, 
there  are  used  chiefly  as 

Species. 

Esculents,  or  Food  for  Man,  53 
Food  for  Domestic  Animals,  10 
Condiments,  26 

Medicinal,  1 1 

Economical  (Domestic  &  Rural),  7 
Ornamental  Shade  Trees,  25 

132 


From  this  list  of  introduced  and  naturalized  Plants,  it  appears 
that  about  55  are  found  to  be  objectionable  and  rather  annoying 
weeds ;  while  some  12  or  14  of  them  are  eminently  pernicious,  or  trou- 
blesome. 

30 


4C7 


INDEX 

OF   THE 

ORDERS,   GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 

[Synonyms  in  Italics.] 


ABIES 

PAGE. 

291 

AGROSTEMMA 

alba 

292 

Githago 

balsamea 

291 

AGROSTIS 

Canadensis 

291 

lateriflora 

excelsa 

292 

perennans 

nigra 

292 

scabra 

picea 

291 

sobolifera 

ABUTILON 

36 

sylvatica 

Avicennae 

36 

tenui/lora 

ACALYPHA 

261 

Virginica 

Virginica 

261 

vulgaris 

ACANTHACEAE 

183 

AILANTHUS 

ACER 

44 

glandulosa 

dasycarpum 

46 

AIRA 

eriocarpum 

46 

caespitosa 

Negundo 

46 

ALETRIS 

platanoides 

45 

farinosa 

Pseudo-Platanus 

44 

ALISMA 

rubrum 
saccharinura 

46 
45 

Plantago 
ALISMACEAE 

ACERACEAE 

44 

ALLIUM 

ACERATES 

236 

Canadense 

viridiflora 

236 

Cepa 

ACHILLEA 

146 

Porrum 

millefolium 

146 

sativum 

ACORUS 

299 

Schoenoprasum 

Calamus 

299 

tricoccum 

ACTAEA 

7 

vineale 

alba 

7 

ALNUS 

racemosa 

8 

serrulata 

ACTINOMERIS 

143 

ALTHAEA 

Bquarrosa 

143 

officinalis 

ADIANTUM 

392 

AMARANTHACEAE 

pedatum 
ADLUMIA 

392 
14 

AMARANTHUS 

albus 

cirrhosa 

14 

hybridus 

AESCULUS 

47 

spinosus 

Hippocastanum 

47 

AMARYLLIDACEAE 

AGRIMONIA 

76 

AMBRINA 

Eupatoria 

76 

ambrosioides 

PAGE. 

31 
81 
357 
359 
357 
858 
359 
859 
360 
367 
358 
42 
42 
875 
f>75 
317 
317 
304 
804 
304 
824 
324 
325 
325 
824 
326 
326 
824 
276 
276 
37 
37 
244 
244 
245 
245 
245 
316 
242 
243 


468 


INDEX  OP   THE 


anthelmintica 

Botrys 
AMBROSIA 

artemisiaefolia 

elatior 

trifida 

AMELANCHIER 
*    Botryapium 

Canadensis 
AMIANTHIUM 

muscaetoxicum 
AMMANNIA 

humilis 
AMPELOPSIS 

hederacea 

quinquefolia 
AMPHICARPAEA 

monoica 

ANACARDIACEAE 
ANAGALLIS 

arvensis 
ANDROMEDA 

ligustrina 

Mariana 

racemosa 
ANDROPOGON 

furcatus 

macrourus 

nutans 

scoparius 

Virginicus 
ANEMONE 

nemorosa 

Virginiana 
ANEURA 

sessilis 
ANGELICA 

atropurpurea 

triquinatct 
ANONACEAE 
ANTENNARIA 

margaritacea 

plantaginifolia 
ANTHEMIS 

arvensis 

Cotula 

nobilis 
ANTHOCEROS 

laevis 
ANTHOXANTHUM 

odoratum 


PAGE.  I 

243IANYCHIA 

242|     dichotoma 

138  APHANOREGMA 


139 


139  APHYLLON 


138 


serrata 


uniflorum 


86  APIOS 

tuberosa 
86  APIUM 


329 


329  APLECTRUM 


hyemale 
APOCYNACEAE 


androsaemifolium 

cannabinum 
AQUIFOLIACEAE 
AQUILEGIA 


graveolens 


87 
87 
51 
61 
51 
67 
57 
43 
179  ARABIS 


169 
169 
169 
169  ARACEAE 


laevigata 
lyrata 


887  ARALIA 

387  hispida 
388 

388  racemosa 
387  ARALIACEAE 
387  ARCHANGELICA 


428 


atropurpurea 


2  ARCHEMORA 


rigida 


serpyllifolia 


42SARCTIUM 
102     Lappa 
102;ARENARIA 
102 
9 

150     stricta 
150ARETHUSA 
150     bulbosa 
146JARGEMONE 
146J     Mexicana 
145ARISTIDA 
146 
430 

430     

378ARISTOLOCHIA 
378|     Serpentaria 


gracilis 


PAGE. 

34 

34 

404 

404 

181 

182 

57 

57 

105 

105 

309 

309 

232 

232 

233 

233 

175 

6 

6 

17 

18 

17 

18 

17 

297 

108 

109 

109 

108 

108 

101 

101 

102 

101 

101 

156 

156 

31 

32 

31 

31 

313 

313 

13 

13 

361 

361 

361 

361 

240 

241 


ORDETIS,  GENERA  AND   SPECIES. 


469 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE 

PAGE. 

240 

ebeneum         _ 

ARMENIACA 

71 

Filix-foemina 

dasycarpa 

72 

rhizophyllum 

vulgaris 

71 

Ruta-muraria 

ARNICA 

153 

thelypteroides 

nudicaulis 

153 

Trichomanes 

ARRHENATHERUM 

377 

ASTER 

avenaceum 

377 

cordifolius 

ARTEMISIA 

148 

corymbosus 

Abrotanum 

148 

ericoides 

Absinthium 

149 

laevis 

Dracunculus 

148 

macrophyllus 

vulgaris 

148 

miser 

ARUM 

297 

Novae  Angliae 

Dracontium 

297 

nudiftorus 

triphyllum 

297 

paniculatus 

ARUNDO 

364 

parviflorus 

Phragmites 

364 

patens 

ASARUM 

240 

prenanthoides 

Canadense 

240 

pxmiceus 

ASCLEPIADACEAE 

233 

Radula 

ASCLEPIAS 

233 

sagittaefolius 

(tmoentt 

234 

salicifolius 

Cornuti 

234 

simplex 

incarnata 

235 

tenuifolius 

laurifolia 

235 

undulatus 

obtusifolia 

235 

ATHEROPOGON 

phytolaccoides 

234 

apludoides 

purpurascens 

234 

ATRICHUM 

quadrifolia 

235 

angustatum 

rubra 

235 

undulatum 

Syriaca 

234 

AULACOMNION 

tuberosa 

236 

heterostichum 

variegata 

235 

palustre 

verticillata 

236 

AVENA 

viridiftora 

237 

elatior 

ASCYRUM 

28 

palustris 

Crux-Andreae 

28 

sativa 

ASIMINA 

9 

AZALEA 

triloba 

10 

nudiflora 

ASPARAGUS 

321 

viscosa 

officinalis 

321 

BAEOMYCES 

ASPIDIUM 

396 

roseus 

acrostichoides 

397 

BALSAMINACEAE 

asplenioides 

394 

BAPTISIA 

dilatatum 

396 

tinctoria 

Lancastriense 

396 

BARBAREA 

marginale 

396 

vulgaris 

Noveboracente 

396 

BARBULA 

Thdypteris 

396 

caespitosa 

ASPLENIUM 

393 

unguiculata 

PAGE. 

394 
394 
393 
393 
394 
393 
126 
128 
126 
128 
127 
127 
129 
130 
127 
128 
129 
127 
130 
129 
127 
128 
129 
129 
128 
128 


410 

411 

411 

414 

414 

414 

376 

377 

376 

377 

170 

171 

170 

446 

446 

40 

67 

67 

18 

18 

408 

408 

408 


470 


INDEX   OP  THE 


BARTONIA 

PAGE. 

230 

peltata 

paniculata 

230 

BRASSICA 

tenella 

230 

campestris 

BARTRAMIA 

412 

oleracea 

fontana 

412 

Rap  a 

pomiformis 

412 

BROMUS 

BATSCH1A 

215 

arvensis  ? 

canescens 

215 

ciliatus 

BENZOIN 

252 

xnollis  ? 

odoriferum 

252 

pubescens 

BERBERIDACEAE 
BETA 

10 

243 

secalinus 
BROUSSONETIA 

vulgaris 

243 

papyrifera 

BETULA 

275 

BRUCHIA 

leuta 

275 

flexuosa 

nigra 

275 

BR.UNELLA 

BETULACEAE 

274 

vulgaris 

BIATORA 

446 

BRYUM 

aurantiaca? 

447 

affine 

chloropholis 

447 

argenteum 

exigua 

447 

bimum 

ferruginea 

447 

caespititium 

Micheneri 

446 

cuspidatum 

rufo-nigra 

446 

liornum 

russula 

447 

pulchellum 

sanguineo-atra 

446 

punctatum 

Schweinitzii 

447 

pyriforme 

epadicea 

447 

r,oseum 

suffusa 

447 

stellare 

BIDENS 

143 

Wahlenbergii 

bipinnata 

144 

BUCHNERA 

chrysanthemoides 
connata 

144 
144 

Americana 
BUPLEURUM 

frondosa 

144 

rotundifolium 

petiolata 

144 

CABOMBACEAE 

BIGNONIACEAE 

182 

CACALIA 

BLEPHILIA 

205 

atriplicifolia 

ciliata 

206 

CALAMAGROSTIS 

BOEHMERIA 

288 

coarctata 

cylindrica 

289 

CALAMINTHA 

BORAGINACEAE 

214 

Clinopodium 

BOTRYCHIUM 

398 

CALICIUM  ' 

dissectum 

399 

subtile 

fumarioides 

399 

CALLITRICHACEAE 

lunarioides 

399 

CALLITRICHE 

Virginicum 

399 

verna 

BOUTELOUA 

362 

CALOPOGON 

racemosa 

362 

pulchellus 

BRACHYELYTRUM 

860 

CALTHA 

aristatum 

360 

palustris 

BRASENIA 

11 

CALYPOGEIA 

ORDERS,  GENERA  AND    SPECIES. 


471 


Trichomanis 
CALYSTEGIA 

sepium 

spithamaea 
CAMELINA 

sativa 
CAMPANULA 

Americana 

amplexicaulis 

apnrinoides 
CAMPANULACEAE 
CAMPTOSORUS 

rhizophyllus 
CANNABIS 

sativa 

CAPPARIDACEAE 
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 
CAPSELLA 

Bursa-pastoris 
CAPSICUM 

annuum 
CARDAMINE 

hirsuta  . 

rhomboidea 

rotundifolia 
CARDUUS 

alti&simus 

arvensi* 

discolor 

lanceolatus 

muticus 

pumilm 

spinosi&simus 
CAREX 

acuta 

aestivalis 

anceps 

bromoides 

cephalopkora 

Collinsii 

crinita 

Davisii 

debilis 

digitalis 

festucacea 

flexuosa 

gracillima 

granularis 

grisca 

hirsuta 

hystricina 


PAGE 

PAGE. 

425 

intumcscens 

353 

220 

lagopodioides 

346 

221 

lanuginosa 

352 

221 

laxiftora 

348 

22 

lupulina 

351 

22 

miliacea 

351 

164 

Monile 

354 

164 

Muhlenbergii 

346 

165 

multiflora 

345 

164 

oligocarpa 

350 

164 

pellita 

852 

393 

Pennsylvanica 

350 

393 

platyphylla 

350 

286 

polytriclioides 

344 

286 

pubesceus 

351 

24 

rosea 

346 

112 

scabrata 

351 

23 

scoparia 

346 

23 

sparganioides 

345 

226 

squarrosa 

354 

226 

stellulata 

346 

16 

stipata 

345 

16 

straminea 

347 

17 

stricta 

347 

16 

subulata 

353 

154 

tentaculata 

353 

155 

Torreyana 

348 

156 

triceps 

349 

154 

virescens 

349 

154 

yulpinoidea 

345 

155 

CARPINUS 

273 

155 

Americana 

273 

155 

CARUM 

106 

344 

Carui 

106 

347 

CARYA 

263 

349 

alba 

263 

350 

amara 

264 

344 

glabra 

264 

345 

microcarpa 

264 

353 

porcina 

264 

348 

tomentosa 

263 

348 

CARYOPHYLLACEAE 

30 

352 

CASSIA 

68 

350 

Chamaecrista 

68 

347 

Marilandica 

68 

.">o2 

nictitans 

69 

349 

CASTANEA 

270 

348 

pumila 

270 

348 

vesca 

270 

349 

CASTILLEJA 

192 

352 

coccinea. 

193 

472 


INDEX   OF    TIIK 


PAGE 

CATALPA 

182 

CHAMAELIRIUM 

bignonioides 

182 

luteum 

cordifolia 

182 

CHEILANTHES 

CA  ULINIA 

302 

vestita 

flexilis 

302 

CHELIDONIUM 

CAULOPHYLLUM 

10 

majus 

thalictroides 

11 

CHELONE 

CEANOTHUS 

49 

glabra 

Americanus 

49 

CHENOPODIACEAE 

CELASTRACEAE 

47 

CHENOPODIUM 

CELASTRUS 

48 

album 

scandens 

48 

ambrosioides 

CELTIS 

256 

anthelminticum 

occidentalis 

256 

JBotrys 

CENCHRUS 

384 

hybridum 

tribuloides 

385 

CHILOSCYPHUS 

CENTAUREA 

153 

polyanthos 

Cyanus 

153 

CHIMAPHILA 

CEPHALANTHUS 

118 

maculata 

occidentalis 

119 

umbellata 

CERASTIUM 

32 

CHIONANTHUS 

arvense 

34 

Virginica 

nutans 

33 

CHR  YS  ANTHEM  UM 

oblongifolium 

33 

leucanthemum 

tenuifoliunt 

34 

CHRYSOPSIS 

villosum 

33 

Mariana 

viscosum 

33 

CHRYSOSPLENIUM 

vulgatum 

33 

Americanum 

CERASUS 

73 

CICER 

avium 

73 

arietinum 

obovata 

74 

CICHORIUM 

ptimila 

73 

Endivia 

serotina 

75 

Intybus 

Virginiana 

74 

CICUTA 

Virginiana 

75 

maculata 

vulgaris 

74 

CIMICIFUGA 

CERATODON 

408 

racemosa 

purpureus 
CERATOPHYLLACEAE 

408 
257 

CINNA 
arundinacea 

CERATOPHYLLUM 

257 

CIRCAEA 

demersum 

257 

Lutetiana 

echinatum 

257 

CIRSIUM 

CERCIS 

67 

altissimum 

Canadensis 

67 

arvense 

CETRARIA 

434 

discolor 

aurescens 

435 

horridulum 

ciliaris 

434 

lanceolatum 

glauca 

434 

muticum 

lacunosa 

434 

pumilum 

CHAEROPHYLLUM 

106  CISTACEAE 

procumbens 

107ICITRULLUS 

OEDEES,  GENEEA  AND   SPECIES. 


473 


vulgaria 
CLADONIA 

caespititia  ^ 

cornucopioides 

cornuta 

fimbriata 

Floerkeana 

furcata 

gracilis 

macilenta 

Mitrula 

pyxidata 

rangiferina 

squamosa 
CLAYTONIA 

Virginica 
CLEMATIS 

Viorna 

Virginiana 
CLETHRA 

alnifolia 
CLIMACIUM 

dendroides 
COCHLEARIA 

Armoracia 
COLLEMA 

fasciculare 

flaccidum 

melaenum 

pulchellum 

pulposum 

saturninum 
COLLINSONIA 

Canadensis 
COMANDRA 

umbellata 
COMMELYNA 

angustifolia  ? 
COMMELYNACEAE 
COMPOSITAE 
COMPTONIA 

asplenifolia 
CONIFERAE 
CONIUM 

maculatum 
CONOCLINIUM 

coelestinum 
CONOMITRIUM 

Julianum 
CONOPHOLIS 

Americana 


PAGE. 
93 

CONOTREMA 

443 

urceolatum  ? 

444 

CONVOLVULACEAE 

445 

CONVOLVULUS 

444 

arvensis 

444 

Batatas 

445 

panduratus 

444 

purpureus 

444 

sepium 

445 

spithamaeus 

444 

CORALLORHIZA 

444 

innata 

445 

multiflora 

444 

odontorhiza 

35 

verna 

35 

CORIANDRUM 

2 

sativum 

2 

CORNACEAE 

2 

CORNUS 

170 

alternifolia 

170 

florida 

421 

paniculata 

421 

sericea 

21 

CORYDALIS 

21 

aurea 

454 

glauca 

454 

CORYLUS 

454 

Americana 

454 

Avellana 

455 

rostrata 

454 

CRASSULACEAE 

455 

CRATAEGUS 

204 

coccinea 

204 

cordata 

253 

Crus-galli 

253 

oxyacantha 

333 

parvifolia 

334 

punctata 

333 

CROTALARIA 

121 

sagittalis 

274 

CRUCIFERAE 

274 

CRYPTOTAENIA 

289 

Canadensis 

107 

CUCUMIS 

107 

Anguria 

125 

Citrullm 

125 

Melo 

410 

sativus 

410 

CUCURBITA 

181 

Melopepo 

181 

Pepo 

PAGE. 

453 

453 

220 

221 

221 

222 

222 

222 

221 

221 

308 

309 

309 

309 

309 

108 

108 

110 

110 

110 

111 

111 

111 

15 

15 

15 

272 

272 

272 

273 

95 

82 

83 

83 

83 

82 

84 

84 

66 

66 

15 

104 

104 

92 

93 

93 

92 

92 

94 

94 

94 


31 


474 


INDEX   OP   THE 


verrucosa 

CUCURBITACEAE 
CUNILA 

Mariana 
CUPHEA 

viscosissima 
CUPULIFERAE 
CUSCUTA 

Americana 

epilinum 

Europaea, 

Gronovii 
CYDONIA 

vulgaris 
CYNARA 

Scolymus 
CYNOGLOSSUM 

Morisoni 

officinale 

Virginicum 
CYNTHIA 

amplexicaulis 

Virginica 
CYPERACEAE 
CYPERUS 

diandrus 

filiculmis 

inflexus 

mariscoides 

ovularis 

repens 

retrofractus 

strigosus 
CYPRIPEDIUM 

acaule 

pubescens 
DACTYLIS 

glomerata 
DANTHONIA 

spicata 
DATURA 

Stramonium 
DAUCUS 

Carota 
DELPHINIUM 

Consolida 
DENTARIA 

laciniata 
DESMODIUM 

acuminatum 

bracteosum 


PAGE. 

94 

91 

199 

199 

87 
87 
265 
223 
223 
223 
223 


153 
154 
217 
217 
217 
217 
158 
158 
158 


336 
337 
336 
337 
337 
336 
337 
336 
315 
316 
316 
364 
365 
376 
376 
225 
225 
100 
100 


canescena 

ciliare 

cuspidatum 

Dillenii 

Marilandicum 

nudiflorum 

paniculatum 

paucinorum 

rigidum 

rotundifolium 

viridiflorum 


223  DIANTHERA 
85      Americana 
85  DICENTRA 
Canadensis 
Cucullaria 

DICHELYMA 
capillaceum 

DICKSONIA 
pilosiuscula 
punctilobula 

DICRANUM 
flagellare 
heteromallum 
longifolium 
Schraderi 
scoparium 
undulatum 


vanum 
DIDYMODON 

cylindricus 
D I  ELYTRA 

^Cucullaria, 


eximia 

DIERVILLA 
Canadensis 
trifida 

DIGITARIA 
filiformis 
glabra 
sanauinalis 
DIODIA 

teres 
DIOSCOREA 

villosa 

DIOSCOREACEAE 
17  DIOSPYROS 
17      Virginiana 
58  DIPHYSCIUM 
58     foliosum 
60  DIPLOPAPPUS 


OKDERS,  GENERA  AND   SPECIES. 


475 


PAGE. 

amygdalinua 

132 

EPIGAEA 

cornifolius 

132 

repens 

linariifolius 

132 

EPILOBIUM 

Marianus 

136 

angustifolium 

umbellatus 

132 

coloratum 

DIPSACEAE 

120 

palustre 

DIPSACUS 

120 

squamatum 

Fullonum 

121 

EPIPHEGUS 

sylvestris 

120 

Americanus 

DIRCA 

252 

Virginiana 

palustris 

253 

EQUISETACEAE 

DRABA 

21 

EQUISETUM 

verna 

21 

arvense 

DROSERA 

27 

hyemale 

rotundifolia 

27 

sylvaticum 

DROSERACEAE 

27 

ERAGROSTIS 

DRUMMONDIA 

407 

capillaris 

clavellata 

407 

megastachya 

DRYOPTERIS 

395 

pilosa 

cristata 

396 

spectabilis 

intermedia 

396 

ERECHTITES 

marginalis 

396 

hieracifolia 

Noveboracensia 

396 

ERICACEAE 

Thelypteris 

395 

ERIGERON 

DULICHIUM 

337 

annuum 

spathaceum 

337 

bellidifolium 

EBENACEAE 

176 

Canadense 

ECHINOSPERMUM 

217 

heterophyllus 

Virginicum 

217 

Pb.iladelpb.icum 

ECHIUM 

214 

pulchellus 

vulgare 

214 

strigosum 

ELEOCHARIS 

338 

ERIOPHORUM 

acicularis 

339 

angustifolium 

obtusa 

338 

gracile 

palustris 

338 

Virginicum 

tenuis 

338 

EROPHILA 

ELEUSINE 

863 

vulgaris 

Indica 

863 

ERVUM 

ELODEA 

29 

hirsutum 

Virginica 

29 

Lens 

ELYMUS 

874 

ERYTHRAEA 

Canadensis 

374 

pulchella 

Hystrix 

374 

ramosissima 

Btriatus 

374 

ERYTHRONIUM 

villosus 

374 

Americanum 

Virginicus 

374 

EUCHROMA 

ENDOCARPON 

450 

eoccinea 

arboreum 

451 

EUONYMUS 

fluviatile 

451 

Americanus 

Muhlenbergii 

450 

atropurpureus 

pusillunx 

451 

EUPATORIUM 

PAGE. 

168 

168 

87 

88 

88 

88 

88 

181 

181 

181 

390 

890 

390 

891 

890 

368 

369 

869 

869 

869 

151 

151 

165 

130 

131 

131 

130 

131 

131 

131 

131 

841 

841 

841 

841 

21 

21 

55 

65 

55 

230 

230 

230 

827 

827 

193 

193 

48 

49 

48 

123 


476 


INDEX  OF 


ageratoides 

PAGE 

124 

bryoides 

aromaticum 

125 

minutulug 

coelestinum 

125 

taxifolius 

perfoliatum 

124 

FLOERKEA 

pupureum 

123 

proserpinacoides 

rotundifolium 

124 

uliginosa 

sessilifolium 

124 

FOENICULUM 

teucrifolium 

124 

vulgare 

trifoliatum 

123 

FONTINALIS 

verbenaefolium 

124 

squamosa 

EUPHORBIA 

259 

FRAGARIA 

corollata 

259 

vesca 

Darlingtonii 

259 

Virginiana 

hypericifolia 

260 

FRAXINUS 

Lathyris 

260 

acuminata 

maculata 

260 

Americana 

nemoralis 

259 

pubescens 

EUPHORBIACEAE 

258 

sambucifolia 

EURYBIA 

126 

FRULLANIA 

corymbosa 

126 

aeolotis 

macrophylla 

127 

Eboracensis 

EVERNIA 

433 

Grayana 

furfuracea 

434 

Virginica 

jubata 

433 

FUMARIA 

FABA 

•  64 

officinalis 

vulgar!  s 

64 

FUMARIACEAE 

FAGOPYRUM 

249 

FUNARIA 

esculentum 

249 

hygrometrica 

FAGUS 

271 

GALAClIA 

ferruginea 

271 

glabella 

sylvatica 

271 

GALIUM 

FEDIA 

120 

Aparine 

olitoria 

120 

asprellunx 

FEGATELLA 

430 

boreale 

conica 

430 

circaezans 

FESTUCA 

370 

lanceolatum 

elatior 

370 

pilosum 

nutans 

370 

tinctorium 

pratensis 

370 

trifidum 

tenella 

370 

triflorum 

FILAGO 

150 

GAULTHERIA 

Germanica 

151 

procumbens 

FILICES 

391 

GAURA 

FIMBRIARIA 

429 

biennis 

tenella 

429 

GAYLUSSACIA 

FIMRRISTYLIS 

341 

dumosa 

autumnalis 

342 

frondosa 

capillaris 

342 

resinosa 

laxa 

342 

GENTIANA 

FISSIDENS 

409 

alba 

adiantoides  ? 

410 

Andrewsii 

PAGE. 
410 

410 

410 

42 

42 

42 

106 

106 

421 

421 

78 

78 

78 

238 

239 

238 

239 

239 

427 

427 

427 

427 

427 

15 

15 

14 

405 

405 

57 

57 

116 

116 

116 

118 

117 

118 

117 

117 

117 

117 

168 

168 

89 

89 

165 

166 

166 

166 

230 

231 

232 


ORDERS,  GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


477 


crinita 

ochroleuca, 

Saponaria 

Saponaria 
GENTIANACEAE 
GEOCALYX 

graveolens 
GEBANIACEAE 
GERANIUM 

Carolinianum 

maculatum 
GERARDIA 

auriculata 

flava 

glauca 

Pedicularia 

purpurea 

quercifoliaj 

tenuifolia 
GEUM 

rivale 

Virginianum 
GILLENIA 

trifoliata 
GLEDITSCHIA 

triacanthos 
GLYCERIA 

Canadensis 

fluitans 

nervata 
GNAPHALIUM 

dioicum 

Germanicum 

margaritaceum 

polycephalum 

purpureum 

uliginosum 
GONOLOBUS 

macrophyllus 
GOODYERA 

pubescens 
GRAMINEAE 
GRATIOLA 

Virginiana 
GRIMMIA 

apocarpa 

Muhlenbergii 

Pennsylvanica 

trichophylla 
GROSSULACEAE 
GYMNADENIA 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

231 

tridentata 

310 

231 

GYMNOCLADUS 

69 

231 

Canadensis 

69 

232 

GYROMIA 

321 

229 

Virginiea 

321 

425 

GYROSTOMUM 

453 

425 

urceolatum 

453 

39 

HABENARIA 

310 

89 

bracteata 

311 

40 

ciliaris 

311 

40 

fimbriata 

312 

191 

fasa 

312 

191 

grandiflora, 

312 

192 

herbiola 

311 

192 

psycodes 

312 

192 

tridentata 

810 

191 

HAEMODORACEAE 

317 

192 

HAMAMELACEAE 

97 

191 

HAMAMELIS 

68 

77 

Virginiea 

98 

77 

HEDEOMA 

203 

77 

pulegioides 

203 

76 

HEDYOTIS 

119 

76 

caerulea 

119 

69 

longifolia 

119 

70 

HEDWIGIA 

406 

366 

ciliata 

406 

366 

HELENIUM 

145 

366 

autumnale 

145 

366 

HELIANTHEMUM 

26 

149 

Canadense 

26 

150 

HELIANTHUS 

141 

151 

annuus 

143 

150 

dccapetalus 

141 

149 

decapetalus 

142 

149 

divaricatus 

141 

149 

frondosus 

142 

237 

giganteus 

142 

237 

mollis 

142 

315 

strumosus 

142 

315 

tuberosus 

142 

354 

HELIOPSIS 

140 

187 

laevis 

140 

187 

HELONIAS 

330 

406 

dioica 

330 

406 

erythrosperma 

329 

406 

HEMEROCALLIS 

323 

406 

fulva 

323 

406 

HEPATICA 

3 

90 

triloba 

3 

310 

HEPATICAE 

422 

478 


INDEX  OF   THE 


PAGE. 

HERACLEUM 

100 

deplanatum 

lanatum 

100 

gracile 

HETERANTHERA 

332 

Haldanianum 

reniformis 

333 

hians 

HEUCHERA 

96 

hispidulum 

Americana 

96 

imponens 

HIBISCUS 

37 

minutulum 

esculentus 

37 

molluscum 

Trionum 

37 

pseudo-plumosnm 

HIERACIUM 

158 

recurvans 

Gronovii 

159 

riparium 

paniculatum 

159 

ruscifolium 

scabrum 

159 

Rutabulum 

venosum 

159 

salebrosum 

HOLCUS 

378 

Schreberi 

lanatus 

378 

scitum 

HORDEUM 

375 

serpens 

distichum 

375 

serrulatum 

vulgare 

375 

Silesiacum 

HUMULUS 

287 

splendens 

Lupulus 

287 

stellatum 

HYDRANGEA 

97 

strigosum 

arborescens 

97 

sylvaticum 

vulgaris 

97 

tamariscinum 

HYDRASTIS 

7 

triquetrum 

Canadensis 

7 

uncinatum 

H  YDROC  H  ARID  ACE  AE 

305 

HYPOPITYS 

HYDROCOTYLE 

99 

lanuginosa 

Americana 

99 

HYPOXIS 

ranunculoides 

99 

erecta 

HYDROPELTIS 

11 

HYSSOPUS 

purpurea 

11 

officinalis 

HYDROPHYLLACEAE 

218 

ILEX 

HYDROPHYLLUM 

218 

opaca 

Virginicum 

218 

ILYSANTHES 

HYDROPTERIDES 

402 

gratioloides 

HYPERICACEAE 

28 

IMPATIENS 

HYPERICUM 

28 

fulva 

Canadense 

29 

pallida 

corymbosum 

29 

INULA 

mutilum 

29 

Helenium 

perforatum 

28 

IRIDACEAE 

punctatum 

29 

IRIS 

quinquenervium 
Sarothra 

29 
29 

versicolor 
Virginica 

Virginicum 

29 

ISNARDIA 

HYPNUM 

417 

alternifolia 

adnatum 

420 

palustris 

aduncum 

420 

ISOETES 

Boscii 

418 

lacustris  ? 

Crista-Castrensis 

421 

ISOTHECIUM 

CUTYifolium 

420 

brevisetum 

PAGE. 
417 

419 
421 
418 
420 
420 
419 
421 
418 
420 
417 
418 
418 
418 
418 
419 
420 
417 
417 
419 
419 
419 
417 
419 
419 
420 
174 
174 
816 
816 
203 
203 
175 
175 
188 
188 
41 
41 
41 
137 
137 
317 
317 
317 
318 
89 
89 
90 
402 
402 
415 
41G 


ORDERS,  GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


479 


cladorhizans 

compressum 

seductrix 

viticulosum 
JUGLANDACEAE 
JUGLANS 

cinerea 

nigra 

regia 

JUNCACEAE 
JUNCUS 

acuminatus 

bufonius 

effusus 

marginatus 

paradoxus 

polycephalus 

tenuis 
JUNGERMANNIA 

connivens 

curvifolia 

Schraderi 
JUNIPERUS 

communis 

Virginiana 
JUSTICIA 

pedunculosa 
KALMIA 

angustifolia 

latifolia 
KOELERIA 

Pennsylvania 

truncatd 
KRIGIA 

Virginica 
KUHNIA 

Critonia 

eupatorioides 
LABIATAE 
LACTUCA 

elongata 

eativa 
LAGENARIA 

vulgaris 
LAMIUM 

amplexicaule 

Purpureum 
LAPPA 

major 
LARIX 

Cedms 


PAGE. 

416 

Europaea 

416 

LAURACEAE 

416 

LAURUS 

416 

Benzoin 

261 

Sassafras 

261 

LAVANDULA 

262 

Spica 

262 

vera 

262 

LECHEA 

330 

major 

330 

minor 

331 

villosa 

332 

LECIDEA 

330 

albo-caerulescens 

331 

atro-alba 

331 

enteroleuca 

331 

lapicida 

331 

parasema 

423 

LEERSIA 

423 

oryzoides 

424 

Virginica 

424 

LEGUMINOSAE 

295 

LEJEUNIA 

295 

clypeata 

295 

LEMNA 

183 

minor 

183 

polyrhiza 

172 

trisulca 

172 

LEMNACEAE 

172 

LENTIBULACEAE 

365 

LEONTICE 

365 

thalictroides 

365 

LEONTODON 

157 

Taraxacum 

157 

LEONURUS 

123 

Cardiaca 

123 

Marrubiastrum 

123 

LEPIDIUM 

196 

campestre 

161 

sativum 

161 

Virginicum 

161 

LEPTANDRA 

92 

Virginica 

92 

LEPTODON 

212 

trichomitrion 

212 

LEPTOGIUM 

212 

lacerum 

156 

Pulvillus 

156 

tremelloidea 

292 

LESKEA 

293 

attenuata 

PAGE. 

293 

251 

252 

252 

252 

196 

197 

197 

27 

27 

27 

27 

447 

448 

448 

448 

443 

448 

355 

355 

356 

63 

428 

428 

300 

300 

300 

300 

300 

180 

11 

11 

160 

160 

211 

211 

212 

22 

23 

22 

23 

188 

188 

416 

415 

455 

455 

455 

455 

416 

416 


480 


INDEX  OF  THE 


PAGE. 

denticulata 

417 

LITHOSPERMUM 

fragilis 

417 

arvense 

imbricatula 

416 

canescens 

obscura 

416 

LOBELIA 

rostrata 

417 

cardinalis 

LESPEDEZA 

61 

Claytoniana 

capitata 

62 

inflata 

frutescens 

62 

pnbemla 

hirta 

62 

spicata 

Nuttallii 

61 

syphilitica 

polystachyct 

62 

LOBELIACEAE 

procmnbens 

61 

LOLIUM 

reticulata 

61 

perenne 

aessiliflora 

61 

LONICERA 

Stuvei 

61 

grata 

Tiolacea 

61 

parviflora 

LEUCANTHEMUM 

147 

LOPHANTHUS 

vttlgare 

147 

nepetoides 

LEUCOBRYUM 

409 

scrophnlariaefolius 

ralgare 

409 

LOPHOCOLEA 

LEUCODON 

415 

bidentata 

brachypus 

415 

LORANTHACEAE 

julaceus 

415 

LUDWIGIA 

LIATRIS 

122 

alternifolia 

scariosa 

122 

palustris 

spicata 

122 

LUPINUS 

LICHENES 

431 

perennis 

LIGUSTRUM 

237 

LUZULA 

vulgare 

237 

campestris 

LILIACEAE 

321 

LYCHNIS 

LILIUM 

326 

Githago 

Canadense 

326 

LYCIUM 

Philadelphicum 

326 

Barbarum 

superbum 

327 

LYCOPERSICUM 

LIMNANTHACEAE 

42 

esculentum 

LINACEAE 

38 

LYCOPODIACEAE 

LINARIA 

185 

LYCOPODIUM 

vulgaris 

185 

apodum 

LINDERNIA 

188 

clavatum 

attcnuata 

188 

complanatum 

LINUM 

38 

dendroideum 

usitatissimum 

39 

innndatum 

Virginianum 

38 

lucidulum 

LIPARIS 

308 

rupestre 

Correana 

308 

LYCOPUS 

liliifolia 

308 

sinuatus 

Loeselii 

308 

Virginicus 

LIPPIA 

195 

LYSIMACHIA 

nodiflora 

196 

ciliata 

LIRIODENDRON 

9 

hybrida 

tulipifera 

9 

lanceolata 

PAGE. 

215 
215 
215 
163 
163 
164 
164 
163 
164 
163 
162 
373 
373 
112 
112 
113 
206 
206 
206 
424 
424 
254 


90 
67 
67 
330 
430 
31 
31 
224 
224 
227 
227 
399 
399 
402 
400 
401 
400 
400 
400 
401 
198 
198 
198 
178 
178 
179 
179 


ORDERS,  GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


481 


PAGE 

quadrifolia 

178 

arvensis 

stricta 

178 

Canadensis 

LYTHRACEAE 

86 

piperita 

MACLURA 

284 

viridis 

aurantiaca 

284 

MERTENSIA 

MADOTHECA 
platypliylla 

426 
427 

Virginica 
METZGERIA 

Porella 

427 

furcata 

MAGNOLIA 

8 

M1CROSTYLIS 

acuminata 

9 

ophioglossoides 

glauca 

8 

MIKANIA 

MAGNOLIACEAE 

8 

scandens 

MA  JO  RAN  A 

201 

MIMULUS 

horiensis 

201 

alatus 

MALVA 

36 

ringens 

rotundifolia 

36 

MITCHELLA 

MALVACEAE 

35 

repens 

MARCHANTIA 

430 

MITELLA 

polymorplia 

430 

di.pl)  vl  la 

MARISCUS 

837 

MOLLUGO 

ovularis 

337 

verticillata 

relrofractus 

337 

MONARDA 

MARRUBIUM 

210 

fistulosa 

vulgare 

210 

MONOTROPA 

MARTYNIA 

182 

lanuginosa 

proboscidea 

183 

uoiflora 

MARUTA 

145 

MORTIS 

cotula 

145 

alba 

MASTIGOBRYUM 

425 

rubra 

trilobatum 

425 

MUHLENBERGIA 

MEDEOLA 

320 

diffusa 

Virginica 

321 

erecta 

MEDICAGO 

66 

glomerata 

lupulina 

66 

Mexicana 

sativa 

66 

sobolifera 

MELAMPYRUM 

193 

sylvatica 

Amencanum 

194 

Willdcnovii 

prat  en  se 

194 

MULGEDIUM 

MELANTHACEAE 

327 

acuminatum 

MELANTHIUM 

328 

leucophaeura 

Virginicum 

328 

MUSCI 

MELASTOMACEAE 

86 

MYOSOTIS 

MELILOTUS 

65 

arvensis 

leucantha 

65 

laxa 

MELISSA 

202 

palustris 

Clinopodium 

202 

stricta 

officinalis 

202 

MYRIANGIUM 

MENISPERMACEAE 

10 

Curtisii 

MENISPERMUM 

10 

MYRICACEAE 

Canadense 

10 

NABALUS 

MENTHA 

197 

albus 

32 

PAGE. 

198 
198 
197 
197 
216 
217 
429 
429 
307 
308 
125 
125 
187 
187 
187 
119 
119 
96 
97 
34 
34 
205 
205 
174 
174 
174 
285 
285 
285 
358 
360 
360 
359 
359 
359 
359 
360 
161 
161 
162 
403 
216 
216 
216 
216 
216 
454 
454 
274 
159 
160 


482 


INDEX   OF   THE 


altissimus 

PAGE. 

160 

ORIGANUM 

NAIADACEAE 

302 

Majorana 

NAIAS 

302 

vulgare 

flexilis 

302 

ORNITHOGALUM 

NASTURTIUM 

16 

umbellatum 

officinale 

16 

OROBANCHACEAE 

NECKERA 

415 

OROBANCHE 

pennata 

415 

Americana 

NEGUNDO 

46 

uniflora 

aceroides 

46 

ORONTIUM 

NEPETA 

206 

aquaticum 

Cataria 

207 

ORTHOTRICHUM 

Glechoma 

207 

crispum 

NEPHROMA 

435 

Hutchinsiae 

Helveticum  ? 

435 

Ludwigii 

resupinatum 
NICANDRA 

435 
226 

strangulatum 
OSMORRHIZA 

physaloides 

226 

brevistylis 

NICOTIANA 

224 

longistylis 

Tabacum 

224 

OSMUNDA 

NOTOTHYLAS 

430 

cinnamomea 

valvata 

431 

Claytoniana 

NUPHAR 

12 

interrupta 

advena 

12 

spectabilis 

NYMPHAEACEAE 

12 

OSTRYA 

NYSSA 

253 

Virginica 

multiflora 

254 

OXALIDACEAE 

NYSSACEAE 

253 

OXALIS 

OBOLARIA 

232 

stricta 

Virginica 

232 

violacea 

OCIMUM 

196 

OXYCOCCUS 

Basilicum 

196 

macrocarpus 

OENOTHERA 

88 

PANAX 

biennis 

88 

quinquefolium 

fruticosa 

89 

trifolium 

OLEACEAE 

237 

PANICUM 

ONAGRACEAE 

87 

agrostoides 

ONOCLEA 

397 

anceps 

sensibilis 

397 

capillare 

ONOSMODIUM 

215 

clandestinum 

hispidum 

215 

Crus-galli 

Virginianum 

215 

depauperatum 

OPEGRAPHA 

449 

dichotomum 

atra 

449 

filiform  e 

polymorpha 

449 

glabrum 

scripta 

449 

latifolium 

OPHIOGLOSSUM 

399 

microcarpon 

vulgatum 

399 

nitidum 

ORCHIDACEAE 

307 

proliferum 

ORCHIS 

310 

rectum 

spectabilis 

310 

sanguiualc 

ORDERS,  GENERA  AND   SPECIES. 


483 


PAGE. 

virgatum 

382 

laeve 

PAPAVER 

12 

setaceum 

dubiura 

12 

PASTINACA 

PAPAVERACEAE 

12 

sativa 

PARIETARIA 

289 

PEDICULARIS 

Pennsylvanica 

289 

Canadensis 

PARMELIA 

436 

lanceolata 

albella 

442 

pallida 

aleurites 

437 

PELLIA 

badia 

442 

epiphylla 

Borreri 

437 

PELTANDRA 

caesio-rubella 

442 

Virginica 

calcarea  ? 

443 

PELTIGERA 

caperata 

438 

aphthosa 

centrifuga? 

438 

canina 

cerina 

443 

polydactyla 

chrysomelaena 

441 

PENTHORUM 

chrysophthalma 

439 

sedoides 

cinerea 

442 

PENTSTEMON 

cinnabarina 

443 

pubescens 

colpodes 

438 

PERSICA 

conspersa 

438 

laevis 

crinita 

437 

vulgaris 

Cronia 

441 

PERTUSARIA 

detonsa 

439 

faginea 

fibrosa 

440 

globularis  ? 

hypoleuca 

439 

pertusa 

leucomela 

439 

PETROSELINJJM 

leucosticta 

441 

sativuin 

obscura 

440 

PHALARIS 

olivacea  ? 

438 

arundinacea 

pallescens 

442 

PHASCUM 

parietina 

438 

alternifolium 

perforata 

437 

craBsinervium 

phaea 

440 

crispum 

physodes 

437 

cuspidatum 

pulverulenta 

439 

muticum 

eaxatilis 

437 

subulatum 

saxicola 

441 

PHASEOLUS 

scortea 

437 

helvolus 

Bcruposa 

443 

lunatus 

sorediata 

440 

perennis 

Bpeciosa 

439 

vexillatus 

Btcllaris 

439 

Tulgaris 

sub  fuse  a 

442 

PHLEUM 

tartarea 

442 

pratense 

tiliacea 

437 

PHLOX 

triptophylla 

441 

aristata 

varia 

443 

divaricata 

vitellina 

443 

maculata 

PASPALUM 

379 

pilosa 

PAGE. 

380 

379 

101 

101 

193 

193 

193 

193 

428 

428 

298 

298 

435 

435 

435 

436 

95 

95 

186 

186 

70 

71 

70 

451 

451 

451 

451 

105 

105 

379 

379 

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

404 

56 

56 

66 

66 

66 

56 

856 

356 

219 

219 

220 

219 

219 


484 


INDEX  OF  THE 


PAGE. 

reptans 

219 

nervata 

subulata 

220 

pilosa 

PHRAGMITES 

863 

pratensis 

communis 

364 

pungens 

PHRYMA 

195 

trivialis 

leptostachva 

195 

PODOPHYLLUM 

PHYLLA.NTHUS 

261 

pel  ta  turn 

Carolinensis 

261 

PODOSTEMACEAE 

PHYSALIS 

226 

PODOSTKMUM 

vi^cosa 

22G 

cerittophyllnm 

PHYSCOMITRIUM 

405 

POGONATUM 

pyriforme 

405 

brevicatile 

PHYSOSTEGIA 

210 

POGOMA 

VivginUvna 

210 

opJiioglossoides 

PHYTOLACCA 

241 

pendula 

decandra 

241 

vet  ticiliahi 

PHYTOLACCACEAE 

241 

POL  AN  I  SI  A 

PILEA 

288 

jvi'aypolens 

pumila 

288 

POI.EMOMfACEAE 

PINUS 

290 

POLEMONIUM 

Canadensis 

291 

reptans 

inops 

290 

POT,  YG  ALA 

rigida 

290 

ambigua 

Strobus 

290 

craciata 

PISUM 

55 

incarnala 

sativum 

65 

pnuclfolia 

PLAG10CHILA 

423 

purpurea 

asplenioides 

42?, 

sanguinea 

porelloides 

423 

Senega 

PLANTAGINACEAE 

17G 

verticillata 

PLANTAGO 

176  POLYGALACEAE 

lanceolata 

377 

POLYGONACEAE 

major 

176 

POLYGONATUM 

Virginica 

177 

canal  iculatum 

PLATANACEAE 

283 

^  '  mulliflorum 

PLAT  ANT  HERA 

310 

pubescens 

bracteata 

311 

POLYGONUM 

ciliaris 

311 

amphibium 

fimbriata 

312 

arifolium 

flava 

311 

aviculare 

lacera 

312 

Copvolvjiius 

orbiculata 

311 

dumetorum 

psycodes 

312 

e.rpclum 

PLATANUS 

283 

Fagopyrum 

occidentalis 

283 

Hydropiper 

POA 

367 

hydropiperoides 

annua 

367 

mite 

capillaris 

369 

orientale 

compressa 

368 

Pennsylvanicum 

Eragrostis 

369 

Persicaria 

hirsute* 

369 

punctatum 

PAGE. 

366 

369 

368 

367 

367 

11 

11 

258 

258 

258 

411 

411 

313 

313 

313 

3J4 

24 

24 

218 

218 

219 

51 

52 

52 

457 

53 

52 

52 

52 

52 

51 

245 

321 

322 

322 

322 

245 

246 

248 

248 

249 

249 

248 

249 

247 

247 

248 

246 

246 

246 

247 


ORDERS,  GENERA  AND  SPECIES. 


485 


PAGE. 

sagittatum 
scandens 

249 
249 

atropnrpnrea 
PTEROGONIUM 

tenue 

248 

hirtellum 

Virginiauura 

247 

intricatum 

POLYMNIA 

137 

rep  ens 

Canadensis 

137 

subcapillatum 

Uvedalia 

138 

PTILTDIUM 

POLYPODIUM 

391 

ciliare 

hexagonopterum 

391 

PULMONARIA 

vulgare 

391. 

Virginica 

POLYSTICHUM 

397 

PYCNANTHEMUM 

acrosticlioidcs 

397 

incanum 

POLYTRICBUM 

411 

lanceolatum 

commune 

411 

linifolium 

formosum 

411 

mutieum 

junipertnum 

4.11 

PYROLA 

PONTEDER1A 

332 

elliptica 

cor  data 

332 

maculala 

PONTEDERIACEAE 

332 

rotundifolia 

POPULUS 

281 

secunda 

alba 

282 

umbeltala 

dilatata 

282 

PYRUS 

Graeca 

282 

arbutifolia 

grandidentata 

281 

communis 

heterophylla 

281 

coronaria 

tremuloides 

281 

Mains 

PORTULACA 

34 

QUERCUS 

oleracea 

35 

alba 

PORTULACACEAE 

34 

JBanisteri 

POTAMOGETON 

803 

bicolor 

lucens 

803 

(.^astanea 

natans 

303 

Chinquapin 

pauciflorus 

304 

coccinea 

perfoliatus 

803 

falcata 

POTENTILLA 

77 

ilioifolia 

Canadeusis 

78 

montana 

Norvegica 

77 

nigra 

simplex 

78 

obtusiloba 

PRENANTHES 

160 

palustris 

alba 

160 

prinoides 

PRIMULACEAE 

177 

Prinas 

PRINOS 

175 

rubra 

verticillatus 

175 

tinctoria 

PRUNELLA 

•     207 

RACOM1TRIUM 

vulgaris 

208 

tnicrocarpon 

PRUNUS 

72 

RAMALINA 

Americana 

72 

calicaris 

Chicasa 

73 

polymorpha 

domestica 

72 

RANUNCULACEAE 

PTERIS 

392 

RANUNCULUS 

aquilina 

392 

abortiyus 

PAGE. 

392 
414 
415 
414 
414 
414 
426 
426 
217 
217 
199 
199 
200 
200 
200 
172 
173 
174 
172 
173 
173 
84 
85 
84 
85 
84 
265 
266 
268 
266 
267 
267 
268 
269 
268 
266 
267 
265 
269 
267 
267 
269 
268 
406 
406 
434 
434 
434 
1 
4 
6 


486 


IXDEX  OP   THE 


acris 
aquatilis 
bulbosus  ^ 
fascicularis 
Flammula 
pusillus 
recurvatus 
repens 
reptans 
sceleratus 
BAPHANUS 

sativus 
BEBOUILLIA 

hemisphaerica 
BEBOULEA 
obtusata 
Pennsylvanica 
RENSSELAERIA 

Virginica 
BHADULA 

complanata 
BHAMNACEAE 
BHEUM 

Bhaponticum 
BHEXIA 

Virginica 

BHODODENDBON 
maximum 
nudiftorum 
viscosum 
BHUS 
copallina 
glabra 
radicans 
toxicodendron 
typhina 
venenata 

BHYNCHOSPOBA 
alba 
cymosa 
glomerata 
BIBES 
floridum 
nigrum 
rubrum 
TJva-crispa 
BICCIA 
fluitans 
glauca 
BOBINIA 
Pseud-acacia 


PAGE 

ROSA 

Carolina 

lucida 

parviflora 

rubiginosa 

BOSACEAE 

BUBIACEAE 

BUBUS 

Canadensis 

cuneifolius 

2'< 

hispidus 

2 

Idaeus 

429 

obovatus 

429 

occidentalis 

^65 

odoratus 

365 

strigosus 

365 

trivialis 

298 

villosus 

298 

BUDBECKIA 

426 

fulgida 

426 

hirta 

49 

laciniata 

251 

BUMEX 

251 

Acetosella 

86 

crispus 

86 

obtusifolius 

171 

SABBATIA 

171 

angularis 

171 

SAGITTABIA 

170 

heterophylla 

43 

sagitlifolia 

43 

variabilis 

43 

SALICACEAE 

44 

ALISBUBIA 

44 

adiantifolia 

43 

ALIX 

44 

alba 

342 

Babylonica 

343 

conifera 

343 

cordata 

343 

discolor 

91 

fragilis 

91 

grisea 

91 

humilis 

91 

longirostris 

91 

lucida 

431 

nigra 

431 

petiolaris  ? 

431 

Purshiana 

63 

recurvata 

63 

Russelliana 

PAGE. 
81 

81 

82 
82 
82 
70 
116 
79 
81 
80 
81 
79 
81 
80 
79 
79 
81 
80 
140 
141 
141 
140 
250 
250 
250 
250 
229 
229 
305 
305 
305 
305 
276 
296 
296 
276 
279 
280 
277 
278 
277 
279 
278 
277 
277 
280 
279 
278 
280 
277 
279 


ORDERS,  GENERA  AND   SPECIES. 


487 


sericea 

tristis 

vitellina 
SALVIA 

lyrata 

officinalis 
SAMBUCUS 

Canadensis 

pubens 
SAMOLUS 

floribundus 

Valerandi 
SANGUINARIA 

Canadensis 
SANGUISORBA 

Canadensis 
SANICULA 

Canadensis 

Marilandica 
SANTALACEAE 
SAPINDACEAE 
SAPONARIA 

officinalis 
SASSAFRAS 

officinale 
SATUREJA 

hortensis 
SAURURACEAE 
SAURURUS 

cernuus 
SAXIFRAGA 

Pennsylvania 

Virginiensis 
SAXIFRAGACEAE 
SCAPANIA 

nemorosa 
SCHOLLERA 

graminea 
SCIRPUS 

acicularis 

atrovirens 

autumnalis 

JBaldwinianus 

brunneus 

capillaris 

debilis 

Eriophonun 

lacustris 

lineatus 

obtusus 

palustris 


PAGE 

PAGE. 

278 

planifolius 

339 

277 

polyphyllus 

340 

279 

pungens 

339 

204 

tennis 

338 

205 

triqueter 

339 

204 

SCLERIA 

343 

114 

pauciflora 

344 

114 

triglomerata 

343 

114 

SCROPHULARIA 

185 

179 

Marilandica 

186 

180 

nodosa 

186 

180 

SCROPHULARIACEAE 

183 

13 

SCUTELLARIA 

208 

13 

galericulata 

209 

76 

imtegrifolia 

208 

76 

teteriflora 

209 

99 

nervosa 

209 

99 

parvula 

209 

99 

pilosa 

208 

253 

SECALE 

373 

47 

cereale 

373 

30 

SEDUM 

95 

30 

ternatum 

95 

251 

SELAGINELLA 

401 

251 

apus 

402 

202 

rupestris 

401 

202 

SENECIO 

152 

256 

aureus 

152 

256 

JSalsamitae 

152 

256 

hieracifolius 

151 

96 

obovatus 

152 

96 

ralgaris 

152 

96 

SERICOCARPUS 

126 

95 

conyzoides 

126 

423 

solidagineus 

126 

423 

SETARIA 

383 

333 

GeTtnanica 

384 

333 

glauca 

384 

339 

Italica 

384 

339 

verticillata 

383 

840 

viridis 

384 

342 

SICYOS 

93 

342 

angulatus 

93 

340 

SIDA 

86 

342 

Abutilon 

36 

340 

spinosa 

36 

341 

SILENE 

30 

340 

antirrhina 

30 

340 

stellata 

30 

338 

SINAPIS 

20 

338 

alba 

21 

488 


nigra 
S1SYMBRYUM 

arabidoides 

c.'inescens 

officinale 

Thaliaoum 
SISYRINCHIUM 

anceps 

Bermudiana 

mucronatum 
SIUM 

latifolium 
SMILACKAE 
SMILACINA 

bifolla 

racemosa 

si  el  la  ta 
SMI'  LAX 

caduca 

herbacea 

rotundifolia 
SOLANACEAE 
SOLANUM 

Carolinense 

Dulcamara 

insanum 

L'/copersicum 

Melongena 

nigrum 

tuberosum 
SOLEA 

concolor 
SOLIDAGO 

aULssima 

argot  a 


bicolor 

caesia 

Canadensis 

cilia  rig 

jlexicaulis 

ffiffantea 

lauceolata 

latifolia 

Muhlenbergii 

nemoralis 

odora 

patula 

puberula 

serotina 

speciosa 


INDEX  OP  THE 

PAGE. 

20 

squarrosa 

18 

ulmifolia 

17 

SONCHCS 

19 

actiminatus 

18 

asper 

19 

fioridanus 

318 

oloraceus 

318 

spinulotus 

318 

SORGHUM 

318 

cevnuum 

104 

nutans 

104 

saccliaratum 

319 

vulgare 

322 

SPARGANIUM 

323 

America  num 

32i> 

SPA  K  TINA 

322 

cvno.suroides 

319 

SPECULARIA 

339 

pei-foHata 

320 

SPHAGNICOETIS 

319 

commutris 

224 

SPHAGNTJM 

227 

acuti  folium 

229 

try  mbi  folium 

228 

SP1NACIA 

228 

oleraeea 

227 

SPJ.RAEA 

228 

opulifolia 

228 

gal  5  ci  folia 

227 

SP1RANTHES 

24 

cernua 

24 

gi'ii^ilis 

132 

tortiiis 

185 

STACHYS 

1^ 

a-r-peva 

135 

si/lvaiica? 

133 

STAPHYLEA 

13> 

trifolia 

136 

STKLLARIA 

134 

aqualica 

13* 

borealis 

106 

long!  folia 

136 

media 

133 

pubera 

135 

STICTA 

135 

aurata 

135 

glomerulifera 

134 

Pulmonaria 

134 

sylvatica 

186 

STYLOSANTHES 

134 

elatior 

PAGE. 

133 

135 

162 

161 

162 

162 

162 

162 

388 

389 

388 

388 

389 

301 

301 

362 

362 

165 

165 

424 

424 

422 

422 

422 

244 

244 

75 

75 

75 

314 

315 

315 

315 

211 

211 

211 

48 

48 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

32 

436 

436 

436 

436 

436 

62 

62 


ORDERS,  GENERA  AND   SPECIES. 


489 


SYMPHYTUM 

officinale 
SYMPLOCARPUS 

foetidus 
TALINUM 

teretifolium 
TANACETUM 

vulgare 
TARAXACUM 

Dens-leonis 
TAXODIUM 

distichum 
TAXUS 

baccata 

Canadensis 
TEPHROSIA 

Virginiana 
TETRAPHIS 

pellucida 
TEUCRIUM 

Canadense 
THALICTRUM 

anemonoides 

Cornuti 

dioicum 

rugosum 
THASPIUM 

aureum 

barbinode 
THERMUTIS 

pannosa 
TIIESIUM 

umbellatum 
THUJA 

occidentalis 

orientalis 

THYMELEACEAE 
THYMUS 

Serpyllum 

vulgaris 
TILIA 

Americana 

Europaea 

glabra 

TILIACEAE 
TRACHYLIA 

Stigonella 
TRADE3CANTIA 

Virginica 
TRAGOPOGON 

porrifolius 


PAGE. 

214 

IRICHOCOLEA 

214 

Tomentella 

298 

TRICHODIUM 

298 

laxiflorum 

35 

scabrum 

35 

TRICHOSTEMA 

147 

dichotomum 

148 

TRICHOSTOMUM 

160 

pallidum 

160 

tortile 

294 

TRICUSPIS 

294 

seslerioides 

295 

TRIENTALIS 

296 

Americana 

296 

TRIFOLIUM 

63 

agrarium 

63 

arvense 

407 

pratense 

407 

procumbens 

218 

repens 

213 

TRILLIUM 

3 

cernuum 

8 

pendulum 

3 

TRIOSTEUM 

o 

angustifolium 

q 
o 

perfoliatum 

102 

TRIPHORA 

102 

pendula 

102 

TRIPSACUM 

455 

dactyloides 

455 

TRISETUM 

253 

palustre 

253 

TRITICUM 

293 

repens 

294 

sativum 

294 

vulgare 

252 

TROPAEOLACEAE 

201 

TROPAEOLUM 

201 

majus 

201 

TRYPETHELIUM 

38 

porosum 

38 

virens 

38 

TYPHA 

38 

angustifolia 

37 

latifolia 

450 

TYPHACEAE 

450 

UDORA 

334 

Canadensia 

334 

ULMACEAE 

158 

ULMUS 

158 

Americana 

PAGE. 

426 

426 

357 

358 

357 

213 

213 

408 

408 

408 

364 

364 

178 

178 

63 

65 

64 

63 

65 

64 

320 

320 

320 

113 

114 

113 

313 

313 

386 

386 

376 

376 

372 

372 

372 

372 

41 

41 

41 

453 

463 

453 

301 

301 

301 

301 

305 

305 

255 

255 

255 


490 

INDEX  OP  THB 

PAGE. 

fulva 

255 

peregrina 

UMBELLIFERAE 

98 

scutellata 

UMBILICARIA 

448 

serpyllifolia 

Dillenii 

448 

Virginica 

UBTICA 
Canadensis 

287 

288 

VERRUCARIA 
alba 

dioica 

28.8 

Cestrensis 

pumila 

288 

elaeochroa  ? 

TJRTICACEAE 

283 

gemmata 

USNEA 

433 

lactea 

angulata 

433 

nitida 

barbata 

433 

punctiformis 

UTRICULARIA 

180 

VIBURNUM 

macrorhiaa 

180 

acerifolium 

vulgaris 

180 

dentatum 

UVULARIA 

327 

Lentago 

perfoliata 

328 

nudum 

sessilifolia 

328 

prunifolium 

VACCINIUM 

166 

VICIA 

corymbosum 

167 

Americana 

frondosum 

166 

Cracca 

hirtellum. 

166 

hirsuta 

macrocarpon 

167 

sativa 

Pennsylvanicum 

167 

VILFA 

resinosum 

166 

vaginaeflora 

stamineum 

167 

VIOLA 

VALERIANACEAE 

120 

blanda 

VALERIANELLA 

120 

cucullata 

radiala 

120 

Muhlenbergiana 

VALLISNERIA 

306 

Muhlenbergii 

spiralis 

306 

ochroleuca 

VERATRUM 

328 

ovata 

viride 

329 

palmata 

VERBASCUM 

184 

pedata 

Blattaria 

184 

primulaefolia 

Thapsus 

184 

pubescens 

VERBENA 

194 

sagittata 

angustifolia 

195 

sororia 

Lastata 

194 

striata 

urticaefolia 

194 

VIOLACEAE 

VERBENACEAE 

194 

VISCUM 

VERNONIA 

121 

flavescens 

Noveboracensia 

122 

VITACEAE 

praealta 

122 

VITIS 

VERONICA 

188 

aestivalis 

Americana 

189 

cordifolia 

Anagallis 

189 

Labrusca 

arvensis 

190 

vinifera 

Beccabunga 

189 

WEISSIA 

hederaefolia 

190 

controversa 

officinalis 

189 

Ilvensis 

OEDEES,  GENERA  AND    SPECIES. 


WOODSIA 

obtusa 

Perriniana 
XANTHIUM 

spinosum 

strumarium 
XANTHOXYLACEAE 
XYRIDACEAE 
XYRIS 

bulbosa 

Caroliniand 

palustris 


PAGE. 

395 

ZANNICHELLIA 

395 

ZAPANIA 

395 

nodiflora 

139 

ZEA 

139 

Mays 

139 

ZIZANIA 

42 

aquatica 

334 

ZIZIA 

335 

aurea 

335 

cordata 

335 

iutegerrima 

303 

491 

PACK. 

302 
196 
196 
385 
385 
356 
356 
103 
102 
103 
103 


r     -  '** 

*** 


493 


INDEX 

OP 

COMMON    ENGLISH    NAMES. 

PAGE 

PAGE 

PAGI 

Abele-tree                      282 

Beauty.    Meadow            8 

Bower.    Virgin's                2 

Adam  and  Eve 
Adders  -tongue                39! 

"        Spring              35 
Bedstraw.    Ladie*          11 

Bowman's-root                 76 
Bow-wood                        284 

Agrimony                          76 

Beech.    Water                27 

Box-Elder                          46 

Alder.  Black                  175 

Beech-drops                    18 

Brake,  or  Bracken         392 

"     Candle,  Common  278 

"           False           174 

Bramble                           80 

"     White                  170 

Beech-tree                       271 

Breast-weed                    256 

Ale-hoof                          207 

Beet.    Garden                243 

Breeches.    Dutchman's  14 

Alexanders.     Heart- 

Beggars-Lice                    217 

Breeches-flower                14 

leaved                          103 
Alkanet                           215 

Beggar-ticks                     144 
Bell-wort                         328 

Brier.    Common              80 
"        Green                  319 

All-spice.    Wild             252 

Bennet.    Herb                 77 

"        Running              81 

Alum-root                          96 

Berry.    Choke                  85 

«        Sweet                   82 

Anemone.    Rue 

"        June                   86 

Broccoli                             20 

Apple.    Common             & 

"        Partridge          119 

Brome-grass                    371 

"        Crab                   85 

"       Pigeon              241 

Brook-lime                      189 

«        Custard              10 

"        Service                86 

Broom-corn                     388 

«        Hog,  May           11 

"        Tea                    168 

Broom-rape.    Naked      182 

«        Jews',  Mad       228 

Bethlehem.    Star  of      316 

Buckwheat.  Climbing   249 

Apple  of  Peru                 226 

Betony.    Paul's              189 

"          Common   249 

Apricot.    Black                72 

"         Wood              193 

"          Wild          249 

«          Moor-park       71 

Bilberry                          167 

Bud     Red                        67 

Arbor-  Vitae.  American  294 

Bind-weed.    Black         249 

Bug-bane                            g 

«            Chinese     294 

"             Field          221 

Bugle-weed                     198 

Arbutus.    Trailing        168 

"             Hedge        221 

Bugloss.    Viper's           214 

Ark.    Noah's                  316 

"              Rough        319 

Bull-rush                          340 

Arrow-head                     305 

Birch.  Black,  Red,  River  275 

Bur-dock                         156 

Arrow-wood                    115 
«      Maple-leaved  115 

"    Cherry,  Sweet      275 
Bishop's-Cap                     97 

Burgamot.    Wild           205 
Bur-grass                         335 

Artichoke.    French        154 
"          Jerusalem  142 

Bitter-nut  (Hickory)      264 
Bitter-sweet                    228 

Bur-marygold                 144 
Burnet                              77 

Arum.    Floating            299 

Bitter-weed                      139 

Burning-Bush                  48 

Ash.    Black,  Water       239 

Blackberry.    Common    80 

Bur-Reed                          302 

«      Red                        239 

Sand           80 

Butter  and  Eggs             185 

«      White                   239 

"               Swamp       81 

Jutter-cups                        6 

Asparagus                      321 
Aspen.    American         281 

Black-Jack  (Oak)            267 
Bladder-Ketmia               37 

Butterfly-weed                236 
Jutter-nut                      262 

Avens.    Purple,  Water   77 

Bladder-nut                       48 

Jutter-weed                     130 

«          White                  77 

Bladder-wort                  180 

iutton-Bush                   119 

BALM.    COMMON         202 

Blazing-Star                   330 

tatton-weed                   118 

«        Horse               204 

Blue           122 

Button-wood                   283 

Bane-berry                         7 
Bane.    Leopard's 

Blue-berry                      167 
Blue-bonnets                  153 

CABBAGE.  Bulb-stalked  19 
"          Curled           19 

Barley.    Four-rowed      375 

Blue-bottle                     153 

"          Head              19 

«          Two-rowed       375 

Blue-Curls                       213 

"          Savoy             19 

Basil.    Sweet                   196 

Bluets                             119 

"         Swamp        295 

«        Wild                    202 

Jlue-eyed-Grass              318 

"          Tree                19 

Bass-wood                         38 

Blue-tanglea                    166 

"    Turnep-rooted    20 

Bay.    Sweet                       8 

Blue-weed                        214 

"         York             19 

Bean.    Bunch,    Pole, 

Bog-rush                         343 

Calabash                           92 

String                             66 

"       Brown             343 

ialamus                          299 

Bean.  Horse,  Windsor    54 

«       White              343 

Calico-bush                      172 

«     Lima,  Carolina       57 
"    Magothy-bay           60 

Bone-set                          124|Campion.    Four-leaved   30 
Bottle-Gourd                     92|Campion.    Rose                31 

«    Wild  Kidney          56 

Bottle-Grass                     3841  Cancer-root                      181 

Bean-tree                       182tfiouncing-Bet                  SOlCantaleupe                     ~y2 

494 


INDEX    OF 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

,           PAGE. 

Cap.    Bishop's                  97 

ockle-hur                      139 

Dandelion.    Dwarf        157 

Caraway.   Common       106 

offee.    Wild                   113 

Dangle-berry                   166 

Cardinal-flower               163 

offee-Pea                          54 

Darnel                              373 

Carpenter's-  Square        186 

offee-tree                          69 

Date-Plum                       176 

Carpet.    Water                97 

Cohosh.    Blue                   11 

Day-Flower                      334 

Carpet-weed                       34 

"         White                 7 

Day-Lily                           323 

Carrion-flower                 320 

jolic-root                         317 

Dead-nettle                       212 

Carrot.    Garden,  Wild  100 

Colts-foot                          240 

)eer-berry                       167 

Catawba                          182 

Columbine,    Wild              6 

)eer-grass                          86 

Catch-fly                           30 

Comfrey.    Garden          214 

Devil's-bit                   .     330 

Cat-foot                            150 

"          Wild               217 

Dew-berry                          81 

Cat-gut                               63 

Cone-flower.  Jagged- 

Dittany                            199 

Cat-mint.    Cat-nep.        267 

leaved                          140 

Dock.    Bitter,  Broad- 

Cat-tail                            301 

Cooper's-  reed                   301 

leaved                          250 

«      email                    301 

Coral-root.    Early          309 

Dock.    Bur                      156 

Cat's  tail-Grass               356 

"            Large          309 

"        Curled,  Sour      250 

Cauliflower                        20 

"          Late,  small  309 

"        Spatter                 13 

Cedar.    Deodar              293 

Coriander                         108 

Dodder                             223 

«       Red                     295 

Corn.    Broom                  388 

)og's-bane                       233 

Cedar-of-Lebanon           293 

"       Guinea                 389 

)og's-Fennel                   145 

Celandine                          13 

"       Indian                 385 

Dog-wood.    Common     111 

Celery                              105 

«       Squirrel                 15 

"           Pond             119 

Centaury.    American    229 

Cotton.    Wild 

"            Swamp         111 

Chamomile.    Fetid         145 

Cotton-grass                    341 

"           White           111 

«             Garden      146 

"           Brown         341 

Door-weed                        248 

«             Wild         146 

Cow-bane                         101 

Dragon.    Green              297 

Channel-Grass                306 
Cheat.    Chess.      '          371 

Cow-parsnep                    100 
Cowslip.    Virginian       217 

)ragon-head.    False       210 
)uck's  meat.  Duckweed.300 

Cherry.    Choke               7< 

3ow-wheat                       194 

Dutchman's  Breeches      14 

"          English,  &c.      73 

Crab-apple                         85 

EEL-GRASS                     306 

«          Ground           226 

Cranberry.  American    167 

Egg-plant                        228 

«          Morello              74 

Cranesbill.  Carolina        40 

Elder.    Box                       46 

«          Mountain          73 

«          Spotted           40 

Slder-bush.    Common  114 

"         Red,  Sour         74 

Creeper.    "Virginian         51 

Elder.    Red-berried       114 

"          Sand                  73 

Cress.    Bitter                    If 

Elecampane                    137 

«          Wild                  75 

"        Indian                   41 

Elm.    Red,  Slippery       255 

Chervil.    Wild               10" 

"        Mouse-ear             19 

"       Weeping,  White  255 

Chestnut.    Horse            47 

"        Rock  (American)  17 

Endive                             157 

Chestnut-oak                  267 

"            «    (Hairy)          17 

Everlasting.    Life          149 

Chestnut-tree                  27i 

«           "    (Smooth)       18 

FENNEL.    DOG'S           145 

Chiccory                         157 

«        Spring                   17 

"           Garden         106 

Chick-Pea                          5' 

"        Water                    16 

Fern.    Flowering           398 

Chickweed.    Common     82 

"            "     (Amerlcan)16 

"        Rattlesnake        399 

"           Forked         84 

«        Winter                  18 

"        Sweet                   274 

«           Great           32 

^row-foot  (Geranium)      4( 

Ferns                                391 

«          Indian        S4 

Crow-foot  (Ranunculus)    6 

Fescue-grass                     370 

"          Mouse-ear   33 

"          Celery-leaved    f 

Fever-bush                      252 

«          Red           17 

"          Early            -     $ 

Fig-wort                           186 

Chinquapin                    27 

"          River                  4 

Filbert                             272 

Chives                             32 

"          Tall              ".  '  * 

"      Dwarf                 273 

Choke-berry                     8 

Cucumber.    Common      92 

Fir.  Balsam                     291 

Choke-cherry                    7 

"            Indian        321 

"    Norway                    292 

Cicely.    Sweet                10 

"            Jerusalem, 

"    Silver                        291 

Cinquefoil                         7 

Prickly                         93 

Fire-weed                          151 

Cleavers.    Common       11 

Cucumber.  Single-seeded  93 

Five-finger                         78 

Clot-weed                        13 

Cucumber-root                32" 

Flag.    Slender  blue       318 

"         Thorny          13 

Cucumber-tree                    1 

"         Sweet                    299 

Clover.    Bokhara,  Tree    6 

Cudweed.    Common      15 

«        M'ild                     317 

"         Bush                   6 

"           Marsh           149 

Flax.    Common                39 

"         Common  red      & 

Currant.    Black               91 

"        Mountain              52 

"        Dutch,  white     64 

«          Red                  91 

«        Toad                    185 

«         Dwarf  Yellow    6 

"           Wild  black     91 

«        Wild  (CdmeUna)  22 

«         French                6 

Custard-apple                    K 

"           "      (Linum)       38 

*  "         Stone,  Welsh     6 

Cymling                            9- 

Flax-vine                         223 

«         Yellow,  Hop       6 

Cypress.    Bald                294 

Flea-bane                          131 

Club.    Golden                29 

DAISY  (Erigeron)           131 

Flower-of-an-hour             37 

Club-rush                        S3 

"       Ox-eve                 14" 

Foot.    Lion's                    160 

Cockle                             SllDandelion                      160 

Forget-me-not                 216 

COMMON  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


495 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Foxtail-Grass                  384 

Grass.  Meadow  (Rough)  368 

Horse-balm                    204 

Fringe-tree                      238 

,'            "       (Smooth)368 

florse-Bean                        64 

Frost-weed                         26 

"        Oat  (Tall)           377 

Horse-chestnut                 47 

Fumitory.    Climbing      14 

"         "    (Wild)          376 

Elorse-gentian                  113 

"            Common      15 

"        Old-witch            381 

Horse-mint                       205 

GALTNGALE.    Bristle- 

«        Orchard               365 

Horse-nettle                     229 

spiked                          336 

"        Poverty               361 

[torse-radish                      21 

Galingale.    Sheathed     337 

"        Ray,  or  Ryo        373 

Horse-tail                        390 

Gall-of  the  Earth           160 

"        Reed                    364 

[lorse-weed                     130 

Gama-Grass                     386 

"        Ribbon                379 

tloundstongue                217 

Garavance                         54 

"        Sesame                386 

House  leek.    Purslane- 

Garlic.    Crow,  Field      325 

"        Vernal  (Sweet- 

leaved                            95 

"           English             324 

pcented)             378 

Huckle-berry.  Black      166 

"          Meadow             324 

"        Whip                   343 

«             Dwarf     166 

Gentian.    Closed            232 

•«        Wire                    368 

"             Squaw    167 

«           Fringed          231 

«        Wood                   387 

«              Sugar     167 

"           Horse             113 

jrrass-of-the-Andes         377 

"      Swamp.  Tall  167 

Geranium                         39 

Greek-valerian,                219 

Hydrangea.   Wild           97 

"         Feather          242 

Green-brier                      319 

Hyssop.    Garden.             203 

Germander.  American  213 

Grromwell                         215 

"         Giant                206 

Gilead.  Balm  of             291 

Ground-cherry                226 

"        Hedge                187 

Gill                                   207 

5round-Ivy                     207 

INDIAN-PHYSIC             76 

Ginger.    Wild                 240 

Ground-nut                       57 

Indigo.    Wild                    67 

Gingko,  or  Ginkgo          296 

Groundsel                        152 

[nnocence                        119 

Ginseng                            110 

Guinea-corn                     389 

[ron-weed                        122 

«       Dwarf                110 

Glum.    Black,  Sour         254 

Iron-wood                        274 

Glory.    Morning            222 

HACK-BERRY                256 

Ivy.   American          '       51 

Goat's  rue                         63 

Hair.    Maiden's              392 

"    Ground                    207 

Golden-club 

Haw.    Black                    115 

"    Poison                        44 

Golden-rod                       133 

Hawk-weed.    Panicled  159 

JACOB'S  LADDER         219 

Goose-berry                        91 

"            Rough      159 

Jack.    Black  (Oak) 

Goose-foot                         242 

Hawthorn.    English        82 

Jamestown-weed             225 

"        Maple-leared  242 

Hazel-nut                       272 

Jasmine.    Bastard         224 

Goose-grass                      116 

«         Wild              272 

Jerusalem-oak                 242 

Gourd.    Bottle                 92 

Hazel.    Witch                  «.i* 

Jews-apple                       228 

"Gram"                             54 

Heal-all                            208 

Jimsan-wf.ed                     225 

Grape.  Chicken.  Winter  51 

Heaven.    Tree  of             42 

Joy.    Sampler's               194 

«      Fox                       50 

Hedge-mustard                  19 

"       Traveller's 

"      Summer                50 

Hedge-nettle                     211 

Indus-tree                          67 

«      Wine                     49 

Hellebore.    White          329 

June-berry                        86 

Grass.    Bengal                384 

Hemlock.   Poison           107 

Juniper                              295 

«        Blue                     368 

"           Water           104 

KETMIA.    BLADDER     37 

"        Blue-eyed           318 

Hemlock-Spruce              291 

Kidney-bean.     Wild       £6 

«        Bottle                  384 

Hemp.    Common            286 

Knot-grass                       248 

"        Bottle-brush       374 

"        Indian                233 

Knot-root                         204 

«        Brome                 371 

Hemp-weed.  Climbing  125 

Knot-weed.    Spotted      246 

«<        Bur                      385 

Hen-bit                            212 

LADDER.    JACOB'S      219 

«        Cat's-tail              356 

Herd's-Grass  (Agrostis)  358 

Lady's-slipper                  316 

'<       Cock's-foot          365 

"          (Phleum)   357 

Lady's-thumb                  246 

«        Cord                     362 

Hickory.    Bitter-nut, 

Lady's-tressea                  315 

«       Couch                 372 

Swamp                         264 

Lamb's-quiirters             242 

«        Crab                    380 

Hickory.  Broom,Pignut  264 

Larch.    White                293 

«        Cut                      355 

"         Shell-bark        263 

Lark-spur                           7 

"        Dog's-tail             363 

"         White-heart     263 

Laurel.    Common          172 

"        Dropseed             360 

Hoar-hound.  Common  210 

•'        Dwarf.  Sheep    172 

"        Feather               378 

"           Water       198 

"        Ground              168 

«        Fescue                 370 

Hog-apple                         11 

'•        Mountain          171 

"        Finger                 380 

Holly.    American          175 

Lavender.    Garden         197 

«        Foxtail                384 

Hone-wort                       105 

Leaf.    Walking               393 

«        Gama                   386 

Honey-Locust                    70 

"       Water                   218 

«        Green                  368 

Honeysuckle  (Azalea)    170 

Leather-flower                     2 

«        Hair                    358 

"         (Lontcera)  112 

Leather-  wood                   2f3 

"        Hedge-hog          385 

Honeysuckle.  Bush        113 

Lebanon.    Cedar  of        29li 

«        Herd's                 358 

Hop.    Common              287 

Leek.   Carden                325 

"        Indian                 387 

Hop-hornbeam                274 

"       Wild                     326 

«       Lyme                  374 

Hop-vine                          287 

Lentil.    Common              55 

"        Manna                366 

Horn-beam                      273 

Leopard's-bane                153 

«       Meadow  (Dwarf)367 

Horn-wort                      257 

Lettuce.   Garden           lul 

496 


INDEX  OP 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

1  _j                                      FAGS' 

Lettuce.  Lamb'a            120 

Mitre-wort                        97 

Oats.    Common             377 

«         Wild                161 

Mocasin-flower                316 

"        Water                 356 

Lice.   Beggar's                217 

Mocker-nut                      263 

Okra                                 37 

Life-everlasting               149 

Monkey-flower                187 

Old-man                          148 

Lily.   Day                      323 

Moon-seed                          1C 

Onion.    Garden              325 

"       Turk's-cap             327 

Moon-wort                       399 

Orange.    Osage               294 

Lime-tree.    Linden.         38 
Linden.    Linn.                38 

Morning-glory                 222 
Moss.    Club                     400 

Oyster-plant           •         158 
PAINT.    INDIAN           13 

Lion's-foot                        160 

"        Reindeer 

Painted-cup                     193 

Liquorice.    Wild             117 

Mosses                              403 

Papaw                                10 

Liver-leaf.    Liver-wort.      3 

Mother-wort                   211 

Pappoose-root                   11 

Lizard's-tail                    256 

Mouse-ear                          33 

Parsley                              105 

Locust.    Honey                70 
Locust-tree                         63 
Loose-strife                     178 

Mug-wort                        148 
Mulberry.   Paper           286 
"           Red               285 

Parsnep.   Cow                100 
"         Garden           101 
"         Meadow           102 

«          Bastard         89 

"           White           285 

"         Water             104 

Lop-seed                          195 
Louse-wort.   Common   193 

Mullein.    Common         184 
Moth              184 

Partridge-berry               119 
Pea.    Chick,  coffee           64 

«           Tall            193 

Musk-melon                     92 

"      Garden                     54 

Love-apple                      227 
Love-vine                        223 

Mustard.   Black              20 
Hedge              19 

«      "Hamoos"              54 
"      Hoary                      63 

Lucerne                              66 

"          White              21 

"      Milk                         57 

Lung-wort.    Smooth      217 

NASTURTIUM                 41 

"     Partridge,Sensitive69 

Lupin.    Wild                    67 

Neck-weed                       190 

Peach.    Peach-tree.          70 

MAD-APPLE                   228 

Nectarine                           71 

Pea-nut.    Hog                   58 

Madeira-nut                    262 

Needles.    Spanish          144 

Pear.    Pear-tree.               84 

Magnolia.    Mountain       9 

Nettle.   Dead                   212 

Pellitory                          289 

Mahogany.  Kentucky     69 

"        False                   289 

Pencil-flower                     62 

Maiden's-hair                 392 

"        Hedge                211 

Pennyroyal.  American  203 

Maize                              385 

"        Horse                 229 

"           Bastard     213 

Mallow.    Indian              36 

"        Smooth              288 

Pennywort                     232 

"          Marsh                37 

«        Stinging            288 

"           Marsh           99 

«          Running           36 

Nettle-tree                       256 

Pepper.  Cayenne,  Red  226 

Maple.    Ash-leaved         46 

New-Jersey  Te.a             "  49 

"        Water     '          247 

«          Greater                45 

Nightshade.    Common  228 

Pepper-bush                    169 

"          Norway               45 

"        Enchanter's      90 

"         Sweet         170 

f«          Red,  Swamp        46 

«       Three-leaved  320 

Pepper-grass                     22 

«         Silver-leaved, 

"       Woody            228 

Wild            23 

White               46 

Nine-bark                         75 

Pepperidge                     254 

«         Sugar                   46 

Nit-weed                             29 

Perpermint                      197 

Marjoram.    Sweet          201 

Noah's-ark                       816 

Persimmon                      176 

Wild            200 

Vone-such                          66 

Peru.    Apple  of              226 

Martagons                      326 

Nut.    Bladder                  48 

Physic.    Indian                76 

Marygold.   Bur              144 

"      Butter                   262 

Pickerel-weed                  332 

«            Marsh              6 

«      Hazel                     272 

Pigeon-berry                   241 

Matrimony-vine             224 

"      Madeira                262 

Pimpernel.    False          188 

May-apple                         11 

«      Mocker                  263 

"           Scarlet      179 

Meadow-Beauty                86 

OAK.    BARRENS 

"          Water       180 

Meadow-rue                         3 

WHITE                 265 

Pin-weed                            27 

Meadow-sweet                   75 

"     Bear,  Black  scrub  268 

Pine.    Ground                400 

Melon.    Musk                   92 

<     Black,  Quercitron  268 

«      Pitch                    290 

«        Water                   93 

'     Black-Jack             267 

"      Scrub                    290 

Mercury.  Three-seeded  261 

<     Chestnut  (Dwarf)  267 

"  Weymouth's,  White  290 

Milfoil.    Common          146 

«         "        (Rock)        266 

?ine-sap                          174 

"        Hooded            180 

'         "        (Swamp)     267 

Pine-weed                          29 

Milk-Pea                           57 

«         "        (Yellow)     267 

Pink.    Dwarf                  119 

Milk-wort          •               52 

"    Chinquapin            267 

"    Ground,  Mountain  220 

Millet                              384 

"    Jerusalem              242 

"    Richardson's           145 

"      Indian                  389 

"    Pin,  Water             269 

Pipe.    Indian                  174 

Mint.   Cat                       207 

"    Post                         265 

Pipeshank.    Indian         75 

"       Common             197 

"    Red                          269 

Pipsissawa                       173 

«        Corn                     198 

"    Scarlet                    268 

Plane-tree                        283 

«        Horse                   205 

"    Spanish                   269 

Plantain.    Common      176 

«        Mountain            199 

"    White  (common)    266 

"           English, 

"       Pepper                197 

"       "        (Swamp)     266 

Buckhorn             177 

"        Spear                   197 

«    Yellow                    267 

«          Indian          152 

"        Wild                     19£ 

Oat-grass.    Tall              377 

«          Mud               333 

Mistletoe                         254 

«           Wild            376 

«       Poor  Robert's  131 

COMMON  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


497 


PAGE 

PAGE.I                                                PAGE. 

Plantain.  Rattlesnake   315 
«        Water              304 

Robin.    Ragged             153  Skunk-weed                    298 
"          Red                    193  Smart-weed 

«        White             ]50 

Robin-run-the-hedge      116 

Snake-head                      186 

Pleurisy-root                   236 

Rocket.    Yellow               18 

Snakeroot.   Blackball     8 

Plum.    Chicasaw             73 

Rock-rose                           26 

"           Button         122 

"        Common,  Dam- 

Rod.  Golden                   133 

"           Seneka           52 

ascene,  Gage,  &c.       72 

«      Red                        111 

"           Virginia       241 

"        Date                    176 

Rose.    Dwarf,  Wild          82 

Snapweed.    Pale              41 

«        Red,  Yellow          72 

"        Swamp                   8] 

Spotted         41 

Pod.    Sickle,  Turkey        18 

Rose-bay                         171 

Sneeze-weed                    145 

Poison-Ivy                         44 
Poison-vine                        44 

Rose-campion                   3i 
Rue.    Goat's                      63 

Soap-wort                         30 
Solomon's-seal.  Greater  322 

Poke.   Poke-weed.          241 

"        Meadow 

«            Smaller  322 

Poke.    Indian                  329 

Rue-anemone                     1 

Sorrel.    Field,  Sheep     250 

Pond-lily.    Yellow           12 

Rush.    Bog                     343 

«       Wood                   40 

Pond-weed.    Floating     303 

«•       Bull                     340 

Southern-wood 

Poplar.    Athenian          282 

"        Button                 331 

Sow-thistle.    Common  162 

"    Italian,  Lombardy  9.82 

"       Cbairmaker'a      339 

Spanish-needles              144 

"          Silver                282 

"        Club                     338 

Spatter-dock                      12 

"          Tulip                     9 

"        Common,  Soft    831 

Spear-wort                 •          4 

Poppy.    Field                    12 
Prickly                13 

«        Field                    330 
"        Scouring             891 

Speedwell.    Common     189 
"             Corn            1£0 

Potato.  Sweet                222 

"     Yellow-flowering  335 

"    Purslane-leaved  190 

"       Common,  Irish  227 

Rutabaga                          20 

«        Scull-cap         189 

Potato-vine.    Wild         222 

Rye.    Common              373 

•«             Tall             188 

Priest-in-the-Pulpit         310 

Rye.    Wild                      374 

"             Water        189 

Prim.  PriTet.                   237 

Rye-grass                        373 

Spice-wood                      252 

Primrose.   Evening         88 

SAGE.    GARDEN          204 

Spider-wort                      334 

Puccoon                           215 

"          Indian               124 

Spikenard                        109 

Pumpkin                           94 

"          Meadow             205 

Wild               322 

Purse.    Shepherd's          23 

Wood                 223 

Spinach,  or  Spinage       244 

Purslane.   Common        35 

Saint»John's-wort             28 

Spindle-tree                       48 

«         Milk               260 

Saint-Peter's-wort             ?8 

Spring-Beauty                   3.3 

"         Water              90 

Salad.    Common            16] 

Spruce.    Black,  double  292 

Putty-root                       30& 

"         Corn                   120 

«        Hemlock            291 

QUERCITRON                268 

Salsify                              158 

«        White,  Single  292 

Quill-wort                        402 

Sand-cherry                       73 

Spurge.    Caper               2CO 

Quince-tree                        86 

Sand-wort.    Common      31 

"          Flowering        259 

RABBIT-FOOT                  64 

Rock            31 

Square.    Carpenter's      186 

Radish.    Garden              23 

Sanicle                               99 

Squash.  Long-necked      95 

"          Horse                 21 

Sarsaparilla                     109 

"        Round                94 

Ragged-Robin                 153 

Sassafras                           252 

Squaw-root                      181 

Rag-weed                        139 

"        Swamp                8 

Squaw-  weed                     152 

Rag-wort                          15i> 

Savory.    Summer           202 

Squirrel-corn                     15 

Ranstead-weed                18E 

Saxifrage.    Early             9€ 

Staff-tree.    Climbing       48 

Raspberry.  Antwerp        7C 

"           Golden           97 

Stagger-bush                   169 

"           Black,  Wild  8t 

Swamp,  Tall  9f 

Star.    Blazing                S30 

"           Red                 7P 

Scorpion-grass                21C 

Star-grass                        3  1  7 

"      Rose-flowering    7S 

Scull-cap                          208 

"         Water            333 

Rattle-box                         6f 

"      Large-flowered  208 

Star-of-Bethlehem           316 

Rattlesnake-root             16C 

«      Mad-dog            209 

Star-wort.    Water          258 

Rattlesnake-weed           15< 

Seal.    Solomon's             322 

Stitch-wort                       32 

Ray-grass                        37  £ 

Sedge                                344 

"          Water             32 

Red-bud                             67 

Seed-box                             89 

Stone-crop                        95 

Red-rod                             111 

Self-heal                           208 

Tirginian      95 

Red-root                            13 

Senna.    Wild                    68 

Stone-weed                     215 

Red-top.    Common        358 

Sensitive-plant.    Wild     69 

Strawberry.    Garden       78 

"           Tall                 364 

Service-berry                     8€ 

«           Wild           78 

Reed                                35f 

Sesame-grass                   386 

Strawberry-tree                49 

"    Bur                         30i 

Shad-bush                          86 

Succory.    Garden          157 

"    Cooper's                   301 

Shell-bark-Hickory        263 

"        Wild                167 

Reed-grass                       364 

Shell-flower                     186 

Sugar-berry                    256 

Reed-mace                        301 

Shepherd's-purse              23 

Sumach.    Chinese           42 

Rhubarb.    Pie               251 

Shield.    Water                 11 

"    Common,  Smooth  44 

Rice.    Indian                  35( 

Shin-leaf                          173 

«          Dwarf              43 

«        Wild                    35f 

Sickle-pod                         18 

"      Poison,  Swamp  44 

Rich-weed                        28? 

Silk-weed                      •  234 

"        Stag-horn       43 

River-weed                     258 

SimplerWoy                 194 

Sun-dew                           27 

498 


INDEX   OP   COMMON  NAMES 


PAGE.]                                               PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Sun-drops                         89  Tongue.    Adder's           399 
Sun-flower.    False         140  Tongue-grass                    22 

Water-pepper                 247 
Water-Plaintain             304 

"             Garden       143 

Tooth-wort.    Cut-leaved  17 

Water-shield                     11 

"             Wild          142 

Tortoise-head                   186 

Wax-work                         48 

Swallow-wort.    Poke- 

Touch-me-not                    41 

Wheat.    Cow                   194 

leaved                          234 
Sweet-Bay                            8 

Traveller's-Joy                    2 
Tree-of-Heaven                  42 

"         Spring              S72 
"       Winter              372 

Sweet-Brier                      82 

Trefoil.    Spanish             66 

Whip-grass                      343 

Sweet-Cicely                   107 

Tresses.    Lady's              315 

White-weed                      147 

Sweet-William.    Wild    219 

Tulip-Poplar                       P  '.Vhite-wood                       38 

Sycamore.    (Acer)           45 

Tulip-tree                            9  [Whitlow-grass                   21 

TANSEY                          148 

Turkey-pod                        18 

Willow.    Bedford           279 

Tape-grass                        306 

Turk's-cap  Lily              327 

"          Bush                277 

Tare                                    54 

Turmeric                           13 

"         Dwarf  grey     277 

Tarragon                         148 

Turnep.    Common           20 

"         Glaucous         277 

Tea.    Mexican                 243 

"         Indian            297 

"          WTeeping          280 

"       New-Jersey            49 

"          Swedish             20 

«         White              279 

Tea-berry                         168 

Tway-blade                      308 

«          Yellow             279 

Tear-thumb                     248 

UNICORN-PLANT         183 

Willow-herb                     88 

Teazel.    Fullers'            121 

VALERIAN.    GREEK  219 

Wind-flower                        2 

"         Wild                   120 

Velvet-leaf                         36 

Windsor-bean                   54 

Ten  o'clock                      323 

Vervain.    Blue               194 

Pinter-berry                   175 

Thimble-berry                   80 

"           Common        195 

Winter-green                   173 

Thistle.    Canada            156 

Vetch.    Common             54 

Winter-green.    Chick- 

"          Common          154 

"        Hairy                   55 

weed                             178 

"          Yellow             155 

«       Tufted                55 

Winter-green.  Flowering  53 

Thorn.    Cockspur           83 

«        Wild                    55 

"            Spicy         168 

"        Dwarf                  84 

Vine.    Flax                     223 

"           Spotted     174 

"        Virginian            83 

"        Grape                     49 

Witch-hazel                       98 

"       Washington       83 

"        Poison                  44 

Wood.    Leather              253 

"        White                 83 

Violet.    Arrow-leaved      25 

Woodbine.   American   112 

Thorn-apple                     225 

"          Bird's-foot           26 

WooJ-sage                       213 

Thorough-stem                124 

"          Dog's-tooth        327 

Wood-Sorrel.   Violet        40 

Thorough-wax                 103 

«          Hood-leaved        25 

"             Yellow      40 

Tnyme.    Creeping          201 

«          Spreading           26 

Worm-seed                      243 

"          Field                202 

«         Sweet,  White      25 

Worm-wood                    149 

"          Garden            201 

«          Yellow                 26 

Wort.    St.  John's              28 

"          Virginia           200 

Virgin's-Bower                    2 

«        St.  Peter's             28 

Timothy.    Common       356 

WALKING-LEAF          393 

YAM.    WILD                 319 

"         White            378 

Walnut.    Black               262 

Yarrow                              146 

Toad-flax                        185 

"        English           262 

Yellow  rocket                   18 

"          Bastard          253 

«       White              262 

Yellow-root  .                      7 

Tobacco.    Common        224 

Water-carpet                     97 

Yew.    American.             296 

"         Indian          164 

Water-cress                       16 

"       Common            293 

Tc  iato                          227 

Water-leaf                     218 

ff          '     OF  THF        \  \ 

i    UNIVERSffY   } 

V  ^  or        J 

* 


14  DAY  USE 


